771:
743:, indicating that both kings could have reigned at about the same time. The scholars Moeller and Marouard discuss the discovery of an important early 12th dynasty Middle Kingdom administrative building in the eastern Tell Edfu area which was continuously employed into the early Second Intermediate Period before it fell out of use during the 17th dynasty when its remains were sealed by a large silo court. Fieldwork by Egyptologists in 2010 and 2011 into the remains of the former 12th dynasty building which was also used in the 13th dynasty led to the discovery of a large adjoining hall which proved to contain 41 sealings showing the cartouche of the Hyksos ruler Khyan together with 9 sealings naming the 13th dynasty king
41:
696:
894:, notes an important personal detail regarding this king's family; Ryholt writes that the association of Khyan with those of his eldest son upon this stela suggests that Yanassi in fact was his designated successor, as also implied by his title." Ryholt speculates that Manetho might have mentioned Yanassi in a now lost passage and that one possible explanation of the name Iannas used by Josephus for Khyan is a misquotation of such a passage in which the son's name was extracted instead of the father's.
747:. As Moeller and Marouard write: "These finds come from a secure and sealed archaeological context and open up new questions about the cultural and chronological evolution of the late Middle Kingdom and early Second Intermediate Period." These conclusions are rejected by Robert Porter who argues that Khyan ruled much later than Sobekhotep IV and that the seals of a pharaoh were used even long after his death. Another option he proposed is that Sobekhotep IV reigned much later than previously thought.
631:, comprised a high platform built on massive brick casemates surrounded by columned halls and monumental staircases leading to a still higher platform, on which the royal apartments probably stood. This palace seems to have been abandoned c. 1600 BC, at which point an enormous ritual feast was orchestrated, filling several 5 m (16 ft) wide pits with animal bones and thousands of pottery fragments in consequence. Some of these fragments came from an array of vessels produced by the
55:
856:
observations and that they indicate some major issue with the consensus reached hitherto. Khyan's rule is no longer dated with any accuracy. The
Egyptologist David Aston has showed available evidence is compatible with Khyan ruling anywhere between 1700 BC and 1580 BC, with the former his preferred scenario. The possibility that one or more kings reigned between him and Apophis is now the dominant hypothesis.
481:
425:
355:
300:
231:
913:) which the Egyptian form represents perfectly, and this is in all likelihood the correct interpretation." It should be stressed that Khyan's name was not original and had been in use for centuries before the fifteenth (Hyksos) Dynasty. The name Hayanu is recorded in the Assyrian king lists—see "Khorsabad List I, 17 and the SDAS List, I, 16"--"for a remote ancestor of
751:
639:
kingdom and Hyksos' ally during the Second
Intermediate Period. The Egyptologist Manfred Bietak proposes that the ritual feast and abandonment of the palace were triggered by the death of its owner, most probably Khyan. On the western edge of Avaris, another fortress was subsequently erected in the
855:
Nearly all carbon-14 analyses of materials related to the Second
Intermediate Period yield dates on average 120 years earlier than was expected from the prevailing chronological reconstruction of the 15th Dynasty. While the debate is ongoing, Egyptologists have acknowledged the validity of these
679:, were blocks inscribed with Khyan's name were uncovered. All of this is contested however. For Alexander Ilin-Tomich, the territory directly ruled by the Hyksos kings of Avaris was likely confined to the eastern Delta and the nature and extent of their control over Middle Egypt remains unclear.
731:
is now commonly accepted though questionable and contested. Stylistically Khyan's scarabs resemble closely those of Yaqub-Har, who might date rather to the beginning and not to the end of the Hyksos-period. This indicates that Khyan was one of the earlier rulers of the 15th dynasty.
1659:
The Hyksos ruler Khyan and the Early Second
Intermediate Period in Egypt: Problems and Priorities of Current Research. Proceedings of the Workshop of the Austrian Archaeological Institute and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Vienna, July 4 – 5,
1500:
The Hyksos ruler Khyan and the Early Second
Intermediate Period in Egypt: Problems and Priorities of Current Research. Proceedings of the Workshop of the Austrian Archaeological Institute and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Vienna, July 4 – 5,
954:
and motifs. Initially the palace excavator
Manfred Bietak, saw this as suggestion of far-reaching cultural and commercial exchanges under the Hyksos. He later reappraised the dating of the murals, proposing instead that they date to the early
674:
into vassal states. At the time of Khyan, relations between the Hyksos and their
Egyptian vassals were likely peaceful, centered on exchange and trade and possibly even including donations to Upper Egyptian sanctuaries, such as one in
40:
1375:
627:, were found in two areas of the city during excavations, confirming his presence onsite. The palace, possibly destroyed during the later conquest of the Hyksos' kingdom by the Thebans under
688:
1498:
Aston, David A. (2018). "How Early (and How Late) Can Khyan Really Be. An Essay Based on "Conventional
Archaeological Methods"". In Moeller, Nadine; Forstner-Müller, Irene (eds.).
991:
Archaeological Report 1890/91 - 1911/12: Comprising the Recent Work of the Egypt
Exploration Fund and the Progress of Egyptology During the Year 1890/91-1911/12
583:
Khyan is one of the better attested kings from the Hyksos period, known from many seals and seal impressions. Remarkable are objects with his name found at
662:
According to
Manfred Bietak, Khyan's rule marks the peak of the Hyksos kingdom power. In this view, Khyan directly ruled over Lower and Middle Egypt up to
5416:
5332:
1546:
Bietak, Manfred (2000). "Rich beyond the Dreams of Avaris: Tell el-Dabʿa and the Aegean World: A Guide for the Perplexed': A Response to Eric H. Cline".
986:"The name of Khyan on the statue from Bubastis is written over an erasure, that the statue is of the XIIth Dynasty, and that Khyan was a Hyksôs king" in
1802:. Proceedings of the Workshop of the Austrian Archaeological Institute and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Vienna, July 4–5, 2014.(
715:. Josephus mentions him after Apophis when discussing the reign lengths of kings who ruled after Salitis. This led 18th century scholars such as
1472:
Kim SB Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, CNI Publications, (Museum Tusculanum Press: 1997), p.256
1393:
Discussion of Late Middle Kingdom and Early Second Intermediate Period History and Chronology in Relation to the Khayan Sealings from Tell Edfu
879:
of Khyan and a now lost dedication (presumably to Seth, Lord of Avaris) below which are inscribed the title and name of the Eldest King's Son
1058:
1400:
250:
5347:
5342:
831:
789:
5322:
5317:
837:
834:
786:
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East of Avaris, the Hyksos controlled the massive 350 m × 400 m (1,150 ft × 1,310 ft) fortress of
402:
329:
278:
206:
5327:
841:
810:
807:
804:
452:
449:
446:
324:
203:
198:
816:
458:
332:
201:
5307:
1781:
1758:
1735:
1713:
1690:
1667:
1588:
1527:
1508:
1445:
1088:
813:
784:
455:
405:
327:
321:
281:
208:
169:
839:
128:
5337:
5312:
5302:
3082:
2870:
723:' version of Manetho's Epitome, Khyan (whose name is transcribed there as Staan) is listed after a king Pachnan, perhaps
666:
and indirectly dominated the Nile Valley as far south as Thebes, forcing native Egyptian kingdoms including those of the
5291:
4052:
3768:
2636:
1896:
1870:
739:. On this site were found seal impressions of Khyan in close connection with seal impressions of the 13th Dynasty king
5411:
5406:
1800:
The Hyksos Ruler Khyan and the Early Second Intermediate Period in Egypt: Problems and Priorities of Current Research
951:
770:
5357:
1657:
Moeller, Nadine; Forstner-Müller, Irene (2018). "Introduction". In Moeller, Nadine; Forstner-Müller, Irene (eds.).
4544:
872:
374:
119:
4594:
4321:
4177:
4890:
4680:
4612:
4477:
4344:
4254:
4067:
2185:
623:, which hosted a strongly fortified palace. Seal impressions of Khyan and a stela of his eldest son, prince
4462:
4399:
3682:
1636:
Ilin-Tomich, Alexander (2014). "The Theban kingdom of Dynasty 16: Its rise, administration and politics".
5426:
4823:
3932:
3844:
3329:
3106:
3097:
759:
608:
4652:
3985:
3722:
3549:
3481:
2063:
1827:
1379:
891:
667:
561:
533:
5173:
2944:
735:
The early position of Khyan within the 15th dynasty may be confirmed by new archaeological finds at
3018:
2789:
2651:
46:
1055:
390:
266:
4858:
4773:
4750:
3067:
2929:
2866:
2655:
2455:
2271:
720:
716:
1599:
1520:
Scarabs, chronology, and interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period
5421:
5362:
5352:
4900:
4879:
4798:
3712:
3572:
3182:
2816:
2776:
2570:
2512:
2396:
2200:
1863:
1522:. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Series Archaeologica. Vol. 27. Fribourg: Academic Press.
1435:
1078:
5372:
4848:
4813:
4793:
4783:
4745:
3345:
3249:
2603:
956:
890:, who published an extensive catalogue of the monuments of all the numerous pharaohs of the
5367:
4873:
4828:
4201:
3829:
3764:
3617:
3612:
3319:
3314:
3167:
2593:
2381:
2260:
1600:"Où est le palais des Hyksôs ? À propos des fouilles à Tell el-Dabca et 'Ezbet Helmi"
1107:
54:
8:
4863:
4838:
4803:
4740:
4115:
4090:
3294:
3289:
2713:
2144:
576:
has caused to be strong." Khyan bears the titles of an Egyptian king, but also the title
71:
20:
695:
5153:
5140:
4717:
3727:
3299:
3274:
2341:
2116:
1563:
1803:
711:
whose knowledge of the Hyksos Pharaohs was derived from a history of Egypt written by
5208:
5187:
5081:
5048:
4760:
4095:
3717:
3597:
3219:
3147:
2805:
2608:
2598:
2530:
1856:
1777:
1769:
1754:
1746:
1731:
1723:
1709:
1701:
1686:
1678:
1663:
1584:
1576:
1567:
1523:
1504:
1441:
1326:
1084:
5387:
5214:
5042:
4808:
4562:
4145:
3442:
3338:
3279:
2703:
2683:
1645:
1611:
1555:
1537:
Bietak, Manfred (1981). "Eine Stele des ältesten Königssohnes des Hyksos Chajan".
5159:
5129:
5088:
5024:
4768:
4698:
4568:
3907:
3562:
3284:
2678:
2316:
2284:
2123:
1840:
1318:
1062:
989:
938:
934:
719:
to place Khyan after Apophis, towards the end of the Hyksos dynasty. However, in
652:
569:
110:
85:
81:
77:
2865:
580:(heqa-khaset). The later title is the typical designation of the Hyksos rulers.
5255:
5053:
5014:
4732:
4688:
4557:
3641:
3567:
3397:
3269:
3229:
2977:
2829:
2794:
2784:
2718:
2673:
2555:
2550:
2130:
2109:
2075:
914:
864:
763:
671:
1649:
1559:
727:. Nonetheless, the hypothesis of a temporal proximity between kings Khyan and
5400:
4934:
4833:
4665:
4635:
4311:
4166:
4023:
3892:
3732:
3707:
3657:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3051:
2982:
2972:
2834:
2588:
2336:
2279:
2232:
2069:
2028:
1364:
Scarabs and their Contribution to History in the Early Second Millennium B.C.
744:
740:
632:
1624:
1615:
76:
Dating subject to ongoing debate in Egyptology. Possibly second half of the
5019:
4853:
4843:
4818:
4670:
4620:
4579:
4305:
4217:
4105:
4018:
3998:
3917:
3882:
3877:
3763:
3702:
3412:
3234:
3224:
3187:
3142:
3056:
3046:
3036:
2952:
2668:
2545:
2354:
2295:
2155:
2102:
2007:
1604:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
964:
419:
294:
157:
5123:
5068:
4919:
4868:
4788:
4660:
4552:
4534:
4492:
4403:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4238:
4222:
4195:
4160:
4150:
4085:
4038:
4028:
4013:
4003:
3950:
3912:
3887:
3867:
3857:
3623:
3607:
3582:
3577:
3377:
3304:
3214:
3197:
3152:
3127:
3061:
3041:
3026:
3008:
2738:
2733:
2540:
2367:
2347:
2161:
2095:
2086:
1970:
774:
Blue glazed steatite scarab in a gold mount, with the cartouche of Khyan:
565:
5240:
5194:
5147:
5102:
5074:
4895:
4778:
4703:
4630:
4519:
4334:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4244:
4232:
4212:
4185:
4155:
4135:
4080:
4033:
4008:
3940:
3902:
3872:
3862:
3602:
3402:
3392:
3162:
3157:
3122:
3031:
3003:
2824:
2728:
2723:
2708:
2693:
2501:
2495:
2409:
2137:
1955:
1892:
1037:
960:
887:
1411:
N. Moeller, G. Maround, N. Ayers, Ägypten und Levante XXI (2011), p.87
902:
Ryholt notes that the name, Khyan, generally has been "interpreted as
5180:
5095:
5058:
4984:
4978:
4905:
4885:
4602:
4584:
4529:
4509:
4372:
4207:
4190:
4140:
3993:
3960:
3955:
3897:
3696:
3517:
3470:
3422:
3382:
3359:
3132:
2998:
2967:
2621:
2535:
2361:
2242:
1979:
1815:
1539:
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo
724:
96:
50:
1285:
687:
640:
later Hyksos period c. 1560-1530 BC, likely under Khyan's successor
5250:
5245:
5234:
5201:
5116:
5109:
5063:
5035:
5029:
4994:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
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4514:
4357:
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3922:
3852:
3664:
3650:
3630:
3592:
3504:
3449:
3407:
3239:
3209:
3172:
3117:
2962:
2839:
2744:
2688:
2583:
2490:
2484:
2473:
2439:
2323:
2309:
2302:
2289:
2253:
1993:
1213:
876:
708:
676:
628:
596:
588:
5227:
5166:
5009:
4693:
4504:
4498:
4486:
4367:
4362:
4299:
4278:
4123:
4075:
3975:
3965:
3690:
3587:
3557:
3539:
3528:
3511:
3463:
3456:
3387:
3309:
2957:
2765:
2751:
2663:
2614:
2520:
2463:
2414:
2247:
2237:
2217:
2150:
2000:
1879:
1834:
1822:
903:
880:
755:
712:
624:
604:
600:
584:
557:
509:
106:
64:
1891:
5134:
5004:
4641:
4524:
4129:
4100:
3970:
3945:
3737:
3671:
3497:
3490:
3417:
3372:
3366:
3192:
3112:
2698:
2525:
2478:
2432:
2404:
2330:
2208:
2167:
2049:
2014:
1986:
868:
700:
656:
620:
554:
523:
1332:
5220:
4999:
4989:
4967:
4625:
3534:
3435:
3352:
3203:
3137:
2799:
2468:
2426:
2420:
2212:
2171:
2042:
2035:
2021:
728:
663:
648:
641:
636:
592:
145:
19:"Khian" redirects here. For village in Eastern Anatolia, see
4972:
4962:
4352:
4227:
3428:
2758:
2578:
2560:
2445:
2227:
2222:
2056:
1848:
1302:
1300:
1123:
1121:
1072:
1070:
736:
430:
305:
182:
1344:
3177:
1273:
1186:
1174:
682:
599:. A sphinx with his name was bought on the art market at
4398:
1297:
1203:
1201:
1118:
1067:
1015:
1013:
750:
659:, where stelae of the Hyksos king Apepi were uncovered.
572:. His royal name Seuserenre translates as "The one whom
1261:
1237:
1145:
1102:
1100:
573:
1656:
1291:
1219:
80:
and more generally floruit may be anywhere between c.
1730:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 637–640.
1708:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 335–343.
1685:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 288–292.
1583:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 136–143.
1249:
1225:
1198:
1133:
1010:
754:
Lion inscribed with the cartouche of Khyan, found in
707:
Khyan is identified with king Iannas in the works of
1097:
1776:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–33.
1753:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13–17.
1427:
1774:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3
1751:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3
1728:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2
1706:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3
1683:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3
1581:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2
1541:(in German). 37, Labib Habachi Festschrift: 63–71.
1503:. Vienna: Verlag Holzhausen GmbH. pp. 15–56.
1025:
998:
1662:. Vienna: Verlag Holzhausen GmbH. pp. 7–13.
5398:
1700:Mumford, Gregory (2001b). "Syria-Palestine". In
1480:
1478:
1422:The Second Intermediate Period according to Edfu
49:reappropriated by Hyksos ruler Khyan, with his
1864:
1798:Irene Forster-Müller, Nadine Moeller (eds.),
1554:. Athens: British School at Athens: 185–205.
1475:
603:and might demonstrate diplomatic contacts to
1767:
1635:
1622:
1424:, Goettinger Mizsellen 239 (2013), p. 75-80
1338:
1306:
1279:
1083:. Cambridge University Press. p. 188.
5417:Pharaohs of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
1871:
1857:
1744:
1548:The Annual of the British School at Athens
1127:
994:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. p. 28.
1768:Tyson Smith, Stuart (2001). "People". In
1745:Stadelmann, Rainer (2001). "Palaces". In
1468:
1466:
897:
5281:
1699:
1676:
1460:Manfred Bietak, MDAIK 37, pp.63-71, pl.6
1267:
1243:
987:
769:
749:
694:
686:
1722:
1517:
1350:
1076:
1043:
179:
58:inscribed on the sides over an erasure.
5399:
4428:
3793:
2895:
1921:
1677:Mumford, Gregory (2001a). "Sinai". In
1597:
1574:
1545:
1536:
1463:
1255:
1231:
1207:
1192:
1180:
1151:
1139:
683:Khyan's position in the Hyksos dynasty
5280:
4397:
3762:
2864:
1890:
1852:
1575:Bietak, Manfred (2001). "Hyksos". In
1497:
1031:
1019:
1004:
933:Dates proposed for Khyan's reign: c.
851:- "Son of Ra, Khyan, living forever!"
619:Khyan's seat of power was located in
4933:
1726:, ed. (2001). "Egyptian King List".
1433:
1077:Weigall, Arthur E. P. Brome (2016).
591:indicating diplomatic contacts with
1391:N. Moeller, G. Marouard, N. Ayers:
867:observed that: "a stela set up in
13:
1792:
1292:Moeller & Forstner-Müller 2018
1220:Moeller & Forstner-Müller 2018
1046:, p. 638, Egyptian King List.
14:
5438:
614:
1323:Scarabs and cylinders with names
479:
423:
353:
298:
229:
53:
39:
1629:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
1623:Ilin-Tomich, Alexander (2016).
1490:
1454:
1414:
1405:
1385:
1369:
1356:
1312:
1157:
952:painted murals in Cretan styles
944:
863:was also discovered at Avaris.
699:Scarab of "Khyan the Hyksos" ("
1366:, Warminster 1984, 68, fig. 29
1049:
980:
950:The palace was decorated with
927:
859:A stela of Khyan mentioning a
1:
4891:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
1440:. Random House. p. 216.
1327:available copyright-free here
974:
381:
257:
135:
1878:
1625:"Second Intermediate Period"
7:
4824:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1638:Journal of Egyptian History
609:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
45:Remains of a statue of the
10:
5443:
3723:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
3107:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
2871:Second Intermediate Period
1380:Metropolitan Museum of Art
892:Second Intermediate Period
776:
568:in the second half of the
562:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
470:
438:
433:
394:
344:
313:
308:
270:
251:Prenomen (Praenomen)
220:
190:
185:
161:
18:
5385:
5287:
5276:
5174:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
4918:
4864:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
4759:
4731:
4716:
4679:
4651:
4611:
4593:
4543:
4476:
4461:
4419:
4415:
4393:
4343:
4320:
4253:
4176:
4114:
4066:
4051:
3984:
3931:
3843:
3828:
3784:
3780:
3769:Third Intermediate Period
3758:
3681:
3640:
3548:
3480:
3328:
3096:
3081:
3017:
2991:
2943:
2928:
2886:
2882:
2860:
2815:
2775:
2650:
2635:
2569:
2511:
2454:
2395:
2380:
2270:
2199:
2184:
2085:
1969:
1954:
1912:
1908:
1897:First Intermediate Period
1886:
1831:
1820:
1812:
1650:10.1163/18741665-12340016
1560:10.1017/S0068245400004639
1362:W. Ward, in; O. Tufnell:
1165:A Hyksos Palace at Avaris
1080:A History of the Pharaohs
578:ruler of the foreign land
529:
518:
505:
437:
380:
373:
312:
256:
249:
189:
134:
127:
116:
102:
92:
70:
63:
38:
33:
28:
5412:16th-century BC pharaohs
5407:17th-century BC pharaohs
4886:Cleopatra VII Philopator
3143:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
1901: (<3150–2040 BC)
1598:Bietak, Manfred (2007).
1518:Ben-Tor, Daphna (2007).
1171:38 Spring 2011, S. 38-41
988:Griffith, F. Ll (1891).
920:
886:The Danish Egyptologist
4859:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
4774:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
3068:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
1616:10.3406/crai.2007.87946
1108:"Statue British Museum"
721:Sextus Julius Africanus
148:, who unites the shores
4901:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
4880:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
4874:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
4829:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
4799:Arsinoe III Philopator
3713:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
3183:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
3123:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
2714:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
898:Origin of Khyan's name
852:
767:
760:relations with Babylon
704:
692:
4849:Ptolemy X Alexander I
4814:Ptolemy VI Philometor
4794:Ptolemy IV Philopator
4789:Berenice II Euergetes
4784:Ptolemy III Euergetes
4746:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3255:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
3250:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
2604:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
957:18th Dynasty of Egypt
941:, 1610?–1580 BC
773:
753:
698:
690:
34:Khayan, Khian, Chayan
5282:Dynastic genealogies
4906:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
4202:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
4116:High Priests of Amun
3618:Merankhre Mentuhotep
3320:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
3315:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
3168:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
2875: (2040–1550 BC)
2594:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
1434:Rohl, David (2010).
1169:Egyptian Archaeology
4804:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
4741:Alexander the Great
3773: (1550–664 BC)
3295:Mershepsesre Ini II
3290:Merkawre Sobekhotep
2684:Neferkare IV Khendu
1437:The Lords Of Avaris
1399:XXI (2011), 87-121
1397:Ägypten und Levante
1353:, pp. 103–110.
1183:, pp. 185–205.
607:, in an example of
5427:People from Avaris
5141:Trebonianus Gallus
3728:Senakhtenre Ahmose
3346:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
3300:Sewahenre Senebmiu
3275:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
2704:Neferkare V Tereru
2674:Neferkare III Neby
2342:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
1770:Redford, Donald B.
1747:Redford, Donald B.
1724:Redford, Donald B.
1702:Redford, Donald B.
1679:Redford, Donald B.
1577:Redford, Donald B.
1420:Robert M. Porter:
1341:, p. 149–152.
1195:, p. 778–780.
1112:The British Museum
1061:2007-09-27 at the
853:
768:
705:
693:
5394:
5393:
5381:
5380:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5188:Claudius Gothicus
5082:Severus Alexander
5049:Septimius Severus
4914:
4913:
4712:
4711:
4457:
4456:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4096:Osorkon the Elder
4047:
4046:
3824:
3823:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3718:Nubkheperre Intef
3598:Sekhemre Shedwast
3220:Sehetepkare Intef
3148:Semenkare Nebnuni
3077:
3076:
2924:
2923:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2631:
2630:
2609:Netjerkare Siptah
2531:Neferirkare Kakai
2376:
2375:
2180:
2179:
1950:
1949:
1847:
1846:
1832:Succeeded by
1828:Fifteenth Dynasty
1783:978-0-19-510234-5
1760:978-0-19-510234-5
1737:978-0-19-510234-5
1715:978-0-19-510234-5
1692:978-0-19-510234-5
1669:978-3-902976-83-3
1590:978-0-19-510234-5
1529:978-3-72-781593-5
1510:978-3-902976-83-3
1447:978-1-4070-1092-2
1376:A scarab of Khyan
1154:, pp. 63–71.
1090:978-1-108-08291-4
1022:, pp. 35–47.
935:1700–1669/1667 BC
850:
849:
848:
845:
844:
828:
827:
820:
819:
539:
538:
534:Fifteenth Dynasty
514:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
474:
473:
466:
465:
462:
461:
414:
413:
410:
409:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
348:
347:
340:
339:
336:
335:
289:
288:
285:
284:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
224:
223:
216:
215:
212:
211:
177:
176:
173:
172:
5434:
5388:List of pharaohs
5278:
5277:
5043:Pescennius Niger
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4839:Ptolemy IX Soter
4809:Cleopatra I Syra
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4395:
4394:
4146:Djedkhonsuefankh
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3811:
3806:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3760:
3759:
3353:Qareh Khawoserre
3339:Yakbim Sekhaenre
3280:Mersekhemre Ined
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2862:
2861:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1888:
1887:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1823:Pharaoh of Egypt
1813:Preceded by
1810:
1809:
1787:
1764:
1741:
1719:
1696:
1673:
1653:
1632:
1619:
1594:
1571:
1542:
1533:
1514:
1485:
1482:
1473:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1431:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1339:Ilin-Tomich 2014
1336:
1330:
1316:
1310:
1307:Ilin-Tomich 2016
1304:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1280:Tyson Smith 2001
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1074:
1065:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1008:
1002:
996:
995:
984:
968:
948:
942:
931:
801:
800:
793:
792:
781:
780:
777:
775:
570:17th century BCE
512:
483:
482:
443:
442:
439:
431:
427:
426:
420:
399:
398:
395:
391:
382:
357:
356:
318:
317:
314:
306:
302:
301:
295:
275:
274:
271:
267:
258:
233:
232:
195:
194:
191:
183:
166:
165:
162:
158:
154:
153:
136:
125:
124:
57:
43:
26:
25:
16:Egyptian pharaoh
5442:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5377:
5283:
5260:
5160:Macrianus Minor
5089:Maximinus Thrax
5025:Marcus Aurelius
4924:
4923:
4922:
4910:
4769:Ptolemy I Soter
4755:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4708:
4675:
4647:
4607:
4589:
4569:Psammetichus IV
4539:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4453:
4431:
4422:
4411:
4408:(664 BC–313 AD)
4407:
4406:
4377:
4339:
4316:
4312:Menkheperre Ini
4249:
4172:
4110:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4043:
3980:
3927:
3908:Neferneferuaten
3834:
3833:
3832:
3820:
3819:
3809:
3804:
3803:Pharaohs
3796:
3787:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3742:
3677:
3636:
3563:Sobekhotep VIII
3544:
3476:
3324:
3285:Sewadjkare Hori
3087:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3013:
2987:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2898:
2889:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2844:
2811:
2771:
2679:Djedkare Shemai
2641:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2565:
2507:
2450:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2372:
2266:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2081:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1946:
1924:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1882:
1877:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1826:
1818:
1795:
1793:Further reading
1790:
1784:
1761:
1738:
1716:
1693:
1670:
1591:
1530:
1511:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1319:Flinders Petrie
1317:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1128:Stadelmann 2001
1126:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1075:
1068:
1063:Wayback Machine
1056:Khiyan Titulary
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
985:
981:
977:
972:
971:
949:
945:
932:
928:
923:
900:
840:
838:
785:
691:Scarab of Khyan
685:
651:on the road to
617:
501:
500:
480:
424:
406:
354:
328:
299:
230:
207:
202:
144:
140:
122:
78:17th century BC
59:
47:Twelfth Dynasty
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5440:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5256:Maximinus Daza
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5015:Antoninus Pius
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4928:
4925:(30 BC–313 AD)
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4726:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:Artaxerxes III
4685:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4558:Petubastis III
4555:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4482:
4480:
4471:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4413:
4412:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4053:3 Intermediate
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3838:
3835:(1550–1070 BC)
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3778:
3777:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Neferhotep III
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3398:Sewadjkare III
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3367:Maaibre Sheshi
3363:
3360:'Ammu Ahotepre
3356:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:Merhotepre Ini
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Sobekhotep III
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3088:(1802–1550 BC)
3083:2 Intermediate
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2978:Mentuhotep III
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2938:
2935:(2040–1802 BC)
2930:Middle Kingdom
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2867:Middle Kingdom
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Neferkare VIII
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2795:Nebkaure Khety
2792:
2787:
2785:Meryibre Khety
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2719:Neferkamin Anu
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2645:
2642:(2181–2040 BC)
2637:1 Intermediate
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2556:Djedkare Isesi
2553:
2551:Menkauhor Kaiu
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2387:(2686–2181 BC)
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2191:(3150–2686 BC)
2186:Early Dynastic
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1830:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1765:
1759:
1742:
1736:
1720:
1714:
1697:
1691:
1674:
1668:
1654:
1644:(2): 143–193.
1633:
1620:
1610:(2): 749–780.
1595:
1589:
1572:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1515:
1509:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1453:
1446:
1426:
1413:
1404:
1384:
1368:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1311:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1270:, p. 339.
1260:
1258:, p. 140.
1248:
1246:, p. 289.
1236:
1234:, p. 780.
1224:
1212:
1210:, p. 771.
1197:
1185:
1173:
1156:
1144:
1142:, p. 753.
1132:
1117:
1096:
1089:
1066:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1009:
997:
978:
976:
973:
970:
969:
943:
925:
924:
922:
919:
917:(c.1800 BC)."
915:Shamshi-Adad I
899:
896:
865:Manfred Bietak
847:
846:
843:
842:
835:
832:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
797:
796:
790:
787:
764:British Museum
717:Arthur Bedford
703:" highlighted)
684:
681:
672:Abydos Dynasty
616:
615:Hyksos Kingdom
613:
564:, ruling over
537:
536:
531:
527:
526:
520:
516:
515:
507:
503:
502:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
435:
434:
428:
417:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
403:
387:
386:
378:
377:
371:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
325:
322:
310:
309:
303:
292:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
263:
262:
254:
253:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
227:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
199:
187:
186:
180:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
150:
149:
132:
131:
123:
120:Royal titulary
118:
117:
114:
113:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
74:
68:
67:
61:
60:
44:
36:
35:
31:
30:
21:Salkımlı, Kulp
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5439:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5422:Amorite kings
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5389:
5384:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5279:
5275:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4834:Cleopatra III
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:Nepherites II
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4167:Psusennes III
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4058:(1069–664 BC)
4054:
4050:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:Ramesses VIII
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:Amenhotep III
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3783:
3779:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Seqenenre Tao
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Sobekemsaf II
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3658:Wepwawetemsaf
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:Merneferre Ay
3263:
3261:
3260:Wahibre Ibiau
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Sobekhotep IV
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Amenemhat III
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2983:Mentuhotep IV
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Mentuhotep II
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Wahkare Khety
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Neferkare VII
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Seth-Peribsen
2335:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Hotepsekhemwy
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2070:Double Falcon
2068:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:(pre-3150 BC)
1957:
1956:Protodynastic
1953:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1893:Protodynastic
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1606:(in French).
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1484:Ryholt, p.128
1481:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1294:, p. 13.
1293:
1288:
1282:, p. 30.
1281:
1276:
1269:
1268:Mumford 2001b
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1244:Mumford 2001a
1240:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1130:, p. 14.
1129:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1034:, p. 49.
1033:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1007:, p. 15.
1006:
1001:
993:
992:
983:
979:
966:
962:
958:
953:
947:
940:
936:
930:
926:
918:
916:
912:
908:
905:
895:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
871:contains the
870:
866:
862:
857:
836:
833:
830:
824:
823:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:
788:
783:
782:
779:
778:
772:
765:
761:
758:, suggesting
757:
752:
748:
746:
745:Sobekhotep IV
742:
741:Sobekhotep IV
738:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
697:
689:
680:
678:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
638:
634:
633:Kerma culture
630:
626:
622:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
544:
535:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
511:
508:
504:
478:
476:
469:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
436:
432:
429:
422:
421:
418:
416:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
384:
383:
379:
376:
372:
352:
350:
343:
331:
326:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
311:
307:
304:
297:
296:
293:
291:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
255:
252:
248:
228:
226:
219:
205:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
188:
184:
181:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
147:
143:
138:
137:
133:
130:
126:
121:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
66:
62:
56:
52:
48:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5146:
5139:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5041:
5034:
5020:Lucius Verus
4977:
4878:
4854:Berenice III
4844:Cleopatra IV
4819:Cleopatra II
4751:Alexander IV
4671:Nectanebo II
4640:
4621:Nepherites I
4580:Artaxerxes I
4567:
4497:
4485:
4468:(664–332 BC)
4448:
4404:Roman Period
4306:Shoshenq VII
4304:
4277:
4237:
4218:Shoshenq III
4200:
4165:
4128:
4106:Psusennes II
4019:Ramesses VII
3999:Ramesses III
3883:Amenhotep II
3878:Thutmose III
3814:
3703:Sobekemsaf I
3695:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3629:
3622:
3527:
3522:
3510:
3505:'Aper-'Anati
3503:
3496:
3489:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3413:Sekheperenre
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3235:Neferhotep I
3225:Seth Meribre
3202:
3188:Djedkheperew
3105:
3066:
3057:Amenemhat IV
3047:Senusret III
3037:Amenemhat II
2953:Mentuhotep I
2915:
2804:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2669:Neferkare II
2620:
2613:
2546:Nyuserre Ini
2500:
2483:
2438:
2431:
2419:
2360:
2355:Neferkasokar
2353:
2346:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2259:
2252:
2160:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2103:Finger Snail
2101:
2094:
2074:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1941:
1821:
1799:
1773:
1750:
1727:
1705:
1682:
1658:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1607:
1603:
1580:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1519:
1499:
1491:Bibliography
1456:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1407:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1351:Ben-Tor 2007
1346:
1334:
1322:
1314:
1309:, p. 7.
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1222:, p. 8.
1215:
1188:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1111:
1079:
1051:
1044:Redford 2001
1039:
1027:
1000:
990:
982:
965:Thutmose III
946:
939:1653–1614 BC
929:
910:
906:
901:
885:
860:
858:
854:
734:
706:
661:
646:
618:
582:
577:
550:
546:
542:
540:
141:
139:Hor-Inek-Tau
5124:Gordian III
5069:Diadumenian
4869:Cleopatra V
4723:(332–30 BC)
4718:Hellenistic
4661:Nectanebo I
4553:Cambyses II
4535:Psamtik III
4493:Tefnakht II
4295:Takelot III
4290:Osorkon III
4285:Shoshenq VI
4239:Pedubast II
4223:Shoshenq IV
4196:Shoshenq II
4161:Pinedjem II
4151:Menkheperre
4086:Psusennes I
4039:Ramesses XI
4029:Ramesses IX
4014:Ramesses VI
4004:Ramesses IV
3951:Ramesses II
3913:Tutankhamun
3888:Thutmose IV
3868:Thutmose II
3858:Amenhotep I
3830:New Kingdom
3765:New Kingdom
3624:Senusret IV
3608:Dedumose II
3583:Nebiriau II
3578:Nebiryraw I
3573:Mentuhotepi
3378:Khakherewre
3305:Merkheperre
3215:Imyremeshaw
3198:Sedjefakare
3153:Sehetepibre
3128:Ameny Qemau
3062:Sobekneferu
3042:Senusret II
3027:Amenemhat I
3009:Iyibkhentre
2739:Neferirkare
2734:Neferkauhor
2541:Shepseskare
2382:Old Kingdom
2368:Khasekhemwy
2348:Neferkara I
2317:Weneg-Nebty
2162:Scorpion II
1256:Bietak 2001
1232:Bietak 2007
1208:Bietak 2007
1193:Bietak 2007
1181:Bietak 2000
1163:M. Bietak:
1152:Bietak 1981
1140:Bietak 2007
566:Lower Egypt
541:Seuserenre
522:A Stela in
93:Predecessor
5401:Categories
5241:Diocletian
5195:Quintillus
5148:Aemilianus
5103:Gordian II
5075:Elagabalus
4896:Arsinoe IV
4779:Arsinoe II
4704:Darius III
4631:Psammuthes
4520:Psamtik II
4335:Bakenranef
4273:Pedubast I
4268:Takelot II
4263:Harsiese A
4245:Osorkon IV
4233:Shoshenq V
4213:Osorkon II
4186:Shoshenq I
4156:Smendes II
4136:Pinedjem I
4081:Amenemnisu
4034:Ramesses X
4009:Ramesses V
3961:Amenmesses
3941:Ramesses I
3903:Smenkhkare
3873:Hatshepsut
3863:Thutmose I
3613:Montuemsaf
3603:Dedumose I
3403:Nebdjefare
3393:Merdjefare
3163:Nedjemibre
3158:Sewadjkare
3032:Senusret I
3004:Qakare Ini
2825:Meryhathor
2729:Neferkaure
2724:Qakare Iby
2709:Neferkahor
2694:Neferkamin
2502:Thamphthis
2496:Shepseskaf
2410:Sekhemkhet
2261:Horus Bird
2138:Scorpion I
1401:online PDF
1032:Aston 2018
1020:Aston 2018
1005:Aston 2018
975:References
961:Hatshepsut
888:Kim Ryholt
861:king's son
261:Seuserenre
142:ḥr-jnk-tꜢw
129:Horus name
5373:Ptolemaic
5181:Gallienus
5096:Gordian I
5059:Caracalla
4985:Vespasian
4979:Vitellius
4761:Ptolemaic
4603:Amyrtaeus
4585:Darius II
4530:Ahmose II
4510:Psamtik I
4449:uncertain
4437:Pharaohs
4373:Tanutamun
4208:Takelot I
4191:Osorkon I
4141:Masaharta
4091:Amenemope
3994:Setnakhte
3956:Merneptah
3898:Akhenaten
3815:uncertain
3697:Nebmaatre
3518:Sakir-Har
3471:Yaqub-Har
3383:Nebefawre
3133:Hotepibre
2999:Segerseni
2968:Intef III
2916:uncertain
2904:Pharaohs
2536:Neferefre
2362:Hudjefa I
2243:Semerkhet
1980:Hedju Hor
1942:uncertain
1930:Pharaohs
1816:Sakir-Har
1568:159570045
1329:, pl. XXI
909:(reading
766:, EA 987.
725:Yaqub-Har
519:Monuments
103:Successor
97:Sakir-Har
51:cartouche
5333:21 to 23
5251:Galerius
5246:Maximian
5235:Numerian
5202:Aurelian
5154:Valerian
5117:Balbinus
5110:Pupienus
5064:Macrinus
5036:Pertinax
5030:Commodus
4995:Domitian
4958:Claudius
4953:Caligula
4948:Tiberius
4943:Augustus
4563:Darius I
4515:Necho II
4358:Shebitku
4330:Tefnakht
3923:Horemheb
3853:Ahmose I
3665:Pantjeny
3651:Senebkay
3631:Pepi III
3593:Bebiankh
3450:Shenshek
3408:Nebsenre
3240:Sihathor
3210:Khendjer
3173:Renseneb
3118:Nerikare
2963:Intef II
2840:Merykare
2745:Wadjkare
2689:Merenhor
2584:Userkare
2491:Menkaure
2485:Bikheris
2474:Djedefre
2440:Qahedjet
2324:Wadjenes
2310:Horus Sa
2303:Nubnefer
2290:Nynetjer
2254:Sneferka
1994:Ni-Neith
1880:Pharaohs
1325:(1917),
1059:Archived
911:h-ya-a-n
877:prenomen
709:Josephus
677:Gebelein
629:Ahmose I
597:Hittites
595:and the
589:Hattusha
506:Children
5228:Carinus
5209:Tacitus
5167:Quietus
5010:Hadrian
4694:Khabash
4525:Wahibre
4505:Necho I
4499:Nekauba
4487:Ammeris
4430:Dynasty
4368:Taharqa
4363:Shabaka
4300:Rudamun
4279:Iuput I
4124:Herihor
4076:Smendes
3976:Twosret
3966:Seti II
3810:female)
3795:Dynasty
3691:Rahotep
3588:Semenre
3558:Djehuti
3540:Khamudi
3529:Yanassi
3512:Salitis
3464:Yakareb
3457:Khamure
3388:Sehebre
3310:Merkare
2958:Intef I
2897:Dynasty
2806:Imhotep
2766:Iytjenu
2752:Khuiqer
2664:Menkare
2615:Neferka
2599:Pepi II
2521:Userkaf
2415:Sanakht
2238:Anedjib
2218:Hor-Aha
2151:Iry-Hor
2145:Shendjw
2117:Pen-Abu
2001:Hat-Hor
1923:Dynasty
1835:Yanassi
1772:(ed.).
1749:(ed.).
1704:(ed.).
1681:(ed.).
1631:: 1–21.
1579:(ed.).
1378:at the
904:Amorite
881:Yanassi
756:Baghdad
713:Manetho
625:Yanassi
605:Babylon
601:Baghdad
585:Knossos
560:of the
530:Dynasty
510:Yanassi
107:Yanassi
86:1580 BC
84:and c.
82:1700 BC
65:Pharaoh
5368:Argead
5215:Probus
5135:Decius
5130:Philip
5005:Trajan
4733:Argead
4642:Muthis
4595:XXVIII
4575:Xerxes
4443:female
4421:Period
4130:Piankh
4101:Siamun
3971:Siptah
3946:Seti I
3786:Period
3738:Kamose
3672:Snaaib
3642:Abydos
3498:Semqen
3491:Sharek
3443:Sheneh
3423:'Apepi
3418:Bebnum
3373:Nehesy
3193:Sebkay
3113:Sonbef
2910:female
2888:Period
2699:Nikare
2589:Pepi I
2526:Sahure
2479:Khafre
2464:Snefru
2433:Sedjes
2405:Djoser
2331:Senedj
2209:Narmer
2168:Narmer
2050:Wazner
2015:Hsekiu
1987:Ny-Hor
1936:female
1914:Period
1804:online
1780:
1757:
1734:
1712:
1689:
1666:
1587:
1566:
1526:
1507:
1444:
1395:, in:
1167:, In:
1087:
959:under
907:Hayanu
869:Avaris
701:Hyksos
657:Canaan
637:Nubian
621:Avaris
555:Hyksos
553:was a
547:Khayan
545:(also
524:Avaris
5221:Carus
5000:Nerva
4990:Titus
4968:Galba
4935:XXXIV
4920:Roman
4699:Arses
4626:Hakor
4545:XXVII
4255:XXIII
3845:XVIII
3805:(male
3535:Apepi
3523:Khyan
3436:Wazad
3204:Wegaf
3138:Iufni
2992:Nubia
2800:Setut
2622:Nefer
2469:Khufu
2427:Khaba
2421:Nebka
2285:Nebra
2213:Menes
2172:Menes
2124:Stork
2087:Upper
2043:Neheb
2036:Thesh
2022:Khayu
1971:Lower
1841:Apepi
1564:S2CID
921:Notes
873:nomen
729:Apepi
664:Cusae
653:Sinai
649:Tjaru
642:Apepi
593:Crete
551:Khian
543:Khyan
385:Khyan
375:Nomen
146:Horus
111:Apepi
72:Reign
29:Khyan
5054:Geta
4973:Otho
4963:Nero
4681:XXXI
4666:Teos
4613:XXIX
4478:XXVI
4463:Late
4440:male
4400:Late
4353:Piye
4322:XXIV
4228:Pami
4178:XXII
3767:and
3683:XVII
3429:Nuya
3098:XIII
2907:male
2869:and
2759:Khui
2656:VIII
2579:Teti
2561:Unas
2446:Huni
2248:Qa'a
2228:Djet
2223:Djer
2131:Bull
2110:Fish
2076:Wash
2057:Mekh
1933:male
1778:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1660:2014
1585:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1501:2014
1442:ISBN
1085:ISBN
875:and
737:Edfu
670:and
668:16th
655:and
635:, a
587:and
558:king
4653:XXX
4402:to
4345:XXV
4068:XXI
3933:XIX
3550:XVI
3330:XIV
3178:Hor
3019:XII
2652:VII
2397:III
2233:Den
2029:Tiu
1895:to
1646:doi
1612:doi
1608:151
1556:doi
963:or
883:."
549:or
109:or
5403::
5363:31
5358:30
5353:27
5348:26
5343:25
5338:24
5328:20
5323:19
5318:18
5313:12
5308:11
3986:XX
3918:Ay
3482:XV
2945:XI
2777:IX
2571:VI
2456:IV
2296:Ba
2272:II
2211:/
2170:/
2156:Ka
2008:Pu
1838:or
1640:.
1627:.
1602:.
1562:.
1552:95
1550:.
1477:^
1465:^
1321::
1299:^
1200:^
1120:^
1110:.
1099:^
1069:^
1012:^
937:,
762:.
644:.
611:.
574:Re
5303:4
5299:3
5296:2
5292:1
2817:X
2654:/
2513:V
2201:I
2096:A
2064:A
1872:e
1865:t
1858:v
1806:)
1786:.
1763:.
1740:.
1718:.
1695:.
1672:.
1652:.
1648::
1642:7
1618:.
1614::
1593:.
1570:.
1558::
1532:.
1513:.
1450:.
1382:.
1114:.
1093:.
967:.
513:♂
88:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
