156:
706:
355:
147:
851:
influenced some historians to the point that they were inclined to relate this tribe of the
Georgian highlanders to the Crusaders; but the decisive point, of course, was the presence of the images of the cross in the national attire of the Khevsurs. Along with their bellicose history and experience, they have also a custom of the opposite peaceful nature and ethics: if a young girl or a woman throws her kerchief between the fighting Khevsurs, it signals her order to stop the combat and the men always obey the lady’s interference.
22:
561:
480:. He claimed that their folk culture – the material, social, and religious practices – resembled those of the Crusaders. Although Zisserman claims to have arrived at the speculation himself and is often credited with the idea, this theory appears in earlier sources and was a popular story among non-Georgians in Tbilisi. The claim that any historical evidence indicates that Khevsurs may have descended from crusaders has been thoroughly discredited, and Georgian scholars have universally derided the story.
376:
1473:
457:
1224:
721:
174:
363:
825:, Aluda began to weep, mourning for the warrior, in recognition of his bravery and dedication to his Muslim faith. When Aluda returned to Shatili he confessed to the villagers his admiration for the 'Kist' hero who had proved such a worthy adversary, but they were shocked at this praising of a 'pagan' and ended by condemning Aluda and expelling him from the community.
342:
region. Khevsureti, with the area of approximately 405.3 square miles (1050 km²), is traversed by the main crest of the
Greater Caucasus Range, dividing the province in two unequal parts. Pirikita Khevsureti ("thither") is a larger one, with the area of c. 565 km², while Piraketa Khevsureti
834:
reported in 1911 that many curious customs still prevailed among the
Khevsurs, as for instance the imprisonment of the woman during childbirth in a lonely hut, round which the husband parades, firing off his musket at intervals. After delivery, food was surreptitiously brought to the mother, who was
483:
Zisserman also writes that 'concerning their origin the
Khevsurs have preserved a tradition: they consider a certain man by the name of Gudaneli as their first ancestor. He was a peasant vassal of a landlord in Kakheti, and to escape punishment for some crime which he had committed, he found refuge
850:
Even in recent past a place called
Anatori ossuary was used by gravely sick Khevsurs: to save their families they used to set out to that place and meet their end in seclusion, keeping their kinfolk safe from the calamities of sweeping epidemic and mortal disease. The warlike character of Khevsurs
696:
Some disobedience offered by the
Khevsurs to the Soviet ideology was a reason for obligatory migration to the plain initiated by the government in 1951. As a result, many high-mountainous villages were deserted. Economic hardship of the last two decades also increased a tendency towards migration.
666:
There are, of course, many reasons for which a comparison of these two censuses would be a tricky and to some extent pointless exercise. For what it is worth, however, such a comparison does confirm a process of rural exodus during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries whereby the
533:, which wore out but never faded from frequent usage. Young girls started knitting at the age of 6-7, but men studying and military training, because according to their tradition women were deprived from education and higher social status. They had a strict system of physical training in
1032:
776:
The architecture of
Khevsureti is mostly highly fortified and defensive in character, featuring a profusion of towers clinging to the mountainsides, signifying constant vigilance in the face of enemy attack. The Khevsurs were renowned for their warfare with the (mostly
448:). They were exceptional warriors with traditional Georgian qualities of courage, openness and honesty, fraternity, independence and love of freedom, who were often promoted as royal bodyguards. Kings regarded them as reliable guardians of the
52:
670:
Although these figures must of course be taken with a pinch of salt (in the sense that they are based upon data whose reliability is unproven and debatable to say the least), a comparison between the two years (1873 and 1935) reveals
584:(“sanctuary”). Aside from their religious character, these were the sites where the locals discussed and decided common matters such as raids against enemies, peace-making, appeals of various characters, etc. Even during the
66:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
429:) who were known for their wisdom and human qualities. These people introduced youth to their culture, history, traditions and all aspects of human knowledge and experiences based on Christian Orthodox values. (See
667:
Khevsurs seem to have abandoned isolated or higher-altitude settlements and moved down-valley to live in villages benefiting from more clement climatic conditions (or perhaps even to live in towns further afield).
687:
a 35 per cent decrease in the region's total population (with more isolated regions losing more inhabitants e.g. the
Shatili community 42% and the Akhieli community 50% than the others lower down the valleys).
452:
and the northern border of the kingdom. In the battles
Khevsurs wore flags adorned with crosses and considered themselves permanent members of the army of the sacred flags and guardians of Georgian Kings.
588:
period, with its harsh restrictions against any religious activities, each year the
Georgian highlanders gathered with a group of elder Orthodox Christian priests and performed their traditional rituals.
946:
Tsiklauri, Ivane (2008). "პირიქით ხევსურეთის ნასოფლარები (შატილ-მიღმახევის ხეობები)" [Former villages of Pirikita Khevsureti (Shatili-Mighmakhevi valleys)]. In Mindorashvili, Davit (ed.).
155:
835:
kept in her prison a month, after which the hut was burnt. One of the more striking features of the traditional cultures of Khevsureti was the premarital relationship known as
488:. From his two sons, Arabuli and Chinchara, originated the family of Arabuli, consisting of 320 homes, and the family of Chincharauli, with 210 homes.' American traveler
1540:
425:
of the community remained based on the ancient traditions and values. Children of the noble families and lords were brought up by the families of peasants (გლეხი,
1421:
793:. Due to the geographic, ethnic and religious complexity and lack of industrialization in the Greater Caucasus, it was a common occurrence for the tribes of the
947:
728:
Like other mountainous areas of Georgia, Khevsureti is characterized by a great diversity of traditions and customs. Khevsurs speak a local dialect of the
1689:
469:
291:
1152:
Tuite, Kevin (2011). "Xevsur shrine invocations: iconicity, intertextuality and agonism". In Tandaschwili, Manana; Pourtskhvanidze, Zakaria (eds.).
69:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1989:
1838:
1012:
34:
1033:"Kicking the Crusaders out of the Caucasus: Deconstructing the 200-Year-Old Meme that the Khevsurs Descended from a Lost Band of Medieval Knights"
1372:
1984:
436:
Historically, Georgian highlander communities enjoyed a degree of autonomy. Khevsurs never accepted local lords; they elected their leaders or
1848:
1641:
1583:
1578:
1684:
311:
1906:
1709:
1679:
1560:
1414:
855:
344:
217:
1244:
1239:
1699:
1588:
1945:
1739:
1704:
1555:
879:
859:
758:
1734:
1593:
1550:
1517:
1407:
919:
Located in north of the Greater Caucasus Watershed, and this geographically in Europe, also mountains on Bezengi wall in upper
965:
1153:
1355:
1296:
1085:
77:
1382:
529: BC) notes that the Caucasian highlanders of that time, were brilliant knitters and embroiders of their dress or
90:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Georgian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1749:
1102:
473:
1345:
656:
the Arkhoti (Akhieli) community: 3 villages, 78 households, consisting of 123 men and 133 women, totalling 256 souls
629:
the Tolaant-Sopeli community: 8 villages, 197 households, consisting of 555 men and 593 women, totalling 1,148 souls
1350:
1289:
Ethnography and Folklore of the Georgia-Chechnya Border: Images, Customs, Myths & Folk Tales of the Peripheries
971:
809:
hero of which is a Khevsur youth, famous for his bravery and warrior skills. One day, after the Khevsur village of
1173:
843:
as it is known in Pshavi). A young couple could lie together during the night with a sword placed between them.
650:
the Batsaligo community: 19 villages, 291 households, consisting of 547 men and 639 women, totalling 1,186 souls
647:
the Barisakho community: 14 villages, 241 households, consisting of 467 men and 539 women, totalling 1,006 souls
608:
the Barisakho community: 16 villages, 298 households, consisting of 723 men and 718 women, totalling 1,441 souls
1095:
705:
653:
the Shatili community: 12 villages, 233 households, consisting of 528 men and 572 women, totalling 1,100 souls
1631:
854:
Dozens of fortifications, sanctuaries and churches are scattered across the province. Chief of these are the
617:
the Batsaligo community: 9 villages, 131 households, consisting of 296 men and 288 women, totalling 584 souls
1260:
1901:
901:
896:
623:
the Shatili community: 5 villages, 121 households, consisting of 252 men and 272 women, totalling 524 souls
620:
the Akhieli community: 5 villages, 111 households, consisting of 273 men and 240 women, totalling 513 souls
414:
614:
the Roshka community: 7 villages, 145 households, consisting of 335 men and 315 women, totalling 648 souls
354:
146:
626:
the Ardoti community: 3 villages, 86 households, consisting of 198 men and 249 women, totalling 447 souls
445:
1009:
821:), Aluda followed the invaders and killed both of the robbers. However, after killing the 'Kist' called
611:
the Guli community: 8 villages, 162 households, consisting of 335 men and 356 women, totalling 691 souls
597:
As of the 1873 census, Khevsureti had the population of 4,872. By 1926, the population shrank to 3,885.
1828:
830:
736:
and retain many of their ancient traditions including elements of folk ritual. The institution of the
1198:
569:
430:
166:
85:
1994:
1866:
485:
1377:
847:
between the pair was strictly forbidden. Any man who breached this rule was condemned to death.
1782:
636:: 61 villages, 1,251 households, consisting of 2,967 men and 3,029 women, in all 5,996 souls.
106:
1229:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
663:: 43 villages, 769 households, consisting of 1,492 men and 1,668 women, in all 3,160 souls.
400:
335:
203:
1472:
1360:
987:
8:
489:
998:
604:(published by Cassel in 1878) divide the villages of Khevsureti into eight communities:
1060:
844:
801:
described the warfare of the Khevsurs in his poems. One of the most famous of these is
449:
287:
1210:
1114:
1651:
1431:
1292:
1134:
1098:
1091:
1081:
1064:
1052:
961:
729:
545:
392:
339:
271:
263:
191:
179:
81:
1313:
Die Chews'uren und ihr Land — ein monographischer Versuch untersucht im Sommer 1876
1044:
602:
Die Chews'uren und ihr Land — ein monographischer Versuch untersucht im Sommer 1876
299:
1130:
Le Système religieux de la Géorgie païenne: analyse structurale d'une civilisation
476:), suggests that these Georgian highlanders were descendants of the last European
1128:
1016:
891:
295:
99:
1399:
1916:
1876:
1327:
798:
794:
757:
The traditional costume of Khevsureti includes a male upper garment called the
396:
681:
an 8 per cent drop in the average number of households (families) per village;
560:
1978:
1960:
1947:
1896:
1235:
1230:
1138:
1056:
863:
600:
Figures from the Russian imperial census of 1873 given in Dr. Gustav Radde's
496:
472:, who spent 25 years (1842–67) during Russian expansion in the Caucasus (see
375:
407:
continued to preach among Georgian highlanders (მთიულნი, mtiulni) including
1858:
1820:
1618:
1308:
960:. Tbilisi: Center for Protection and Study of Antiquities. pp. 22–30.
818:
585:
534:
508:
198:
1291:, Munich: Lincom Europa, Volume 9 of LINCOM studies in anthropology. 2008
541:
martial art, and which is a part of the rich Georgian military tradition.
444:) and council of elders and submitted themselves only to the monarch (see
1911:
1462:
1366:
1080:
ZISSERMANN, A.L., Twenty-five Years in the Caucasus, St.Petersburg: 1879
1048:
786:
769:
in shape and features a more powerful color balance and a greater use of
766:
744:
733:
1248:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 777.
797:
to attack and rob mountain-dwelling Georgians. Well-known Georgian poet
684:
a 19 per cent drop in the average number of inhabitants per village; and
499:
and armed with broadswords, wore garments full of decoration made up of
1843:
1489:
737:
549:
492:(1900–1939) saw and recorded the customs of the Khevsur tribe in 1935.
456:
437:
422:
327:
88:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1931:
1886:
1805:
1800:
1762:
1694:
1545:
770:
572:
and pre-Christian cults. They worship sacred places locally known as
512:
418:
275:
720:
639:
These figures can be compared with those given in Sergi Makalatia's
1926:
1921:
1871:
1664:
1659:
1636:
1626:
1603:
1494:
1439:
928:
790:
782:
748:
709:
538:
477:
404:
383:
The territory of Khevsureti, together with the neighboring area of
331:
1891:
1833:
1810:
1772:
1757:
1719:
1608:
1570:
1535:
1527:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1396:
Short 1947 film doc containing footage of villagers & customs
920:
871:
810:
751:
713:
348:
319:
315:
213:
1881:
1394:
1155:
Folia Caucasica: Festschrift für Jost Gippert zum 55. Geburtstag
678:
an 8 per cent drop in the average number of women per household;
63:
1795:
1790:
1674:
1669:
1598:
1512:
1481:
875:
806:
778:
762:
530:
465:
408:
403:
and the Queen Nana into Christianity in the early 4th century,
388:
384:
362:
323:
186:
160:
Map highlighting the historical region of Khevsureti in Georgia
137:
675:
a 14 per cent drop in the average number of men per household;
1767:
1724:
1714:
1504:
1387:
924:
867:
814:
504:
500:
761:. While this bears some resemblance to the classic Georgian
511:
which Georgia adopted early in 4th century. Greek historian
387:, was known to medieval writers under the joint designation
1340:
343:("hither") occupies 428 km². The largest villages are
302:, Khevsureti is geographically a European part of Georgia.
1362:
Central Caucasian religious systems and social ideology...
1174:"Highland Georgian paganism — archaism or innovation?"
507:, which served as a means of protection according to
55:
a machine-translated version of the Georgian article.
743:
Khevsur music also resembles that of Georgia in the
59:
1341:
All About Khevsureti / ყველაფერი ხევსურეთის შესახებ
1115:
Sword and Buckler Fighting among the Lost Crusaders
1429:
988:Kartlis Cxovreba (The Life of Kartli) in Georgian
781:) peoples of the Northern Caucasus including the
643:(Komunistis Stamba, Tbilisi: 1935; in Georgian):
270:) is a historical-ethnographic region in eastern
1976:
1305:, Komunistis Stamba, Tbilisi: 1935 (in Georgian)
1287:KURTSIKIDZE, Shorena & CHIKOVANI, Vakhtang,
1161:. Frankfurt: Logos Publishing. pp. 197–221.
949:საქართველოს შუა საუკუნეების არქეოლოგიური ძეგლები
592:
1181:Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia
399:mentions that after the conversion of the King
120:Historical Region in Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia
84:accompanying your translation by providing an
46:Click for important translation instructions.
33:expand this article with text translated from
1415:
1261:""Anti-marriage" in ancient Georgian society"
954:Medieval Archaeological Monuments of Georgia
732:that resembles the literary Georgian of the
1126:
460:Khevsur woman. Photo by D.A. Nikitin, 1881.
286:, პირაქეთა ხევსურეთი) slopes of the Great
1422:
1408:
813:, where he lived, had been invaded by the
740:was still alive in the twentieth century.
310:Comprising the small river valleys of the
278:) people located along both the northern (
1117:. Excerpts of Halliburton's observations.
945:
274:. Khevsurs are the branch of Kartvelian (
1234:
719:
704:
559:
455:
374:
361:
353:
290:. By the conventional definition of the
1990:Historical regions of Georgia (country)
1030:
1977:
1383:Expedition to Khevsureti (in Georgian)
568:Their religion is a unique mixture of
431:Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church
417:was never able to establish a typical
1985:Former provinces of Georgia (country)
1403:
1258:
1171:
1151:
1071:
544:Khevsur dances also preserved in the
1346:History of Georgian Mountain Regions
1026:
1024:
999:GEORGIAN HISTORY, Ethnographic Study
941:
939:
937:
282:, პირიქითა ხევსურეთი) and southern (
15:
366:Biso, a small village in Khevsureti
334:and is included in the present-day
232:1,036 km (400 sq mi)
13:
1281:
14:
2006:
1750:Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
1334:
1021:
934:
474:Georgia within the Russian Empire
1471:
1222:
1010:The photos by Vakhtang Chikovani
564:Church of Dormition in Barisakho
172:
154:
145:
20:
1252:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1165:
1145:
747:. Khevsureti is famous for its
1320:Five Years in Pshav-Khevsureti
1120:
1108:
1031:Sherman, Ryan Michael (2021).
1003:
992:
981:
913:
570:Georgian Orthodox Christianity
370:
94:You may also add the template
1:
1322:, Tbilisi: 1930 (in Georgian
1133:(in French). Paris: Maspéro.
1127:Charachidzé, Georges (1968).
907:
700:
593:Historical population figures
523:
516:
464:A story first popularized by
1378:The country of Black Shields
691:
495:The Khevsur men, dressed in
468:serviceman and ethnographer
446:List of the Kings of Georgia
358:Caucasus Mountains near Juta
326:, the province borders with
305:
7:
1373:Mountain regions of Georgia
1268:Anthropological Linguistics
1209:For detailed tables, go to
1197:For detailed tables, go to
1105:Narikala Publications, 2018
885:
555:
96:{{Translated|ka|ხევსურეთი}}
10:
2011:
1469:
789:, and the many peoples of
58:Machine translation, like
1857:
1819:
1781:
1748:
1650:
1617:
1569:
1526:
1503:
1480:
1438:
1324:ხუთი წელი ფშავ-ხევსურეთში
1315:, Cassel 1878 (in German)
817:(historical name for the
379:Khevsur clansmen, c. 1910
249:
241:
236:
228:
223:
209:
197:
185:
165:
153:
144:
135:
125:
35:the corresponding article
484:in the Pshav village of
1318:TEDORADZE, Dr. Giorgi,
1245:Encyclopædia Britannica
1211:this page on Batsav.com
1199:this page on Batsav.com
831:Encyclopædia Britannica
253:3.1/km (8.0/sq mi)
105:For more guidance, see
1783:Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
1430:Historical regions of
1369:and Paata Bukhrashvili
725:
717:
565:
461:
380:
367:
359:
1961:42.48830°N 44.87915°E
1356:Tours in the Caucasus
1351:Legends of Khevsureti
1259:Tuite, Kevin (2000).
1172:Tuite, Kevin (1996).
723:
708:
563:
459:
378:
365:
357:
107:Knowledge:Translation
78:copyright attribution
1049:10.1017/nps.2019.102
1037:Nationalities Papers
765:, it is shorter and
712:fortified houses of
401:Mirian III of Iberia
395:: ფხოვი. Chronicler
336:Dusheti Municipality
292:Europe-Asia boundary
250: • Density
1957: /
773:decorative motifs.
724:Tower of Lebaiskari
548:as a warrior dance
490:Richard Halliburton
284:Piraketa khevsureti
280:Pirikita khevsureti
1966:42.48830; 44.87915
1301:MAKALATIA, Sergi,
1015:2010-04-01 at the
902:Culture of Georgia
897:History of Georgia
845:Sexual intercourse
726:
718:
566:
462:
450:Caucasus Mountains
381:
368:
360:
288:Caucasus Mountains
242: • Total
229: • Total
86:interlanguage link
1940:
1939:
1652:Mtskheta-Mtianeti
1309:RADDE, Dr. Gustav
967:978-9941-0-0963-1
730:Georgian language
393:Georgian language
340:Mtskheta-Mtianeti
294:as following the
268:a land of valleys
257:
256:
192:Mtskheta-Mtianeti
138:Historical Region
118:
117:
47:
43:
2002:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1690:Tskhradzmiskhevi
1475:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1389:Khevsureti Tours
1276:
1275:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1090:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1028:
1019:
1007:
1001:
996:
990:
985:
979:
978:
976:
970:. Archived from
959:
943:
932:
917:
874:fortifications,
754:and folk music.
528:
525:
521:
518:
470:Arnold Zisserman
415:Medieval Georgia
300:Greater Caucasus
178:
176:
175:
158:
149:
123:
122:
97:
91:
64:Google Translate
45:
41:
24:
23:
16:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1853:
1815:
1777:
1744:
1646:
1613:
1565:
1522:
1499:
1476:
1467:
1434:
1428:
1337:
1284:
1282:Further reading
1279:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1238:, ed. (1911). "
1223:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1088:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1029:
1022:
1017:Wayback Machine
1008:
1004:
997:
993:
986:
982:
974:
968:
957:
944:
935:
918:
914:
910:
892:Georgian people
888:
878:Cross, and the
803:Aluda Ketelauri
703:
694:
595:
558:
546:national dances
537:preserved as a
526:
519:
373:
308:
173:
171:
161:
140:
131:
128:
121:
114:
113:
112:
95:
89:
48:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1995:North Caucasus
1992:
1987:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:Maghrandvaleti
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1335:External links
1333:
1332:
1331:
1316:
1306:
1299:
1297:978-3895863288
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1251:
1236:Chisholm, Hugh
1214:
1202:
1190:
1164:
1144:
1119:
1107:
1086:978-5519443159
1070:
1020:
1002:
991:
980:
977:on 2013-10-29.
966:
933:
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
899:
894:
887:
884:
799:Vazha Pshavela
795:North Caucasus
702:
699:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
658:
657:
654:
651:
648:
631:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
594:
591:
557:
554:
397:Leonti Mroveli
372:
369:
307:
304:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
243:
239:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
221:
220:
211:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
169:
163:
162:
159:
151:
150:
142:
141:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
119:
116:
115:
111:
110:
103:
92:
70:
67:
56:
49:
30:
29:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2007:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1773:Kvemo Svaneti
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1231:public domain
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1103:9780991423224
1100:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1000:
995:
989:
984:
973:
969:
963:
955:
951:
950:
942:
940:
938:
930:
926:
922:
916:
912:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
833:
832:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
722:
715:
711:
707:
698:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
672:
668:
664:
662:
661:1935(?) TOTAL
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
644:
642:
637:
635:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
605:
603:
598:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
562:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
522: –
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
377:
364:
356:
352:
350:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:: ხევსურეთი,
265:
261:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
227:
222:
219:
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
181:
170:
168:
164:
157:
152:
148:
143:
139:
134:
124:
108:
104:
101:
93:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
54:
51:
50:
44:
38:
36:
31:You can help
27:
18:
17:
1942:
1859:Tao-Klarjeti
1821:Shida Kartli
1729:
1619:Kvemo Kartli
1388:
1361:
1326:)(online at
1323:
1319:
1312:
1302:
1288:
1271:
1267:
1254:
1243:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1147:
1129:
1122:
1110:
1089:(in English)
1078:(in Russian)
1073:
1043:(1): 54–71.
1040:
1036:
1005:
994:
983:
972:the original
953:
948:
915:
853:
849:
840:
836:
829:
827:
822:
819:Nakh peoples
802:
775:
756:
742:
727:
695:
669:
665:
660:
659:
640:
638:
633:
632:
601:
599:
596:
581:
580:(“icon”) or
577:
573:
567:
543:
535:martial arts
509:Christianity
494:
482:
463:
441:
440:(ხევისბერი,
435:
426:
421:system. The
413:
382:
309:
283:
279:
267:
259:
258:
199:Municipality
82:edit summary
73:
40:
32:
1964: /
1912:Zemo Kartli
1849:Zena Sopeli
1642:Dmaniskhevi
1584:Gagmamkhari
1579:Garekakheti
1463:Samurzakano
1367:Kevin Tuite
1274:(1): 37–60.
841:ts'ats'loba
837:sts’orproba
767:trapezoidal
745:Middle Ages
734:Middle Ages
576:(“cross’),
371:Ethnography
42:(June 2012)
37:in Georgian
1979:Categories
1952:44°52′45″E
1949:42°29′18″N
1844:Samachablo
1730:Khevsureti
1685:Ksniskhevi
1490:Machakhela
1328:Batsav.com
1303:Khevsureti
1096:0991423224
908:References
870:fortress,
866:fortress,
864:Lebaiskari
862:fortress,
858:fortress,
738:Blood feud
701:Traditions
641:Khevsureti
634:1873 TOTAL
550:Khevsuruli
527: 425
520: 484
497:chain mail
438:Khevisberi
423:civil code
391:or in the
328:Ingushetia
312:Migmakhevi
260:Khevsureti
237:Population
127:Khevsureti
1932:Javakheti
1907:Sokhoista
1887:Shavsheti
1806:Samegrelo
1801:Sabediano
1763:Lechkhumi
1710:Tchartali
1695:Tsanareti
1680:Tskhavati
1632:Gardabani
1561:Sajavakho
1546:Mukhurisi
1448:Abkhazeti
1139:410367044
1065:219430275
1057:0090-5992
856:Khakhmati
807:eponymous
771:cruciform
692:Migration
582:salotsavi
513:Herodotus
478:Crusaders
345:Barisakho
306:Geography
296:watershed
218:Barisakho
130:ხევსურეთი
100:talk page
1927:Samtskhe
1922:Trialeti
1872:Klarjeti
1829:Bazaleti
1700:Tsilkani
1665:Mukhrani
1660:Mtiuleti
1637:Gachiani
1627:Borchalo
1604:Saingilo
1589:Gujareti
1458:Tsebelda
1440:Abkhazia
1240:Khevsurs
1187:: 79–91.
1013:Archived
929:Tetnuldi
886:See also
791:Dagestan
783:Chechens
749:Medieval
710:Medieval
556:Religion
539:Khridoli
405:St. Nino
332:Chechnya
322:and the
276:Georgian
264:Georgian
76:provide
1902:Basiani
1892:Ardahan
1834:Dvaleti
1811:Svaneti
1758:Takveri
1740:Khorkhi
1720:Khandro
1705:Tsobeni
1609:Tusheti
1571:Kakheti
1556:Sachino
1536:Argveti
1528:Imereti
1495:Chaneti
1432:Georgia
1233::
921:Svaneti
882:Cross.
880:Anatori
872:Shatili
860:Akhieli
811:Shatili
759:Perangi
752:ballads
714:Shatili
501:crosses
466:Russian
349:Shatili
320:Arkhoti
316:Shatili
298:of the
272:Georgia
214:Shatili
210:Capital
204:Dusheti
180:Georgia
167:Country
98:to the
80:in the
39:.
1897:Nigali
1796:Odishi
1791:Egrisi
1735:Kherki
1675:Pkhovi
1670:Pshavi
1599:Hereti
1594:Kiziki
1551:Okriba
1518:Surebi
1513:Lazika
1482:Adjara
1453:Abzhua
1295:
1227:
1137:
1101:
1094:
1084:
1063:
1055:
964:
956:]
876:Gudani
823:Mussah
805:, the
785:, the
779:Muslim
763:Chokha
586:Soviet
531:Chokha
427:glekhi
419:feudal
409:Pkhovi
389:Pkhovi
385:Pshavi
324:Aragvi
187:Mkhare
177:
1877:Speri
1768:Racha
1725:Khevi
1715:Khada
1505:Guria
1264:(PDF)
1177:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
1061:S2CID
975:(PDF)
958:(PDF)
952:[
925:Ushba
868:Mutso
815:Kists
787:Kists
578:khati
574:jvari
505:icons
486:Apsho
442:elder
245:3,200
60:DeepL
1917:Tori
1882:Kola
1541:Vake
1293:ISBN
1135:OCLC
1099:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1053:ISSN
962:ISBN
927:and
839:(or
828:The
503:and
347:and
330:and
224:Area
74:must
72:You
53:View
1867:Tao
1365:by
1242:".
1045:doi
923:as
216:,
62:or
1981::
1311:,
1272:42
1270:.
1266:.
1183:.
1179:.
1059:.
1051:.
1041:49
1039:.
1035:.
1023:^
936:^
552:.
524:c.
517:c.
433:)
411:.
351:.
338:,
318:,
314:,
1423:e
1416:t
1409:v
1330:)
1185:7
1141:.
1067:.
1047::
931:.
716:.
515:(
262:(
109:.
102:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
