417:
355:
38:
338:, in which he reports the locations and details of the operations, including the destruction of 73 Russian ships. His personal life at this time was filled with tragedy. He suffered several family bereavements, including the death of his first wife, and his young son, Rashid-al-Din. Khaqani composed elegies lamenting their deaths. About the same time, Khaqani went on a second pilgrimage, after which he retired from court life to settle at
1014:
389:) and is over three thousand verses long. This book serves as an autobiography and also presents his impressions of the Middle East. Beelaert notes that, although the work is a mathnawi, it exhibits more affinities with his other qasidas. His surviving prose works include the prose introduction to the aforementioned mathnawi, and approximately sixty letters attributed to him.
392:
Khaqani lived within a partly
Christian milieu, and according to Beelaert, he was "a product of the culturally complex milieu of the Caucasus." He established friendly contact with Byzantine, Armenian and Georgian royalty. His poetry is sometimes profused with Christian imagery and symbols, and
3124:
Contemporary
Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of
400:
It is often believed that
Khaqani's complex mode of expression has often been an obstacle to a full appreciation of his poetical value. Much of his poetry is considered to be abstruse, exhibiting a vast range of vocabulary and an abundance of
428:("prison poetry") is considered one of the finest of its kind. The genre has been described as the "medieval Islamic world's most aesthetically compelling corpus of texts dealing with incarceration." The naʿtiyas (poetry in praise of
405:. According to Minorsky the poems "bristle with rare words, unusual similes and allusions to astrology, medicine, theology, history, to say nothing of the numerous hints concerning happenings of the poet's own life and time".
241:. Khaqani lost his father at an early age and was brought up by his uncle, Kāfi-al-Din ʿOmar, a physician. Later in life, Khaqani wrote a poem in his praise, in which he used the similarity of his uncle's name and that of
290:. Khaqani was condemned to a number of subsequent imprisonments, until in 1156-7 he succeeded in escaping and setting out on a lengthy expedition through the Middle East. His travels gave him material for his famous work
476:: "A Master of the language, a poet possessing both intellect and heart, who fled from the outer world to the inner world, a personality who did not conform to type — all this places him in the front ranks of
501:
Using the decipherment of the poet's chronogram and corroborating references in his Divān, scholars have proposed 514–15/1120–1121, circa 519/1125, and 1127 as the most probable dates for his birth.
440:
being a famous Arabic poet who composed panegyrics in praise of
Muhammad, Khaqani's title refers to the fact that he was the Persian Hassan. It is believed that the work of figures such as
271:("regal"). Some traditional stories describe him as being the pupil and son-in-law of the famed poet Abul-Ala Ganjavi, however, this is not corroborated by Khaqani's own writings.
342:. According to accounts of him in various biographical works on poets, the date of his death ranges from 1186 to 1199. According to the gravestone in Tabriz, Khaqani died in
2633:
323:(prison poetry). In total, five of his poems describe his ordeal in prison. One of the poems, widely known as the "Christian" qasida, is considered by
3171:
317:. To memorialize his incarceration in verse, Khaqani composed his most powerful anti-feudal poems in a genre that will later become known as
278:, against the wishes of his ruler and patron. In his first attempt to depart Shirvan, he was captured by Manuchihr's henchmen in the nearby
3176:
1078:
519:
He is, for example, referred to as a "major" poet by
Beelaert and Vil'Čevskij, and "one of the greatest Persian poets" by Minorsky, and
1131:
233:
faith who had converted to Islam. According to
Khaqani, she was a descendant of "the great Philippus", which some scholars such as
3181:
3186:
3191:
961:
940:
37:
298:; in reference to western Iran ('Persian Iraq') and Mesopotamia ('Arabic Iraq'). He also composed his famous qasida
1514:
1126:
1071:
973:
Lewis, Franklin (2009). "Sexual
Occidentation: The Politics of Conversion, Christian-love and Boy-love in 'Attār".
3095:
2526:
409:
referred to him as "the inaccessible poet" and contrasted the difficulty of
Khaqani's poems to the simplicity of
887:(2016). "Wearing the Belt of Oppression: Khāqāni's Christian Qasida and the Prison Poetry of Medieval Shirvān".
2166:
1677:
1186:
393:
according to Lewis (2009), he "imbues his
Christian images with a positive aura and an insider's knowledge of
282:. Charged with being insubordinate, he was imprisoned for a period of 5 or 7 months in an ancient fortress in
3166:
2274:
252:, since several of his poems can be dated to his early youth, indicating that he had become the eulogist of
2958:
1977:
1456:
1064:
1191:
2249:
2055:
2279:
1206:
1150:
2779:
2722:
2663:
1737:
1560:
253:
17:
3044:
2648:
2643:
2628:
2539:
2039:
2496:
2047:
1964:
1770:
1041:
386:
3156:
2889:
2717:
2694:
2549:
2296:
1476:
1247:
1166:
328:
3161:
2929:
2794:
2774:
2712:
2471:
2141:
1806:
1791:
1721:
1700:
1682:
1627:
1509:
1440:
1323:
1116:
1111:
1100:
453:
310:), according to Beelaert (2010) "elicits a warning about the transience of royal courts."
8:
2854:
2593:
2511:
2363:
2348:
2264:
2171:
2128:
1972:
1635:
327:(2016) to be "one of his boldest acts of literary rebellion". Minorsky (1945) identified
2998:
2983:
2953:
2814:
2658:
2399:
2317:
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2186:
1687:
1588:
1343:
1282:
1237:
1196:
1181:
1087:
998:
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870:
839:
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477:
358:
460:
were parts of
Khaqani's literary background. In turn, his work influenced such men as
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957:
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437:
234:
3085:
2914:
2904:
2864:
2849:
2829:
2809:
2804:
2737:
2613:
2580:
2516:
2414:
2409:
2244:
2156:
2123:
1911:
1801:
1583:
1226:
982:
896:
862:
831:
361:, the graveyard of many classical and contemporary persian poets including Khaqani.
159:
147:
135:
334:
Between 1173–1175, Khaqani composed odes in honor of the Shirvan victory over the
3100:
3059:
3018:
2924:
2879:
2839:
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2603:
2564:
2559:
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2259:
2234:
2214:
2191:
2181:
2136:
2009:
1940:
1727:
1664:
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1540:
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1411:
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238:
211:. He is also notable for his exploration of the genre that later became known as
3069:
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3039:
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2884:
2819:
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2623:
2608:
2486:
2451:
2419:
2379:
2358:
2353:
2338:
2269:
2254:
2151:
1996:
1850:
1760:
1619:
1424:
910:
461:
335:
203:
175:
986:
900:
866:
835:
164:
3150:
3105:
3090:
3013:
3008:
2993:
2988:
2963:
2824:
2784:
2702:
2554:
2544:
2521:
2501:
2404:
2333:
2284:
2219:
2176:
1948:
1863:
1840:
1835:
1765:
1747:
1732:
1717:
1713:
1640:
1555:
1461:
1432:
1395:
1369:
1328:
1216:
1019:
884:
853:
Clinton, Jerome W.; Vil'Čevskij, O. L. (1969). "The Chronograms of Khaqani".
510:
He is invariably described as a Persian by all scholarly sources used herein.
410:
402:
324:
249:
186:
445:
3023:
2899:
2869:
2707:
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2001:
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1705:
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1338:
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1176:
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313:
Upon his return, Khaqani was immediately detained by Manuchihr's successor
242:
230:
82:
43:
3134:
2894:
2747:
2727:
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2239:
2196:
1927:
1201:
354:
303:
194:
994:
319:
213:
108:
3130:
2834:
2742:
2689:
2224:
1659:
1568:
1519:
1504:
1471:
1419:
1403:
1390:
1333:
1211:
874:
406:
366:
314:
198:
98:
1593:
843:
667:
665:
663:
424:
Khaqani is widely considered to be a major Persian language poet. His
1786:
1312:
1121:
1056:
928:
520:
473:
420:
Illuminated leaf from Tohfat al-ʿErāqayn, Houghton Library MS Typ 536
307:
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536:
374:
1871:
1578:
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1308:
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283:
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257:
2384:
1524:
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78:
1013:
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1303:
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339:
94:
47:
2063:
1796:
1494:
523:
considers him one of the great masters of the Persian tongue.
469:
457:
275:
256:
at an early age. In his early youth, Khaqani wrote under the
182:
3126:
1845:
1742:
465:
178:
51:
274:
Khaqani in his youth decided to embark on a pilgrimage to
625:
623:
621:
619:
822:
Minorsky, V. (1945). "Khāqānī and Andronicus Comnenus".
706:
754:
730:
694:
852:
824:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
772:
671:
616:
548:
542:
1009:
742:
606:
604:
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369:
and non-panegyric odes), tarjiʿāt (strophic poems),
718:
684:
682:
680:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
331:as the patron to whom Khaqani addressed this poem.
225:Khaqani was born into the family of a carpenter in
1034:
589:
587:
585:
583:
385:("Curious Rarities"), is written in couplet form (
229:. Khaqani's mother was originally a slave-girl of
778:
599:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
3148:
677:
635:
1127:Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress
560:
1072:
63:
267:, from which he later derived the pen name,
263:("Seeker"). The Shirvanshahs bore the title
1132:Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island
1079:
1065:
951:
712:
193:, where he served as an ode-writer to the
3133:and one of the two official languages of
1032:
821:
760:
748:
736:
700:
629:
554:
415:
353:
197:. His fame most securely rests upon the
365:Khaqani's Divān contains qasidas (both
306:(the ruins of the Sassanid Palace near
132:Afzal al-Dīn Badīl ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿOthmān
3149:
1086:
909:
610:
207:, and his autobiographical travelogue
3172:12th-century Persian-language writers
2093:
1264:
1148:
1098:
1060:
972:
927:
883:
784:
724:
688:
654:
158:
377:(quatrains). His other famous work,
23:12th-century Persian poet and author
3177:12th-century Persian-language poets
799:
593:
237:(1945) have interpreted as meaning
151:
139:
64:
13:
1026:
349:
189:in the historical region known as
14:
3203:
1167:Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan
346:595, corresponding to July 1199.
2094:
1012:
302:, in which the contemplation of
140:افضلالدّین بدیل بن علی بن عثمان
36:
3096:Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi
2527:Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)
793:
513:
504:
2167:Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani
1187:Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan
773:Clinton & Vil'Čevskij 1969
672:Clinton & Vil'Čevskij 1969
543:Clinton & Vil'Čevskij 1969
495:
1:
2275:Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani
1515:Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami
1265:
1042:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
1033:Beelaert, Anna Livia (2023).
933:History of Iranian Literature
889:Journal of Persianate Studies
483:
171:
530:
488:
7:
3182:12th-century Iranian people
1978:Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani
10:
3208:
3187:Burials in Maqbaratoshoara
2056:Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr
1149:
952:Aminrazavi, Mehdi (2011).
373:(profane love poems), and
245:to compare their virtues.
15:
3192:Poets of the Shirvanshahs
3122:
3078:
3032:
2938:
2764:
2682:
2573:
2464:
2444:
2428:
2372:
2326:
2310:
2280:Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar
2117:
2104:
2100:
2089:
2024:
1989:
1920:
1888:
1823:
1816:Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani
1779:
1652:
1533:
1383:
1291:
1275:
1271:
1260:
1207:Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr
1157:
1144:
1107:
1094:
987:10.1080/00210860903306002
956:. Oneworld Publications.
913:. Encyclopedia Britannica
901:10.1163/18747167-12341296
867:10.1080/00210866908701380
836:10.1017/S0041977X0007227X
432:) procured him the title
296:A Gift from the Two Iraqs
115:
104:
88:
72:
58:
35:
28:
2695:Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh
1738:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo
1561:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
1457:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani
1117:Old Persian inscriptions
436:("The Persian Hassān").
248:Khaqani may have been a
92:Between 1186-87 and 1199
18:Khaqani (disambiguation)
3045:Houshang Moradi Kermani
2649:Houshang Moradi Kermani
2644:Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi
2629:Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh
2540:Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei
2040:Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani
2014:Abbas Foroughi Bastami
1099:
468:, and likely Saadi and
239:Marcus Julius Philippus
220:
2497:Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad
2048:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
1669:Shams al-Din Qays Razi
1412:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
800:Beelaert, Anna Livia.
421:
362:
300:The Portals at Madāʾen
3033:Children's literature
2890:Rasoul Mollagholipour
2780:Rakhshan Bani-E'temad
2723:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
2718:Alireza Koushk Jalali
2664:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
2550:Shahriyar Mandanipour
1792:Shah Ni'matullah Wali
1636:Kamal al-Din Esfahani
1477:Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani
1248:Shikand-gumanig Vizar
1231:Anthology of Zadspram
419:
357:
142:), commonly known as
76:Between 1120 and 1127
3167:People from Shamakhi
2930:Sohrab Shahid-Saless
2795:Pouran Derakhshandeh
2775:Mohammad Reza Aslani
2713:Amir Reza Koohestani
2472:Ali Mohammad Afghani
2142:Mohammad Reza Aslani
2071:Mahmud Saba Kashani
1807:Fazlallah Astarabadi
1683:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1678:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
1628:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1510:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1324:Abu Tahir Khosrovani
1112:Behistun Inscription
806:Encyclopædia Iranica
381:, originally titled
217:("prison poetry").
160:[xɒːɣɒːˈniː]
16:For other uses, see
2855:Varuzh Karim-Masihi
2594:Abolhassan Etessami
2512:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
2364:Abdul Ali Mustaghni
2349:Khalilullah Khalili
2289:Manouchehr Sheybani
2265:Tahereh Saffarzadeh
2172:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
2129:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
1771:Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani
1616:Faramarz-e Khodadad
1202:Shabuhragan of Mani
885:Gould, Rebecca Ruth
329:Andronicus Comnenus
231:Nestorian Christian
174:1199), was a major
2999:Ebrahim Pourdavoud
2984:Ahmad Kamyabi Mask
2954:Najaf Daryabandari
2815:Behrouz Gharibpour
2659:Shahrnush Parsipur
2634:Aboutorab Khosravi
2536:Aboutorab Khosravi
2400:Gulrukhsor Safieva
2318:Edward Haghverdian
1982:Rasa Salim Tehrani
1701:Abu'l Majd Tabrizi
1688:Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi
1344:Abusaeid Abolkheir
1283:Muhammad ibn Wasif
1238:Zand-i Wahman yasn
1197:Dana-i Menog Khrat
1182:Book of Arda Viraf
1088:Persian literature
1036:"Khāqānī Shirvānī"
954:The Wine Of Wisdom
478:Persian literature
422:
379:Tohfat al-ʿErāqayn
363:
359:Mausoleum of Poets
292:Tohfat al-ʿErāqayn
209:Tohfat al-ʿErāqayn
124:Tohfat al-ʿErāqayn
42:Khaqani statue in
3142:
3141:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3065:Farhad Hasanzadeh
3004:Hamid Samandarian
2945:Amrollah Abjadian
2910:Fereydoun Rahnema
2875:Mohsen Makhmalbaf
2860:Samuel Khachikian
2845:Ebrahim Hatamikia
2756:Mohammad Yaghoubi
2752:Mirza Aqa Tabrizi
2619:Houshang Golshiri
2532:Houshang Golshiri
2492:Mahshid Amirshahi
2477:Ghazaleh Alizadeh
2460:
2459:
2395:Abolqasem Lahouti
2390:Iskandar Khatloni
2303:Fereydoon Moshiri
2250:Mohammad Mokhtari
2210:Forugh Farrokhzad
2162:Manouchehr Atashi
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2017:
2006:
1969:
1965:Abdul-Qādir Bēdil
1958:
1945:
1937:
1908:
1904:Muhtasham Kashani
1900:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1756:Nozhat al-Majales
1752:
1710:
1697:
1693:Mahmud Shabistari
1660:Abu Tahir Tarsusi
1645:
1632:
1624:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1565:
1546:Suzani Samarqandi
1490:Abu-al-Faraj Runi
1481:
1453:
1445:
1441:Masud Sa'd Salman
1437:
1429:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1356:
1348:
1319:Abu Shakur Balkhi
1256:
1255:
1192:Cube of Zoroaster
1162:Ayadgar-i Zariran
1140:
1139:
454:Masud Sa'd Salman
438:Hassan ibn Thabit
383:Khatm al-gharāʾeb
201:collected in his
185:. He was born in
129:
128:
3199:
3086:Aydin Aghdashloo
2915:Rasul Sadr Ameli
2905:Kambuzia Partovi
2865:Abbas Kiarostami
2850:Abdolreza Kahani
2830:Ebrahim Golestan
2810:Farrokh Ghaffari
2805:Bahman Farmanara
2738:Abbas Nalbandian
2614:Ebrahim Golestan
2581:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
2517:Soudabeh Fazaeli
2415:Mirzo Tursunzoda
2410:Payrav Sulaymoni
2245:Shams Langeroodi
2201:Parviz Eslampour
2157:Aminollah Rezaei
2124:Ahmadreza Ahmadi
2115:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2015:
2004:
1973:Naw'i Khabushani
1967:
1956:
1943:
1935:
1906:
1898:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1802:Abu Ali Qalandar
1750:
1708:
1695:
1643:
1630:
1622:
1611:
1603:
1591:
1584:Najm al-Din Razi
1563:
1479:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1354:
1346:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1227:Dadestan-i Denig
1146:
1145:
1096:
1095:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1038:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1006:
967:
946:
922:
920:
918:
904:
878:
847:
816:
814:
812:
802:"ḴĀQĀNI ŠERVĀNI"
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
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669:
658:
652:
633:
627:
614:
608:
597:
591:
558:
552:
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540:
524:
517:
511:
508:
502:
499:
173:
169:
162:
157:
153:
141:
67:
66:
40:
26:
25:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3110:
3101:Ehsan Yarshater
3074:
3060:Poopak NikTalab
3028:
3019:Ahmad Tafazzoli
2934:
2925:Parviz Shahbazi
2880:Dariush Mehrjui
2840:Abolfazl Jalili
2760:
2678:
2639:Mostafa Mastoor
2604:Simin Daneshvar
2569:
2565:Iraj Pezeshkzad
2560:Mansour Koushan
2507:Simin Daneshvar
2456:
2440:
2424:
2368:
2322:
2306:
2297:She'r-e Nimaa'i
2260:Yadollah Royaee
2235:Siavash Kasraie
2215:Hossein Monzavi
2205:Parvin E'tesami
2192:Hushang Ebtehaj
2182:Simin Behbahani
2137:Qeysar Aminpour
2113:
2096:
2077:
2020:
2010:Neshat Esfahani
1985:
1941:Asir-e Esfahani
1916:
1884:
1819:
1775:
1728:Bahram-e-Pazhdo
1665:Awhadi Maraghai
1648:
1574:Falaki Shirvani
1551:Hassan Ghaznavi
1529:
1525:Mahsati Ganjavi
1485:Uthman Mukhtari
1379:
1287:
1267:
1252:
1243:Drakht-i Asurig
1153:
1136:
1103:
1090:
1085:
1047:
1045:
1029:
1027:Further reading
1018:
1011:
975:Iranian Studies
964:
943:
916:
914:
861:(2/3): 97–105.
855:Iranian Studies
810:
808:
796:
791:
783:
779:
771:
767:
759:
755:
747:
743:
735:
731:
723:
719:
713:Aminrazavi 2011
711:
707:
699:
695:
687:
678:
670:
661:
653:
636:
628:
617:
609:
600:
592:
561:
553:
549:
541:
537:
533:
528:
527:
518:
514:
509:
505:
500:
496:
491:
486:
472:. According to
352:
350:Work and legacy
223:
167:
155:
111:(prison poetry)
93:
77:
68:
54:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3140:
3139:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3070:Ramak NikTalab
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:Hengameh Mofid
3052:
3050:Babak NikTalab
3047:
3042:
3040:Samad Behrangi
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2979:Saleh Hosseini
2976:
2974:Ramak NikTalab
2971:
2969:Sadegh Hedayat
2966:
2961:
2959:Mohammad Ghazi
2956:
2951:
2949:Jaleh Amouzgar
2946:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Mohammad Sadri
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:Reza Mirkarimi
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Bahman Ghobadi
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2800:Asghar Farhadi
2797:
2792:
2790:Hajir Darioush
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:Hengameh Mofid
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2699:Mohsen Yalfani
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2669:Bahram Sadeghi
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Sadegh Hedayat
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:Nader Ebrahimi
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2487:Reza Amirkhani
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2452:Muhammad Iqbal
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2420:Satim Ulugzade
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:Sadriddin Ayni
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2359:Massoud Nawabi
2356:
2354:Youssof Kohzad
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Wasef Bakhtari
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:Sohrab Sepehri
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:Nosrat Rahmani
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Ahmad NikTalab
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2133:Hormoz Alipour
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1997:Hatef Esfahani
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1944:(c. 1620–1648)
1938:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1851:Kamal Khujandi
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Khwaju Kermani
1758:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1620:Nizami Ganjavi
1617:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1425:Qatran Tabrizi
1422:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1177:Book of Jamasp
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1008:
1007:
981:(5): 693–723.
969:
968:
963:978-9695191385
962:
948:
947:
941:
924:
923:
906:
905:
880:
879:
849:
848:
830:(3): 550–578.
818:
817:
795:
792:
790:
789:
777:
765:
763:, p. 558.
753:
741:
739:, p. 561.
729:
717:
705:
703:, p. 574.
693:
676:
659:
634:
632:, p. 550.
615:
598:
559:
557:, p. 572.
547:
545:, p. 101.
534:
532:
529:
526:
525:
512:
503:
493:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
462:Nezami Ganjavi
434:Hassān'l-Aʿjam
351:
348:
222:
219:
127:
126:
117:
113:
112:
106:
102:
101:
90:
86:
85:
74:
70:
69:
62:
60:
56:
55:
41:
33:
32:
29:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3204:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3107:
3106:Ahmad Kasravi
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Ali Latifiyan
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Jafar Shahidi
3012:
3010:
3009:Jalal Sattari
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Mohammad Moin
2992:
2990:
2989:Ahmad Shamlou
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Lili Golestan
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Fereydun Gole
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:Bahram Beyzai
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:Saeed Aghighi
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Bahram Beyzai
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:Short stories
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Abbas Maroufi
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Ahmad Mahmoud
2543:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Reza Ghassemi
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Reza Baraheni
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:Loiq Sher-Ali
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Nadia Anjuman
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Ahmad Shamlou
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Hushang Irani
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Reza Baraheni
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Kalim Kashani
1947:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1912:'Orfi Shirazi
1910:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Salman Savaji
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Badr Shirvani
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1748:Homam Tabrizi
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:Pur-Baha Jami
1731:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1641:Shams Tabrizi
1639:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Faramarz Nama
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Ahmad Ghazali
1460:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1433:Nizam al-Mulk
1431:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1396:Nasir Khusraw
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Kisai Marvazi
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:Shahid Balkhi
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Menog-i Khrad
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1020:Poetry portal
1015:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
970:
965:
959:
955:
950:
949:
944:
942:9789401034814
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:
912:
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769:
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761:Minorsky 1945
757:
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749:Minorsky 1945
745:
738:
737:Minorsky 1945
733:
727:, p. 21.
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27:
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3157:1120s births
3144:
3024:Abbas Zaryab
2900:Jafar Panahi
2870:Majid Majidi
2708:Bahman Forsi
2674:Goli Taraqqi
2599:Javad Mojabi
2589:Sadeq Chubak
2585:Shamim Bahar
2482:Bozorg Alavi
2436:Asad Gulzoda
2293:Nima Yooshij
2230:Bijan Jalali
2147:Aref Qazvini
2095:Contemporary
2032:Mirza Ghalib
2002:Azar Bigdeli
1961:Saba Kashani
1954:Hazin Lāhiji
1933:Saib Tabrizi
1896:Vahshi Bafqi
1880:Baba Faghani
1856:Ahli Shirazi
1831:Ubayd Zakani
1706:Amir Khusrau
1696:(1288–1320s)
1673:Sultan Walad
1600:
1500:Banu Goshasp
1449:Omar Khayyam
1339:Rabia Balkhi
1222:Jamasp Namag
1046:. Retrieved
1040:
978:
974:
953:
935:. Springer.
932:
915:. Retrieved
895:(1): 19–44.
892:
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195:Shirvanshahs
183:prose-writer
143:
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119:
83:Shirvanshahs
44:Khaqani Park
3162:1190 deaths
3135:Afghanistan
2939:Translators
2895:Amir Naderi
2765:Screenplays
2748:Pari Saberi
2728:Bijan Mofid
2654:Bijan Najdi
2344:Raziq Faani
2327:Afghanistan
2240:Esmail Khoi
2197:Bijan Elahi
2073:(1813–1893)
2067:(1808–1854)
2059:(1801–1880)
2051:(1800–1871)
2043:(1779–1837)
2035:(1797–1869)
2016:(1798–1857)
2005:(1722–1781)
1968:(1642–1720)
1957:(1692–1766)
1936:(1607–1670)
1928:Taleb Amoli
1907:(1500–1588)
1899:(1523–1583)
1875:(1487–1524)
1867:(1483–1556)
1859:(1454–1535)
1751:(1238–1314)
1709:(1253–1325)
1631:(1149–1209)
1623:(1141–1209)
1612:(1126–1189)
1604:(1120–1190)
1564:(1155–1191)
1480:(1098–1131)
1452:(1048–1131)
1444:(1046–1121)
1436:(1018–1092)
1428:(1009–1072)
1415:(1006–1088)
1407:(1058–1111)
1399:(1004–1088)
1234:Warshtmansr
413:'s poetry.
304:Taq-i Kisra
168: 1120
59:Native name
3151:Categories
3131:Tajikistan
2835:Ali Hatami
2743:Akbar Radi
2690:Reza Abdoh
2429:Uzbekistan
2373:Tajikistan
2225:Iraj Mirza
1569:Adib Sabir
1505:Borzu-Nama
1472:Manuchehri
1420:Asadi Tusi
1404:Al-Ghazali
1391:Bābā Tāher
1355:(980–1037)
1347:(967–1049)
1212:Bundahishn
929:Rypka, Jan
917:27 October
811:30 October
785:Lewis 2009
725:Gould 2016
689:Gould 2016
655:Rypka 2011
611:Britannica
484:References
446:al-Maʿarri
407:Ali Dashti
367:panegyrics
315:Akhsitan I
99:Eldiguzids
3079:Essayists
1787:Ibn Yamin
1313:Shahnameh
1266:Classical
1122:Ganjnameh
1003:161283849
911:"Khaqani"
531:Citations
489:Footnotes
474:Jan Rypka
308:Ctesiphon
2445:Pakistan
2187:Dehkhoda
1872:Ismail I
1722:Golestān
1644:(d.1248)
1541:Iranshah
1352:Avicenna
1309:Ferdowsi
995:40646791
931:(2011).
430:Muhammad
426:habsiyāt
387:mathnawi
336:Russians
320:habsiyāt
284:Shabaran
280:Beylagan
261:Haqaiʿqi
258:pen name
235:Minorsky
214:habsiyāt
109:Habsiyāt
2385:Farzona
2311:Armenia
1601:Khaqani
1520:Mu'izzi
1467:Hujwiri
1334:Bal'ami
1172:Dēnkard
1048:1 March
875:4310036
594:Iranica
375:rubaʿis
371:ghazals
344:Shawwal
288:Darband
286:, near
269:Khaqani
227:Shirvan
199:qasidas
191:Shirvan
176:Persian
148:Persian
144:Khāqānī
136:Persian
79:Shirvan
30:Khaqani
2465:Novels
2105:Poetry
1864:Fuzuli
1841:Hatefi
1812:Nasimi
1718:Bustan
1609:Anvari
1594:c.1220
1592:(1142–
1375:Ayyuqi
1365:Asjadi
1360:Unsuri
1304:Daqiqi
1299:Rudaki
1151:Middle
1001:
993:
960:
939:
873:
844:609336
842:
456:, and
450:Unsuri
340:Tabriz
265:Khaqan
152:خاقانی
95:Tabriz
65:خاقانی
48:Tabriz
2683:Plays
2064:Qaani
2025:1800s
1990:1700s
1921:1600s
1889:1500s
1824:1400s
1797:Hafez
1780:1300s
1714:Saadi
1653:1200s
1589:Attar
1579:Am'aq
1534:1100s
1495:Sanai
1384:1000s
999:S2CID
991:JSTOR
871:JSTOR
840:JSTOR
521:Rypka
470:Hafez
458:Sanai
411:Saadi
325:Gould
276:Mecca
204:Divān
120:Divān
105:Genre
3127:Iran
2118:Iran
1846:Jami
1743:Rumi
1292:900s
1276:800s
1050:2024
958:ISBN
937:ISBN
919:2019
813:2019
466:Jami
221:Life
181:and
179:poet
156:IPA:
89:Died
73:Born
52:Iran
1101:Old
983:doi
897:doi
863:doi
832:doi
480:".
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989:.
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838:.
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804:.
679:^
662:^
637:^
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170:–
165:c.
163:,
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