131:
1282:
907:
896:
665:
508:. Only three more specimens were recovered from the Kataboi Member at around the same level, the deepest KNM-WT 38341 probably sitting on 3.53 million year old sediments. KNM-WT 38350 was recovered from the Lomekwi Member 17 m (56 ft) above Tulu Bor, and is approximately 3.3 million years old. The other specimens from this member sit 16 to 24 m (52 to 79 ft) above Tulu Bor, roughly 3.3 million years old as well. The highest specimens—KNM-WT 38344, -55, and -56—may be around 3.2 million years old.
1379:
1232:(both sides were worked). Though they may have been shaping cores beforehand to make them easier to work, the knappers more often than not poorly executed the technique, producing incomplete fractures and fissures on several cores, or requiring multiple blows to flake off a piece. Harmand and colleagues suggested such rudimentary skills may place the Lomekwian as an intermediate industry between simple pounding techniques probably used by earlier hominins, and the flaking Oldowan industry developed by
156:
7585:
436:
3155:
8307:
5789:
3179:
6745:
3167:
1015:(with the largest molars among hominins) about 240 to 380 mm (0.37 to 0.59 sq in). The reconstructed dimensions of KNM-WT 38350's M are 10.5 mm Ă— 12 mm (0.41 in Ă— 0.47 in) for a surface area of 126 mm (0.195 sq in), which is on the lower end of variation for
998:
of the left side of the mouth of KNM-WT 40000 are preserved well enough to measure and study. With dimensions of 11.4 mm Ă— 12.4 mm (0.0177 sq in Ă— 0.0192 sq in), a surface area of 141.4 mm (5.57 in), it is the smallest M ever discovered for an early
1223:
industry flakes. Anvils were heavy, up to 15 kg (33 lb). Flakes seem to have been cleaved off primarily using the passive hammer technique (directly striking the core on the anvil) and/or the bipolar method (placing the core on the anvil and striking it with a hammerstone). They produced
763:
was concerned that KNM-WT 40000 was far too distorted to obtain any accurate metrics for classification purposes, especially because the skull was splintered into over 1,100 pieces often measuring less than 1 cm (0.39 in) across. Because such damage is rarely even seen, he argues that it
479:
skull, specimen KNM-WT 40000. The 1998–1999 field season subsequently uncovered 34 more craniodental hominin specimens, but the research team was unable to determine if these can be placed into the same species as the former two specimens (that is, if multiple species were present at the site).
1307:
site possibly sat at minimum 36 m (118 ft) below the surface. Volcanic hills by
Lomekwi pushed basalt into the lake sediments. The lake broke up and from 3.6 to 3.2 million years ago, the region was probably characterised by a series of much smaller lakes, each covering no more than
1243:
have been observed to make flakes by accident while using hammerstones to crack nuts on anvils, but the
Lomekwi knappers were producing multiple flakes from the same core, and flipped over flakes to work the other side, which speak to the intentionality of their production. In 2016, Spanish
551:, containing a few species. Though other genera and species have since become popular, his more conservative view of hominin diversity has become the mainstay, and the acceptance of further genera is usually met with great resistance. Since Mayr, hominins are classified into
1218:
The cores are large and heavy, averaging 167 mm Ă— 147.8 mm Ă— 108.8 mm (6.57 in Ă— 5.82 in Ă— 4.28 in) and 3.1 kg (6.8 lb). Flakes ranged 19 to 205 mm (0.75 to 8.07 in) in length, normally shorter than later
1055:. Individuals of more derived species typically have single-rooted premolars. The canine jugum is not visible (a line of bone in the maxilla corresponding to the canine tooth root), which may mean the canines were not that large. The cross-sectional area of the I (2nd upper
921:
KNM-WT 40000 has been heavily distorted during the fossilisation process, the braincase shifted downwards and backwards, the nasal region to the right, and the mouth and cheek region forward. It is unclear if the specimen represents a male or a female.
542:
The classification of early hominins with their widely varying anatomy has been a difficult subject matter. The 20th century generated an overabundance of hominin genera plunging the field into taxonomic turmoil, until German evolutionary biologist
954:
lacks the anterior pillars, bony columns running down from the nasal aperture (nose hole). It is also one of the longest early hominin clivi discovered at 32 mm (1.3 in). The nasal aperture (nose hole) is narrow compared to that of
1059:) is 90% the size of that of I, whereas it is usually 50 to 70% in other great apes. The tooth roots of the incisors do not appear to be orientated out (there was probably no alveolar prognathism, the front teeth did not jut forward).
1302:
From 4.5 to 4 million years ago, Lake
Turkana may have swelled to upwards of 28,000 km (11,000 sq mi), in comparison to today's 6,400 km (2,500 sq mi); the lake at what is now the
384:, with values on the extremes or beyond the range of variation for australopithecines in regard to these features. Multiple australopithecine species may have coexisted by foraging for different food items (
764:
cannot be reliably reconstructed. Because the skulls of modern ape species vary widely, he suggested further fossil discoveries in the region may prove the
Lomekwi hominins to be a local variant of
1269:
industry, reported by
American palaeoanthropologist David Braun and colleagues in 2019. This gap can either be interpreted as the loss and reinvention of stone tool technology, or
2203:
414:, but it is unclear if multiple species were present at the site or not. The knappers were using volcanic rocks collected no more than 100 m (330 ft) from the site.
1179:
as it is the only hominin identified at the site, but in 2015, anthropologist Fred Spoor suggested that at least some of the indeterminate specimens may be assignable to
1641:
Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Gibert, Luis; Melillo, Stephanie M.; Ryan, Timothy M.; Alene, Mulugeta; Deino, Alan; Levin, Naomi E.; Scott, Gary; Saylor, Beverly Z. (2015).
604:, which has complicated discussions of hominin diversity, though the latter three have not been met with much resistance on account of their greater age (all predating
734:
regardless of how they may be related to each other. Leakey and colleagues further drew parallels with KNM-WT 40000 and the 2 million year old KNM-ER 1470 assigned to
1047:(on the tongue side) and two buccal roots (towards the cheeks), though the P of KNM-WT 38350 may only have a single buccal root; the ancestral pattern is frequent in
1339:
is the most common monkey, which tends to prefer drier conditions conducive to wood- or grassland environments. Leakey and colleagues argued this distribution means
928:
has a relatively flat face, including subnasally, between the nose and the mouth (the nasoalveolar clivus). The clivus inclines at 45° (there is relaxed sub-nasal
772:
scans of the KNM-WT 40000 maxilla in 2010, permitting the comparison of many more anatomical landmarks on the maxillae of all other early hominins, modern humans,
875:
1560:, there has been little real rethinking of the hugely minimalist hominid taxonomy, generic as well as specific, that Mayr foisted on us all those years ago...
1273:(that tools from this time gap either did not preserve for whatever reason, or sit undiscovered), the latter implying the Lomekwian evolved into the Oldowan.
2104:
7091:
7033:
6971:
987:
are also characterised by relatively flat faces, but this is generally considered to be an adaptation to maximise bite force through enormous teeth, which
493:
4578:
1254:
into an older layer. If the date of 3.3 million years is accepted, then there is a 700,000 year gap between the next solid evidence of stone tools, at
1183:
as the two species have somewhat similar maxillary anatomy. At 3.3 million years old, it is the oldest proposed industry. The assemblage comprises 83
7811:
7505:
6998:
6964:
6900:
6389:
6127:
6004:
5952:
3024:
7522:
7130:
6072:
5716:
5606:
5474:
5340:
5204:
3217:
1552:
have also been admitted to the pantheon, though this has clearly been facilitated by their great age. And in a nod to history, the venerable genus
1244:
archaeologists Manuel DomĂnguez-Rodrigo and Luis Alcalá argued
Harmand and colleagues did not convincingly justify that the tools were discovered
8710:
8615:
8538:
8410:
7180:
7026:
7012:
6843:
6018:
5982:
5862:
5597:
5467:
5418:
5298:
4975:
4716:
4312:
3052:
528:. The genus name honours Kenya where Lomekwi and a slew of other major human-ancestor sites have been identified. The species name derives from
768:
rather than a distinct genus or species. In response, anthropologist Fred Spoor and Meave and Louise Leakey produced much more detailed digital
7387:
7115:
6345:
6174:
5743:
5726:
5502:
5354:
5347:
5326:
5227:
971:
than other hominins. The zygomaticoalveolar crest (stretching between the cheek and the teeth) is low and curved. Overall, the face resembles
7292:
6907:
6099:
5613:
5453:
5432:
5312:
5305:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5234:
5220:
1363:
all coexisted in the same time and region, and, because their anatomy largely diverges in areas relevant to chewing, they may have practised
1239:
It is typically assumed that early hominins were using stone tools to cut meat in addition to other organic materials. Wild chimpanzees and
7019:
6399:
6291:
6184:
6011:
5481:
5460:
5446:
5389:
5382:
5291:
4931:
4440:
643:
to be evidence of a greater diversity of
Pliocene australopithecines than previously acknowledged. In 2015, Ethiopian palaeoanthropologist
7005:
6164:
5572:
5558:
5509:
5425:
5408:
5361:
5319:
5248:
5213:
2900:
5579:
5544:
5488:
5396:
5375:
5333:
5193:
4763:
4214:
5938:
5852:
5620:
5586:
5551:
5523:
5495:
2288:
2248:
8697:
8602:
8525:
8397:
5997:
5565:
5516:
3140:
2984:
2298:
964:
867:
844:
8779:
3042:
2293:
17:
621:
was the only recognised australopithecine to have existed between 4 and 3 million years ago, aside from its probable ancestor
3047:
2925:
2303:
2127:
856:
1003:
in the comparative sample Leakey and colleagues used ranged from about 160 to 225 mm (0.248 to 0.349 sq in),
780:, in order to more accurately correct the distortion. The new reconstruction more convincingly verifies the distinctness of
5084:
3210:
864:
861:
726:, a non-natural grouping of similar-looking species whereby it effectively encompasses all hominins not classifiable into
8789:
8769:
3004:
2081:
DomĂnguez-Rodrigo, M.; Alcalá, L. (2016). "3.3-Million-Year-Old Stone Tools and
Butchery Traces? More Evidence Needed".
868:
3113:
2220:
1195:, 5 pebbles (which may have also been used as hammers), and 12 indeterminant fragments, of which 52 were sourced from
4341:
3247:
2979:
1312:
remains at
Lomekwi are suggestive of a wet mosaic environment featuring both grasslands and forests on a lakeside or
1137:
871:
870:
869:
496:. KNM-WT 40000 was recovered from the Kataboi Member, 8 m (26 ft) below the 3.4 million year old Tulu Bor
4548:
4435:
3171:
475:. In August 1999 at the Lomekwi site, research assistant Justus Erus discovered an uncharacteristically flat-faced
4960:
4351:
3389:
3203:
3123:
3019:
1397:
866:
859:
857:
3118:
2419:
1556:
has been grandfathered in for use by those who think it useful. But except for the widely dismissed revival of
582:
873:
872:
862:
858:
854:
4573:
4103:
3363:
2241:
3431:
1642:
4568:
4108:
3581:
2989:
2866:
2752:
2212:
863:
860:
855:
718:
if the widest definition of the latter is used, but this conservative approach to hominin diversity leaves
576:(a non-natural group which does not comprise a common ancestor and all of its descendants). In addition to
3257:
865:
155:
6497:
3534:
3183:
3087:
2905:
2426:
2280:
1871:
Harmand, S.; et al. (2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from
Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya".
1359:
649:
1326:
at this time; this species tends to live in more forested and closed environments. At the fossiliferous
1062:
Brain volume is uncalculable due to distortion of the braincase, but it was probably similar to that of
967:
surface (where the cheeks juts out the most) is positioned above the premolars, more frequently seen in
8784:
8774:
8675:
4836:
4637:
2945:
2876:
2412:
2405:
2398:
1290:
1122:
809:
623:
617:
368:
139:
1445:; et al. (2001). "New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages".
4642:
4457:
3128:
2920:
1506:(2017). "Species, genera, and phylogenetic structure in the human fossil record: a modest proposal".
7584:
2910:
1575:
788:
5077:
4831:
3923:
3468:
3159:
2462:
2234:
1095:
983:) tooth row, and a less steeply inclined (less flat, more prognathic) midfacial region. Much later
3995:
3990:
130:
8493:
8365:
8306:
7342:
7160:
6567:
4948:
4858:
4030:
3797:
3616:
3549:
3281:
3097:
3034:
2994:
2881:
2440:
2216:
1295:
644:
932:), steeper than almost all other australopithecine specimens (on the upper end of variation for
8741:
8715:
8633:
8620:
8556:
8441:
8415:
8327:
6621:
6325:
5706:
5036:
4910:
4516:
4407:
4395:
4091:
3832:
3671:
3308:
3242:
3226:
3092:
3067:
3062:
2955:
2871:
2433:
2198:
1240:
1212:
1172:
395:
8543:
516:
In 2001, Meave Leakey and colleagues assigned the Lomekwi remains to a new genus and species,
8736:
8728:
8628:
8566:
8551:
8451:
8436:
8428:
7407:
4775:
4711:
4585:
4278:
4204:
3978:
3973:
3911:
3850:
3787:
3735:
3728:
3274:
2476:
2098:
1318:
4160:
1281:
8684:
8512:
8384:
6641:
5041:
4992:
4987:
4970:
4965:
4943:
4733:
4447:
4300:
4192:
4096:
3889:
3574:
3373:
3316:
3057:
2960:
2861:
2822:
2767:
2672:
2376:
2369:
2002:
1880:
1818:
1657:
1595:
1456:
1392:
1128:
501:
372:
was widely regarded as the only australopithecine to exist during the Middle Pliocene, but
282:
5788:
3544:
547:, surveying a "bewildering diversity of names", decided to recognise only a single genus,
388:), which may be reason why these apes anatomically differ in features related to chewing.
8:
8084:
7465:
6744:
6662:
6607:
5070:
5031:
4696:
4501:
4334:
3867:
3740:
3621:
3596:
2469:
1754:"Hominin diversity in the middle Pliocene of eastern Africa: the maxilla of KNM-WT 40000"
1384:
1335:
1211:
basalt, 2 from trachyte, and 6 indeterminant. These materials could have originated at a
1116:
1091:
2006:
1884:
1822:
1661:
1599:
1460:
906:
895:
7727:
6917:
6857:
6537:
6453:
5699:
4982:
4885:
4787:
4600:
3782:
3512:
3478:
3014:
2856:
2732:
2168:
2025:
1990:
1963:
1930:
1904:
1841:
1802:
1778:
1753:
1726:
1681:
1579:
1531:
1480:
1364:
814:
792:
723:
632:
385:
150:
1618:
1583:
975:, though has longer nasal bones, a narrower nasal aperture, a shorter postcanine (the
8764:
8723:
8423:
7306:
7282:
6955:
6267:
5024:
5014:
5004:
4953:
4610:
4528:
3822:
3807:
3792:
3772:
3663:
3642:
3453:
3296:
3178:
3133:
2999:
2940:
2930:
2701:
2665:
2519:
2313:
2160:
2123:
2030:
1968:
1896:
1846:
1783:
1718:
1701:
1673:
1623:
1523:
1472:
1270:
1208:
476:
2172:
1730:
1535:
8214:
7858:
7751:
7434:
7217:
7153:
7123:
7060:
6147:
6063:
5908:
5019:
4926:
4669:
4452:
4252:
4172:
4128:
3928:
3750:
3601:
3561:
3009:
2762:
2579:
2541:
2388:
2152:
2086:
2061:
2020:
2010:
1958:
1950:
1908:
1888:
1836:
1826:
1773:
1765:
1710:
1685:
1665:
1613:
1603:
1515:
1484:
1464:
1447:
1149:
946:. This is the earliest example of a flat face in the hominin fossil record. Unlike
736:
694:
670:
553:
488:
The specimens were recovered near the Nabetili tributary of the Lomekwi river in a
356:
316:
4511:
4467:
8593:
8137:
8106:
8098:
7982:
7882:
7737:
7707:
7324:
7170:
7107:
6937:
6887:
6873:
6866:
6820:
6614:
6409:
6079:
6032:
5966:
5281:
4900:
4870:
4632:
4560:
4538:
4496:
4391:
4361:
4226:
4221:
3872:
3755:
3326:
2816:
2789:
2687:
2645:
2257:
1330:
1251:
995:
569:(which is sometimes not recognised as its own genus), which by definition leaves
505:
380:
is most recognisable by an unusually flat face and small teeth for such an early
345:
43:
8478:
8263:
8224:
8155:
8012:
8002:
7972:
7949:
7939:
7929:
7841:
7790:
7775:
7760:
7697:
7676:
7666:
7333:
7313:
6928:
6655:
6632:
6090:
5009:
4936:
4758:
4723:
4654:
4543:
4415:
4123:
3708:
3698:
3519:
3500:
2636:
2340:
2326:
2265:
2189:
1503:
1145:
664:
600:
500:, and 12 m (39 ft) above the 3.57 million year old Lokochot Tuff. By
2066:
2049:
8758:
8660:
8350:
8077:
8068:
7797:
7767:
7717:
7687:
7529:
7495:
7427:
7349:
7299:
7258:
7237:
6836:
6796:
6517:
6480:
6436:
6429:
6379:
6355:
5975:
5898:
5665:
4895:
4880:
4826:
4804:
4701:
4689:
4605:
4474:
4356:
4317:
4305:
4293:
4005:
3916:
3845:
3586:
3529:
3507:
3416:
3348:
3343:
3321:
2804:
2657:
1749:
1643:"New species from Ethiopia further expands Middle Pliocene hominin diversity"
1323:
1165:
1133:
1079:
976:
769:
686:, in addition to several other traits, to distinguish the genus from earlier
682:
Meave Leakey and colleagues drew attention to namely the flat face and small
529:
468:
81:
3436:
2015:
1714:
1608:
8274:
8203:
8114:
8091:
8039:
8022:
7992:
7834:
7782:
7636:
7417:
7370:
7275:
7210:
7200:
7190:
7100:
6982:
6944:
6829:
6676:
6669:
6577:
6315:
6301:
6234:
6113:
5883:
5841:
5639:
5178:
4814:
4770:
4751:
4706:
4506:
4430:
4187:
4182:
4138:
3765:
3647:
3611:
3591:
3443:
3421:
3333:
2810:
2798:
2740:
2614:
2562:
2527:
2452:
2359:
2164:
2034:
1972:
1954:
1926:
1900:
1850:
1831:
1787:
1769:
1745:
1722:
1677:
1627:
1527:
1476:
1442:
1188:
1099:
1028:
942:
760:
688:
588:
573:
565:
472:
464:
444:
399:
341:
8504:
4863:
2090:
1078:, there is no frontal trigon (a triangle formed by the conjunction of the
830:
539:"face" in reference to the unusually flat face for such an early hominin.
504:, KNM-WT 40000 is approximately 3.5 million years old, dating back to the
8669:
8487:
8376:
8359:
8180:
7363:
7244:
7227:
6991:
6597:
6507:
6372:
6335:
6255:
6194:
5915:
5368:
4853:
4843:
4799:
4794:
4746:
4684:
4647:
4620:
4521:
4491:
4366:
4288:
4209:
4197:
3958:
3943:
3933:
3904:
3862:
3777:
3745:
3693:
3626:
3463:
3338:
3195:
2694:
2621:
2593:
2586:
2534:
1807:
endocasts suggest ape-like brain organization and prolonged brain growth"
1255:
1192:
1184:
929:
745:
683:
636:
407:
403:
56:
1892:
1669:
435:
8702:
8607:
8530:
8402:
7656:
7448:
6775:
6762:
6712:
6648:
6587:
6490:
6473:
6365:
6308:
6281:
6244:
6214:
6204:
5929:
5655:
5537:
5241:
5186:
5138:
5093:
4997:
4890:
4848:
4664:
4627:
4590:
4486:
4073:
3985:
3812:
3713:
3686:
3606:
3404:
3358:
3269:
3237:
2679:
2600:
2156:
1519:
1313:
1304:
1169:
1044:
1040:
773:
544:
419:
398:, the Lomekwian, characterised by the rudimentary production of simple
392:
217:
101:
66:
2050:"Cognition: From Capuchin Rock Pounding to Lomekwian Flake Production"
1343:
was living in somewhat more forested environments than more northerly
8125:
8055:
8029:
7898:
7848:
7485:
7475:
7398:
7251:
7141:
7040:
6806:
6560:
6463:
5677:
5439:
5155:
4905:
4674:
4659:
4257:
4242:
4167:
4150:
4068:
3953:
3894:
3884:
3879:
3802:
3681:
3569:
3495:
3262:
3252:
2746:
2651:
1468:
1203:, 35 from trachyphonolite (intermediate composition of phonolite and
1200:
1141:
741:
247:
237:
167:
106:
50:
8321:
1991:"Searching for the emergence of stone tool making in eastern Africa"
1011:
165 to 250 mm (0.256 to 0.388 sq in), and the robust
8654:
8587:
8472:
8344:
8191:
8167:
7960:
7919:
7865:
7804:
7377:
6527:
6420:
6120:
6045:
5945:
5530:
5170:
5111:
4679:
4615:
4462:
4420:
4155:
4063:
3938:
3760:
3723:
3703:
2607:
2572:
2549:
2270:
2143:
Feibel, C. S. (2011). "A Geological History of the Turkana Basin".
1262:
1204:
994:
Among all the specimens, only the M (2nd upper left molar) and the
980:
525:
521:
489:
257:
187:
143:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
2226:
8517:
8389:
8252:
8145:
7872:
7512:
7441:
6693:
6686:
6548:
6443:
6225:
6106:
6052:
5872:
5733:
5690:
5123:
4741:
4533:
4479:
4425:
4247:
4053:
3963:
3817:
3718:
3676:
3539:
3458:
3411:
3399:
2757:
2333:
1322:
is the most common monkey at the site as well as the rest of the
1266:
1246:
1225:
1220:
1152:, was probably oval shaped as opposed to the heart-shaped one of
1056:
834:
777:
594:
460:
456:
452:
440:
381:
337:
207:
111:
86:
8689:
7822:
7646:
7455:
7356:
7077:
6274:
5990:
5820:
5807:
5759:
5117:
5105:
4809:
4346:
4324:
4177:
4113:
4058:
3448:
3426:
3394:
3368:
1699:
White, T. (2003). "Early Hominids - Diversity or Distortion?".
1640:
1229:
1196:
227:
197:
177:
853:
631:
the likely progenitor of all other australopithecines as they
5149:
5062:
4875:
4595:
4329:
4283:
4145:
4000:
3948:
3524:
3490:
2832:
2723:
2713:
1309:
451:
In August 1998, field technician Blasto Onyango discovered a
8232:
7265:
4821:
4782:
4262:
4118:
4048:
3968:
3840:
3353:
2491:
559:
497:
1136:
retains the ancestral hominin ear morphology, lacking the
344:, Kenya, dated to 3.3 to 3.2 million years ago during the
7615:
7602:
7552:
4133:
3899:
3857:
1924:
2080:
1801:
Gunz, P.; Neubauer, S.; Falk, D.; et al. (2020).
2120:
Evolutionary History of the Robust Australopithecines
828:". Their recommendations have been largely rejected.
8270:
8259:
8248:
8238:
8220:
8210:
8199:
8151:
8133:
8065:
8035:
8018:
8008:
7998:
7988:
7978:
7968:
7945:
7935:
7925:
7915:
7878:
7854:
7830:
7748:
7733:
7723:
7713:
7703:
7693:
7683:
7672:
7662:
7652:
7642:
7632:
7518:
7501:
7491:
7481:
7471:
7461:
7423:
7413:
7383:
7288:
7271:
7233:
7223:
7206:
7196:
7186:
7176:
7166:
7149:
7088:
7073:
6913:
6884:
6854:
6817:
6802:
6792:
6682:
6603:
6593:
6583:
6573:
6556:
6533:
6523:
6513:
6503:
6486:
6469:
6459:
6449:
6405:
6395:
6385:
6361:
6351:
6341:
6331:
6321:
6297:
6287:
6263:
6240:
6210:
6200:
6190:
6180:
6170:
6160:
6029:
5963:
5926:
5895:
5879:
5868:
5858:
5848:
5837:
5739:
5722:
5712:
5672:
5661:
5651:
5151:
2047:
1508:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
1374:
1308:
2,500 km (970 sq mi). Similarly, the
376:
evinces a greater diversity than once acknowledged.
312:
297:
2736:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
1250:, that is, the tools may be much younger and were
459:(upper jaw), specimen KNM-WT 38350, on the Kenyan
336:is a genus of extinct hominin identified from the
2103:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1943:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
1758:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
1743:
1175:at the Lomekwi site. The tools are attributed to
1039:. KNM-WT40000 retains the ancestral ape premolar
8756:
2048:Lombard, M.; Högberg, A.; Haidle, M. N. (2018).
1800:
1498:
1496:
1494:
799:" to house all australopithecines which are not
1995:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1588:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1574:
422:environment featuring forests and grasslands.
1094:(trench) behind the brow ridge. The degree of
563:(which includes modern humans) and the robust
354:, but may also include the 2 million year old
5078:
3211:
2242:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1491:
1215:only 100 m (330 ft) from the site.
963:. The cheekbones are tall and steep, and the
653:, which lived in the same time and region as
467:, overseen by prominent paleoanthropologists
1984:
1982:
2721:
1988:
1920:
1918:
1570:
1568:
391:The Lomekwi site also yielded the earliest
5818:
5085:
5071:
3225:
3218:
3204:
2249:
2235:
1857:
1502:
129:
7613:
7551:
6773:
6711:
2208:at the American Museum of Natural History
2065:
2024:
2014:
1979:
1962:
1840:
1830:
1777:
1617:
1607:
3141:Human evolutionary developmental biology
1915:
1737:
1634:
1565:
1280:
1168:and colleagues identified the Lomekwian
1098:, the narrowing of the braincase in the
706:lacks any of the derived traits seen in
663:
434:
1870:
1228:(the flake was worked on one side) and
759:In 2003, American palaeoanthropologist
748:anatomy to archaicness. They suggested
14:
8757:
2142:
1441:
1367:and foraged for different food items.
647:and colleagues erected a new species,
8326:
8325:
7600:
6760:
5805:
5136:
5066:
4389:
4028:
3294:
3199:
2926:Evolutionary models of human drug use
2230:
2117:
1698:
1437:
1435:
1433:
418:seems to have lived on a lakeside or
4390:
3166:
1931:"Middle Pliocene hominin diversity:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
580:, the 1990s saw the introduction of
2256:
639:. Leakey and colleagues considered
410:. It may have been manufactured by
24:
2221:National Museum of Natural History
1148:, where the skull connects to the
1043:morphology, with a single lingual
999:hominin. For comparison, those of
915:KNM-WT 40000 from different angles
635:in the late Pliocene and into the
25:
8801:
4342:Megalithic architectural elements
2183:
1410:
795:proposed resurrecting the genus "
511:
8305:
7583:
6743:
5787:
4029:
3177:
3165:
3154:
3153:
2054:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
1377:
1276:
1191:, 7 possible anvils, 7 possible
905:
894:
154:
54:
29:Oldest-known tool-making hominin
5806:
4961:Evolutionary origin of religion
2136:
2122:. Routledge. pp. 332–333.
2111:
2074:
2041:
1398:List of human evolution fossils
1102:region, is on par with that of
1082:behind the brow ridge). Unlike
7601:
6761:
5137:
5092:
1794:
1692:
1164:In 2015, French archaeologist
13:
1:
8780:Fossil taxa described in 2001
4574:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
4104:British megalith architecture
2190:The flat faced man of Kenya (
2093:(inactive 11 September 2024).
1584:"Genera of the human lineage"
1403:
1258:associated with the earliest
1159:
991:enigmatically does not have.
740:, attributing differences in
674:KNM-ER 1470, which resembles
366:. Before its naming in 2001,
4569:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
4109:Nordic megalith architecture
2213:Human Timeline (Interactive)
752:may be better classified as
430:
138:Cast of KNM-WT 40000 at the
7:
3184:Evolutionary biology Portal
1933:Australopithecus deyiremeda
1370:
791:and evolutionary biologist
425:
406:against an anvil or with a
348:. It contains one species,
10:
8806:
8790:Pliocene mammals of Africa
8770:Prehistoric primate genera
4717:British Isles and Brittany
4638:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1805:Australopithecus afarensis
1144:with a small opening. The
885:
618:Australopithecus afarensis
443:, on the western shore of
369:Australopithecus afarensis
140:Cantonal Museum of Geology
8644:
8577:
8462:
8334:
8302:
8190:
8175:
8166:
8124:
8064:
8053:
7959:
7911:
7907:
7896:
7821:
7747:
7628:
7624:
7609:
7596:
7581:
7547:
7397:
7332:
7323:
7140:
7087:
7069:
7058:
6981:
6954:
6927:
6895:
6883:
6853:
6816:
6788:
6784:
6769:
6756:
6741:
6707:
6631:
6547:
6419:
6254:
6224:
6156:
6145:
6089:
6062:
6040:
6028:
5962:
5925:
5894:
5833:
5829:
5814:
5801:
5784:
5758:
5689:
5647:
5638:
5634:
5596:
5406:
5279:
5203:
5165:
5145:
5132:
5100:
4919:
4732:
4559:
4406:
4402:
4385:
4271:
4235:
4084:
4041:
4037:
4024:
3831:
3662:
3635:
3560:
3486:
3477:
3382:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3233:
3149:
3129:Evolutionary anthropology
3106:
3080:
3033:
2971:
2890:
2849:
2842:
2788:
2712:
2635:
2560:
2514:
2507:
2490:
2450:
2386:
2357:
2321:
2312:
2279:
2264:
2145:Evolutionary Anthropology
2067:10.1017/S0959774318000550
692:, contemporary and later
317:Kenyanthropus rudolfensis
294:
289:
151:Scientific classification
149:
137:
128:
36:
1989:de la Torre, I. (2019).
1929:; O'Higgins, P. (2016).
1096:postorbital constriction
787:In 2003, Spanish writer
520:, with KNM-WT 40000 the
4949:Evolutionary musicology
4352:Oldest extant buildings
4279:Archaeological features
3798:Prepared-core technique
3035:Origin of modern humans
2016:10.1073/pnas.1906926116
1715:10.1126/science.1078294
1609:10.1073/pnas.0832372100
1241:black-striped capuchins
1140:, and bearing a narrow
1031:is on par with that of
813:, though they opted to
714:could be subsumed into
645:Yohannes Haile-Selassie
8336:Kenyanthropus platyops
4911:Unchambered long cairn
4759:Mound Builders culture
4092:Neolithic architecture
3227:Prehistoric technology
1955:10.1098/rstb.2015.0231
1937:Kenyanthropus platyops
1832:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4729
1770:10.1098/rstb.2010.0042
1299:
1288:was contemporary with
1074:averaged 445 cc. Like
936:), more comparable to
789:Camilo José Cela Conde
679:
518:Kenyanthropus platyops
483:
448:
301:Kenyanthropus platyops
18:Kenyanthropus platyops
8737:Paleobiology Database
8629:Paleobiology Database
8552:Paleobiology Database
8437:Paleobiology Database
4586:List of Stone Age art
3788:Microblade technology
3736:Langdale axe industry
3334:Ard / plough
3043:Recent African origin
2281:Last common ancestors
2206:Kenyathropus platyops
2118:Grine, F. E. (2017).
2091:10.4207/PA.2016.ART99
1319:Theropithecus brumpti
1284:
667:
524:, and KNM-WT 38350 a
438:
4993:Prehistoric medicine
4988:Prehistoric counting
4971:Prehistoric religion
4966:Paleolithic religion
4944:Behavioral modernity
4301:Causewayed enclosure
4193:Abri de la Madeleine
3317:Neolithic Revolution
3058:Behavioral modernity
3048:Multiregional origin
2828:archaic Homo sapiens
2823:Homo heidelbergensis
2768:Red Deer Cave people
1393:List of fossil sites
502:linear interpolation
7466:Paradolichopithecus
5032:Prehistoric warfare
3778:Magdalenian culture
3741:Levallois technique
3672:Earliest toolmaking
2695:H. neanderthalensis
2615:H. e. tautavelensis
2199:BBC Science article
2007:2019PNAS..11611567D
2001:(24): 11567–11569.
1893:10.1038/nature14464
1885:2015Natur.521..310H
1823:2020SciA....6.4729G
1764:(1556): 3377–3388.
1709:(5615): 1994–1997.
1670:10.1038/nature14448
1662:2015Natur.521..483H
1600:2003PNAS..100.7684C
1461:2001Natur.410..433L
1385:Paleontology portal
1336:Theropithecus darti
1120:. Like the earlier
1070:. A sample of five
848:
557:which gave rise to
7092:Victoriapithecidae
7034:Plesiopliopithecus
6972:Platodontopithecus
4983:Origin of language
4976:Spiritual drug use
4886:Rectangular dolmen
4788:Dartmoor kistvaens
4601:Carved stone balls
4313:Circular enclosure
4272:Other architecture
4215:Alp pile dwellings
3803:Solutrean industry
3714:Gravettian culture
3364:Secondary products
2882:Self-domestication
2673:H. heidelbergensis
2622:H. e. yuanmouensis
2587:H. e. lantianensis
2314:Australopithecines
2157:10.1002/evan.20331
1520:10.1002/evan.21523
1365:niche partitioning
1333:site in Ethiopia,
1300:
1027:. The thick molar
831:
793:Francisco J. Ayala
680:
668:Reconstruction of
494:Nachukui Formation
449:
386:niche partitioning
8785:Prehistoric Kenya
8775:Pliocene primates
8752:
8751:
8724:Open Tree of Life
8424:Open Tree of Life
8328:Taxon identifiers
8319:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8300:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8049:
8048:
7892:
7891:
7592:
7591:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7049:
6956:Dionysopithecidae
6858:Propliopithecidae
6752:
6751:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6703:
6702:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6136:
5797:
5796:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5754:
5753:
5630:
5629:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5005:Prehistoric music
4954:music archaeology
4611:Cup and ring mark
4436:Clothing/textiles
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
3823:Yubetsu technique
3808:Striking platform
3773:Lithic technology
3658:
3657:
3643:Game drive system
3562:Projectile points
3454:Mortar and pestle
3193:
3192:
3134:Paleoanthropology
3076:
3075:
3053:Archaic admixture
2931:Stoned ape theory
2867:Endurance running
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2631:
2630:
2594:H. e. nankinensis
2550:H. tsaichangensis
2486:
2485:
2129:978-1-351-52126-0
2083:PaleoAnthropology
1879:(7552): 310–315.
1656:(7553): 483–488.
1594:(13): 7684–7689.
1576:Cela-Conde, C. J.
1455:(6827): 433–440.
1271:preservation bias
880:
879:
847:
841:
477:australopithecine
329:
328:
323:
309:
285:
16:(Redirected from
8797:
8745:
8744:
8732:
8731:
8719:
8718:
8706:
8705:
8693:
8692:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8676:Homo rudolfensis
8665:
8664:
8663:
8646:Homo rudolfensis
8637:
8636:
8624:
8623:
8611:
8610:
8598:
8597:
8596:
8570:
8569:
8560:
8559:
8547:
8546:
8534:
8533:
8521:
8520:
8508:
8507:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8455:
8454:
8445:
8444:
8432:
8431:
8419:
8418:
8406:
8405:
8393:
8392:
8380:
8379:
8370:
8369:
8368:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8323:
8322:
8310:
8309:
8272:
8261:
8250:
8240:
8222:
8215:Australopithecus
8212:
8201:
8173:
8172:
8153:
8135:
8067:
8062:
8061:
8037:
8020:
8010:
8000:
7990:
7980:
7970:
7947:
7937:
7927:
7917:
7909:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7880:
7856:
7832:
7752:Dendropithecidae
7750:
7735:
7725:
7715:
7705:
7695:
7685:
7674:
7664:
7654:
7644:
7634:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7611:
7610:
7598:
7597:
7587:
7549:
7548:
7520:
7503:
7493:
7483:
7473:
7463:
7425:
7415:
7385:
7330:
7329:
7290:
7273:
7235:
7225:
7208:
7198:
7188:
7178:
7168:
7154:Cercopithecoides
7151:
7124:Victoriapithecus
7090:
7075:
7067:
7066:
7061:Cercopithecoidea
6915:
6893:
6892:
6886:
6856:
6819:
6804:
6794:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6771:
6770:
6758:
6757:
6747:
6709:
6708:
6684:
6605:
6595:
6585:
6575:
6558:
6535:
6525:
6515:
6505:
6488:
6471:
6461:
6451:
6407:
6397:
6387:
6363:
6353:
6343:
6333:
6323:
6299:
6289:
6265:
6242:
6212:
6202:
6192:
6182:
6172:
6162:
6154:
6153:
6064:Proteopithecidae
6038:
6037:
6031:
5965:
5928:
5897:
5881:
5870:
5860:
5850:
5839:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5816:
5815:
5803:
5802:
5792:
5791:
5741:
5724:
5714:
5674:
5663:
5653:
5645:
5644:
5636:
5635:
5163:
5162:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5134:
5133:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5064:
5063:
5020:Divje Babe flute
4927:Archaeoastronomy
4670:Petrosomatoglyph
4404:
4403:
4387:
4386:
4236:Water management
4039:
4038:
4026:
4025:
3929:Denticulate tool
3751:Lithic reduction
3484:
3483:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3181:
3169:
3168:
3157:
3156:
3093:Human prehistory
3068:Recent evolution
3063:Early migrations
3005:Thermoregulation
2906:Expensive tissue
2877:Sexual selection
2847:
2846:
2719:
2718:
2601:H. e. pekinensis
2512:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2420:A. bahrelghazali
2389:Australopithecus
2319:
2318:
2289:Chimpanzee–human
2277:
2276:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2177:
2176:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2018:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1817:(14): eaaz4729.
1811:Science Advances
1798:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1500:
1489:
1488:
1469:10.1038/35068500
1443:Leakey, Meave G.
1439:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1114:, but less than
1104:Australopithecus
1064:Australopithecus
1053:Australopithecus
1051:and variable in
957:Australopithecus
909:
898:
849:
843:
839:
737:Homo rudolfensis
720:Australopithecus
716:Australopithecus
710:. They conceded
695:Australopithecus
615:was discovered,
606:Australopithecus
583:A. bahrelghazali
571:Australopithecus
554:Australopithecus
357:Homo rudolfensis
321:
314:
303:
299:
276:
269:
159:
158:
133:
123:
53:
42:Temporal range:
34:
33:
21:
8805:
8804:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8755:
8754:
8753:
8748:
8740:
8735:
8727:
8722:
8714:
8709:
8701:
8696:
8688:
8683:
8674:
8673:
8668:
8659:
8658:
8653:
8640:
8632:
8627:
8619:
8614:
8606:
8601:
8592:
8591:
8586:
8573:
8565:
8563:
8555:
8550:
8542:
8537:
8529:
8524:
8516:
8511:
8503:
8501:
8492:
8491:
8486:
8477:
8476:
8471:
8458:
8450:
8448:
8440:
8435:
8427:
8422:
8414:
8409:
8401:
8396:
8388:
8383:
8375:
8373:
8364:
8363:
8358:
8349:
8348:
8343:
8330:
8320:
8311:
8304:
8280:
8186:
8162:
8138:Chororapithecus
8120:
8107:Pierolapithecus
8099:Hispanopithecus
8058:
8045:
7983:Gigantopithecus
7955:
7901:
7888:
7883:Yuanmoupithecus
7817:
7812:Turkanapithecus
7743:
7738:Samburupithecus
7708:Nacholapithecus
7618:
7605:
7588:
7567:
7535:
7506:Procynocephalus
7393:
7325:Cercopithecinae
7319:
7171:Dolichopithecus
7136:
7108:Nsungwepithecus
7083:
7063:
7046:
6999:Barberapithecus
6977:
6965:Dionysopithecus
6950:
6938:Epipliopithecus
6923:
6901:Krishnapithecus
6888:Pliopithecoidea
6879:
6874:Propliopithecus
6867:Aegyptopithecus
6849:
6821:Oligopithecidae
6812:
6778:
6765:
6748:
6727:
6699:
6627:
6543:
6415:
6390:Proteropithecia
6250:
6220:
6150:
6133:
6128:Ucayalipithecus
6085:
6058:
6033:Parapithecoidea
6024:
6005:Myanmarpithecus
5967:Amphipithecidae
5958:
5953:Phenacopithecus
5921:
5890:
5823:
5810:
5793:
5786:
5774:
5750:
5685:
5626:
5592:
5402:
5282:Anaptomorphinae
5275:
5199:
5159:
5141:
5128:
5096:
5091:
5061:
5048:
4915:
4901:Stone box grave
4871:Megalithic tomb
4776:Cotswold-Severn
4728:
4633:Guardian stones
4561:Prehistoric art
4555:
4398:
4373:
4362:Timber trackway
4267:
4231:
4227:Wattle and daub
4080:
4059:Standing stones
4033:
4012:
3827:
3654:
3631:
3556:
3473:
3383:Food processing
3378:
3327:New World crops
3299:
3286:
3229:
3224:
3194:
3189:
3145:
3102:
3088:Human evolution
3072:
3029:
2973:
2967:
2946:Cooperative eye
2891:Specific models
2886:
2838:
2817:Homo antecessor
2772:
2708:
2702:H. rhodesiensis
2666:H. floresiensis
2627:
2608:H. e. soloensis
2580:H. e. georgicus
2556:
2520:H. gautengensis
2495:
2493:
2482:
2446:
2382:
2353:
2308:
2299:Orangutan–human
2268:
2260:
2258:Human evolution
2255:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2116:
2112:
2096:
2095:
2079:
2075:
2046:
2042:
1987:
1980:
1923:
1916:
1869:
1858:
1799:
1795:
1742:
1738:
1697:
1693:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1573:
1566:
1501:
1492:
1440:
1411:
1406:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1279:
1162:
919:
918:
917:
916:
912:
911:
910:
901:
900:
899:
888:
882:
876:
874:
845:View references
842:
514:
506:Middle Pliocene
486:
433:
428:
346:Middle Pliocene
322:(Alexeev, 1986)
275:
267:
153:
124:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
44:Middle Pliocene
40:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8803:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8746:
8733:
8720:
8707:
8694:
8681:
8666:
8650:
8648:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8638:
8625:
8612:
8599:
8583:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8571:
8561:
8548:
8535:
8522:
8509:
8499:
8484:
8468:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8446:
8433:
8420:
8407:
8394:
8381:
8371:
8356:
8340:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8278:
8268:
8264:Sahelanthropus
8257:
8246:
8236:
8229:
8225:Graecopithecus
8218:
8208:
8196:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8176:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8156:Nakalipithecus
8149:
8142:
8130:
8128:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8111:
8103:
8095:
8088:
8081:
8073:
8071:
8059:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8043:
8033:
8026:
8016:
8013:Lufengpithecus
8006:
8003:Khoratpithecus
7996:
7986:
7976:
7973:Ankarapithecus
7965:
7963:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7950:Ouranopithecus
7943:
7940:Nakalipithecus
7933:
7930:Graecopithecus
7923:
7912:
7902:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7852:
7845:
7838:
7827:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7794:
7791:Rangwapithecus
7787:
7779:
7776:Nyanzapithecus
7772:
7764:
7761:Dendropithecus
7756:
7754:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7731:
7721:
7711:
7701:
7698:Morotopithecus
7691:
7681:
7677:Kamoyapithecus
7670:
7667:Griphopithecus
7660:
7650:
7640:
7629:
7619:
7614:
7607:
7606:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7563:
7557:
7555:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7526:
7523:Soromandrillus
7516:
7509:
7499:
7489:
7479:
7469:
7459:
7452:
7445:
7438:
7431:
7421:
7411:
7403:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7381:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7343:Allenopithecus
7338:
7336:
7334:Cercopithecini
7327:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7314:Trachypithecus
7310:
7303:
7296:
7286:
7279:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7231:
7221:
7214:
7204:
7194:
7184:
7174:
7164:
7157:
7146:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7131:Zaltanpithecus
7127:
7120:
7112:
7104:
7096:
7094:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7070:
7064:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6987:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6968:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6941:
6933:
6931:
6929:Pliopithecidae
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6911:
6904:
6896:
6890:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6862:
6860:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6825:
6823:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6800:
6789:
6779:
6774:
6767:
6766:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6717:
6715:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6690:
6680:
6673:
6670:Leontopithecus
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6637:
6635:
6633:Callitrichidae
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6601:
6591:
6581:
6571:
6564:
6553:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6531:
6521:
6511:
6501:
6494:
6484:
6477:
6467:
6457:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6425:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6403:
6393:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6359:
6349:
6339:
6329:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6295:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6260:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6238:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6198:
6188:
6178:
6168:
6157:
6151:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6095:
6093:
6091:Parapithecidae
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6076:
6073:Proteopithecus
6068:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6041:
6035:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5979:
5971:
5969:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5934:
5932:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5904:
5902:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5877:
5866:
5856:
5846:
5834:
5824:
5819:
5812:
5811:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5764:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5737:
5730:
5720:
5717:Hesperotarsius
5710:
5703:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5670:
5659:
5648:
5642:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5602:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5475:Gunnelltarsius
5471:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5414:
5412:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5341:Pseudotetonius
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5287:
5285:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5207:
5205:Microchoerinae
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5166:
5160:
5150:
5143:
5142:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5090:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5067:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5010:Alligator drum
5002:
5001:
5000:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4937:lunar calendar
4934:
4923:
4921:
4920:Other cultural
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4724:Venus figurine
4721:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4655:Megalithic art
4652:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4608:
4606:Cave paintings
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4408:Material goods
4400:
4399:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4126:
4124:Cliff dwelling
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3709:Fire hardening
3706:
3701:
3699:Clovis culture
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3622:Manis Mastodon
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3501:throwing stick
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3313:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3098:Human timeline
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Drunken monkey
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2850:General models
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2637:Archaic humans
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2542:H. rudolfensis
2538:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2463:P. aethiopicus
2458:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2341:Sahelanthropus
2337:
2330:
2327:Nakalipithecus
2322:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2223:(August 2016).
2210:
2201:
2196:
2185:
2184:External links
2182:
2179:
2178:
2151:(6): 206–216.
2135:
2128:
2110:
2073:
2060:(2): 201–231.
2040:
1978:
1914:
1856:
1793:
1736:
1691:
1633:
1564:
1546:Sahelanthropus
1540:Forms such as
1514:(3): 116–118.
1504:Tattersall, I.
1490:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1372:
1369:
1278:
1275:
1161:
1158:
1146:foramen magnum
1108:H. rudolfensis
1090:, there is no
1088:H. rudolfensis
1080:temporal lines
1009:H. rudolfensis
973:H. rudolfensis
938:H. rudolfensis
914:
913:
904:
903:
902:
893:
892:
891:
890:
889:
887:
884:
878:
877:
852:
754:K. rudolfensis
750:H. rudolfensis
671:H. rudolfensis
601:Sahelanthropus
513:
512:Classification
510:
485:
482:
432:
429:
427:
424:
402:by pounding a
363:K. rudolfensis
327:
326:
325:
324:
310:
292:
291:
287:
286:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
147:
146:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
41:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8802:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8743:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8686:
8682:
8677:
8671:
8667:
8662:
8656:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8643:
8635:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8604:
8600:
8595:
8589:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8579:Homo platyops
8576:
8568:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8500:
8495:
8494:Kenyanthropus
8489:
8485:
8480:
8474:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8464:Kenyanthropus
8461:
8453:
8447:
8443:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8372:
8367:
8366:Homo platyops
8361:
8357:
8352:
8346:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8324:
8308:
8277:
8276:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8243:Kenyanthropus
8237:
8235:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8189:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8177:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8158:
8157:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8140:
8139:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8127:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8078:Anoiapithecus
8075:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8069:Dryopithecini
8063:
8060:
8057:
8052:
8042:
8041:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8025:
8024:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8007:
8005:
8004:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7895:
7885:
7884:
7877:
7875:
7874:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7798:Rukwapithecus
7795:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7768:Micropithecus
7765:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7718:Otavipithecus
7712:
7710:
7709:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7688:Kenyapithecus
7682:
7679:
7678:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7651:
7649:
7648:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7599:
7595:
7586:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7532:
7531:
7530:Theropithecus
7527:
7525:
7524:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7496:Procercocebus
7490:
7488:
7487:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7428:Gorgopithecus
7422:
7420:
7419:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7368:
7366:
7365:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7357:Cercopithecus
7354:
7352:
7351:
7350:Allochrocebus
7347:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7300:Semnopithecus
7297:
7295:
7294:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7283:Rhinopithecus
7280:
7278:
7277:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7238:Parapresbytis
7232:
7230:
7229:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7181:Kuseracolobus
7175:
7173:
7172:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7057:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7027:Laccopithecus
7024:
7022:
7021:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7013:Egarapithecus
7010:
7008:
7007:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6844:Talahpithecus
6841:
6839:
6838:
6837:Oligopithecus
6834:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6797:Micropithecus
6791:
6790:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6759:
6755:
6746:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6518:Protopithecus
6512:
6510:
6509:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6380:Plecturocebus
6377:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6356:Miocallicebus
6350:
6348:
6347:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6144:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6019:Siamopithecus
6016:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5983:Bugtipithecus
5980:
5978:
5977:
5976:Amphipithecus
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:Afrotarsiidae
5893:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5863:Aseanpithecus
5857:
5855:
5854:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5746:
5745:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5707:Cephalopachus
5704:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5679:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5666:Afrotarsiidae
5660:
5658:
5657:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5598:Tarkadectinae
5595:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5468:Ekwiiyemakius
5465:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5419:Ageitodendron
5416:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5299:Anaptomorphus
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:Simple dolmen
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:Passage grave
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4827:Gallery grave
4825:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4742:Burial mounds
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:Statue menhir
4700:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4690:Stone carving
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Sewing needle
4527:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:Timber circle
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4306:Tor enclosure
4304:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4294:fulacht fiadh
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:spear-thrower
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:Bow and arrow
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Grinding slab
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Domestication
3347:
3345:
3344:Digging stick
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Founder crops
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3263:New Stone Age
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:Life history
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:Homo ergaster
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2734:H. s. sapiens
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Modern humans
2711:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2688:H. luzonensis
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:H. antecessor
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2573:H. e. erectus
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2427:A. deyiremeda
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2348:Kenyanthropus
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Gorilla–human
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2204:A picture of
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1927:Leakey, M. G.
1921:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:Leakey, L. N.
1747:
1746:Leakey, M. G.
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1558:Praeanthropus
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1360:A. deyiremeda
1356:
1352:
1351:Kenyanthropus
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:Kenyanthropus
1338:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:Turkana Basin
1321:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1286:Kenyanthropus
1283:
1277:Palaeoecology
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:A. deyiremeda
1178:
1177:Kenyanthropus
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:Sonia Harmand
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:petrous crest
1135:
1134:tympanic bone
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
996:tooth sockets
992:
990:
989:Kenyanthropus
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
952:Kenyanthropus
949:
945:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Kenyanthropus
923:
908:
897:
883:
851:
850:
846:
838:
836:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:Kenyanthropus
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
798:
797:Praeanthropus
794:
790:
785:
783:
782:Kenyanthropus
779:
775:
771:
770:topographical
767:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:Kenyanthropus
709:
705:
704:Kenyanthropus
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:
685:
677:
676:Kenyanthropus
673:
672:
666:
662:
660:
656:
655:Kenyanthropus
652:
651:
650:A. deyiremeda
646:
642:
641:Kenyanthropus
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:
620:
619:
614:
613:Kenyanthropus
609:
607:
603:
602:
597:
596:
591:
590:
585:
584:
579:
578:Kenyanthropus
575:
572:
568:
567:
562:
561:
556:
555:
550:
546:
540:
538:
534:
531:
530:Ancient Greek
527:
523:
519:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:layer of the
491:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:partial left
454:
446:
442:
437:
423:
421:
417:
416:Kenyanthropus
413:
412:Kenyanthropus
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
378:Kenyanthropus
375:
374:Kenyanthropus
371:
370:
365:
364:
359:
358:
353:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:
333:Kenyanthropus
319:
318:
311:
307:
302:
296:
295:
293:
288:
284:
280:
274:
273:
272:Kenyanthropus
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
157:
152:
148:
145:
141:
136:
132:
127:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:3.3–3.2
45:
39:
38:Kenyanthropus
35:
32:
27:
19:
8645:
8578:
8463:
8335:
8275:Paranthropus
8273:
8262:
8251:
8242:
8241:
8231:
8223:
8213:
8204:Ardipithecus
8202:
8179:
8154:
8144:
8136:
8115:Rudapithecus
8113:
8105:
8097:
8092:Dryopithecus
8090:
8083:
8076:
8040:Sivapithecus
8038:
8028:
8023:Meganthropus
8021:
8011:
8001:
7993:Indopithecus
7991:
7981:
7971:
7948:
7938:
7928:
7918:
7881:
7873:Symphalangus
7871:
7864:
7857:
7847:
7840:
7835:Bunopithecus
7833:
7810:
7803:
7796:
7789:
7783:Oreopithecus
7781:
7774:
7766:
7759:
7736:
7726:
7716:
7706:
7696:
7686:
7675:
7665:
7655:
7645:
7637:Afropithecus
7635:
7528:
7521:
7511:
7504:
7494:
7484:
7474:
7464:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7433:
7426:
7418:Dinopithecus
7416:
7406:
7388:Nanopithecus
7386:
7376:
7371:Erythrocebus
7369:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7281:
7276:Rhinocolobus
7274:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7245:Piliocolobus
7243:
7236:
7226:
7216:
7211:Microcolobus
7209:
7201:Mesopithecus
7199:
7191:Libypithecus
7189:
7179:
7169:
7159:
7152:
7129:
7122:
7116:Prohylobates
7114:
7106:
7101:Noropithecus
7099:
7076:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6990:
6983:Crouzeliidae
6970:
6963:
6945:Pliopithecus
6943:
6936:
6916:
6906:
6899:
6872:
6865:
6842:
6835:
6830:Catopithecus
6828:
6805:
6795:
6692:
6685:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6596:
6586:
6578:Dolichocebus
6576:
6566:
6559:
6536:
6526:
6516:
6506:
6496:
6489:
6479:
6472:
6462:
6452:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6408:
6398:
6388:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6354:
6346:Mazzonicebus
6344:
6334:
6324:
6314:
6307:
6302:Cebupithecia
6300:
6290:
6280:
6273:
6268:Antillothrix
6266:
6243:
6233:
6213:
6203:
6193:
6183:
6175:Perupithecus
6173:
6163:
6126:
6119:
6114:Parapithecus
6112:
6105:
6098:
6078:
6071:
6051:
6044:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5981:
5974:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5914:
5907:
5884:Phileosimias
5882:
5871:
5861:
5851:
5842:Altiatlasius
5840:
5744:Xanthorhysis
5742:
5732:
5727:Oligotarsius
5725:
5715:
5705:
5698:
5675:
5664:
5654:
5640:Tarsiiformes
5619:
5612:
5605:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5503:Macrotarsius
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5355:Strigorhysis
5353:
5348:Sphacorhysis
5346:
5339:
5332:
5327:Chlororhysis
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5228:Microchoerus
5226:
5219:
5212:
5192:
5185:
5179:Altiatlasius
5177:
5169:
4837:wedge-shaped
4822:Funeral pyre
4815:Great dolmen
4771:Chamber tomb
4752:Round barrow
4707:Stone circle
4579:Blombos Cave
4507:Grooved ware
4431:Chalcolithic
4335:Thornborough
4253:Flush toilet
4188:Blombos Cave
4183:Rock shelter
4139:Quiggly hole
4031:Architecture
4006:illustration
3648:Buffalo jump
3469:Storage pits
3432:Aşıklı Höyük
3422:Ground stone
3258:Subdivisions
3182:
3170:
3158:
3025:Gender roles
3020:Intelligence
2833:Homo sapiens
2831:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2811:Homo erectus
2809:
2803:
2799:Homo habilis
2797:
2758:Manot people
2747:H. s. idaltu
2745:
2741:Jebel Irhoud
2733:
2724:Homo sapiens
2722:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2644:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2563:Homo erectus
2561:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2508:Proto-humans
2497:
2494:proto-humans
2475:
2468:
2461:
2453:Paranthropus
2451:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2413:A. anamensis
2411:
2406:A. africanus
2404:
2399:A. afarensis
2397:
2387:
2375:
2368:
2360:Ardipithecus
2358:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2304:Gibbon–human
2205:
2191:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2119:
2113:
2099:cite journal
2082:
2076:
2057:
2053:
2043:
1998:
1994:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1876:
1872:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1761:
1757:
1739:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1653:
1649:
1636:
1591:
1587:
1580:Ayala, F. J.
1557:
1554:Paranthropus
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:Ardipithecus
1541:
1539:
1511:
1507:
1452:
1446:
1358:
1355:A. afarensis
1354:
1350:
1349:
1345:A. afarensis
1344:
1340:
1334:
1328:A. afarensis
1327:
1317:
1301:
1291:A. afarensis
1289:
1285:
1259:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1217:
1213:conglomerate
1193:hammerstones
1180:
1176:
1163:
1153:
1127:
1123:A. anamensis
1121:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:frontal lobe
1087:
1083:
1076:Paranthropus
1075:
1072:A. afarensis
1071:
1068:Paranthropus
1067:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1049:Paranthropus
1048:
1037:A. afarensis
1036:
1033:A. anamensis
1032:
1024:
1021:A. afarensis
1020:
1017:A. anamensis
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:A. afarensis
1000:
993:
988:
985:Paranthropus
984:
972:
969:Paranthropus
968:
961:Paranthropus
960:
956:
951:
948:A. afarensis
947:
941:
937:
934:Paranthropus
933:
925:
924:
920:
881:
832:
825:
821:
817:
810:A. africanus
808:
805:Paranthropus
804:
801:Ardipithecus
800:
796:
786:
781:
766:A. afarensis
765:
761:Tim D. White
758:
753:
749:
735:
731:
728:Ardipithecus
727:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:Paranthropus
699:
698:, and later
693:
689:Ardipithecus
687:
681:
678:KNM-WT 40000
675:
669:
659:A. afarensis
658:
654:
648:
640:
629:A. afarensis
628:
624:A. anamensis
622:
616:
612:
611:At the time
610:
605:
599:
593:
589:Ardipithecus
587:
581:
577:
574:polyphyletic
570:
566:Paranthropus
564:
558:
552:
548:
541:
536:
532:
517:
515:
487:
473:Meave Leakey
465:Lake Turkana
463:dig site by
450:
445:Lake Turkana
439:Location of
415:
411:
390:
377:
373:
367:
362:
361:
355:
350:
349:
342:Lake Turkana
332:
331:
330:
315:
305:
300:
278:
271:
270:
224:Infraorder:
37:
31:
26:
8670:Wikispecies
8488:Wikispecies
8360:Wikispecies
7823:Hylobatidae
7513:Rungwecebus
7378:Miopithecus
7364:Chlorocebus
7293:Sawecolobus
7228:Paracolobus
6992:Anapithecus
6908:Paidopithex
6663:Leontocebus
6598:Panamacebus
6508:Paralouatta
6444:Brachyteles
6336:Insulacebus
6256:Pitheciidae
6195:Canaanimico
6148:Platyrrhini
6100:Abuqatrania
5916:Afrotarsius
5821:Simiiformes
5808:Simiiformes
5760:Simiiformes
5614:Tarkadectes
5454:Diablomomys
5433:Brontomomys
5369:Teilhardina
5313:Arapahovius
5306:Anemorhysis
5270:Vectipithex
5263:Quercyloris
5256:Pseudoloris
5235:Nannopithex
5221:Melaneremia
4859:unchambered
4854:Long barrow
4844:Grave goods
4800:Court cairn
4795:Clava cairn
4747:Bowl barrow
4685:Rock cupule
4628:Golden hats
4621:Hill figure
4522:Unstan ware
4502:Cord-marked
4367:Sweet Track
4289:Burnt mound
4210:Stilt house
4198:Sibudu Cave
3991:Tally stick
3959:Quern-stone
3944:Hammerstone
3934:Fire plough
3905:Pesse canoe
3863:Bannerstone
3833:Other tools
3746:Lithic core
3694:Aurignacian
3582:Bare Island
3464:Quern-stone
2956:Grandmother
2911:Shore-based
2872:Aquatic ape
2763:Tam Pa Ling
2658:H. ergaster
2477:P. robustus
2217:Smithsonian
1925:Spoor, F.;
1744:Spoor, F.;
1256:Ledi-Geraru
1129:Ar. ramidus
930:prognathism
826:H. platyops
774:chimpanzees
724:grade taxon
684:cheek teeth
637:Pleistocene
633:diversified
535:"flat" and
408:hammerstone
351:K. platyops
244:Subfamily:
228:Simiiformes
8759:Categories
7657:Equatorius
7616:Hominoidea
7603:Hominoidea
7562:see below↓
7553:Hominoidea
7449:Mandrillus
7435:Lophocebus
7408:Cercocebus
7259:Procolobus
7020:Fanchangia
6776:Catarrhini
6763:Catarrhini
6722:see below↓
6713:Catarrhini
6649:Callithrix
6588:Killikaike
6491:Mohanamico
6474:Chilecebus
6400:Soriacebus
6366:Nuciruptor
6326:Homunculus
6316:Chiropotes
6309:Cheracebus
6292:Carlocebus
6282:Callicebus
6245:Tremacebus
6215:Lagonimico
6205:Branisella
6185:Szalatavus
6012:Pondaungia
5930:Eosimiidae
5769:see below↓
5656:Archicebus
5538:Shoshonius
5482:Hemiacodon
5461:Dyseolemur
5447:Chumashius
5390:Trogolemur
5383:Tetonoides
5292:Absarokius
5242:Necrolemur
5187:Bownomomys
5139:Haplorhini
5094:Haplorhini
4998:trepanning
4891:Ring cairn
4849:Jar burial
4832:transepted
4764:U.S. sites
4665:Petroglyph
4591:Bird stone
4549:wine press
4222:Stone roof
4205:Roundhouse
4097:long house
4074:Stonehenge
4042:Ceremonial
3986:Stone tool
3813:Tool stone
3783:Metallurgy
3687:Mousterian
3664:Toolmaking
3602:Cumberland
3575:Transverse
3545:Schöningen
3437:Qesem cave
3405:Earth oven
3359:Irrigation
3270:Technology
3238:Prehistory
2995:Skin color
2980:Bipedalism
2941:Killer ape
2753:Cro-Magnon
2652:Denisovans
2528:H. habilis
2492:Humans and
2377:A. ramidus
2370:A. kadabba
1404:References
1314:floodplain
1305:Koobi Fora
1207:), 3 from
1199:, 51 from
1170:stone-tool
1160:Technology
1112:H. habilis
1084:H. habilis
1041:tooth root
1025:H. habilis
1005:H. habilis
943:H. habilis
815:synonymise
545:Ernst Mayr
420:floodplain
393:stone tool
218:Haplorhini
214:Suborder:
8594:Q56425720
8126:Gorillini
8056:Homininae
7899:Hominidae
7849:Hylobates
7728:Proconsul
7486:Pliopapio
7476:Parapapio
7399:Papionini
7266:Pygathrix
7252:Presbytis
7142:Colobinae
7041:Pliobates
7006:Crouzelia
6807:Saadanius
6642:Callimico
6561:Acrecebus
6538:Stirtonia
6481:Lagothrix
6464:Cartelles
6410:Xenothrix
6165:Parvimico
5691:Tarsiidae
5678:Omomyidae
5573:Washakius
5559:Uintanius
5510:Nesomomys
5440:Chipetaia
5426:Asiomomys
5409:Omomyinae
5362:Tatmanius
5320:Aycrossia
5249:Paraloris
5214:Indusomys
5156:Omomyidae
5104:Kingdom:
5042:symbolism
4906:Tor cairn
4864:Grønsalen
4805:Cremation
4697:Sculpture
4675:Pictogram
4660:Petroform
4480:amber use
4448:Cosmetics
4258:Reservoir
4243:Check dam
4173:Pueblitos
4168:Pit-house
4151:Longhouse
4085:Dwellings
3954:Microlith
3885:Bow drill
3880:Bone tool
3873:prismatic
3682:Acheulean
3597:Cresswell
3570:Arrowhead
3496:Boomerang
3412:Granaries
3374:Terracing
3253:Stone Age
3114:Theorists
3081:Timelines
2961:Patriarch
2937:Behavior
2862:Gathering
2790:Ancestors
2535:H. naledi
2470:P. boisei
2441:A. sediba
2085:: 46–53.
1209:vesicular
1201:phonolite
1154:P. boisei
1142:ear canal
1117:P. boisei
1086:but like
1013:P. boisei
981:premolars
742:braincase
627:, making
431:Discovery
248:Homininae
238:Hominidae
174:Kingdom:
168:Eukaryota
8765:Hominini
8716:11089734
8655:Wikidata
8621:11092326
8588:Wikidata
8518:10512595
8502:BioLib:
8479:Q1813596
8473:Wikidata
8416:11263421
8390:10512596
8374:BioLib:
8345:Wikidata
8192:Hominina
8168:Hominini
8085:Danuvius
7961:Ponginae
7920:Buronius
7866:Nomascus
7805:Simiolus
6694:Saguinus
6656:Cebuella
6608:Patasola
6528:Solimoea
6430:Alouatta
6421:Atelidae
6373:Pithecia
6121:Qatrania
6046:Arsinoea
5946:Eosimias
5580:Wyomomys
5545:Steinius
5531:Rooneyia
5489:Jemezius
5397:Walshina
5376:Tetonius
5334:Gazinius
5194:Kohatius
5171:Altanius
5124:Primates
5118:Mammalia
5112:Chordata
5110:Phylum:
5106:Animalia
4680:Rock art
4643:painting
4616:Geoglyph
4441:timeline
4421:Beadwork
4161:Mehrgarh
4156:Mudbrick
4064:megalith
3939:Fire-saw
3761:debitage
3756:analysis
3724:Hand axe
3704:Cupstone
3282:Glossary
3243:Timeline
3160:Category
3015:Language
2985:Skeleton
2680:H. longi
2434:A. garhi
2271:Hominins
2266:Taxonomy
2173:16478971
2165:22170690
2035:31164417
1973:27298462
1949:(1698).
1901:25993961
1851:32270044
1788:20855311
1752:(2010).
1731:83973951
1723:12663903
1678:26017448
1628:12794185
1582:(2003).
1536:43487900
1528:28627785
1477:11260704
1371:See also
1298:" above)
1263:LD 350-1
1252:reworked
1226:unifaces
1205:trachyte
1173:industry
965:anterior
840:(in mya)
837:timeline
833:African
778:gorillas
526:paratype
522:holotype
490:mudstone
426:Taxonomy
396:industry
340:site by
304:(Leakey
290:Species
258:Hominini
234:Family:
208:Primates
198:Mammalia
188:Chordata
184:Phylum:
178:Animalia
164:Domain:
144:Lausanne
8729:3607673
8703:4827581
8690:4454111
8661:Q107742
8608:4827696
8567:4619554
8544:1221876
8531:4827694
8452:5526215
8429:3607700
8403:4827695
8351:Q311123
8253:Orrorin
8146:Gorilla
7842:Hoolock
7218:Nasalis
7161:Colobus
6687:Micodon
6622:Sapajus
6615:Saimiri
6549:Cebidae
6498:Oreonax
6454:Caipora
6275:Cacajao
6226:Aotidae
6107:Apidium
6080:Serapia
6053:Biretia
5939:Bahinia
5909:Afrasia
5873:Nosmips
5853:Amamria
5734:Tarsius
5700:Carlito
5621:Tarkops
5587:Yaquius
5552:Stockia
5524:Ourayia
5496:Loveina
5122:Order:
5116:Class:
5037:Symbols
4648:pigment
4534:Weaving
4497:Cardium
4492:Pottery
4487:Mirrors
4475:Jewelry
4416:Baskets
4396:culture
4248:Cistern
4054:Pyramid
3996:Weapons
3974:Scraper
3964:Racloir
3924:Cleaver
3912:Chopper
3818:Uniface
3729:Grooves
3719:Hafting
3677:Oldowan
3636:Systems
3587:Cascade
3550:woomera
3540:harpoon
3513:history
3479:Hunting
3459:Pottery
3400:Cooking
3309:Farming
3275:history
3248:Outline
3172:Commons
3124:Fossils
2990:Muscles
2901:Cooking
2857:Hunting
2334:Orrorin
2026:6575166
2003:Bibcode
1964:4920288
1909:1207285
1881:Bibcode
1842:7112758
1819:Bibcode
1779:2981955
1702:Science
1686:4455029
1658:Bibcode
1596:Bibcode
1550:Orrorin
1485:4409453
1457:Bibcode
1267:Oldowan
1247:in situ
1230:bifaces
1221:Oldowan
1057:incisor
886:Anatomy
835:hominin
595:Orrorin
461:Lomekwi
457:maxilla
453:hominin
447:, Kenya
441:Lomekwi
382:hominin
338:Lomekwi
308:, 2001)
277:Leakey
264:Genus:
254:Tribe:
204:Order:
194:Class:
118:↓
8564:uBio:
8505:848544
8449:uBio:
7647:Ekembo
7442:Macaca
7307:Simias
7078:Alophe
6437:Ateles
5998:Krabia
5991:Ganlea
5566:Utahia
5517:Omomys
5015:flutes
4810:Dolmen
4734:Burial
4544:winery
4517:Linear
4347:Midden
4325:Cursus
4318:Goseck
4178:Pueblo
4129:Dugout
4114:Burdei
3793:Mining
3617:Lamoka
3612:Folsom
3592:Clovis
3449:Metate
3427:Hearth
3395:Basket
3369:Sickle
3107:Others
3010:Speech
2972:Topics
2917:Drugs
2843:Models
2192:Nature
2171:
2163:
2126:
2033:
2023:
1971:
1961:
1907:
1899:
1873:Nature
1849:
1839:
1786:
1776:
1729:
1721:
1684:
1676:
1650:Nature
1626:
1619:164648
1616:
1548:, and
1534:
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1029:enamel
977:molars
776:, and
598:, and
533:platus
469:Louise
400:flakes
306:et al.
279:et al.
8742:83081
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8030:Pongo
7859:Junzi
7456:Papio
6568:Cebus
6235:Aotus
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4932:sites
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3297:Tools
3119:Books
2897:Diet
2169:S2CID
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1727:S2CID
1682:S2CID
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3979:side
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3917:tool
3851:bone
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3607:Eden
3520:Nets
3390:Fire
3354:Goad
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3000:Hair
2820:) →
2498:Homo
2161:PMID
2124:ISBN
2105:link
2031:PMID
1969:PMID
1935:and
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1674:PMID
1624:PMID
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1473:PMID
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1234:Homo
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940:and
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744:and
732:Homo
708:Homo
657:and
560:Homo
549:Homo
498:Tuff
471:and
404:core
283:2001
57:Preęž’
8685:EoL
8513:EoL
8385:EoL
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4069:row
3900:Oar
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1762:365
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1707:299
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730:or
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