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saturated hydrocarbon molecules into smaller unsaturated molecules. It produced butene; light petrol; heavy petrol; heavy gas oil; light gas oil; and vapourising oil, plus decanted oil, which was carcinogenic. The cracking process deposited carbon on the catalyst. The spent catalyst was blown with air into the large green regenerator where the carbon was burned off. The regenorator was one of the most striking features of the refinery, with its roaring smoke plume.
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were constructed in 1962. By 1964 the capacity of the refinery had increased to 9.5 million tonnes per year; it was the second largest refinery in the UK, second only to Fawley (11,500 tonnes per year). Kent refinery processed about fourteen per cent of the UK's oil. By 1971 it was capable of processing 11 million tonnes. The refinery began to process
British North Sea crude oil from June 1975, this was with the arrival of the tanker
24:
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the Isle of Grain to Strood to feed gas into a trunk main system to provide gas south of the Thames from
Sittingbourne in the east to as far as Guildford in the west. A petrochemical plant to manufacture synthetic fibres, a joint venture by BP and California Chemicals known as BP-California Ltd, was planned and constructed from 1960.
742:
was built together with a £5m aromatics plant. The main products of this plant were ortho and para xylene. The para xylene was for the preparation of terephthalic acid, an intermediate in the production of terylene. Three tall distillation columns of the orthoxylene unit, part of the aromatics plant,
649:
Vacuum distillation units. There were three of these, which enabled distillation of products insufficiently volatile to be distilled at atmospheric pressure. They were fed with atmospheric residue from the crude distillation units. These produced gas oil, cat-cracker feed and lubricating oils (after
645:
No. 1 and No. 2 primary flash distillate (PFD) stabilisers. These took their feed from CDU primary columns and comprised two columns, the debutaniser and depropaniser. These produced propane, butane and petrol. Petrol was used by the South
Eastern Gas Board or was fed to the thermal reformer or the
624:
The availability of suitable feed-stock on the site lead to the construction of several facilities adjacent to the refinery. The South
Eastern Gas Board SEGAS constructed a gas-from-oil plant in 1957. The gasification plant had a projected capacity of 80 million cubic feet, gas mains were laid from
515:
A bay on the
Saltpan Reach of the River Medway was enclosed to provide a storage reservoir for cooling water, this filled on the rising tide. A ¾ mile-long (1.2 km) water channel (TQ865739 to TQ868749) was constructed to take water from the reservoir across the site to the refinery pump-house
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Pre-construction groundwork on the South of the site including the filling-in of several unwanted watercourses including Well's Fleet, Littlechalk Fleet and most of
Greatchalk Fleet, this entailed the use of one million cubic yards (765,000 m) of soil obtained from higher ground to the north of the
796:
The rising price of oil in the 1970s resulted in a slump in consumption, which meant there was a considerable excess of refining capacity throughout Europe. In August 1981 BP Oil announced that the BP Kent refinery would close in 1982 with the loss of 1,670 workers plus another 1,000 construction
483:
on
Southampton Water – which were built in the post-war period for the production of refined petroleum products. These realised the UK government's strategy to save dollars by encouraging the refining of Middle Eastern crude oil, and to keep within the UK the added value of such refined products.
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Intermediate products from the refinery processes included: straight run blending components; isopentane; propane; butane; aviation alkylate; heavy alkylate; thermal reformate; aviation extract; Udex raffinate; aviation platformate; total platformate; heavy platformate; aviation fuel (ATG); acid
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Catalytic cracker. Took feed-stock from the CDU or vacuum distillation units, or slack wax from the MEK dewaxing unit, and converted it to lighter molecular weight products valuable for petrol blending. It used powdered clay as a catalyst under an atmosphere of superheated steam. It broke large
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In 1952 the Thames to Grain (T/G) pipeline was recommissioned to carry refined fuel from the BP Kent refinery to the Walton storage depot. The movement of fuel was now in the opposite direction to that originally designed. This led to the need to install new pumping units and to construct a new
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often built adjacent to refineries. There was a tension between these rural developments and the government policy of supporting industrial development in urban areas where there was high unemployment. Despite reservations about these developments, the UK government approved the Kent and Fawley
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Catalytic reformers. These were fed with paraffinic petrol8PMV+36 Sittingbourne benzine or naphtha and, used a platinum catalyst and hydrogen to produce propane, butane, and platformates for product blending. The liquid products were aromatic hydrocarbons, providing high octane motor spirit
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No. 1 and No. 2 Crude distillation units (CDU). Crude oil passed to the short primary columns where rich gas and primary flash distillate (PFD) were removed. The bottom product was heated to 600 °F (316 °C) and passed to the secondary columns comprising 36 bubble trays where
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jobs in the area. The Kent refinery closed on 27 August 1982. The oil storage facility continued for some years; the last oil flow by rail from Grain ran in 1999. After closure some of the western part of the site was developed by
British Gas as a
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for distribution around the site for process cooling. The channel had a volumetric capacity of 16 million gallons (73,000 m). The refinery's cooling water circulation system had a capacity of 3.5 million gallons/hour (15,900 m/hour).
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Following the initial phase of commissioning the refining capacity was increased and new processes were planned, constructed and commissioned over the period 1956–60. A desulphurising plant was commissioned in Autumn 1957. The
457:
Further up the Medway at
Kingsnorth, Berry Wiggins and Company started constructing an oil refinery and tank farm in 1930. This refinery was expanded both before and after the Second World War, and finally closed in 1977.
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The post-war refineries changed
Britain's coastal geography: they required large amounts of land and were built in previously rural coastal areas. The refineries also provided feed-stock for the land-hungry and intrusive
445:
constructed an oil storage and ship refuelling depot on the Medway. In 1923 the Medway Oil and Storage Company (MOSCO) constructed an oil refinery and tank farm adjacent to the Admiralty site. MOSCO was absorbed into the
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washed kero; sweetened kero; kero raffinate; kero extract; light cat-cracker spirit; heavy cat-cracker spirit desulphurised gas oil; straight run gas oil; fuel oil blending components; extracts, lubricating oils.
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Hydrofiner units. Treated light gas oil to remove sulphur and produce diesel oil and wild petrol. They used cobalt molybdate catylist and hydrogen. The refinery was able to make low sulphur Diesel oil for urban
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Alkylation unit. This reacted isobutane with butenes, collected from across the refinery processes, in the presence of a sulphuric acid catalyst. Produced gas; butane; aviation alkylate; and heavy alkylate.
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took place. The products were kerosene; naphtha; light gas oil; heavy gas oil; and atmospheric residue. The two units had a combined capacity of 200,000 barrels or 7 million gallons per day of crude oil.
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The refinery had an initial throughput capacity of four million tonnes per year of crude oil. Crude oil mainly came from the Middle East with smaller amounts from Libya, Nigeria and South America.
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four rail sidings where refined oil products were loaded into rail tanks through overhead gantries and piping. The rail loading facility was towards the end of the Hoo to Grain branch of the North Kent
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MEK (methyl-ethyl-ketone) dewaxing unit. A stage in the lubricating oil plant to dewax oils. The wax was frozen out from the oil in the solvent to produce slack wax. This was used as cracker feedstock.
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inundated the refinery site, covering it in water and mud. The flood displaced some of the pipes on the pipe tracks. Nevertheless, the refinery went on-stream three weeks later in February 1953.
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Initially five new jetties were constructed on the River Medway with the capacity to handle ships of 32,000 tonnes. A deep-water channel was dredged to allow ships to access the jetties from the
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S absorption towers, hydrofiner, and sulphur recovery plants were commissioned in Autumn 1957. The No. 2 Crude oil distillation unit and stabilisers were commissioned at the end of 1957.
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At its maximum extent the refinery and its tank farm covered a site of four square kilometres (400 hectares). The western boundary of the site was defined by the Yantlet Creek.
523:. This channel was 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 800 feet (240 m) wide and was dredged to give a minimum water depth of 28 feet (8.5 m) at low water.
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in Kent. It was commissioned in 1953 and had a maximum processing capacity of 11 million tonnes of crude oil per year. It was decommissioned in August 1982.
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At its peak the construction activity on the site employed 8,000 workers; 1,500 were housed in a construction camp at Wallend in the centre of the site.
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also unofficially known as Grain Refinery, in 1950. The managing agent was the Badger Company with construction undertaken by McAlpine and Wimpey.
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Furfural unit. Improved the viscosity index and oxidation stability of lubricating oils using a solvent made by steam distillation of wheat husks.
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site. Towards the south-east of the site the ground level was increased with six feet (1.8 m) of compacted sand, dredged from the sea.
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The refinery provided local employment opportunities; prior to its construction many people were working on farms at very low wages.
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In 1943 a spur pipeline (T/D/G) was constructed to the Isle of Grain from off the Thames to Dungeness pipeline (T/D) which fuelled
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The National Archives, Ministry of Fuel and Power, BP's proposed expansion; Kent (Isle of Grain) Refinery, POWE 61/38, 1956-1960.
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further treatment). The vacuum residue was sent to the Propane Deasphaltng Unit to provide the feedstock for heavy lubricants.
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674:(Propane/Butane) splitter. A tall narrow column, fed with product from the catalytic reformers, separated propane and butane.
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was used to remove impurities from lubricating oils. This was replaced in about 1963 by a Ferrofiner hydrogenation unit.
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from petrol using a 73 ripple tray column. Isopentane was refined in an acid washery before blending into aviation fuel.
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450:(APOC) in 1932 after which oil refining at Grain ceased. (APOC was renamed the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1935, then
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The first tanker containing 27,000 tonnes of crude oil from the Middle East arrived at the refinery in October 1952.
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The oil industry was first established on the Isle of Grain in 1908 when, in association with the naval dockyard at
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Propane deasphalting unit. Was fed with vacuum residue which was dissolved in liquefied propane to remove pitch.
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Tim Whittle: Fuelling the Wars - PLUTO and the Secret Pipeline Network 1936 to 2015 published 2017 pp111-112.
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The plant also comprised tankage and storage units, product blending, packaging and dispatch facilities.
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Six thousand concrete piles provided the foundations of major plant and equipment on the marshy soil.
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1126:"QUEEN AND DUKE VISIT KENT OIL REFINERY British Petroleum Company's latest refinery has royal visit"
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D.J.Payton-Smith: Oil - A Study of War-time Policy and Administration p411. HMSO SBN 11 630074 4
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Moxon, J.W.J. (1971). "The Industrial Development Certificate system and employment creation".
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was constructed adjacent to the refinery in the late 1970s to use fuel oil from the refinery.
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extraction plant. Kerosene was separated into paraffin and vaporising oil using liquefied
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Cracknell, B.E. (1952). "The Petroleum Industry on the Lower Thames and Medway".
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Udex extraction plant. Treated motor spirit through fractionation and a solvent.
469:. The spur line to Grain provided access to the Admiralty oil storage facility.
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Luckas, M.R. (1965). "Recent Developments in the United Kingdom Oil Industry".
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some of the motor spirit tankage was underground to the north east of the site.
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pump-station at Stoke (TQ851757), located close to the Isle of Grain refinery.
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refinery plans in 1947, although the developments took some years to be built.
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On 5 April 1955, the site was visited by the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh.
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22 miles (35 km) of roads within the refinery and tank farm complex.
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unit plus the product sweetening and blending plants, in February 1953.
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The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company started construction of the Kent Refinery
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The initial phase of the refinery was commissioned in several stages:
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The principal processing units and plant installed by 1961 included:
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Thermal reformer. This produced gas; butenes; and thermal reformate.
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nine jetties to take large oil tankers and three smaller jetties.
1396:"BP Oil Refinery, Isle of Grain, Kent | Educational Images"
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the fuel oil and products tankage was to the south of the site.
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liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) were stored in Horton spheres.
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1930:
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the crude distillation column was 140 feet (43 m) high.
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Ordnance Survey 1:50000 First Series Sheet 178 dated 1974.
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the crude oil tankage was to the north east of the site.
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History of the petroleum industry in the United Kingdom
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The initial phase of construction entailed the use of:
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Track Diagrams - England South and London Underground
967:
Black Gold: Britain and Oil in the Twentieth Century
151:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
731:By 1961 the cost of the refinery was £88 million.
550:The first phase of construction cost around £40m.
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924:. Portsmouth: English Heritage. pp. 31–38.
762:The principal products from the refinery were:
279:Kent Oil Refinery on the Isle of Grain (Medway)
476:was one of several oil refineries – including
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920:Carpenter, Newsome, Small and Hazell (2013).
2671:Buildings and structures on the River Thames
934:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2149:
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868:The refinery was accessed by road via the
828:The main structures on the site included:
1380:"BP to close refinery at Isle of Grain".
1184:
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
211:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1448:. Exeter: Quail Map Company. p. 7.
922:Hoo Peninsula Historic Landscape Project
811:
72:This article includes a list of general
2681:Energy infrastructure completed in 1952
969:. London: Continuum. pp. 122–123.
832:a large administration office building.
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1338:"British Crude Oil arrives at BP Kent"
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149:adding citations to reliable sources
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2060:BP America Production Co. v. Burton
1648:(Northern CA, OR, and WA locations)
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78:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2072:Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate
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1253:"Aromatics plant for BP refinery"
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604:East Coast floods of January 1953
539:600 miles (970 km) of piping
33:This article has multiple issues.
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1926:Alyeska Pipeline Service Company
1360:"Histories of the Hoo Peninsula"
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2565:Population of major settlements
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1300:"George Wimpey advertisement".
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136:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
2706:Science and technology in Kent
2661:1952 establishments in England
2508:List of civil parishes in Kent
1470:"Horton spheres - BP refinery"
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1:
1902:Texas City refinery explosion
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361:Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, BP
2545:Parliamentary constituencies
2037:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
1424:"Grain Refinery - Kent Rail"
820:
253:Former site in December 2007
7:
2666:BP buildings and structures
1976:Commonwealth Oil Refineries
1779:BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally
1759:BP Natural World Book Prize
875:
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695:Isopentane unit. Recovered
10:
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2701:Ports and harbours of Kent
2585:Grade II* listed buildings
2054:Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case
1053:"Kent Oil Refinery (1954)"
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565:Stage 1 – the No. 1 crude
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392:11 million tonnes per year
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1941:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
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1754:BP National Championships
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1675:Castrol Technology Centre
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1004:10.1080/00420987220080261
591:facility, in Summer 1954.
530:37,000 tonnes of concrete
452:British Petroleum Company
448:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
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2580:Grade I listed buildings
1936:Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields
1749:BP Ford World Rally Team
1264:10.1595/003214062x638691
882:Historic England Archive
1444:Jacobs, Gerald (1994).
533:119,000 tonnes of steel
400: of employees
93:more precise citations.
2011:Llandarcy Oil Refinery
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965:More, Charles (2009).
817:
816:DUMBO pipeline in 1944
738:In 1962 a third £3.5m
721:Sulphur recovery plant
490:petrochemical industry
2550:Members of Parliament
2425:Royal Tunbridge Wells
2260:Tonbridge and Malling
2203:Boroughs or districts
1956:BP Biofuels Highlands
1897:Prudhoe Bay oil spill
815:
799:liquefied natural gas
714:Clay treatment unit.
2230:Folkestone and Hythe
1845:Carl-Henric Svanberg
1764:BP Pedestrian Bridge
1241:. 13 September 1955.
1208:"Kent History Forum"
809:container terminal.
747:with crude from the
646:catalytic reformers.
145:improve this article
2590:Scheduled monuments
2276:(cities in italics)
2191:Unitary authorities
1281:on 23 February 2019
863:Grain Power Station
724:Acid recovery plant
325: /
243:
2027:Shell-Mex & BP
1951:Atlantic Richfield
1499:Britain From Above
1077:"BP Kent Refinery"
818:
803:Grain LNG Terminal
740:catalytic reformer
596:catalytic reformer
584:, in October 1953.
574:catalytic cracking
474:BP Refinery (Kent)
241:
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2274:Major settlements
2166:Ceremonial county
2124:
2123:
2078:D'Arcy Concession
1982:Deepwater Horizon
1880:Deepwater Horizon
1872:Deepwater Horizon
1769:BP Portrait Award
1569:Prudhoe Bay Trust
976:978-1-84725-043-8
892:British Petroleum
807:London Thamesport
775:Aviation kerosene
598:, in Spring 1955.
536:14 million bricks
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242:Kent Oil Refinery
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2610:Lord Lieutenants
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2016:National Benzole
1919:Historical units
1887:Invasion of Iran
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1384:. 1 August 1981.
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1304:. 19 March 1962.
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1274:. Archived from
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1237:"Gas from Oil".
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1172:BP Kent Refinery
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787:Lubricating oils
766:Liquefied butane
749:Argyll oil field
594:Stage 4 – No. 1
589:lubricating oils
576:unit, and the SO
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345:Refinery details
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2676:Economy of Kent
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162: –
161:
157:
156:Find sources:
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134:This article
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40:
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34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
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2485:West Malling
2455:Southborough
2405:Queenborough
2400:Paddock Wood
2292:
2181:
2070:
2066:BP Structure
2058:
2006:Helios House
2000:
1989:
1980:
1907:
1892:Iranian coup
1879:
1871:
1840:Doug Suttles
1825:Tony Hayward
1742:Sponsorships
1730:
1713:
1691:
1684:
1667:
1591:Subsidiaries
1473:. Retrieved
1464:
1445:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1403:. Retrieved
1390:
1381:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1332:
1323:
1319:
1301:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1276:the original
1247:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1190:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1134:. Retrieved
1129:
1101:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1056:. Retrieved
995:
991:
985:
966:
944:
921:
867:
860:
827:
824:
805:and some as
795:
769:Motor spirit
761:
753:
745:Theogennitor
744:
737:
733:
730:
632:
623:
615:
612:
608:
601:
567:distillation
560:
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497:Construction
486:
473:
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462:
460:
456:
436:
418:oil refinery
413:
410:
408:
366:Commissioned
334:51.45; 0.689
225:
207:
198:
188:
181:
174:
167:
155:
143:Please help
138:verification
135:
105:
96:
77:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
2288:Broadstairs
2183:Kent Portal
2021:Pure Planet
1805:John Browne
1800:Sylvia Baca
1582:BP Shipping
1170:BP (1961).
872:and B2001.
778:Burning oil
661:components.
332: /
307:Coordinates
91:introducing
2655:Categories
2500:Whitstable
2395:Northfleet
2390:New Romney
2345:Gillingham
2335:Folkestone
2325:Edenbridge
2294:Canterbury
2215:Canterbury
1721:Sullom Voe
1704:Oil fields
1661:Facilities
898:References
697:isopentane
580:plant for
554:Production
465:, part of
454:in 1954).
433:Background
317:51°27′00″N
201:April 2017
171:newspapers
99:April 2017
74:references
38:improve it
2630:Windmills
2625:Transport
2555:Geography
2504:See also:
2490:Westerham
2475:Tonbridge
2470:Tenterden
2440:Sheerness
2435:Sevenoaks
2420:Rochester
2375:Maidstone
2360:Herne Bay
2350:Gravesend
2330:Faversham
2305:Cranbrook
2245:Sevenoaks
2240:Maidstone
2235:Gravesham
1910:oil spill
1882:oil spill
1874:explosion
1715:Sea Quest
1709:Sangachal
1699:Northstar
1680:Kingsbury
1652:Thorntons
1559:BP Canada
1547:Divisions
1382:The Times
1326:(2): 159.
1320:Geography
1302:The Times
1239:The Times
1187:Geography
930:cite book
821:Structure
439:Sheerness
320:0°41′20″E
44:talk page
2450:Snodland
2430:Sandwich
2415:Ramsgate
2355:Hawkinge
2340:Fordwich
2310:Dartford
2220:Dartford
2106:Category
1961:BP Solar
1774:BP Top 8
1669:Atlantis
1603:BP Pulse
1576:(19.75%)
1574:Rosneft
1475:12 April
1429:11 April
1405:28 April
1365:11 April
1344:11 April
1285:12 April
1272:16817185
1213:11 April
1193:(2): 88.
1136:28 April
1082:11 April
1058:11 April
876:See also
839:railway.
784:Fuel oil
758:Products
582:kerosene
389:Capacity
358:Owner(s)
350:Operator
2635:Culture
2605:Museums
2600:Schools
2595:History
2465:Swanley
2410:Rainham
2385:Minster
2380:Margate
2300:Chatham
2283:Ashford
2210:Ashford
2116:Commons
1966:Britoil
1726:Sunbury
1693:Mad Dog
1608:Castrol
792:Closure
781:Gas oil
428:History
420:on the
416:was an
371: (
288:Country
185:scholar
87:improve
2620:People
2560:Places
2533:Topics
2518:Rivers
2480:Walmer
2460:Strood
2255:Thanet
2196:Medway
1971:Burmah
1788:People
1686:Iolair
1629:Brands
1620:Jio-bp
1554:Air BP
1452:
1270:
1132:. 1955
1109:
973:
801:plant
481:Fawley
187:
180:
173:
166:
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76:, but
2570:SSSIs
2365:Hythe
2320:Dover
2250:Swale
2225:Dover
2047:Other
2039:(49%)
2032:Sohio
2023:(24%)
1988:FPSO
1931:Amoco
1641:Amoco
1279:(PDF)
1268:S2CID
1256:(PDF)
1174:. BP.
666:The C
463:DUMBO
403:1,500
192:JSTOR
178:books
2540:Flag
2523:See:
2370:Lydd
2315:Deal
2172:Kent
2088:Opal
1996:Iraq
1946:Aral
1646:ARCO
1636:Ampm
1598:Aral
1477:2019
1450:ISBN
1431:2019
1407:2017
1367:2019
1346:2019
1287:2019
1215:2019
1138:2017
1107:ISBN
1084:2019
1060:2019
971:ISBN
936:link
870:A228
681:use.
602:The
478:Esso
472:The
409:The
384:1982
373:1953
369:1953
298:City
164:news
2169:of
1260:doi
1000:doi
398:No.
147:by
2657::
1540:BP
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292:UK
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