3314:
3307:
804:
128:
2109:
3293:
378:
2127:
3321:
2121:
3478:
3300:
2116:
3286:
110:
489:
to either the posterior or anterior nostril of non-tetrapods, that it had ‘budded off’ from one of these passages, or that it was an entirely novel form, unrelated to either of the other nostrils. The debate was further complicated by the fact that
466:
tetrapods one set of nostrils is found exteriorly, and another interiorly, in the roof of the palate. This arrangement means that the nasal passage leads from the outside of the body into the
431:
Further material from the skull was later found, and described in 2004. It was this material that established the presence of a transitional external nostril in the species’ skull.
357:
differed from other tetropodomorphs however is in the positioning of its posterior nostril. Whilst in other tetrapodomorphs this nostril is positioned in the roof of the mouth (the
485:
nasal passages, exactly how the transition between these two forms had taken place was a source of debate. Various suggestions had been put forward including that the choana was
417:
409:
501:
demonstrates that the vertebrate choana did in fact evolve by migration of the posterior external nostril around the jaw and up onto the roof of the mouth.
1426:
2018:
1773:
1551:
1839:
1766:
1752:
1436:
3543:
1987:
1825:
1456:
1366:
1316:
2376:
2038:
1685:
1600:
1558:
1946:
1759:
1608:
1572:
1486:
3589:
1446:
1286:
1714:
1386:
524:
that will become the premaxilla and the maxilla fail to join during development. This condition is similar to the situation found in
3599:
1661:
1516:
1089:
3530:
3594:
3609:
442:
is important to the study of the evolution of tetrapods due to the nature of its nostrils. Most non-tetrapod vertebrates (e.g.
3604:
1117:
3450:
330:
about 2 centimetres (0.79 in) long. While only areas of the front of the body are known, it seems likely that
847:
382:
494:, another group of sarcopterygian fish, also possess a choana with a different form to that of tetrapodomorphs.
3306:
289:
3313:
3440:
1082:
539:
has consistently been seen as one of the most basal tetrapodomorphs since its discovery. Below is a recent
127:
817:
312:
3292:
2115:
3584:
3481:
3320:
1075:
451:
3299:
2120:
308:, which provide vital evidence regarding the evolutionary transition of fish-like nostrils to the
3285:
3255:
3614:
3561:
3498:
3435:
3219:
2126:
1187:
3548:
3556:
505:
suggests that this migration took place on the route between the premaxilla and the maxilla.
1276:
1025:
966:
513:
2108:
8:
3455:
2635:
809:
1029:
970:
3377:
2851:
2503:
1939:
1699:
1048:
1013:
941:
702:
630:
486:
122:
334:
would have been similar in general body form to other basal sarcopterygians, with two
3383:
2962:
2622:
2353:
1816:
1785:
1639:
1053:
994:
875:
Chang, M. and Zhu, M. (1993) A new Middle
Devonian osteolepidid from Qujing, Yunnan.
655:
642:
3389:
2646:
1043:
1033:
984:
974:
937:
914:
521:
1067:
3399:
3367:
3091:
2983:
2820:
2595:
2570:
2543:
2369:
1971:
1960:
1953:
1801:
1707:
1692:
1676:
1249:
1236:
1199:
1098:
1038:
953:
Lu, J.; Zhu, M.; Long, J. A.; Zhao, W.; Senden, T. J.; Jia, L.; Qiao, T. (2012).
827:
718:
678:
550:
405:
286:
265:
198:
906:
Zhu, M. and
Ahlberg, P. (2004) The origin of the internal nostril of tetrapods.
3521:
3445:
3419:
3414:
3372:
3362:
3237:
3208:
3132:
3100:
3077:
3056:
3035:
2999:
2976:
2955:
2928:
2887:
2813:
2806:
2684:
2604:
1924:
1874:
1653:
1396:
1336:
443:
100:
3578:
3202:
3178:
3171:
3114:
3107:
3049:
3021:
2790:
2779:
2766:
2752:
2738:
2655:
2611:
2473:
2433:
2258:
2197:
2008:
1881:
1832:
1623:
1172:
1147:
822:
608:
586:
254:
172:
64:
3409:
3404:
3353:
3348:
3225:
3142:
3070:
3028:
2799:
2745:
2584:
2493:
2423:
2362:
2238:
2217:
2207:
2187:
2144:
2059:
1932:
1744:
1729:
1530:
1500:
1406:
1326:
1138:
1057:
998:
929:
Panchen, A. L. The nostrils of choanate fishes and early tetrapods. (1967)
447:
377:
347:
343:
339:
335:
224:
3042:
2866:
2722:
2708:
2662:
2453:
2413:
1909:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1722:
1646:
1632:
1586:
1579:
1544:
1509:
1356:
1296:
1156:
459:
185:
39:
918:
3535:
3164:
3013:
3006:
2946:
2898:
2523:
2443:
2329:
2299:
2268:
2248:
2228:
2028:
1917:
1902:
1846:
1593:
1416:
1266:
979:
954:
508:
This evolutionary transition appears to have left its mark on tetrapod
463:
397:
362:
84:
49:
989:
450:, and both sets of which are external. These nostrils play no part in
3394:
3157:
3149:
3063:
2839:
2731:
2693:
2577:
2557:
2533:
2513:
2319:
2288:
2278:
2150:
2065:
2048:
1998:
1895:
1736:
1476:
1306:
540:
455:
297:
283:
139:
89:
33:
3492:
3515:
3193:
2991:
2914:
2907:
2879:
2701:
2394:
2309:
2168:
1565:
1523:
1466:
1129:
1014:"A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America"
955:"The earliest known stem-tetrapod from the Lower Devonian of China"
509:
491:
424:. The fossils date from the early Devonian, specifically from the
401:
309:
301:
258:
159:
79:
74:
59:
54:
44:
396:
was first described in 1993, and consists of various parts of the
3261:
2969:
2921:
2483:
2463:
1888:
1376:
471:
421:
366:
305:
269:
94:
69:
2339:
1537:
1123:
425:
413:
389:
358:
149:
517:
467:
446:) possess two sets of nostrils, one set at either end of the
327:
293:
273:
262:
109:
361:), in Kenichthys it is found at the jaw margin, between the
475:
418:
Institute of
Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology
2143:
296:
in 1993. The genus is important to the study of the
3125:
3088:
2943:
2863:
2835:
2763:
2719:
2681:
2554:
2539:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2350:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2044:
2034:
2024:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1983:
1813:
1797:
1673:
1620:
1497:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1442:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1262:
799:
231:
1097:
408:. They were found in Southwestern China, in the
3576:
474:, and allow tetrapods to breathe through their
1247:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
1083:
952:
1171:
871:
869:
867:
470:. The ‘inner set’ of nostrils are known as
434:
292:), the first remains of which were found in
885:
1090:
1076:
108:
1047:
1037:
988:
978:
864:
923:
376:
497:The character state of the nostrils of
3577:
1011:
3497:
3496:
3336:
2142:
1234:
1116:
1071:
428:period, about 395 million years ago.
3590:Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera
1235:
1005:
946:
326:was a small tetrapodomorph, with a
13:
3337:
942:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1967.tb01478.x
877:Mem. Assoc. Australas. Palaeontol.
14:
3626:
3600:Devonian sarcopterygians of Asia
3477:
3476:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2107:
802:
520:(and other tetrapods) where the
304:due to the unique nature of its
126:
37:
16:Extinct genus of tetrapodomorphs
383:Paleozoological Museum of China
3595:Early Devonian sarcopterygians
840:
531:
318:
1:
3610:Fossil taxa described in 1993
3441:Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
833:
3605:Prehistoric animals of China
1039:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683
543:modified from Swartz, 2012:
481:Prior to the description of
416:, and are now housed in the
261:period, and a member of the
7:
795:
10:
3631:
381:Holotype (IVPP V10493.1),
372:
353:An important way in which
3505:
3472:
3428:
3347:
3343:
3332:
3282:
3236:
3201:
3188:
3124:
3087:
2942:
2897:
2874:
2862:
2834:
2789:
2774:
2762:
2718:
2680:
2645:
2630:
2621:
2594:
2565:
2553:
2405:
2390:
2349:
2179:
2167:
2163:
2138:
2104:
2058:
1979:
1970:
1812:
1793:
1784:
1672:
1619:
1496:
1258:
1243:
1230:
1198:
1180:
1167:
1112:
716:
699:
692:
675:
668:
653:
646:
628:
621:
606:
599:
584:
577:
562:
555:
435:Evolutionary significance
230:
223:
123:Scientific classification
121:
116:
107:
23:
458:role. However, in all
3436:Evolution of tetrapods
385:
3557:Paleobiology Database
959:Nature Communications
454:, instead serving an
380:
117:Kenichthys campbelli
279:Kenichthys campbelli
236:Kenichthys campbelli
3456:Zachelmie trackways
2636:Pseudophlegethontia
1030:2012PLoSO...733683S
1012:Swartz, B. (2012).
971:2012NatCo...3.1160L
919:10.1038/nature02843
810:Paleontology portal
462:tetrapods and many
410:Chuandong Formation
241:Chang and Zhu, 1993
218:Chang and Zhu, 1993
3378:Megalichthyiformes
1940:Platycephalichthys
980:10.1038/ncomms2170
703:Platycephalichthys
631:Megalichthyiformes
386:
268:. The only known
3572:
3571:
3499:Taxon identifiers
3490:
3489:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3384:Tristichopteridae
3328:
3327:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
2938:
2937:
2830:
2829:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2623:Phlegethontioidea
2386:
2385:
2354:Elginerpetontidae
2134:
2133:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2019:Parapanderichthys
1817:Tristichopteridae
1786:Eotetrapodiformes
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
792:
791:
783:
782:
774:
773:
765:
764:
756:
755:
747:
746:
738:
737:
729:
728:
656:Tristichopteridae
643:Eotetrapodiformes
246:
245:
219:
3622:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3551:
3539:
3538:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3494:
3493:
3480:
3479:
3390:Labyrinthodontia
3345:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3245:
3241:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3130:
3127:
3090:
2945:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2837:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2721:
2683:
2647:Phlegethontiidae
2628:
2627:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2352:
2337:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2286:
2276:
2266:
2256:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2073:
2064:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1815:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1675:
1622:
1499:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1231:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1099:Tetrapodomorpha
1092:
1085:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1009:
1003:
1002:
992:
982:
950:
944:
927:
921:
904:
883:
873:
862:
861:
859:
858:
844:
812:
807:
806:
805:
695:
694:
671:
670:
649:
648:
624:
623:
602:
601:
580:
579:
558:
557:
547:
546:
444:actinopterygians
233:
217:
210:
131:
130:
112:
99:
36:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3585:Tetrapodomorphs
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3560:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3534:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3460:
3424:
3400:Ichthyostegalia
3368:Osteolepiformes
3352:
3339:
3324:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3268:
3243:
3239:
3238:Reptiliomorpha
3232:
3205:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3128:
3120:
3092:Gephyrostegidae
3083:
2984:Carbonoherpeton
2934:
2893:
2858:
2826:
2821:Palaeomolgophis
2785:
2758:
2714:
2668:
2641:
2617:
2596:Oestocephalidae
2590:
2571:Andersonerpeton
2549:
2544:Tantallognathus
2397:
2391:
2382:
2370:Obruchevichthys
2345:
2171:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2130:
2106:
2086:
2068:
2062:
2054:
1972:Elpistostegalia
1966:
1961:Tristichopterus
1808:
1802:Palaeospondylus
1780:
1774:Sterropterygion
1708:Ectosteorhachis
1693:Cladarosymblema
1677:Megalichthyidae
1668:
1615:
1552:Propycnoctenion
1492:
1252:
1250:Tetrapodomorpha
1239:
1237:Tetrapodomorpha
1214:
1200:Tetrapodomorpha
1194:
1163:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1066:
1065:
1010:
1006:
951:
947:
928:
924:
905:
886:
874:
865:
856:
854:
846:
845:
841:
836:
828:Tetrapodomorphs
823:Sarcopterygians
808:
803:
801:
798:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
719:Elpistostegalia
551:Tetrapodomorpha
534:
437:
414:Yunnan province
406:pectoral girdle
375:
321:
287:palaeontologist
282:(named for the
266:Tetrapodomorpha
242:
239:
216:
208:
199:Tetrapodomorpha
125:
103:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3553:
3540:
3527:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3420:Anthracosauria
3417:
3415:Phyllospondyli
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3373:Osteolepididae
3370:
3365:
3363:Stem tetrapoda
3359:
3357:
3341:
3340:
3338:Related topics
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3256:Reptiliomorpha
3249:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3209:Batrachomorpha
3196:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3101:Bruktererpeton
3096:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3078:Spondylerpeton
3074:
3067:
3060:
3057:Proterogyrinus
3053:
3046:
3039:
3036:Palaeoherpeton
3032:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3003:
3000:Diplovertebron
2996:
2987:
2980:
2977:Calligenethlon
2973:
2966:
2959:
2956:Anthracosaurus
2951:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2929:Megalocephalus
2925:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2888:Spathicephalus
2884:
2875:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2814:Dolichopareias
2810:
2807:Adelospondylus
2803:
2795:
2793:
2791:Adelogyrinidae
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2775:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2685:Whatcheeriidae
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2605:Coloraderpeton
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2406:
2400:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2282:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2180:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2032:
2022:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1925:Marsdenichthys
1921:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1875:Eusthenopteron
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1840:Callistipterus
1836:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1767:Sengoerichthys
1763:
1756:
1753:Palatinichthys
1749:
1741:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1654:Marsdenichthys
1650:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1470:
1460:
1450:
1440:
1437:Platyethmoidia
1430:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1397:Megadonichthys
1390:
1380:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1337:Harajicadectes
1330:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1290:
1280:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1110:
1109:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1004:
945:
922:
884:
863:
852:paleobiodb.org
838:
837:
835:
832:
831:
830:
825:
820:
814:
813:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
785:
781:
780:
777:
776:
772:
771:
768:
767:
763:
762:
759:
758:
754:
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:
741:
740:
736:
735:
732:
731:
727:
726:
723:
722:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
698:
693:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
674:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
652:
647:
645:
639:
638:
635:
634:
627:
622:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
605:
600:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
583:
578:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
561:
556:
554:
545:
533:
530:
436:
433:
374:
371:
320:
317:
257:fish from the
255:sarcopterygian
253:is a genus of
244:
243:
240:
228:
227:
221:
220:
206:
202:
201:
196:
189:
188:
183:
176:
175:
170:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
119:
118:
114:
113:
105:
104:
101:Early Devonian
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3627:
3616:
3615:Emsian genera
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3220:Temnospondyli
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:Temnospondyli
3200:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3179:Termonerpeton
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:Silvanerpeton
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:anthracosaurs
3123:
3117:
3116:
3115:Gephyrostegus
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:Eusauropleura
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3050:Pholiderpeton
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3022:Leptophractus
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2780:Acherontiscus
2777:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Adelospondyli
2761:
2755:
2754:
2753:Pholidogaster
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:Deltaherpeton
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2656:Phlegethontia
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2612:Oestocephalus
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2474:Ichthyerpeton
2468:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:Crassigyrinus
2428:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:Metaxygnathus
2253:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:Brittagnathus
2192:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:Panderichthys
2003:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:Howittichthys
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1882:Heddleichthys
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1833:Cabonnichthys
1830:
1828:
1827:
1826:Bruehnopteron
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1624:Canowindridae
1618:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:Thaumatolepis
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1367:Lamprotolepis
1361:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1317:Greiserolepis
1311:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1188:Gnathostomata
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Gnathostomata
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1148:Sarcopterygii
1145:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:Pan-Tetrapoda
1093:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:(3): e33683.
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
943:
939:
935:
932:
926:
920:
916:
912:
909:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
881:
878:
872:
870:
868:
853:
849:
843:
839:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
811:
800:
788:
787:
779:
778:
770:
769:
761:
760:
752:
751:
743:
742:
734:
733:
725:
724:
721:
720:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
704:
697:
696:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
680:
673:
672:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
651:
650:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
626:
625:
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
609:Canowindridae
604:
603:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
587:Rhizodontidae
582:
581:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
560:
559:
552:
549:
548:
544:
542:
538:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
432:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:The original
384:
379:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
316:
314:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
238:
237:
229:
226:
222:
215:
214:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:Sarcopterygii
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
129:
124:
120:
115:
111:
106:
102:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
35:
32:393–382
26:
22:
19:
3506:
3429:Other topics
3410:Holospondyli
3405:Lepospondyli
3354:Polyphyletic
3349:Paraphyletic
3289:
3226:Lissamphibia
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3148:
3143:Caerorhachis
3141:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3076:
3071:Seroherpeton
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3029:Neopteroplax
3027:
3020:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2886:
2878:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2800:Adelogyrinus
2798:
2778:
2751:
2746:Greererpeton
2744:
2737:
2730:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2661:
2654:
2634:
2610:
2603:
2585:Ophiderpeton
2583:
2576:
2569:
2542:
2532:
2522:
2512:
2502:
2494:Mesanerpeton
2492:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2424:Aytonerpeton
2422:
2412:
2377:Webererpeton
2375:
2368:
2363:Elginerpeton
2361:
2338:
2328:
2318:
2308:
2298:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2239:Ichthyostega
2237:
2227:
2218:Elpistostege
2216:
2208:Densignathus
2206:
2196:
2188:Acanthostega
2186:
2154:
2145:Stegocephali
2113:
2069:
2060:Stegocephali
2047:
2039:Rubrognathus
2037:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1986:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1933:Notorhizodon
1931:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1800:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1745:Megistolepis
1743:
1735:
1730:Megalichthys
1728:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1691:
1686:Askerichthys
1684:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1607:
1601:Thysanolepis
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1559:Pycnoctenion
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1531:Gooloogongia
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:Rhizodontida
1485:
1475:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1407:Muranjilepis
1405:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1327:Gyroptychius
1325:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1152:
1143:
1139:Osteichthyes
1134:
1021:
1017:
1007:
962:
958:
948:
933:
930:
925:
910:
907:
879:
876:
855:. Retrieved
851:
848:"Kenichthys"
842:
717:
701:
700:
677:
676:
654:
629:
607:
585:
564:
563:
536:
535:
525:
516:may form in
514:cleft palate
507:
502:
498:
496:
482:
480:
448:nasal cavity
439:
438:
430:
393:
392:material of
387:
354:
352:
331:
323:
322:
290:Ken Campbell
278:
277:
249:
248:
247:
235:
234:
225:Type species
212:
211:
192:
179:
166:
24:
18:
3446:Romer's gap
3242:Pan-Amniota
3190:Crown group
3043:Papposaurus
2867:Baphetoidea
2723:Colosteidae
2709:Whatcheeria
2663:Sillerpeton
2454:Doragnathus
2414:Antlerpeton
1947:Spodichthys
1910:Litoptychus
1868:Eusthenodon
1861:Edenopteron
1854:Devonosteus
1760:Rhizodopsis
1723:Mahalalepis
1700:Cryptolepis
1647:Koharalepis
1633:Beelarongia
1609:Vorobjevaia
1587:Screbinodus
1580:Sauripterus
1573:Rossichthys
1545:Letognathus
1510:Archichthys
1487:Viluichthys
1357:Litoptychus
1297:Glyptopomus
1277:Chrysolepis
1157:Rhipidistia
965:(1): 1160.
532:Systematics
510:development
483:Kenichthys’
460:crown group
452:respiration
344:pelvic fins
336:dorsal fins
319:Description
186:Rhipidistia
3579:Categories
3507:Kenichthys
3165:Eoherpeton
3014:Eoherpeton
3007:Eobaphetes
2947:Embolomeri
2899:Baphetidae
2524:Perittodus
2444:Diploradus
2330:Ventastega
2300:Tulerpeton
2269:Parmastega
2249:Jakubsonia
2229:Hynerpeton
2155:sensu lato
2081:see below↓
2070:sensu lato
2029:Qikiqtania
1918:Mandageria
1903:Langlieria
1847:Canningius
1640:Canowindra
1594:Strepsodus
1447:Shirolepis
1417:Osteolepis
1347:Kenichthys
1287:Geptolepis
1267:Bogdanovia
1209:see below↓
990:1885/69314
931:Biol. Rev.
857:2021-09-26
834:References
565:Kenichthys
537:Kenichthys
526:Kenichthys
503:Kenichthys
499:Kenichthys
492:lungfishes
487:homologous
440:Kenichthys
398:skull roof
394:Kenichthys
363:premaxilla
355:Kenichthys
332:Kenichthys
324:Kenichthys
284:Australian
250:Kenichthys
213:Kenichthys
25:Kenichthys
3395:Rachitomi
3260:includes
3224:includes
3194:Tetrapoda
3158:Eldeceeon
3150:Casineria
3064:Pteroplax
2852:Nectridea
2840:Nectridea
2732:Colosteus
2694:Ossinodus
2578:Lethiscus
2558:Aistopoda
2534:Sigournea
2514:Ossirarus
2320:Umzantsia
2289:Tiktaalik
2279:Sinostega
2151:Tetrapoda
2066:Tetrapoda
2049:Tiktaalik
1999:Livoniana
1896:Jarvikina
1737:Megapomus
1477:Tungsenia
1427:Peregrina
1307:Gogonasus
1122:Kingdom:
541:cladogram
456:olfactory
402:lower jaw
338:, paired
302:tetrapods
298:evolution
146:Kingdom:
140:Eukaryota
3522:Q3814561
3516:Wikidata
3482:Category
3451:Timeline
2992:Cricotus
2963:Archeria
2915:Kyrinion
2908:Baphetes
2880:Eucritta
2702:Pederpes
2504:Occidens
2395:Devonian
2310:Tutusius
2169:Devonian
1715:Lohsania
1566:Rhizodus
1524:Barameda
1467:Thursius
1387:Medoevia
1130:Chordata
1128:Phylum:
1124:Animalia
1058:22448265
1018:PLOS ONE
999:23093197
936:374–420
796:See also
348:anal fin
340:pectoral
310:tetrapod
306:nostrils
259:Devonian
160:Chordata
156:Phylum:
150:Animalia
136:Domain:
3549:1016404
3536:4838231
3262:Amniota
2970:Aversor
2922:Loxomma
2484:Koilops
2464:Gaiasia
1954:Tinirau
1889:Hyneria
1662:Owensia
1517:Aztecia
1377:Latvius
1049:3308997
1026:Bibcode
967:Bibcode
882:183-198
679:Tinirau
553:
522:tissues
472:choanae
422:Beijing
373:Fossils
367:maxilla
346:and an
313:choanae
272:of the
270:species
205:Genus:
3356:groups
2340:Ymeria
1538:Hongyu
1056:
1046:
997:
913:94-97
908:Nature
818:Choana
518:humans
426:Emsian
390:fossil
359:palate
3562:91485
3544:IRMNG
3129:Other
2392:Post-
1153:Clade
1144:Clade
1135:Clade
512:. A
468:mouth
328:skull
294:China
274:genus
263:clade
193:Clade
180:Clade
167:Clade
3531:GBIF
3254:see
3218:see
2850:see
2398:taxa
2172:taxa
1186:see
1054:PMID
995:PMID
476:nose
464:stem
404:and
365:and
342:and
40:PreꞒ
1044:PMC
1034:doi
985:hdl
975:doi
938:doi
915:doi
911:432
412:in
300:of
276:is
3581::
3559::
3546::
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3518::
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1137::
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1042:.
1032:.
1020:.
1016:.
993:.
983:.
973:.
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957:.
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887:^
880:15
866:^
850:.
528:.
478:.
420:,
400:,
369:.
350:.
315:.
195::
182::
169::
90:Pg
34:Ma
3386:?
3380:?
3351:/
3244:)
3240:(
3206:(
3153:?
3135:"
3131:"
3126:†
3089:†
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2995:"
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2836:†
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2720:†
2697:?
2682:†
2555:†
2540:†
2530:†
2520:†
2510:†
2500:†
2490:†
2480:†
2470:†
2460:†
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2410:†
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2336:†
2326:†
2316:†
2306:†
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2225:†
2221:?
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2148:(
2072:)
2063:(
2045:†
2035:†
2025:†
2015:†
2005:†
1995:†
1991:?
1984:†
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1814:†
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1718:?
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1674:†
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1657:?
1621:†
1612:?
1604:?
1498:†
1483:†
1473:†
1463:†
1453:†
1443:†
1433:†
1423:†
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1393:†
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1343:†
1333:†
1323:†
1313:†
1303:†
1293:†
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1273:†
1263:†
1105:)
1101:(
1091:e
1084:t
1077:v
1060:.
1036::
1028::
1022:7
1001:.
987::
977::
969::
963:3
940::
917::
860:.
232:†
209:†
95:N
85:K
80:J
75:T
70:P
65:C
60:D
55:S
50:O
45:Ꞓ
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