678:), who claimed their position on the basis of their origin and ritual knowledge. They were the guardians of sacred history and traditions. Only the king surpasses them in holiness. He also retains the largest share of holy objects, which were handed down from their founding fathers. But the authority of the priests is limited to the rituals. However, it was possible that a person have both secular power, for example, as a village chief, and at the same time a priest. The king of Atsabe had both authorities. In addition, the king's house secured his position of power though strategical marriage policy, the exchange of women and material goods, and the formation of an army to fight in regional feuds and head hunting.
374:
594:
695:
325:
77:
2565:
95:
31:
337:
761:, receive an independent ritual. The ritual is usually performed before the beginning of the planting season (August to September), since it is combined with the request to the ancestors for a rich harvest. According to traditional belief, the second rite have not been performed yet for the soul of the deceased and it is said to remain near his house and village (
625:(1975–1999) as a demarcation to the majority Muslim invaders. The church offered protection, criticized the brutal behavior of the occupiers, and was a means of peaceful protest. The veneration of the Virgin Mary, especially in small towns, is particularly marked by numerous religious ceremonies in churches and
730:). It is one of the occasions when the living ones come into contact with their ancestors, which also leads to the renewal and restructuring of the social connections between the living and the dead as well as between the alliance partners, whom are connected by marriage. The house of the "bride-donors" (
497:
Since the
Portuguese education system was reserved for the ruling class, they were also able to secure the leading positions in the colonial administration. The same was true later during the Indonesian occupation, the boundaries of collaboration and apparent cooperation for the protection of its own
485:
The acceptance of Kemak people for the established
Catholicism was closely related to their understanding of the personified holiness. This imported concept of holiness is seen as a stronger expansion of the local's existing traditional Luli. The Catholic priests were given land to build chapels and
452:
According to the oral traditions of the Atsabe Kemaks people, they came relatively late under the colonial
Portuguese rule. One reason could have been the far-reaching dispersal of the inhabitants and the impassibility of the mountainous landscape. Only in the 19th century did the Portuguese-Angolan
682:
depends on the degree of kinship. Simple guests are allowed only in the lowest level of the house, friends at least in the second level, married relatives in the third, relatives from neighbouring villages in the fourth and partly in the fifth, those married in the village in the sixth and only the
481:
The
Portuguese were first regarded as another people with their own ruler. After the resistance to them had failed, the Kemak people accepted the leaders of the Portuguese as part of their higher hierarchy that provided them with a larger army, holy men, the Catholic priests and with a larger Lulic
681:
The sacred houses are built together by all men who belong to a tribe line. They meet on a weekend, once a month, for eleven months. At the end of the monthly work is always a small ritual feast celebrated. The sacred houses consist of seven levels, each with four steps. Restriction to the access
769:
takes place, the more shall the lonely soul long for his society, and therefore will call for the souls of the living to him. An accumulation of deaths within a house is regarded as a sign of such a case. Nevertheless, the ritual is usually carried out only years after the first phase, since the
549:
rose up against the
Portuguese colonial masters. Governor Francisco Teixeira da Silva defeated the opposition in an unequal fight. In the decisive battle, which lasted for 48 hours, the rebels had to defend themselves against a superior fire power. Fifteen villages were taken and burnt down. The
473:
rulers were particularly prone to rebel against the colonial leaders and their presence in the island. Two of Dom Tomás' grandchildren, Nai Resi and Nai Sama later fought for power. While Nai Resi turned against the
Portuguese colonialists, Nai Sama supported the Portuguese. Nai Sama was finally
790:(the origin of spring and trees). The ancestors are conjured up by a song, through the sacrifices of animals, to transfer the souls of the dead to the ancestors. At the end the bones of the dead are again buried. The conclusion is now a Christian Mass, the only reference to the new faith.
648:) places. One of them is Mount Dar Lau, which is the mythical place of origin of the Atsabe Kemak people. According to legend, heaven and earth were once connected at this point. Christian priests that kept animistic practices, are revered as holy men with spiritual powers (
770:
house of the dead must first afford the economic means for such expensive ritual. It is particularly complicated by the concept of the Second Burial. The bones of the deceased are excavated, cleaned and re-buried, while the soul of the dead are guided through ritual songs (
244:. Most of them are adherents of traditional beliefs, while part of them profess the Catholic faith. Territorial community is headed by a leader, divided into genera. There are three levels of conjunctions. The "private" type of group corresponds to the level of
572:
Between 1894 and 1897, several empires rebelled in the west of the
Portuguese colony. In the Portuguese punitive action, several Kemak empires such as Sanirin, Cotubaba and Deribate were practically wiped out. Thousands of residents fled to
782:'s highest mountain. The songs can take up to 14 hours. During the ritual, water buffaloes are once again presented as animal sacrifices. The severed sexual organs of all sacrificial animals are brought deep into the sacred jungle (
734:) and those of the "bride-receptors" play central roles in the burial ceremonies, as in other major events. Before all members of the family have arrived, the ritual cannot be started. The blood of the sacrificial animals that the
493:
in 1912 until 1943. During the
Japanese occupation of Timor, he and the population of Atsabe made passive resistance. Therefore, Siprianu along with six of his relatives were taken hostage by the Japanese and later executed.
952:
686:(meaning "Lord of the Holy") up to the seventh level. He is the guardian of the house and the sacred objects, which are kept here. At the inauguration of the house, a buffalo is sacrificed and a great feast is celebrated.
482:(ritual practitioner). The flag of the Portuguese and even its flagpole were viewed as sacred objects. The colonial rulers, confirmed as administrators of Portugal, were again legitimized by handing over of the flag.
652:). Such spiritual powers are passed on through a blessing. In doing so, these spiritual forces are not only derived from the office, but rather men who are credited with spiritual forces to join the priesthood.
550:
number of victims among the
Timorese is not known, while the Portuguese counted their own losses with two dead and eight wounded. The territory of Lermeans was divided into the neighboring kingdoms.
632:
Nevertheless, the
Christian rites still bear traces of the animistic, traditional religion. Components of the ancient religion are ancestral cult, reliquary worship and the concept of sacred (
1008:
959:
486:
were allowed to do mission work. But the success of conversion was not much because of the friendless but rather so that one's own spiritual powers can be increased.
433:
with its capital, Laran were established. Laran was at the same time the spiritual center of the entire island. In addition to Tetum Dili and Kemak people, the
1606:
1596:
1576:
1487:
1323:
757:, is the most cost-intensive ritual of the Kemak culture. This is usually performed jointly for several deceased. Only a high status dead person, such as a
753:, consists of sacrifice of at least five water buffaloes and several goats and pigs. The dead person is then buried in a Christian grave. The second phase,
1591:
1401:
1029:
742:) is an absolute requirement. In addition, there are also the attendance of the entire sides of the family, such as those of the older and younger houses (
1482:
2129:
1999:
655:
There are slight variations in the ceremonies between the different groups of Kemak communities, such as the Atsabe Kemak and the Marobo Kemak people.
2194:
2174:
1642:
2189:
2044:
1452:
2054:
1442:
738:
have donated is used to brush ritual objects and the grave. In times of polygamy, the attendance of second wives and their participation (
1316:
1296:
1247:
1394:
1165:
421:. The small Kemak empire of Marobo had a peripheral location, which is why the Kemak people there were mixed with the neighboring
674:. The latter could either be both in a person himself as well as in sacred objects. The same applies to the traditional priests (
506:
1045:"'Died in the Service of Portugal': Legitimacy of Authority and Dynamics of Group Identity among the Atsabe Kemak in East Timor"
2475:
1269:
1230:
992:
2586:
1309:
2591:
1387:
622:
525:
and went into Portuguese exile. After the East Timorese people had spoken in a 1999 referendum for an independence from
1205:
1139:
1109:
1128:
Land and Life in Timor-Leste: Ethnographic Essays (Darlau: Origins and their significance for Atsabe Kemak identity)
2519:
1126:
533:(meaning "rulers"). The reason was due to the suspect that the former ruler supported the independence movement.
454:
429:
was part of a complex alliance system through rituals, marriage and trade, though which the Tetun Dili people of
398:
670:), the traditional kingship, had their authority derived from their origins in their founding fathers and their
566:
562:
554:
658:
Society is characterized by a hierarchical division according to the families, the "houses". The house of the
445:
were also part of this alliance system. Together with the east of the island, the Portuguese called this area
1353:
876:
Andrew Toth (January 1980). "The Negrito of Malacca ; Timor: Chants des Éma by Brigitte Clamagirand".
1332:
828:
475:
256:
community, which encompasses 7 villages containing mainly 3 houses, and united by a common ritual cycle.
1410:
618:
252:
groups of older and younger brothers who share a common ancestor. The "collective" type refers to the
585:. More followed in the years between 1900 and 1912. Investigations assume at least 12,000 refugees.
1477:
253:
2539:
1514:
2544:
2492:
2455:
1804:
953:"Population and Housing Census 2010: Population Distribution by Administrative Area Volume 2"
438:
363:
181:
1223:
Divided Loyalties: Displacement, belonging and citizenship among East Timorese in West Timor
958:. National Statistics Directorate & United Nations Population Fund. 2010. Archived from
2529:
2219:
8:
2465:
2438:
1819:
347:
202:
136:
124:
2497:
1994:
1879:
1630:
1625:
1472:
1172:
1082:
1074:
934:
893:
301:
289:
226:
1009:"Statistical Office of East Timor, results of the 2010 census of the individual Sucos"
569:
Sanirin were officially Balibo Subdistrict tributary under Batugade military command.
2524:
2507:
2274:
2014:
1922:
1913:
1729:
1712:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1586:
1571:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1226:
1201:
1135:
1105:
1086:
1023:
988:
578:
277:
218:
1273:
565:
Batugade was made to serve as a center for military operations. The Kemak people of
2570:
2534:
2450:
2286:
2269:
2049:
2029:
2024:
2019:
1814:
1794:
1787:
1744:
1734:
1647:
1437:
1064:
1056:
924:
885:
617:, the Kemak people today are largely adherents of the Catholic faith. Thus, in the
498:
people were obvious. The East Timorese resistance also found partial support here.
414:
1954:
852:
593:
457:
Dom Tomás Pinto opposed the invaders. But Dom Tomás was defeated and had to go to
2470:
2361:
2296:
2249:
2244:
2009:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1932:
1891:
1874:
1869:
1833:
1717:
1685:
1657:
1613:
1494:
826:
582:
542:
517:. During the Indonesian occupation, Dom Guilherme was the Governor of Indonesian
505:, Dom Guilherme Maria Gonçalves became a co-founder of the pro-Indonesian party,
446:
285:
1044:
541:
In the spring of 1867, the Kemak people from Lermean (today the municipality of
373:
2480:
2415:
2388:
2373:
2336:
2321:
2139:
2064:
1908:
1777:
1662:
1556:
1541:
1509:
856:
663:
641:
633:
602:
343:
313:
237:
132:
120:
1301:
1171:. ISEG Lisbon School of Economics & Management. p. 86. Archived from
1060:
2580:
2443:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2395:
2366:
2279:
2259:
2199:
2184:
2149:
2134:
2069:
2039:
1979:
1896:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1809:
1764:
1722:
1680:
1652:
1566:
1524:
1379:
1363:
405:
until the colonial period. The Kemak areas includes the north of present-day
185:
160:
2356:
2351:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2254:
2179:
2164:
2119:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2059:
2004:
1927:
1886:
1857:
1799:
1769:
1739:
1700:
1551:
1462:
1447:
1368:
1348:
1011:. Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance. Archived from the original on 2012-01-23
529:, pro-Indonesian militias attacked family members and allies of the former
434:
422:
297:
148:
128:
806:
694:
489:
Nai Resi's son, Dom Cipriano Gonçalves (Dom Siprianu) became the ruler of
474:
executed by his own men, while Nai Resi was captured by the Portuguese in
330:
Major language groups in East Timor, according to the October 2010 census.
2514:
2405:
2383:
2306:
2229:
2209:
2204:
2169:
2159:
2144:
2124:
2114:
2089:
2034:
1939:
1845:
1637:
1601:
1581:
1546:
1499:
1467:
1457:
1420:
829:"Mapping the mother tongue in Timor-Leste: Who spoke what where in 2010?"
518:
189:
164:
152:
1078:
621:
almost all inhabitants are Catholics. It spread particularly during the
324:
2502:
2485:
2154:
2081:
1949:
1944:
1782:
1561:
1069:
938:
779:
775:
614:
574:
510:
402:
401:) of Atsabe Kemak, which dominated the entire Kemak inhabited areas in
309:
293:
248:
or house. It does not only mean housing, but its category includes the
222:
104:
82:
40:
897:
2460:
2344:
1903:
746:), which are connected by marriage and the friendly and allied ones.
526:
522:
514:
305:
249:
230:
168:
156:
100:
929:
912:
377:
A typical traditional clothing called "tais" as seen in a market in
30:
2378:
2239:
1966:
1618:
889:
406:
240:. They are one of the smallest of the 14 Austronesian subgroups in
461:
to flee to West Timor. Portuguese sources mentioned the region of
1828:
1429:
546:
458:
273:
269:
1756:
626:
606:
502:
490:
470:
466:
462:
430:
426:
418:
410:
386:
378:
281:
265:
236:
They are close to the Tetum people. The Kemak people speak the
213:) people are an ethnic group numbering 80,000 in north-central
36:
2549:
2234:
1504:
1343:
442:
390:
241:
214:
65:
2291:
1672:
982:
913:"An Ema Community of Timor. by Brigitte Renard-Clamagirand"
749:
For the Atsabe Kemak people the first phase of burial, the
706:(sacred) house and also to receive guests, circa 1968–1970.
316:
as their mother tongue. In 1970, there were 45,084 people.
827:
Catharina Williams-van Klinken & Rob Williams (2015).
726:. The burial ceremonies are referred to as black rituals (
336:
774:) of the priest to the village of the ancestors on the
1297:
Reaffirming the Kemak culture of Marobo: Then and now
786:) at the end of the ceremony and placed there before
2560:
910:
521:
from 1978 to 1982. Later, he distanced himself from
1248:"Rituals, Sacrifice & Symbolism in Timor-Leste"
509:(APODETI) in 1974, which called for the support of
553:In 1868, the Portuguese sent a military force to
2578:
1267:
1195:
1163:
1124:
1099:
1042:
1028:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
588:
1331:
1220:
217:island. They primarily live in the district of
1409:
1272:. Northern Illinois University. Archived from
1245:
1134:. Australian National University. p. 99.
702:, for meeting the families that are part of a
1395:
1317:
561:(ruler) refused to pay taxes, and a fort in
469:only in the middle of the 19th century. The
453:troops had first invaded the area. The then
350:(Timor-Leste), according to the 2010 census.
264:For the most part, the Kemak people live in
1270:"Religion: Catholicism and ancestral cults"
875:
710:The burial ceremonies of the Kemak people (
1402:
1388:
1324:
1310:
536:
501:The son of Siprianu and the last ruler of
1200:. Macau: Livros do Oriente. p. 166.
1104:. Macau: Livros do Oriente. p. 284.
1068:
928:
368:
288:, 18,500 Kemaks), but also partly in the
1159:
1157:
714:) are divided into three phases, namely
693:
592:
372:
507:Timorese Popular Democratic Association
2579:
911:Jane Monnig Atkinson (February 1986).
1383:
1305:
1250:. East Timor Law and Justice Bulletin
1154:
689:
983:Brigitte Renard-Clamagirand (1982).
59:Regions with significant populations
623:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
13:
1246:Matthew Libbis (1 February 2013).
1049:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
259:
14:
2603:
1290:
184:, Tokodede people, Tetum people,
2563:
985:Marobo: une société ema de Timor
613:Like the other ethnic groups of
335:
323:
93:
75:
29:
1261:
1239:
1214:
1189:
1118:
1093:
557:Sanirin (Sanir / Saniry) whose
312:census, 61,969 people identify
1036:
1001:
976:
945:
904:
869:
845:
834:. Dili Institute of Technology
820:
799:
35:Kemak people at the market in
1:
1268:Andrea K. Molnar (May 2005).
793:
589:Religion and social structure
225:, while the rest live in the
917:The Journal of Asian Studies
385:Before the colonial period,
7:
2587:Ethnic groups in East Timor
1333:Ethnic groups in East Timor
853:"Kemak people in Indonesia"
698:A traditional house called
342:Percentage of people using
10:
2608:
2592:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
1411:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
619:Atsabe Administrative Post
449:(also Belos or Fialaran).
389:was one of the centers of
361:
357:
2431:
2335:
2218:
2080:
1965:
1755:
1671:
1428:
1417:
1339:
1198:Timor Loro Sae: 500 years
1196:Geoffrey C. Gunn (1999).
1164:Geoffrey C. Gunn (1989).
1125:Andrea K. Molnar (2011).
1102:Timor Loro Sae: 500 years
1100:Geoffrey C. Gunn (1999).
1061:10.1017/s0022463406000579
1043:Andrea K. Molnar (2006).
545:) under the supremacy of
180:
175:
147:
142:
119:
114:
91:
73:
63:
58:
53:
48:
28:
1221:Andrey Damaledo (2018).
308:. According to the 2010
2476:Bangka Belitung Chinese
597:Traditional umbrellas (
537:Other Kemak communities
417:that were tributary to
987:. Peeters Publishers.
707:
610:
478:and executed as well.
382:
369:Kemak people of Atsabe
206:
697:
596:
581:and settled there in
413:, and in the area of
376:
364:History of East Timor
280:, 39,000 Kemaks) and
182:Mambai people (Timor)
176:Related ethnic groups
346:as mother tongue in
348:Sucos of East Timor
25:
1166:"History of Timor"
708:
690:Funeral ceremonies
611:
609:, circa 1968-1970.
409:, in the northern
383:
381:, circa 1968–1970.
302:East Nusa Tenggara
292:(2,100 Kemaks) of
290:Cova Lima District
227:East Nusa Tenggara
43:, circa 1968–1970.
19:
2558:
2557:
1377:
1376:
1232:978-176-04-6237-6
994:978-28-529-7123-3
965:on 5 January 2017
765:). The later the
579:Dutch East Indies
425:for generations.
278:Bobonaro District
195:
194:
24:
2599:
2573:
2571:Indonesia portal
2568:
2567:
2566:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1133:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1072:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1005:
999:
998:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
964:
957:
949:
943:
942:
932:
908:
902:
901:
873:
867:
866:
864:
863:
849:
843:
842:
840:
839:
833:
824:
818:
817:
815:
814:
803:
339:
327:
209:, also known as
99:
97:
96:
81:
79:
78:
49:Total population
33:
26:
22:
18:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2427:
2331:
2221:
2214:
2076:
1961:
1751:
1667:
1424:
1413:
1408:
1378:
1373:
1335:
1330:
1293:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1098:
1094:
1041:
1037:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1002:
995:
981:
977:
968:
966:
962:
955:
951:
950:
946:
930:10.2307/2055913
909:
905:
878:Ethnomusicology
874:
870:
861:
859:
851:
850:
846:
837:
835:
831:
825:
821:
812:
810:
805:
804:
800:
796:
788:Bia Mata Ai Pun
763:Asi naba coa pu
692:
591:
543:Ermera District
539:
371:
366:
360:
355:
354:
353:
352:
351:
340:
332:
331:
328:
286:Ermera District
262:
260:Settlement area
94:
92:
76:
74:
44:
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2575:
2574:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2481:Maluku Chinese
2478:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:Black Dutchmen
2435:
2433:
2432:Non-indigenous
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2341:
2339:
2337:Maluku Islands
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
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87:61,969 (2010)
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47:
42:
38:
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2060:Tau Taa Wana
1488:Talang Mamak
1419:
1358:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1241:
1222:
1216:
1197:
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1145:. Retrieved
1127:
1120:
1101:
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1013:. Retrieved
1003:
984:
978:
967:. Retrieved
960:the original
947:
920:
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860:. Retrieved
847:
836:. Retrieved
822:
811:. Retrieved
809:. Ethnologue
801:
787:
783:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
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748:
744:ka'ara-aliri
743:
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637:
631:
612:
598:
571:
558:
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540:
531:koronel bote
530:
500:
496:
488:
484:
480:
451:
435:Bunak people
423:Bunak people
395:koronel bote
394:
384:
298:Belu Regency
263:
245:
235:
229:province of
210:
198:
196:
149:Christianity
129:Kupang Malay
64:
20:Kemak people
16:Ethnic group
2406:Tanimbarese
2120:Ekari (Mee)
1995:Gorontaloan
1631:Aneuk Jamee
1626:Minangkabau
1582:Bugis-Malay
1473:Orang Rimba
1468:Orang Kuala
1421:Indonesians
1070:10843/13330
784:Ai lara hui
519:Timor Timur
190:Melanesians
165:Timor-Leste
153:Timor-Leste
2581:Categories
2545:Portuguese
2503:Klingalese
1945:Orang Laut
1783:Lun Bawang
1757:Kalimantan
1713:Kangeanese
1706:Tenggerese
1696:Banyumasan
1691:Cirebonese
1535:Toba Batak
1530:Simalungun
1520:Mandailing
1483:Petalangan
1438:Aboriginal
1280:2014-09-17
1254:2017-04-19
1182:2017-04-14
1147:2017-04-10
1015:2017-03-08
969:2016-11-02
923:(2): 464.
862:2014-09-17
838:2018-03-24
813:2018-03-24
794:References
780:East Timor
776:Tatamailau
724:Koli nughu
684:Lulik Nain
615:East Timor
605:) used in
575:West Timor
511:East Timor
403:East Timor
397:(meaning "
393:under the
362:See also:
310:East Timor
294:East Timor
223:East Timor
203:Portuguese
137:Portuguese
125:Indonesian
105:West Timor
83:East Timor
41:East Timor
2540:Pakistani
2535:Mardijker
2486:Peranakan
2287:Manggarai
2270:Lamaholot
2130:Ketengban
2050:Sangirese
2030:Mongondow
2025:Minahasan
2020:Mandarese
2000:Kalumpang
1933:Pontianak
1904:Punan Bah
1820:Uma Baka'
1795:Apo Kayan
1774:Apo Duat
1745:Bantenese
1735:Sundanese
1648:Palembang
1087:161538895
728:Metama no
676:gases ubu
527:Indonesia
523:Indonesia
515:Indonesia
306:Indonesia
250:exogamous
231:Indonesia
169:Indonesia
167:, 10% in
157:Indonesia
155:, 90% in
115:Languages
101:Indonesia
2520:Japanese
2493:Filipino
2461:Chindian
2456:Armenian
2379:Ambonese
2362:Manusela
2345:Moluccan
2297:Rotenese
2250:Bimanese
2245:Balinese
2240:Bali Aga
2010:Makassar
1990:Bonerate
1985:Butonese
1975:Buginese
1967:Sulawesi
1892:Bakumpai
1880:Ma'anyan
1875:Lawangan
1870:Ot Danum
1834:Kendayan
1718:Madurese
1686:Javanese
1658:Simeulue
1619:Sakuddei
1614:Mentawai
1495:Acehnese
1079:20072713
1024:cite web
751:Huku bou
716:Huku bou
627:grottoes
407:Bobonaro
219:Bobonaro
207:Quémaque
151:(94% in
143:Religion
2471:Benteng
2466:Chinese
2439:African
2416:Togutil
2389:Wai Apu
2374:Ambelau
2322:Sumbawa
2220:Lesser
2195:Waropen
2175:Sentani
2140:Korowai
2110:Damalme
2095:Amungme
2065:Torajan
1909:Bukitan
1897:Meratus
1851:Mualang
1829:Bidayuh
1778:Kelabit
1663:Singkil
1643:Haloban
1607:Serdang
1597:Langkat
1557:Lampung
1542:Enggano
1510:Angkola
1430:Sumatra
1354:Chinese
939:2055913
807:"Kemak"
759:Koronel
740:Bei-bei
660:Koronel
599:saluric
577:of the
547:Maubara
476:Hatulia
459:Atambua
358:History
296:and in
274:Maliana
270:Cailaco
163:(6% in
2530:Korean
2525:Jewish
2498:Indian
2421:Wemale
2411:Tobelo
2401:Lisela
2396:Kayeli
2367:Nuaulu
2280:Loloan
2260:Helong
2200:Wolani
2190:Wambon
2185:Tobati
2150:Marind
2135:Kombai
2070:Mamasa
2040:Pamona
1980:Bungku
1863:Tidung
1839:Selako
1815:Lebbo'
1810:Kenyah
1788:Sa'ban
1765:Banjar
1723:Bawean
1681:Betawi
1653:Rejang
1577:Asahan
1567:Lembak
1525:Pakpak
1364:Mambai
1229:
1204:
1138:
1108:
1085:
1077:
991:
937:
898:851330
896:
736:Ai mea
732:ai mea
668:Liurai
607:Atsabe
559:liurai
503:Atsabe
491:Atsabe
471:Atsabe
467:Liurai
463:Atsabe
431:Wehali
427:Atsabe
419:Atsabe
411:Ainaro
399:Kings"
387:Atsabe
379:Atsabe
282:Atsabe
266:Atabae
254:Morobe
110:10,800
98:
80:
54:71,000
37:Atsabe
2550:Totok
2508:Tamil
2357:Alune
2352:Alfur
2327:Tetum
2317:Sumba
2312:Sikka
2302:Sasak
2275:Malay
2265:Kemak
2255:Bunak
2235:Atoni
2180:Tehit
2165:Nduga
2105:Bauzi
2100:Asmat
2082:Papua
2045:Rampi
2015:Malay
2005:Lindu
1955:Suluk
1950:Bajau
1928:Berau
1923:Malay
1887:Ngaju
1858:Murut
1805:Kayan
1800:Bahau
1770:Dayak
1740:Baduy
1730:Malay
1701:Osing
1592:Lahat
1572:Malay
1552:Kluet
1505:Batak
1478:Sakai
1463:Mante
1453:Bonai
1448:Batin
1369:Tetum
1359:Kemak
1349:Bunak
1344:Atoni
1176:(PDF)
1169:(PDF)
1132:(PDF)
1083:S2CID
1075:JSTOR
963:(PDF)
956:(PDF)
935:JSTOR
894:JSTOR
832:(PDF)
704:Lulic
646:lulik
455:Kings
443:Aileu
391:Timor
242:Timor
215:Timor
199:Kemak
133:Tetum
121:Kemak
66:Timor
2515:Indo
2451:Arab
2384:Buru
2307:Savu
2292:Nage
2230:Abui
2210:Yaur
2205:Yali
2170:Sawi
2160:Moni
2145:Lani
2125:Fayu
2115:Dani
2090:Abun
2055:Seko
2035:Muna
1940:Moro
1914:Krio
1846:Iban
1673:Java
1638:Nias
1602:Riau
1587:Deli
1562:Laut
1547:Gayo
1515:Karo
1500:Alas
1458:Lubu
1443:Akit
1227:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1030:link
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