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250:, built about 1000 CE, marks a ceremonial site here. The historic Cherokee built a townhouse on top that was used for their communal gatherings and decisionmaking; they replaced it repeatedly over decades. They identify Kituwa as one of the "seven mother towns" in their traditional homeland of the American Southeast. This site is in modern
556:'s study and compilation of Cherokee myth, published after living with the people, such migration is recounted in Cherokee oral history. The Cherokee settled in the territory of what is now western Virginia, western South and North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, and northeastern Georgia, which they consider their homelands.
842:, the coals of new fire were carried to all the Cherokee. They were used to kindle the ceremonial fires in each town before any of the new corn could be eaten. The home fires in outlying Cherokee communities were extinguished before the ceremonies and relit from the coals of the fire kindled during the Green Corn Dances.
708:
In July 2010 the Swain County commission passed an ordinance requiring Duke Energy to consult with local stakeholders about projects, which they had not originally done in this case. In August 2010, after continued consultation, Duke agreed to move the proposed Hyatt Creek tie station away from sight
691:
near the
Kituwah mound. Both Swain County and the Eastern Cherokee opposed this project; the county asked for a moratorium on such projects until it could consider zoning ordinances to regulate them. But the state Utilities Commission has the power to override local ordinances in order to achieve its
678:
Based on these discoveries, more
Cherokee citizens believe that the sacred nature of the site requires that it be left undisturbed. They are planning uses associated with community wellness and renewal. The Eastern Cherokee have sponsored two youth retreats at the site, which highlighted traditional
280:
Since the mid-19th century, the term "Keetoowah" has been associated with
Cherokee people, initially full-blood only, who supported a kind of religious nationalism. They adhered to pre-contact communal ways. Conservative descendants of Cherokee who had migrated to Arkansas and Indian Territory in the
796:
nature. Other known etymologies for
Kituwah stem from "Ga-Du-Hv," which is the word for a town which is derived from the root "Ga-du" meaning "to gather," with a past tense locative suffix indicating "Place Where They Were Gathered." The name is in reference to its role as one of the mother towns of
276:
in 1973 because of its historic and archeological significance. In 1996 the EBCI purchased 309 acres of land, including Kituwa mound and the former town site. They have conducted archeological surveys that have added to their knowledge about the long history of the site and
Cherokee uses, including
704:
In March 2010, Swain County passed a resolution calling for a 90-day moratorium to stop construction of Duke Energy's project until they could better consult. On April 23, 2010, the North
Carolina Utilities Commission denied Duke Energy's "Motion to Hold Complaint in Abeyance." It directed Duke to
594:
destroyed the town of Kituwa during the
Cherokee-Anglo War, which was caused by the settlers of Virginia killing several Cherokee auxiliaries and selling their scalps. (The Cherokee-Anglo War began in late 1759 after approximately four years of increased hostilities due to British failure to meet
699:
It is this Tribe's solemn responsibility and moral duty to care for and protect all of
Kituwah from further desecration and degradation by human agency in order to preserve the integrity of the most important site for the origination and continuation of Cherokee culture, heritage, history and
422:
At the time of
European encounter, the Cherokee regularly burned the vegetation on the mound for agricultural use. It may also have been part of ritual to preserve the mound, to keep it visible and free of trees. Burning underbrush was part of sustainable farming practices.
434:
In the 21st century, the remaining Kituwa mound is 170 feet (52 m) in diameter and five feet tall, although archeologists know that it was once taller. According to
Cherokee oral tradition, they had built a townhouse structure on top that housed their
666:
The Cherokee have debated how to use the land. Initially some EBCI members wanted to develop the property for community uses. Since then they have had additional, non-invasive archaeological surveys conducted by use of a gradiometer. These revealed 15
430:
cultivation. The mound is still visible although much shorter than it would have been during the Cherokee time. By the end of the period of European-American ownership, the mound was within the boundaries of a private property called Ferguson's Field.
326:, building such earthwork mounds was characteristic of their societies and an expression of public architecture that was part of their cosmology and political system. Remains of such platform mounds and effigy mounds are evident throughout the
419:, also known as council houses, on top of the platform mounds. Where no mound existed, they built the townhouse at a central plaza in the town. It was the place for community gathering and creation of consensus for communal decisionmaking.
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as early as 4,000 years ago. Cultural and archaeological evidence support the people's accounts of their migration, but there is no scholarly consensus about when they reached the Southeast and formed the culture recognized as Cherokee.
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624:. During and after the American Revolutionary War, when he led his warriors southwest to continue fighting the colonists of Upper East Tennessee, the entire population went with him, including those formerly of Kituwa.
1772:
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and move toward the fire in the center of the dance circle. This dance symbolizes the dispersal of the sacred fire given to the people, according to their ancient legends. During Green Corn ceremonies in traditional
285:, based in Oklahoma. During the 19th century, after removal to Indian Territory, there were Cherokee groups who identified as Keetoowah, at times forming secret societies that maintained rituals and sacred ceremonies.
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in their territory) and its tributaries were known by English colonists as the Lower Towns. The colonists referred to the towns in eastern Tennessee as the Overhill Towns, as their traders had to cross the
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By 1819 the Cherokee lost control of the Kituwa area after being forced to make treaties and land cessions in this area to the United States. In the late 1830s most Cherokee in the Southeast were
426:
After European Americans forced the removal of the Cherokee Nation in the 1830s from the Southeast, they took over their lands. At Kituwa, they repeatedly plowed the mound and village area for
3622:
1244:
647:, based in Western North Carolina. They are the only federally recognized tribe in the state, and one of three Cherokee tribes. The other two are in what is now the state of Oklahoma.
3402:
663:, evidence of thousands of years of human habitation at this site. Among the evidence of settlement was an early 18th-century Cherokee town, which occupied 65 acres (260,000 m).
261:
The Cherokee lost control of this site to the United States in the early 19th century. In the late 1830s, most of their people in the Southeast were forcibly removed by US forces to
671:. There is a likelihood of up to 1000 burials, as it was the Cherokee custom for people to be buried in the village where they lived. This survey also revealed the location of many
1264:
1237:
2647:
3407:
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571:(ECBI), based in North Carolina, re-acquired Kituwa and an associated 309 acres (1.25 km) in 1996, taking it back under Cherokee control.(see below "reclamation")
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389:. In contrast to some of the larger settlements in the Midwest, which had large complexes of multiple mounds, in North Carolina most of the major towns had a single
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file an answer to the complaint on or before May 10, 2010. Duke agreed to halt the construction that threatened Kituwah for 90 days until the complaint was heard.
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1853:
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rivers (which were known as the Out Towns, in a geographic grouping). The people also influenced the Middle Towns, those Cherokee towns along the upper
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purchased the Kituwah mound and village site, a total of 309 acres (1.25 km). Their 1997 archaeological survey of Kituwah revealed thousands of
3602:
2450:
709:
of the Kituwa mound. The Cherokee tribes and leaders of Swain County praised Duke Energy for their consultation on this project and this outcome.
814:
and many other connections). Honoring mothers is a concept that is pervasive in Cherokee culture. Well into the 20th century, the Cherokee had a
595:
treaty terms, settler encroachment, and shortages of pay to Cherokee auxiliaries who had fought in the Forbes expedition against Fort Duquesne.)
591:
829:, one of the two social dances performed is of ancient origin. It may have been practiced in the mother town of Kituwa. The dance is called
675:
sites, including one at the center of the town. This would likely have been associated with the sacred fire of the townhouse on the mound.
146:
369:
from 1000 CE. Mississippian-culture sites have been identified extending southwest in the river valleys, including the town later called
3377:
822:
membership, inheritance and status were carried by the mother's family. A child was considered born into its mother's family and clan.
3582:
2607:
1919:
2485:
1955:
1015:
895:
David G. Moore, Robin A. Beck, Jr., and Christopher B. Rodning, "Joara and Fort San Juan: culture contact at the edge of the world"
1288:
632:
362:
304:
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897:
80:
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1067:
2915:
1260:
876:
273:
50:
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3023:
2900:
2985:
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1886:
105:
3317:
3068:
1186:
3427:
2470:
2378:
2373:
1980:
1914:
266:
365:, a regional variation of the classic Mississippian culture, is documented as established in what is now known as
2832:
2320:
765:(owls), or "white" chiefs (sometimes identified as those who worked for peace or during times of peace), and the
924:
377:
is still visible. The Mississippian-culture peoples were part of vast, indigenous trade networks that connected
3232:
3207:
3053:
2980:
2890:
1086:
802:
1229:
643:. Descendants of those who remained in this area later organized and were federally recognized in 1868 as the
2990:
2725:
2567:
2490:
2393:
761:"in awe" and "greatly feared them." They were not the regular chiefs. These were of two types, known as the
695:
On February 4, 2010, the Eastern Cherokee Tribal Council passed a resolution opposing the project, stating,
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3252:
3247:
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251:
750:, a structure that may have been adopted from another tribe. According to research by early 20th-century
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2388:
2237:
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in Virginia, are believed to have migrated long ago to the South from the Great Lakes area. According to
134:
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2408:
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2017:
952:
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3000:
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2692:
2587:
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2291:
2138:
2000:
1940:
17:
3033:
2860:
2815:
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2435:
2425:
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1990:
656:
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584:
568:
297:
244:
3382:
2910:
2850:
2710:
2572:
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rivers; all of these were located in what later became the province and state of North Carolina.
3347:
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3083:
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1879:
1283:
660:
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514:
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believe the people of the smaller chiefdoms were eventually absorbed by the developing, larger
366:
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2810:
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2193:
2097:
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1278:
881:
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510:
323:
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3048:
3008:
2820:
2514:
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2251:
2227:
2205:
2029:
335:
307:. The Cherokee hold the site sacred as the original town of their people. It is along the
8:
3487:
3063:
3003:
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2845:
2730:
2622:
2530:
2298:
2215:
2005:
1995:
1970:
851:
826:
811:
540:
in North America. The Cherokee and other southern Iroquoian-speaking tribes, such as the
1027:
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2597:
2335:
2281:
2276:
2188:
2072:
1985:
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580:
533:
494:
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and its tributaries. The Valley Towns were further south in this area, along the upper
228:
973:
192:
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3392:
3342:
3107:
3028:
2960:
2920:
2895:
2780:
2735:
2700:
2308:
2286:
2256:
2246:
2145:
2092:
1975:
1945:
1872:
1182:
1147:
1107:
792:
is known to contemporary Cherokee speakers. It is not widely reported because of its
611:
455:
327:
312:
308:
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burials there. As a result, they have decided to leave this sacred site undeveloped.
224:
3492:
3322:
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3127:
3018:
2940:
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2340:
2325:
2314:
2198:
2181:
2128:
2087:
2022:
2012:
1935:
894:
839:
640:
598:
Kituwa's survivors migrated westward across the Appalachian Mountains, settling in
541:
451:
262:
236:
3613:
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
536:, and most tribes of this language family have historically been based around the
381:
throughout the present-day eastern United States, spanning the continent from the
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3038:
3013:
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467:
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3162:
3132:
3112:
2975:
2905:
2637:
2632:
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2170:
2082:
1950:
1259:
746:
687:
In the early 21st century, Duke Energy announced plans to build a $ 52 million
636:
628:
620:
615:
526:
501:
463:
401:
393:. Smaller villages developed near what the Cherokee called the "mother towns".
390:
374:
300:
281:
1810s and 1820s later formed what is now the federally recognized tribe of the
247:
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3517:
3327:
3302:
3292:
3277:
3157:
3122:
3088:
2765:
2627:
2112:
726:
522:
412:
tribes of this region. These have been documented since the historic period.
161:
148:
63:
3547:
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3367:
3362:
3117:
3043:
2970:
2102:
2051:
1170:
1137:
754:
751:
553:
505:
471:
3507:
3467:
3357:
3307:
3282:
3242:
2107:
2046:
2034:
815:
807:
769:(ravens), or "red" chiefs (identified as those who led in times of war.)
722:
537:
386:
330:
and Ohio Valley. The areas of moundbuilding by various cultures included
925:"Proposed Development of Kituwah 'Mother Town' of the Cherokee, Debated"
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3417:
3237:
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3172:
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741:
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3197:
3177:
3147:
2950:
2705:
2672:
2602:
2475:
2160:
416:
339:
331:
3618:
National Register of Historic Places in Swain County, North Carolina
1083:
833:, which means "to the center". During it, all of the dancers shout
3502:
3227:
3137:
2775:
2165:
1895:
545:
490:
409:
378:
355:
351:
450:, influenced all of the Cherokee towns of the heartland along the
3058:
2800:
2715:
2652:
2039:
871:
773:
588:
497:
peoples, gradually Kituwah also became synonymous with Cherokee.
347:
265:. Descendants of those who remained in North Carolina formed the
1320:
2760:
2662:
1965:
1960:
793:
730:
672:
668:
436:
489:
were seen to protect the northern border of the Cherokee from
3422:
2657:
427:
1222:
United Keetoowah "United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians"
303:, which was built by about 1000 CE during the period of the
3623:
Religious places of the Indigenous peoples of North America
3562:
1864:
1221:
819:
343:
1207:
1143:
Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees
717:
Cherokee oral traditions say that all Cherokee settled in
3399:
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
559:
In the 21st century, the ancient site of the Mother Town
500:
During the colonial period, the Cherokee towns along the
415:
Cherokee public architecture took the form of building
692:
mission of supplying electricity at reasonable rates.
800:
Honoring the "mother town" was analogous to honoring
574:
1294:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1108:"Duke Energy to move tie station from Kituwah area"
908:, Vol. 78, No. 229, Mar. 2004, accessed 26 Jun 2008
788:), meaning Kituwa people. The meaning of the word
485:, after the name of their mother town. Because the
219:, Kittowa, Kitara and other similar variations) or
974:"EBCI ancestors remained east for various reasons"
948:
946:
944:
682:
439:flame, which was to be kept burning at all times.
1165:
1163:
1132:
1130:
1128:
780:(spelled variously in local Oklahoma dialects as
513:to reach them. They were located along the lower
3574:
3299:Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)
3259:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present)
3593:Indigenous topics of the Southeastern Woodlands
941:
296:is the site of Woodland period villages and an
27:Historic place in North Carolina, United States
1160:
1125:
477:The people of this region became known as the
1880:
1245:
953:"Kituwah Mound, NC (Eastern Cherokee), 2004"
920:
918:
916:
914:
1208:Eastern Band of Cherokee - official website
1001:. (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1970), p. 62
650:
1887:
1873:
1252:
1238:
1101:
1099:
1068:"Tribe opposes Substation at Kituwah Site"
772:Some traditional Cherokee identify by the
493:nations raiding from New York and various
235:Native American settlement near the upper
62:
3628:United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
3588:Geography of Swain County, North Carolina
1261:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
959:, Harvard University, accessed 3 Mar 2009
911:
51:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
3598:Communities of the Great Smoky Mountains
1009:
1007:
967:
965:
133:U.S. Route 19 east of Bryson City, near
3603:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
1096:
1074:, SCOTT MCKIE B.P., accessed 9 Feb 2009
1051:"School parents worry about substation"
363:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
305:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
269:(EBCI), which is federally recognized.
14:
3575:
1169:
1136:
1105:
1013:
971:
872:"National Register Information System"
563:is visible in the general area of the
1868:
1233:
1146:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 393.
1004:
962:
1084:"Citizens to Protect Kituwah Valley"
1048:
888:
877:National Register of Historic Places
614:. A later headman of this group was
396:
274:National Register of Historic Places
2901:First Cherokee Female Seminary Site
1996:Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)
997:Klink, Karl, and James Talman, ed.
864:
373:by the Cherokee, where the ancient
24:
2550:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention
68:The Kituwa mound at Ferguson Field
25:
3639:
3219:Cherokee Nation West (1810-1839)
3184:Cherokee Nation East (1794-1839)
1199:
1042:
575:Colonial and early federal period
311:, before its confluence with the
3583:Cherokee towns in North Carolina
2374:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
1319:
1312:
1215:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
999:The Journal of Major John Norton
272:Kituwa (31Sw2) was added to the
267:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
111:
104:
86:
79:
3354:Cherokee Nation (1975–present)
1106:Chavez, Will (August 6, 2010).
1077:
972:Chavez, Will (March 25, 2016).
683:Duke Energy controversy in 2010
3054:Hiwassee River Heritage Center
2981:Chief Vann House Historic Site
2891:Cherokee Removal Memorial Park
1061:
991:
679:ways of spiritual expression.
187:
112:
87:
13:
1:
2991:Museum of the Cherokee People
857:
721:after the migration from the
712:
120:Show map of the United States
3079:Five Civilized Tribes Museum
2956:Red Clay State Historic Park
2568:Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)
1894:
1014:Cooper, Andrea (Fall 2009).
532:The Cherokee language is of
252:Swain County, North Carolina
32:United States historic place
7:
3563:Cherokee-language Knowledge
3383:Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith
2404:Cherokee Southwest Township
2389:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
2321:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
2238:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
2057:Flag of the Cherokee Nation
1854:National Historic Landmarks
1049:Neal, Dale (May 31, 2015).
845:
737:The ancient Cherokee had a
567:. The federally recognized
243:as their original town. An
135:Bryson City, North Carolina
10:
3644:
2524:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt
2499:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
2409:Oconaluftee Indian Village
2384:Original Keetoowah Society
635:, walking overland on the
288:
95:Show map of North Carolina
3558:
3097:
2936:Trail of Tears State Park
2886:Cherokee National Capitol
2876:
2558:
2463:
2361:
2292:Jackson and McMinn Treaty
2267:Treaty of Dewitt's Corner
2121:
2065:
2001:Cherokee Immersion School
1928:
1902:
1841:
1328:
1310:
1271:
818:kinship system, by which
198:
186:NRHP reference
185:
177:
140:
129:
73:
61:
57:
48:
41:
37:
3069:Fort Smith Historic Site
2837:Western Cherokee Nation
2436:Cherokee Central Schools
2221:Battle of Lindley's Fort
1991:Cherokee (Unicode block)
757:, the Cherokee held the
657:Eastern Band of Cherokee
651:20th-century reclamation
645:Eastern Band of Cherokee
569:Eastern Band of Cherokee
239:, and is claimed by the
3428:Tahlonteeskee (warrior)
3414:Other notable Cherokee
2348:Jacob Brown Grant Deeds
544:in South Carolina, and
318:For peoples of several
162:35.438852°N 83.401138°W
3348:William Charles Rogers
3268:William Holland Thomas
3044:The Great Trading Path
2211:Cherokee–American wars
1284:Keeper of the Register
1016:"Embracing Archeology"
702:
608:Little Tennessee River
515:Little Tennessee River
460:Little Tennessee River
367:Western North Carolina
342:to the southwest, and
324:Mississippian cultures
181:20 acres (8.1 ha)
3074:Port Royal State Park
2299:Transylvania Purchase
2272:Treaty of Hard Labour
2194:Siege of Fort Loudoun
1920:United Keetoowah Band
1299:National Park Service
1279:Contributing property
1175:Myths of the Cherokee
1093:, Save Kituwah Valley
1089:July 6, 2010, at the
957:The Pluralism Project
936:Cherokee Nations News
882:National Park Service
797:the Cherokee Nation.
697:
511:Appalachian Mountains
283:United Keetoowah Band
256:Great Smoky Mountains
167:35.438852; -83.401138
3338:Samuel Houston Mayes
2515:The Cherokee Tobacco
2507:Worcester v. Georgia
2491:freedmen controversy
2451:Sequoyah High School
2441:Cherokee High School
2304:Chickamauga Cherokee
2262:Treaty of Turkeytown
2252:Treaty of New Echota
2228:Nickajack Expedition
2206:Cherokee War of 1776
1072:Cherokee One Feather
2946:Rattlesnake Springs
2531:Cherokee Commission
2216:Battle of Hightower
2103:Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï
2006:New Kituwah Academy
1971:Green Corn Ceremony
1224:, official website]
1026:(3). Archived from
1020:American Archeology
852:New Kituwah Academy
827:Green Corn Ceremony
812:Green Corn Ceremony
504:(also known as the
442:The inhabitants of
158: /
3608:Cherokee mythology
3138:Outacite of Keowee
3049:The Great War Path
3024:Oconaluftee valley
3009:Stick Ball Grounds
2931:Tellico Blockhouse
2336:Indian Removal Act
2282:Treaty of Hopewell
2277:Treaty of Lochaber
2233:American Civil War
2189:Anglo-Cherokee War
2073:Ani Hyuntikwalaski
1179:Dover Publications
930:2011-07-19 at the
900:2011-07-24 at the
633:federal government
581:Anglo-Cherokee War
358:to the northwest.
338:to the southeast,
3570:
3569:
3523:Clement V. Rogers
3393:Chuck Hoskin, Jr.
3343:Thomas Buffington
3108:Moytoy of Tellico
3029:Oconaluftee River
2961:Hair Conrad Cabin
2896:Chieftains Museum
2447:Sequoyah Schools
2309:Overhill Cherokee
2287:Treaty of Holston
2257:Treaty of Tellico
2247:Cherokee treaties
2018:Spiritual beliefs
1862:
1861:
1289:Historic district
1153:978-1-4286-4864-7
778:Ah-ni-ki-tu-wa-gi
612:Overhill Cherokee
604:Great Island Town
521:, as well as the
397:Historic Cherokee
328:Mississippi Basin
313:Oconaluftee River
309:Tuckaseegee River
206:
205:
202:June 4, 2023-11-5
16:(Redirected from
3635:
3493:Markwayne Mullin
3323:Dennis Bushyhead
3203:Charles R. Hicks
3128:Moytoy of Citico
3019:Tuckasegee River
2941:Brainerd Mission
2926:Sequoyah's Cabin
2833:Cherokee Nations
2471:Principal Chiefs
2464:Politics and law
2415:Unto These Hills
2379:Warriors Society
2341:Cherokee descent
2315:Cherokee Phoenix
2199:Battle of Echoee
2182:Battle of Taliwa
2161:skiagusta (rank)
2088:Moon-eyed people
2023:Moon-eyed people
1941:National holiday
1889:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1323:
1316:
1315:
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1210:
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1123:
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1120:
1118:
1112:Cherokee Phoenix
1103:
1094:
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1046:
1040:
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988:
986:
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978:Cherokee Phoenix
969:
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950:
939:
922:
909:
892:
886:
885:
868:
840:Cherokee society
810:(of the ancient
641:Indian Territory
629:forcibly removed
534:Iroquoian origin
263:Indian Territory
237:Tuckasegee River
189:
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3573:
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3566:
3554:
3543:Kimberly Teehee
3403:James L. Gordon
3388:Bill John Baker
3373:Wilma Mankiller
3313:William P. Ross
3288:Patrick Lambert
3133:Standing Turkey
3093:
3039:Sycamore Shoals
3014:Cullasaja River
2966:Nancy Ward Tomb
2916:John Ross House
2878:
2872:
2866:Qualla Boundary
2841:Cherokee Nation
2643:Hiwassee Island
2573:Amoyeligunahita
2560:
2554:
2459:
2426:Female Seminary
2399:Heritage groups
2369:Heritage Center
2357:
2353:Texas Cherokees
2166:outacite (rank)
2117:
2061:
1924:
1910:Cherokee Nation
1898:
1893:
1863:
1858:
1837:
1330:
1324:
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1082:
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1033:
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1030:on May 23, 2020
1012:
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996:
992:
982:
980:
970:
963:
951:
942:
932:Wayback Machine
923:
912:
902:Wayback Machine
893:
889:
884:. July 9, 2010.
870:
869:
865:
860:
848:
806:, the Cherokee
715:
685:
653:
606:) on the lower
577:
565:Qualla Boundary
519:Tennessee River
481:, also spelled
446:, known as the
399:
291:
241:Cherokee people
233:Woodland period
166:
164:
160:
157:
152:
149:
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125:
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3538:Hastings Shade
3535:
3533:Durbin Feeling
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3513:Jenny McIntosh
3510:
3505:
3500:
3498:Yvette Herrell
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:Nunnahitsunega
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Elias Boudinot
3445:
3440:
3435:
3433:Turtle-at-Home
3430:
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3405:
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3333:Johnson Harris
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3163:Dragging Canoe
3160:
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3113:Attakullakulla
3110:
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2976:Bussell Island
2973:
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2948:
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2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Ross's Landing
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Judaculla Rock
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2879:memorial sites
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2746:Spike Bucktown
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2536:Cherokee Strip
2528:
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2331:Trail of Tears
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2218:
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2203:
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2201:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2171:Raven of Chota
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:Horned Serpent
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
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1900:
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1304:Property types
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1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:North Carolina
1257:
1256:
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1228:
1227:
1217:
1212:
1201:
1200:External links
1198:
1195:
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1003:
990:
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887:
862:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
847:
844:
759:Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni
747:Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni
725:region of the
714:
711:
684:
681:
652:
649:
637:Trail of Tears
621:Attakullakulla
616:Dragging Canoe
576:
573:
527:Hiwassee River
502:Savannah River
448:Ani-kitu-hwagi
402:Archaeologists
398:
395:
391:platform mound
375:platform mound
301:platform mound
290:
287:
248:platform mound
211:(also spelled
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
190:
183:
182:
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174:
142:
138:
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3564:
3557:
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3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Redbird Smith
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Sam Sixkiller
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
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3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Joel B. Mayes
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Lewis Downing
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:Richard Sneed
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Gerard Parker
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
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3260:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Tahlonteeskee
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:William Hicks
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Little Turkey
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3089:Cherokee Path
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
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3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
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3020:
3017:
3015:
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3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2997:
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2987:
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2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
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2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:Landmarks and
2875:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:Eastern Band
2856:
2852:
2851:Tahlonteeskee
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Running Water
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2431:Male Seminary
2429:
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2362:Organizations
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1188:0-486-28907-9
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:Mooney, James
1166:
1164:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1138:Mooney, James
1133:
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1055:Citizen Times
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938:, 20 Apr 2000
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743:
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729:and southern
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523:Tellico River
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40:
36:
30:
19:
3560:
3548:Shawna Baker
3483:Ned Christie
3408:John W. Hair
3368:Ross Swimmer
3363:W. W. Keeler
3118:Amouskositte
3064:Tuckaleechee
3034:Abrams Creek
2996:Untokiasdiyi
2971:Blythe Ferry
2667:
2522:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2413:
2313:
2178:Tribal Wars
2150:
2052:Booger dance
1915:Eastern Band
1773:Transylvania
1174:
1142:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1054:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:the original
1023:
1019:
998:
993:
983:November 15,
981:. Retrieved
977:
956:
935:
905:
890:
875:
866:
834:
830:
824:
801:
799:
789:
785:
781:
777:
771:
766:
762:
758:
755:James Mooney
752:ethnographer
745:
736:
718:
716:
707:
703:
698:
694:
686:
677:
665:
655:In 1996 the
654:
626:
619:
599:
597:
578:
560:
558:
554:James Mooney
531:
506:Keowee River
499:
486:
482:
478:
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421:
414:
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370:
360:
317:
293:
292:
279:
271:
260:
220:
216:
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208:
207:
29:
3508:Major Ridge
3488:John Martin
3468:Joseph Vann
3358:J. B. Milam
3283:Joyce Dugan
3253:John Rogers
3248:John Looney
3243:Sam Houston
3173:Incalatanga
2986:Mantle Rock
2911:Long Island
2648:Island town
2486:1842 revolt
2394:Youth Choir
2093:Nun'Yunu'Wi
2047:Stomp dance
2035:Black drink
2030:Ethnobotany
1842:Other lists
1663:Northampton
1658:New Hanover
1633:Mecklenburg
1034:January 10,
816:matrilineal
808:Corn Mother
723:Great Lakes
592:James Grant
579:During the
538:Great Lakes
456:Oconaluftee
387:Great Lakes
165: /
141:Coordinates
3577:Categories
3561:See also:
3463:David Vann
3458:James Vann
3453:Wauhatchie
3443:Goingsnake
3418:Nancy Ward
3238:John Jolly
3193:Pathkiller
3153:Old Tassel
3143:Oconostota
2811:Turtletown
2806:Turkeytown
2796:Tuckasegee
2731:Oostanaula
2678:Long Swamp
2673:Kulsetsiyi
2422:Education
2156:Ani-kutani
2113:Tsul 'Kalu
2078:Deer Woman
1803:Washington
1738:Rutherford
1728:Rockingham
1693:Perquimans
1683:Pasquotank
1643:Montgomery
1463:Cumberland
858:References
742:priesthood
739:hereditary
713:Traditions
689:substation
610:among the
525:and lower
517:and upper
495:Algonquian
452:Tuckasegee
417:townhouses
383:Gulf Coast
153:83°24′04″W
150:35°26′20″N
3473:Bob Benge
3438:Junaluska
3273:Tsaladihi
3263:Yonaguska
3213:John Ross
3198:Big Tiger
3178:Tagwadihi
3168:Kunokeski
3148:Savanukah
3084:Tlanusiyi
2951:Fort Cass
2846:Tahlequah
2826:Titsohili
2791:Tsatanugi
2706:Nickajack
2693:Nantahala
2688:Nacoochee
2618:Dirt town
2598:Conasauga
2588:Chilhowee
2578:Brasstown
2559:Towns and
2541:in Kansas
2476:Blood Law
2108:U'tlun'ta
1986:syllabary
1558:Henderson
1528:Granville
1498:Edgecombe
1468:Currituck
1448:Cleveland
1383:Brunswick
1348:Alleghany
1343:Alexander
1331:by county
1173:(1995) .
1140:(2006) .
906:Antiquity
700:identity.
661:artifacts
618:, son of
542:Tuscarora
483:Keetoowah
468:Nantahala
379:chiefdoms
340:Louisiana
332:Tennessee
298:earthwork
254:, in the
245:earthwork
217:Keetoowah
18:Keetoowah
3378:Joe Byrd
3318:Utselata
3308:Degataga
3228:Degadoga
3223:The Bowl
3001:Standing
2861:Cherokee
2816:Tuskegee
2776:Tomotley
2771:Tomassee
2736:Red Clay
2683:Mialoquo
2638:Hiwassee
2633:Frogtown
2623:Ducktown
2613:Crowtown
2561:villages
2146:Treaties
2139:military
2134:timeline
2098:Nûñnë'hï
1976:Language
1946:Calendar
1896:Cherokee
1748:Scotland
1718:Richmond
1713:Randolph
1638:Mitchell
1628:McDowell
1588:Johnston
1563:Hertford
1538:Guilford
1508:Franklin
1478:Davidson
1453:Columbus
1433:Cherokee
1413:Carteret
1403:Caldwell
1398:Cabarrus
1388:Buncombe
1368:Beaufort
1338:Alamance
1087:Archived
928:Archived
898:Archived
846:See also
835:ye-lu-le
831:ye-lu-le
786:Gi-du-wa
782:Ki-tu-wa
600:Mialoquo
550:Nottoway
546:Meherrin
491:Iroquois
464:Hiwassee
410:Cherokee
356:Missouri
352:Illinois
320:Woodland
225:Cherokee
193:73002239
130:Location
3503:Sequoya
3123:Old Hop
3059:Chatata
2801:Tugaloo
2786:Toxoway
2766:Tellico
2756:Talulah
2741:Settico
2716:Nununyi
2711:Nikwasi
2653:Isunigu
2608:Coyotee
2583:Chatuga
2481:Slavery
2326:Removal
2129:History
2122:History
2066:Legends
2040:Kanuchi
2013:Marbles
1981:history
1936:Society
1929:Culture
1849:Bridges
1808:Watauga
1778:Tyrrell
1743:Sampson
1723:Robeson
1678:Pamlico
1618:Madison
1608:Lincoln
1583:Jackson
1578:Iredell
1553:Haywood
1548:Harnett
1543:Halifax
1503:Forsyth
1428:Chatham
1423:Catawba
1418:Caswell
1117:May 26,
825:In the
774:autonym
669:burials
631:by the
589:general
585:British
487:Kituwah
479:Kituwah
444:Kituwah
406:Catawba
385:to the
348:Indiana
336:Georgia
289:History
231:) is a
221:giduhwa
213:Kituwah
3098:People
2761:Tanasi
2751:Talisi
2726:Oconee
2701:Echota
2668:Kituwa
2663:Keowee
2628:Etowah
2527:(2005)
2519:(1871)
2510:(1832)
2502:(1831)
2151:Kituwa
1966:Ghigau
1961:Gadugi
1956:Chiefs
1903:Tribes
1833:Yancey
1828:Yadkin
1823:Wilson
1818:Wilkes
1798:Warren
1758:Stokes
1753:Stanly
1698:Person
1688:Pender
1673:Orange
1668:Onslow
1623:Martin
1603:Lenoir
1533:Greene
1523:Graham
1513:Gaston
1493:Durham
1488:Duplin
1458:Craven
1438:Chowan
1408:Camden
1378:Bladen
1373:Bertie
1272:Topics
1185:
1150:
794:sacred
790:Kituwa
767:kolona
731:Canada
719:Kituwa
673:hearth
561:Kituwa
472:Valley
470:, and
437:sacred
371:Kituwa
354:, and
294:Kituwa
209:Kituwa
43:Kituwa
3423:Tsali
3188:Enola
3004:Stone
2781:Toqua
2721:Ocoee
2658:Joara
2603:Cowee
2593:Chota
2175:Wars
1951:Clans
1813:Wayne
1788:Vance
1783:Union
1768:Swain
1763:Surry
1733:Rowan
1648:Moore
1613:Macon
1593:Jones
1518:Gates
1483:Davie
1393:Burke
1363:Avery
1353:Anson
1329:Lists
763:uguku
2517:case
1793:Wake
1708:Polk
1703:Pitt
1653:Nash
1573:Hyde
1568:Hoke
1473:Dare
1443:Clay
1358:Ashe
1183:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1119:2020
1036:2021
985:2020
820:clan
803:Selu
548:and
454:and
428:corn
408:and
361:The
344:Ohio
322:and
178:Area
2698:New
1598:Lee
1263:in
784:or
776:of
639:to
229:ᎩᏚᏩ
188:No.
3579::
1181:.
1177:.
1162:^
1127:^
1110:.
1098:^
1070:,
1053:.
1024:13
1022:.
1018:.
1006:^
976:.
964:^
955:,
943:^
934:,
913:^
904:,
880:.
874:.
529:.
466:,
350:,
346:,
315:.
258:.
227::
215:,
1888:e
1881:t
1874:v
1253:e
1246:t
1239:v
1191:.
1156:.
1121:.
1057:.
1038:.
987:.
602:(
223:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
