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which measured 19 meters in diameter from rim crest to rim crest. They estimated that at least 45 people lived in this structure at one timeâperhaps eight separate families or domestic units. The deposits found here indicated that these occupants enjoyed substantial economic resources and wealth compared to the residents of small structures. Higher grade construction materials and processes were employed. There were multiple hearths used regularly, some of them unusually large. Per capita storage areas were far larger and more numerous than those of other housepits. High quality foods were available including more meat products (such as fox, bear, and sheep) and some unexpected species (such as scallops which would have been obtained in trade from the coast). These occupants had access to a wide array of wealth items. Overall, they were economically well off. It is possible that they even had dogs as pets. Separate domestic units in the large housepit each contained hearths, tools, comforts, and conveniences. The structure held a central communal area with an especially large hearth. The division of the overall space indicates the possibility of sexual division of workspaces and for a "fundamental socioeconomic division" within the structure â perhaps including controlling families and tenant families or those who worked for the household. It is possible that some members of this household held high status in the community at large. Evidence indicates that the major housepits were continuously occupied over several generations, perhaps more than 1,000 years, by "a single, identifiable social group" which maintained the structure's roof, storage areas, and basic organization. It is remarkable that these households were able to successfully replenish themselves by recruiting new members over such a long period.
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where fish, meat, and plant foods were stored. During the winter, families lived in pithouses dug partly into the ground and covered with a conical wooden roof on which soil and sediment was piled for insulation, much like the roof of historical sod-covered cabins. Entry was generally via a ladder protruding through the smoke hole of the roof; and we think that people were relatively tightly bunched together in these houses for warmth during the frigid winters. By March, the people were anxious to move into the open and began to look for the first edible plant shoots and bulbs, such as young raspberry shoots and wild onions. Spring was often a time of hunger if winter food stores had been used up, and the first signs of spring salmon were eagerly awaited. When the snows had cleared in the mountains, most groups went to dig spring beauty corms ("mountain potatoes") and mountain lilies, as well as hunt and fish in the mountain lakes (Alexander 1992). In mid to late summer, people gathered saskatoon and other berries as they ripened at lower elevations. By late summer, everyone was back down at the river fishing sites preparing fish for the winter and trading with visitors.
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sediments sealed the construction, offering extra insulation. People dug pits indoors and lined them with birch bark to store food. They constructed hearths and made benches and storage platforms. Aside from regular cleaning, a family could live in such a house for up to 20 years without significant architectural modification. At some point, however, wood would become dangerously old, and vermin could infest portions of the roof and floor. In these cases, good timbers would be salvaged and the old roof burned down. Families returning from late warm-season food-gathering trips would then rebuild roofs and floors before they re-inhabited the houses. Sometimes rebuilding involved removing all of the burned roof materials and scraping out the old floors. At other times, as with many Bridge River houses, the people would remove burned and collapsed roof materials but not the floors. Instead, they would import new sediments and dump them over the old floors, thereby preserving an even more detailed record of household life over multiple generations.
478:, British Columbia, began the initial project at Keatley Creek. That study's initial aim was to "determine why this site was so large and why some of the individual semisubterranean housepits were also unusually big." Hayden's group was also interested in the cultural continuity in the region and exploring houses where multiple families lived in what were described as "residential corporate groups" Hayden's expedition examined the botanical, faunal, and lithic remains at the site and explored the formation of different types of strata and construction, closely examining floors, roofs, middens, and hearths. They sought to identify activities and social habits that occurred at Keatley Creek through examining stone artifacts and
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exceeding those at contact or even today and the abandonment of such settlements at least six centuries before contact. The history of these communities was undoubtedly marked by the founding of new villages; the rise and fall of powerful lineages and chiefs; the shifting of alliances between chiefs, lineages, villages, and distant trading partners; the spread of new technologies and rituals; periods of strife and peace; and others of plenty and dearth. Although archaeology can illuminate no more than an outline of this rich and varied history, researchers will continue to question current understandings of and add information about the long and extraordinary human past of this remarkable region.
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were not the poorest in the
Keatley Creek community, but they were still impoverished compared to the residents of the larger structures at the site. There was little use of the fire hearth, foods required no cooking and were served unheated. It was essential for inhabitants to huddle for warmth. In this site, there was evidence of lower grade foods and clothing. There was very little storage space. The overall space was divided into distinct areas for butchering/eating, stonework and tools, open or communal areas. No distinct areas were reserved for lying down or sleeping, unlike peripheral areas of the larger housepits.
437:" were reportedly identified in the Keatley Creek village: several families living in the same structure, an individual family in its own structure, and large amorphous residential groups assembled, such as a neighborhood. Studies indicate an early socioeconomic strategy and signs of sociopolitical complexity suggesting domestic subgroups within households and within the community at large, especially in the final centuries of Keatley Creek's occupation. The biggest dwellings have the largest storage capacity, more prestige foods (i.e. chinook salmon) and lithics such as
701:. What is agreed by all researchers is that long before contact and colonization the large villages had disappearedâalthough the local area was never abandoned by indigenous peoples and, before contact and colonization, the indigenous population rose again. As the villages in the mid-Fraser Canyon contained one of the highest population densities in the Pacific Northwest, their breakup must have had significant repercussions for social life throughout the entire region. In identifying the exact reason, or reasons, for that change there is less consensus.
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century. By 950 BP (1000 AD) the
Keatley Creek Site's population was barely half that of three centuries before. Also skeptical of a single catastrophic crisis, Morin also looks at internal contradictions in Mid-Fraser society. Although little evidence exists for warfare, it may have increased with the introduction of the bow and arrow, as elsewhere in the interior plains. Morin and others have suggested as well that variability in salmon populations could have been coupled with the reality that more densely settled population is vulnerable to disease.
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to better fishing sites than the residents of the smaller housepits. The wood used for fuel was the same type as for the small housepit, but here was evidence of greater use of fire and of the hearths. There were bedding materials at the peripheral walls with some raised sleeping platforms signifying another difference from the residents of the smaller structures. The medium-sized housepit included separate domestic spaces with a central communal area. The overall space was divided into four sectors with a principal hearth in central area.
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anticipated that findings at
Keatley Creek would contribute to understanding the distribution of ethnographic cultures in the region. Additionally, her work identified the possibility that the Keatley Creek community had emerged as a "complex collector socioeconomic strategy." Her study of Keatley Creek Site contributes to her exploration of the "rise and fall of human societies during that long time span we call the Archaic." Prentiss' studies have been numerous and documented in several publications such as:
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social stratification took place not during a moment of population growth, but social contraction due to internal or external contradictions facing
Keatley Creek. Therefore, "the pattern of inequality was not triggered by any major technological changes or expansions in per-capita storage. Rather, it appears to have come as a consequence of households changing the rules of food sharing and consumption under stressful conditions."
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275:). Keatley Creek is "known for the unusually large size of its semi-subterranean houses" some more than 20 meters in diameter, although many are no larger than 5 meters. Archaeological investigation has concluded the Keatley Creek area was occupied by "residential corporate groups of differing economic and social status" which can also be described as a
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opening located somewhat centrally in the roof protruding through the smoke hole. In general, each housepit affords only 2.5 square meters of floor space per person occupying the space. Pit houses, like other First
Nations boreal forest home structures, were environmentally friendly leaving almost no footprint on the landscape when abandoned.
482:(waste products from manufacture). The nature of each structure was examined in order to compare the "economic and social organization" of the residences. Over the years, Hayden's excavations have expanded, and his work continued with varied hypotheses. Ongoing studies have been documented in several publications:
128:. A large complex community whose economy centered around gathering, fishing, and hunting began developing from 4,800 BP. The Keatley Creek site blossomed from around 2,400 BP with a population of about 1,000 people. At this time the network of villages in the Mid-Fraser region would have been one of the largest
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The significance of
Keatley Creek's cultural heritage is especially true for local First Nations peoples, who have striven to overcome over a century of colonial policies aimed at forms of cultural destruction and genocide, and to reclaim their history, language and identities, as well as sovereignty
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or the "early
Neoglacial period." Stress on these communities was probably exacerbated by resource exhaustion of local roots and tubers. Dietary records suggest that people searched for food further afield from the villages and had more reliance on lower-quality food such as seeds. The complexity of
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Hayden's excavation included
Housepit No. 3, which measured 14 meters in diameter. It is estimated that thirty people (i.e., five or six nuclear families) occupied this structure. Deposits here indicate some elements of wealth, larger storage pits, some higher grade food products, and probable access
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Hayden's group tested
Housepit 12 â one of the smaller housepits at the Keatley Creek site. It measured 9 meters in diameter (rim crest to rim crest) where most small housepits are 7m in diameter. Compared to other small structures, housepit 12 had a substantial roof, indicating that these residents
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The housepits of
Keatley Creek are semi-subterranean structures. Their construction was obviously labor-intensive and provided permanent structures in a generally circular shape with conical or pyramidal roof shapes. Entrance to the housepit was made possible by a log ladder that emerged through an
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The Keatley Creek winter village of housepits (Figures 1 â 3) is geographically positioned near the Fraser River to "protect access to critical salmon resource." The area also provided the village access to a wide array of natural resources (game for hunting, wood for construction, stone for tools).
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has included Keatley Creek in her study of Plateau villages throughout prehistory. She has explored the evolution of variations in the Plateau villages, including the need to draw distinctions between "socioeconomically 'complex' communities and those designated as 'sociopolitically' complex." She
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Archaeologists have argued for at least a basic level of cultural continuity in the region, noting the consistency between traditional knowledge, oral and written historical records with the archaeological evidence. This suggests that the yearly round or seasonal life movements of the inhabitants of
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tradition of North America's Western Arctic, etc.). At the same time, the pithouse villages along the Mid-Fraser are arguably "among the largest hunter-gatherer settlements recorded anywhere in the world for any period. They are much larger than most, if not all, prehistoric villages on the adjacent
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living during the cold winter months in pit houses, and engaging in a variety of forms of food storage that included both harvest and material storage, and husbandry of one domesticated animal, the dog. Life in the ancient village continues to capture people's interest and imagination. The house pit
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The village was close to many other small and medium communities including the down-river villages of Seton Lake (EeRl-21), Lillooet, Bridge River (EeRl-4), Fountain and Bell (EeRk-4), as well as, upriver, Pavilion, McKay Creek (EfRl-3 and â13), Chicken Gully (EfRl-5), and Kelly Creek/PeĆtĂȘqet (EfRk
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communities in the modern borders of Canada. Although there is continued debate about the site's occupation and abandonment or depopulation, the community was vacated perhaps as early as 1,000 BP or as late as 800 BP, as were the other neighboring villages. Rock slide stopped the fish run and we had
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Prentiss, on the other hand, estimates that occupancy was from 1,700 BP to 800 BP (ca 300â1200 AD). Significant climatic warming was taking place during the initial period of village formation, increasing vegetation and likely decreasing the salmon population. Small village formation was driven by
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Chinook and Sockeye were, in the ethnographic record, preferred over Chum and Coho because of their stronger, richer flavor, although they also take longer to dry. Salmon DNA studies show that during the period Keatley Creek was inhabited, pink salmon, a fish known as easy to catch and easy to dry,
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Keatley Creek has also been described as "a world heritage quality site." It earned this distinction not only because its excavation is important for understanding the development of complex hunting and gathering cultures but also because it is well preserved, clearly visible, and easily accessed
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Since Keatley Creek was home to a large community for an extremely long time, it is extremely important for archaeological study, representing the culmination of centuries of human experimentation with housepit living. The site contributes to the bank of knowledge regarding North American history
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In the fall, large stores of salmon would be caught and dried along the Fraser River for winter food. After the fishing ended, the major deer hunt of the year took place in the alpine meadows. When cold weather set in, everyone would retreat to winter villages on the terraces of the Fraser River,
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The large housepit was especially important to Hayden's study of residential corporate groups and how the artifacts and assemblages could be used to compare the life practices of people living in the larger structures with those in the smaller size housepits. Hayden's team excavated Housepit #7
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Subsequent research has reconsidered the relationship between economic stratification and salmon species distribution at Keatley Creek as "visible but clearly not as dramatic as previously assumed" because of the over-all prevalence of chinook salmon. Some archaeologists have also suggested that
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radius. The site supported a lengthy period of human occupation, and was one of the largest villages in the Mid-Fraser region. Earliest carbon dating puts initial occupation around 7,000â8,000 BP. The site was more or less consistently occupied from the Shuswap horizon (2400â4000 BP) through the
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Morin, who published radiocarbon dates of material at the house pits sites, concluded that the highest population densities were between 1,550 and 1,150 BP (400 AD and 800 AD) with a maximum around 1,200 BP (700 AD). He argues that Keatley Creek's drastic population decline began in the ninth
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To be sure, not all researchers agree the site was continuously inhabited, nor do they agree on how or why the social communities came together. Two main proposals have been formulated: Hayden emphasizes technological development, and Prentiss' emphasizes environmental factors and limitations.
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and inequality in natural abundances led to social inequalities." Certainly, winter survival relied on extensive use of food storage, which became all the more real as the population of Keatley Creek grew. Storage technologies in the mid-Fraser were varied and included cache pits, above-ground
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Rather than a static, timeless picture of the aboriginal past, research in the Mid-Fraser offers a glimpse of the rich history of these peoples and their settlements . Briefly, this history included the development of many large villages with population densities along the Mid-Fraser greatly
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Hayden places Keatley Creek's occupancy as beginning in 2,600 BP and ending in 1,000 BP (ca 400 BC â 1000 AD). The villages came together at a moment which allowed for technological improvements to allow for the production of food surpluses through salmon harvest, and with the development of
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recorded that people constructed them by first digging a pit and then acquiring wood for upright posts and horizontal beams. The wood superstructure was then built by using strong upright posts to support the horizontal beams. Layers of timbers and matting covered the roof, and in some cases
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which would have been difficult to obtain. Following from this analysis, the four largest pit homes represent the accommodations of multi-household clans or otherwise higher status social groups. Dogs were also kept by higher status dwellings for "hunting, transportation, protection and
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Middleton, William D., and T. Douglas Price. "Identification of activity areas by multi-element characterization of sediments from modern and archaeological house floors using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy." Journal of Archaeological Science 23.5 (1996):
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or roots and tubers, and berries) and deer also supplemented nutrition, salmon fishery was a key source of nutrients. Trade and exchange for dried salmon also brought together goods from considerable distances away, like ground stone bowls, obsidian, and nephrite jade.
117:) depressions, left from semi-subterranean wooden dwellings, some of which would have been 18 to 21 meters in diameter. The site is one of the largest and well-studied house pit village sites in Canada, home to some of the biggest house pit depressions in the
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Housepit villages such as Keatley Creek and Bridge River developed over hundreds of years. The archaeological record of many housepits formed through regular reoccupations organized around cleaning and rebuilding activities. An early researcher in this area,
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and communities. It suggests a past that was more socioeconomically or politically complex and more culturally diverse than previously recorded. Today the site is also recognized as a special heritage resource for the province of British Columbia.
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Prentiss, Anna Marie, et al. "Evolution of a late prehistoric winter village on the interior plateau of British Columbia: geophysical investigations, radiocarbon dating, and spatial analysis of the Bridge River site." American antiquity (2008):
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Tradition house pit village settlements in the Mid-Fraser region, only the Kelly Creek and Keatley Creek sites have more than one hundred depressions, although large villages (with over 130 depressions) have also been identified along the Upper
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Prentiss, Anna, James C. Chatters, Natasha Lyons, Lucille E. Harris. "Archaeology in the Middle-Fraser Canyon British Columbia Changing Perspectives on Paleoecology and Emergent Cultural Complexity." Canadian Journal of Archaeology 35 (2011):
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At its peak population (c. 700 A.D.), Keatley Creek's population numbered over 700 people and probably around 1,000. Tools, baskets and hunting weapons found in excavations of Keatley Creek indicate that its ancient inhabitants had been the
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now show the climate, and likely also the seasonal round, varied significantly in the region with a dry interval (2,200 to 1,600 BP) followed by a cool, moist time (1,600 to 1,200 BP) and then return to dry interval, corresponding with the
1151:"Identification of activity areas by multi-element characterization of sediments from modern and archaeological house floors using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy". (William D. Middleton and T. Douglas Price). 1996.
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Prentiss, Anna Marie, et al. "The emergence of status inequality in intermediate scale societies: A demographic and socio-economic history of the Keatley Creek site, British Columbia." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26.2 (2007):
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Prentiss, Anna Marie, and David S. Clarke. "Lithic technological organization in an evolutionary framework: Examples from North America's Pacific Northwest region." Lithic Technology: Measures of Production, Use and Curation (2008):
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associated with population expansion took place later, when the climate shifted to be more favorable for salmon. Later, depopulation took place in two waves, around 800 BP (1200 AD) associated with climatic deterioration during the
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It is worth noting that the Keatley Creek and Bridge River sites have some differences in housepit formation. At Keatley, houses generally consist of the final inhabitant's floor; previous floors and roofs are re-deposited on rims.
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Lertzman, Kenneth P. "Ancient DNA investigation of prehistory salmon resource utilization at Keatley Creek, British Columbia, Canada." Speller, Camilla F., Dongya Y. Yang, Brian Hayden. Journal of Archaeological Science 32 (2005)
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Speller, Camilla F., Dongya Y. Yang, and Brian Hayden. "Ancient DNA investigation of prehistoric salmon resource utilization at Keatley Creek, British Columbia, Canada." Journal of Archaeological Science 32.9 (2005):
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Hayden, Brian, Edward Bakewell, and Rob Gargett. "The world's longest-lived corporate group: Lithic analysis reveals prehistoric social organization near Lillooet, British Columbia." American antiquity (1996):
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Of the 119 housepits noted at Keatley Creek, some were apparently used as storage facilities of varying sizes (some quite large). Also evident are communal roasting pits outside of the residential structures.
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Lertzman, Kenneth P. "Reconstructing prehistoric socioeconomies from paleoethnobotanical and zooarchaeological data: an example from the British Columbia Plateau." Journal of Ethnobiology 16.1 (1996): 31â62.
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from a nearby highway. The Keatley Creek Site includes well-defined architectural features and provides valuable evidence of complex socioeconomic organization. Recently, the site has earned attention at a
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The villages were long-lived until a serious problem with the salmon population arose, leading to abandonment in 1000 AD. This is when a single catastrophic event â a massive rockslide below Lillooet at
726:â destroyed salmon runs in the Fraser and creating a sudden crisis for Keatley Creek residents. The slide would have created a long-lasting dam for salmon, preventing access to necessary spawning beds.
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Prentiss, Anna Marie. "The Emergence of New Socioeconomic Strategies in the Middle and Late Holocene Pacific Northwest Region of North America." Macroevolution in Human Prehistory (2009): 111â131.
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Prentiss, Anna, Hannah S. Cailb, Lisa M. Smith. "At the Malthusian ceiling Subsistence and inequality at Bridge River British Columbia." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 33 (2014):34â48
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Morin, Jesse, Ryan Dickie, Takashi Sakaguchi, and Jamie Hoskins. "Late Prehistoric settlement patterns and population Dynamics along the Mid-Fraser." BC Studies 160 (Winter 2008/09): 9â34
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Prentiss, Anna Marie, and Michael Lenert. "Cultural Stasis and Change in Northern North America: A Macroevolutionary Perspective." Macroevolution in Human Prehistory (2009): 235â251.
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Butler, Virginia L., and James C. Chatters. "The role of bone density in structuring prehistoric salmon bone assemblages." Journal of Archaeological Science 21.3 (1994): 413â424.
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First Nation. The site is situated on the British Columbia Plateau (also known as the Canadian Plateau) about 25 km upstream along the Fraser River in what is called the Middle
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Prentiss, Anna Marie, et al. "At the Malthusian ceiling Subsistence and inequality at Bridge River British Columbia." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 33 (2014): 34â48.
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1166:"Reconstructing prehistoric socioeconomies from paleoethnobotanical and zooarchaeological data: an example from the British Columbia Plateau". (Kenneth P. Lertzman). 1996.
410:. These changes would have also affected salmon populations, with growth in the salmon population during the cooler, moist era and reduction during the warmer periods.
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Northwest Coast. The only precontact settlements of comparable size within the modern borders of Canada were the horticultural Iroquoian villages of southern Ontario."
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Hayden, Brian, Nora Franco, and Jim Spafford. "Evaluating lithic strategies and design criteria." Stone tools: Theoretical insights into human prehistory (1996): 9â45.
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Prentiss, Anna Marie, et al. "The Cultural Evolution of Material Wealth-Based Inequality at Bridge River, British Columbia." American Antiquity 77.3 (2012): 542â564.
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river terrace, where it meets the mountain slope over 1,200 ft. (360 m) above the Fraser River" on terrain described as "benchlands above the Fraser River gorge".
1141:"Evaluating lithic strategies and design criteria." Stone tools: Theoretical insights into human prehistory (Hayden, Brian, Nora Franco, and Jim Spafford.) 1996
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Prentiss, Anna Marie. "The winter village pattern on the Plateau of Northwestern North America." The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology (2012): 173
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The exact date of the Texas Creek slide is unclear, as is evidence of a large backed-up lake. These and other problems have been cited with Hayden's thesis.
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Prentiss, Anna Marie, Ian Kuijt, and James C. Chatters. Macroevolution in human prehistory: Evolutionary theory and processual archaeology. Springer, 2009.
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Hayden, Brian, and Jim Spafford. "The Keatley Creek site and corporate group archaeology." BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly 99 (1993): 106â139.
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422:(stone tool) remains, have meant that Keatley Creek has become an important archaeological site in debates about the development of social inequality.
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Hayden, Brian. The pithouses of Keatley Creek: Complex hunter-gatherers of the Northwest Plateau. Toronto: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997.
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to relocate to pavilion or fountain. No decisive evidence has been found of either warfare or a devastating epidemic, although this as well as an
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Keatley Creek has been the site of active excavations from 1986 and ongoing in 2013âpresent. The main projects have been led by Brian Hayden and
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Some controversy surrounds the dates of Keatley Creek's occupation and the reason for its depopulation. The debate is frustrated partly by the
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Hayden, Brian, and Rick Schulting. "The plateau interaction sphere and late prehistoric cultural complexity." American antiquity (1997): 51â85.
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Keatley Creek holds a special heritage importance to First Nations communities. Since the mid-1980s the site has also been the subject of the
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Ames, Kenneth M. "Thinking about household archaeology on the Northwest Coast." Household archaeology on the Northwest Coast (2006): 16â36.
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Hayden, Brian, and Simon Fraser University. Dept. of Archaeology. The ancient past of Keatley Creek. Burnaby, BC: Archaeology Press, 2000.
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Hayden, Brian. "Pathways to power: principles for creating socioeconomic inequalities." Foundations of social inequality (1995): 15â86.
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1169:"Role of bone density in structuring prehistoric salmon bone assemblages, The". (Virginia L. Butler and James C. Chatters). 1994.
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The site itself stretches over a kilometer, with the core area with the greatest concentration of house pits covering in a four
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1 and EfRl 25). Several of these villages (including Lillooet, Fountain and Pavilion) have now been destroyed. Of the remaining
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Sediment characterization, activity areas identification, and the degree to which activities leave detectable chemical residues
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Pathways to power: principles for creating socioeconomic inequalities. Foundations of social inequality. (Hayden, Brian.) 1995
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The presence of somewhat unequal pit house sizes, storage pits, as well as differences in the type and quality of dietary and
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Prentiss, Anna Marie and Ian Kuijt. People of the Middle Fraser Canyon: An Archaeological History Vancouver: UBC Press, 2012
163:. It is now a provincially recognized cultural heritage area and also gaining international attention through interest at a
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Harris, Cole. "Introduction: Considering the Middle Fraser." BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly 160 (2008): 3â8.
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Hayden, Brian, and June M. Ryder. "Prehistoric cultural collapse in the Lillooet area." American Antiquity (1991): 50â65.
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Keatley Creek were likely in general accord with those recorded in traditional ethnography. Hayden and Spafford suggest:
247:, where the villages existed in some form of networkâeither relatively autonomously or with multi-village communities.
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salmon were available from August to October and were caught, dried, and stored for later use throughout the winter.
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hunting tools indicated that more diverse species of animals also were hunted further afield. This adds up to a "
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village in some ways lends itself to the creation of a material history, as Anne Marie Prentiss explains:
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1175:"Winter village pattern on the Plateau of Northwestern North America, The". (Anna Marie Prentiss). 2012.
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People of the Middle Fraser Canyon: An Archaeological History (Prentiss, Anna Marie and Ian Kuijt.) 2012
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The pithouses of Keatley Creek: Complex hunter-gatherers of the Northwest Plateau (Hayden, Brian). 1997
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resource scarcity and a need to come together to conserve the salmon resources. A complex process of
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1160:"Keatley Creek site and corporate group archaeology, The". (Brian Hayden and Jim Spafford). 1993.
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Several other subjects of study have involved Keatley Creek Site including (but not limited to):
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Keatley Creek society was part of the spectrum of complex gatherer-hunter-fisher societies. Such
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Perhaps summarizing the common ground in the discussion, Morin and others have written:
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have all been theorized, and aboriginal peoples continued living throughout the region.
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1172:"Thinking about household archaeology on the Northwest Coast." (Kenneth M. Ames). 2006.
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Therefore, although a critical amount of nutrition came from gathered foods (plants,
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Prentiss, Anna Marie. "Imagining the archaic." SAA Archaeological Record (2008): 31.
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Ancient past of Keatley Creek. (Hayden, Brian and Simon Fraser University). 2000.
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Keatley Creek's general contribution to the study of human evolution and life in
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http://www.ubcpress.ca/books/pdf/chapters/2012/PeopleOfTheMiddleFraserCanyon.pdf
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https://web.archive.org/web/20120827121530/http://www.bcartifacts.com/great.html
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companionship, clothing (hides), weaving materials (hair), ritual, and food."
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Plateau horizon (1200â2400 BP) and into the early Kamloops horizon (1200 BP).
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1163:"Prehistory: introduction." (James C. Chatters and David L. Pokotylo).1998.
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conference hosted as part of its 2013 World Heritage Thematic Programme, at
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or "Mid-Fraser". The site is between the St'at'imc communities of Xaxli'p (
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The site features include 119 house depressions, called a house pits or
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Researchers believe that the site was first inhabited as early as 7,000
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The concept of house societies especially among hunter-gatherer-fishers
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Initial research formulated that "mass harvest and storage permitted
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analyses in studies of prehistoric social and economic organization"
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Keatley Creek is "...nestled in a small basin at the back edge of a
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Fraser River Investigations into Corporate Group Archaeology Project
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1157:"Introduction: Considering the Middle Fraser." (Cole Harris). 2008.
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https://psmag.com/social-justice/the-path-to-keatley-creek-45903
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https://psmag.com/social-justice/the-evolution-of-fairness-45681
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http://wikimapia.org/9355252/Keatley-Creek-archaeological-site
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is widespread in the archaeological record (such as the
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Populated places established in the 5th millennium BC
1154:"Imagining the archaic". (Anna Marie Prentiss). 2008.
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59:Learn how and when to remove this message
3088:Archaeological sites in British Columbia
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433:In this direction, three types of "
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109:The site is home to more than 115
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2357:Megalithic architectural elements
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3093:History of the Pacific Northwest
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774:Heritage resource classification
430:facilities, baskets, and cords.
188:excavation site in southwestern
86:peoples. Its location is in the
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3118:First Nations history in Canada
2976:Evolutionary origin of religion
867:P'egp'Ăg7lha Clan. "Homepage."
709:Early occupancy and catastrophe
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1:
2589:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2119:British megalith architecture
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718:, social inequality emerged.
594:Mobility of household members
379:were absent from the region.
2584:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2124:Nordic megalith architecture
635:Keatley Creek housepit sites
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606:of Keatley Creek structures
515:Anna Marie Prentiss of the
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474:In 1986, Brian Hayden of
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779:and self-determination.
644:Basic structural concept
208:). The closest town is
180:The Keatley Creek Site (
2964:Evolutionary musicology
2367:Oldest extant buildings
2294:Archaeological features
1813:Prepared-core technique
476:Simon Fraser University
458:Excavation and research
294:gatherer-hunter-fishers
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149:Simon Fraser University
2926:Unchambered long cairn
2774:Mound Builders culture
2107:Neolithic architecture
1242:Prehistoric technology
793:Biblioteca Palafoxiana
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622:The role of "combined
573:history of agriculture
563:hunter-gatherer-fisher
352:
340:Dynamic seasonal round
331:of the Near East, the
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245:Classic Lillooet Phase
2601:List of Stone Age art
1803:Microblade technology
1751:Langdale axe industry
1349:Ard / plough
871:Accessed Dec. 29/2014
869:http://www.titqet.org
766:
740:cultural transmission
569:Household archaeology
517:University of Montana
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119:archaeological record
3008:Prehistoric medicine
3003:Prehistoric counting
2986:Prehistoric religion
2981:Paleolithic religion
2959:Behavioral modernity
2316:Causewayed enclosure
2208:Abri de la Madeleine
1332:Neolithic Revolution
1124:Books and monographs
745:Medieval warm period
716:competitive feasting
618:socioeconomic status
408:Medieval Warm Period
204:) and Ts'kw'aylaxw (
3047:Prehistoric warfare
1793:Magdalenian culture
1756:Levallois technique
1687:Earliest toolmaking
756:War, plague, crisis
624:paleoethnobotanical
585:of early households
464:Anna Marie Prentiss
414:Social organization
161:Anne Marie Prentiss
78:in the interior of
76:archaeological site
2998:Origin of language
2991:Spiritual drug use
2901:Rectangular dolmen
2803:Dartmoor kistvaens
2616:Carved stone balls
2328:Circular enclosure
2287:Other architecture
2230:Alp pile dwellings
1818:Solutrean industry
1729:Gravettian culture
1379:Secondary products
1119:Selected resources
750:Malthusian ceiling
699:radiocarbon dating
604:Radiocarbon dating
382:At the same time,
39:You can assist by
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3020:Prehistoric music
2969:music archaeology
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2451:Clothing/textiles
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1823:Striking platform
1788:Lithic technology
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1658:Game drive system
1577:Projectile points
1469:Mortar and pestle
628:zooarchaeological
577:social inequality
401:, and studies of
113:(quiggly hole or
74:is a significant
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3103:Lillooet Country
3035:Divje Babe flute
2942:Archaeoastronomy
2685:Petrosomatoglyph
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697:associated with
680:Other structures
609:Distribution of
600:bone assemblages
511:Prentiss Project
435:corporate groups
277:transegalitarian
190:British Columbia
167:research forum.
80:British Columbia
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126:Before Present
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3113:Fraser Canyon
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2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Simple dolmen
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Passage grave
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
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2877:
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2872:
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2867:
2865:
2862:
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2857:
2853:
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2843:
2842:Gallery grave
2840:
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2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:Burial mounds
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
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2718:
2717:Statue menhir
2715:
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2705:Stone carving
2703:
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2573:
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2555:
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2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Sewing needle
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2500:
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2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Timber circle
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
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2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
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2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:Tor enclosure
2319:
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2314:
2310:
2309:fulacht fiadh
2307:
2306:
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2300:
2297:
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2279:
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2256:
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2240:
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2218:
2214:
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2209:
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2201:
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2199:
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2177:
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2173:
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2162:
2159:
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2142:
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2137:
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2132:
2130:
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2122:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
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2102:
2098:
2090:
2087:
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2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
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1967:
1965:
1962:
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1937:
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1908:
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1574:
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1556:
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1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:spear-thrower
1543:
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1538:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:Bow and arrow
1521:
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1432:Grinding slab
1430:
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1365:
1364:Domestication
1362:
1360:
1359:Digging stick
1357:
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1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Founder crops
1335:
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1313:
1308:
1304:
1298:
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1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:New Stone Age
1276:
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730:
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719:
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686:
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659:
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629:
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621:
619:
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584:
580:
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547:
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541:
538:
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531:
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498:
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481:
477:
467:
465:
455:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
428:
423:
421:
411:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
385:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
351:
346:
337:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
308:
305:
298:
295:
291:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:quiggly holes
261:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
226:
220:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:Fraser Canyon
195:
191:
187:
184:EeR17) is an
183:
182:Borden Number
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
134:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
104:Keatley Creek
101:
97:
93:
92:Fraser Canyon
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:Keatley Creek
63:
60:
52:
42:
36:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
2852:wedge-shaped
2837:Funeral pyre
2830:Great dolmen
2786:Chamber tomb
2767:Round barrow
2722:Stone circle
2594:Blombos Cave
2522:Grooved ware
2446:Chalcolithic
2350:Thornborough
2268:Flush toilet
2203:Blombos Cave
2198:Rock shelter
2154:Quiggly hole
2046:Architecture
2021:illustration
1663:Buffalo jump
1484:Storage pits
1447:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
1437:Ground stone
1273:Subdivisions
1087:
863:
785:
781:
777:
767:
763:
759:
736:
728:
720:
712:
703:
692:
683:
674:
665:
656:
647:
638:
616:Prehistoric
611:ethnographic
556:
514:
473:
461:
452:
432:
424:
417:
399:oceanography
391:stratigraphy
381:
377:
353:
348:
343:
321:Middle JĆmon
314:
310:
300:
286:
283:Village life
272:
268:
262:
254:
241:Slocan River
221:
214:
179:
157:Brian Hayden
146:
123:
114:
108:
90:area of the
71:
70:
55:
49:October 2023
46:
33:copy editing
31:may require
30:
2874:unchambered
2869:Long barrow
2859:Grave goods
2815:Court cairn
2810:Clava cairn
2762:Bowl barrow
2700:Rock cupule
2643:Golden hats
2636:Hill figure
2537:Unstan ware
2517:Cord-marked
2382:Sweet Track
2304:Burnt mound
2225:Stilt house
2213:Sibudu Cave
2006:Tally stick
1974:Quern-stone
1959:Hammerstone
1949:Fire plough
1920:Pesse canoe
1878:Bannerstone
1848:Other tools
1761:Lithic core
1709:Aurignacian
1597:Bare Island
1479:Quern-stone
724:Texas Creek
598:Prehistoric
403:pre-history
290:Stl'atl'imx
279:community.
217:Pleistocene
130:pre-contact
88:Glen Fraser
3082:Categories
3013:trepanning
2906:Ring cairn
2864:Jar burial
2847:transepted
2779:U.S. sites
2680:Petroglyph
2606:Bird stone
2564:wine press
2237:Stone roof
2220:Roundhouse
2112:long house
2089:Stonehenge
2057:Ceremonial
2001:Stone tool
1828:Tool stone
1798:Metallurgy
1702:Mousterian
1679:Toolmaking
1617:Cumberland
1590:Transverse
1560:Schöningen
1452:Qesem cave
1420:Earth oven
1374:Irrigation
1285:Technology
1253:Prehistory
799:References
583:demography
493:1378â1389.
384:palynology
325:Mesolithic
304:James Teit
273:kickwillie
133:aboriginal
41:editing it
3108:St'at'imc
3057:symbolism
2921:Tor cairn
2879:GrĂžnsalen
2820:Cremation
2712:Sculpture
2690:Pictogram
2675:Petroform
2495:amber use
2463:Cosmetics
2273:Reservoir
2258:Check dam
2188:Pueblitos
2183:Pit-house
2166:Longhouse
2100:Dwellings
1969:Microlith
1900:Bow drill
1895:Bone tool
1888:prismatic
1697:Acheulean
1612:Cresswell
1585:Arrowhead
1511:Boomerang
1427:Granaries
1389:Terracing
1268:Stone Age
1030:1378â1389
427:sedentism
356:geophytes
317:sedentism
233:Chilcotin
194:St'at'imc
155:, led by
111:pit house
102:flanking
100:benchland
84:St'at'imc
2695:Rock art
2658:painting
2631:Geoglyph
2456:timeline
2436:Beadwork
2176:Mehrgarh
2171:Mudbrick
2079:megalith
1954:Fire-saw
1776:debitage
1771:analysis
1739:Hand axe
1719:Cupstone
1297:Glossary
1258:Timeline
954:673â687.
613:cultures
536:257â285.
525:299â327.
500:341â356.
480:debitage
447:nephrite
443:steatite
439:obsidian
388:alluvial
329:Natufian
228:Pithouse
210:Lillooet
206:Pavilion
202:Fountain
176:Location
171:Overview
96:Lillooet
3052:Symbols
2663:pigment
2549:Weaving
2512:Cardium
2507:Pottery
2502:Mirrors
2490:Jewelry
2431:Baskets
2411:culture
2263:Cistern
2069:Pyramid
2011:Weapons
1989:Scraper
1979:Racloir
1939:Cleaver
1927:Chopper
1833:Uniface
1744:Grooves
1734:Hafting
1692:Oldowan
1651:Systems
1602:Cascade
1565:woomera
1555:harpoon
1528:history
1494:Hunting
1474:Pottery
1415:Cooking
1324:Farming
1290:history
1263:Outline
1015:143â174
565:society
365:Chinook
361:Sockeye
257:hectare
225:Plateau
3030:flutes
2825:Dolmen
2749:Burial
2559:winery
2532:Linear
2362:Midden
2340:Cursus
2333:Goseck
2193:Pueblo
2144:Dugout
2129:Burdei
1808:Mining
1632:Lamoka
1627:Folsom
1607:Clovis
1464:Metate
1442:Hearth
1410:Basket
1384:Sickle
1146:Papers
789:UNESCO
571:, the
529:59â81.
420:lithic
327:, the
269:kekuli
239:, and
165:UNESCO
115:kekuli
2947:sites
2891:Mummy
2611:Cairn
2527:JĆmon
2478:shoes
2473:Hides
2345:Henge
2299:Broch
2161:Jacal
2016:Wheel
1964:Knife
1910:Canoe
1905:Burin
1883:Blade
1781:flake
1642:Plano
1550:baton
1540:Spear
1506:Arrow
1459:Manos
1312:Tools
395:paleo
333:Thule
98:on a
3040:gudi
2798:Cist
2727:list
2554:Wine
2483:Ătzi
2468:Glue
2441:Beds
2409:and
2407:Arts
2278:Well
2134:Cave
2064:Kiva
1994:side
1984:Rope
1932:tool
1866:bone
1856:Adze
1622:Eden
1535:Nets
1405:Fire
1369:Goad
1354:Celt
626:and
581:The
445:and
373:Coho
371:and
369:Chum
251:Site
2149:Hut
2084:row
1915:Oar
1873:Axe
1861:Awl
271:or
151:'s
140:or
3084::
1096:^
1071:^
1051:^
1035:^
1020:^
1007:^
993:^
959:^
942:^
928:^
876:^
845:^
807:^
466:.
441:,
393:,
386:,
367:,
363:,
235:,
212:.
121:.
1234:e
1227:t
1220:v
397:-
267:(
62:)
56:(
51:)
47:(
43:.
37:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.