Keating Five - Knowledge

348:

very unusual and that they were being pressured by a united front, as the senators presented their reasons for having the meeting. DeConcini began the meeting by saying, "We wanted to meet with you because we have determined that potential actions of yours could injure a constituent." McCain said, "One of our jobs as elected officials is to help constituents in a proper fashion. ACC is a big employer and important to the local economy. I wouldn't want any special favors for them.... I don't want any part of our conversation to be improper." Glenn said, "To be blunt, you should charge them or get off their backs," while DeConcini said, "What's wrong with this if they're willing to clean up their act? ... It's very unusual for us to have a company that could be put out of business by its regulators." The regulators then revealed that Lincoln was under criminal investigation on a variety of serious charges, at which point McCain severed all relations with Keating.

295:(FHLBB), feared that the savings industry's risky investment practices were exposing the government's insurance funds to huge losses. Gray instituted a rule whereby savings associations could hold no more than ten percent of their assets in "direct investments", and were thus prohibited from taking ownership positions in certain financial entities and instruments. Lincoln had become burdened with bad debt resulting from its past aggressiveness, and by early 1986, its investment practices were being investigated and audited by the FHLBB: in particular, whether it had violated these direct investment rules; Lincoln had directed 521:. The Lincoln matter was getting large-scale press attention and the senators became commonly known as the "Keating Five". All the senators denied they had done anything improper in the matter, and said Keating's contributions made no difference to their actions. The senators' initial defense of their actions rested on Keating being one of their constituents; McCain said, "I have done this kind of thing many, many times," and said the Lincoln case was like "helping the little lady who didn't get her Social Security." Some of the five hired high-power Washington lawyers to represent them – including 645:, were taking the unusual step of publicly complaining about the Ethics Committee's inaction, saying that it was unfair to Glenn and McCain, that the whole lengthy process was unfair to all five, and that political motives might be behind the delays. Eventually, the committee could not agree on the Bennett recommendation regarding Glenn and McCain: vice chair Rudman agreed with Bennett, chair Heflin did not. On October 23, 1990, the committee decided to keep all five senators in the case, and scheduled public hearings to question them and other witnesses. 3425: 739:

McCain's "actions were not improper nor attended with gross negligence and did not reach the level of requiring institutional action against him....Senator McCain has violated no law of the United States or specific Rule of the United States Senate." On his Keating Five experience, McCain has said: "The appearance of it was wrong. It's a wrong appearance when a group of senators appear in a meeting with a group of regulators, because it conveys the impression of undue and improper influence. And it was the wrong thing to do."

2014: 2024: 67: 876:. During the 2000s, several retrospective accounts of the controversy reiterated the contention that McCain was included in the investigation primarily so that there would be at least one Republican target. Glenn's inclusion in the investigation has been attributed to Republicans who were angered by the inclusion of McCain, as well as committee members who thought that dropping Glenn (and McCain) would make it look bad for the remaining three Democratic senators. 3785: 48: 706:

Keating in return for a contribution," the Committee officially found that Cranston's conduct had been "improper and repugnant", deserving of "the fullest, strongest and most severe sanction which the committee has the authority to impose." The sanction was in these words: "the Senate Select Committee on Ethics, on behalf of and in the name of the United States Senate, does hereby strongly and severely reprimand Sen. Alan Cranston."

31: 319:, placing several Democratic senators in key positions, and starting in January 1987, Keating's staff was putting pressure on Cranston to remove Gray from any FHLBB discussion regarding Lincoln. The following month, Keating began large-scale contributions into Cranston's project to increase California voter registration. In February 1987, Keating met with Riegle and began contributing to Riegle's 1988 re-election campaign. 84: 101: 810:

committee's actions, saying: "Given the news media frenzy surrounding , the easiest thing for the committee to do would have been to find them guilty of something and recommend sanctions. ... The politically difficult thing, the one requiring backbone, was what we did — to review all the evidence and reach a predictably unpopular conclusion based only on fact."

861:, attacked Glenn on Keating Five as well as a number of other matters, in one of the dirtiest campaigns in the country that year and the toughest of Glenn's senatorial contests. Glenn prevailed, however, defeating DeWine by nine percentage points to gain one more term in the Senate before retiring and not running for re-election in 1998, at age 77. 1748: 848:

McCain testified against Keating in a civil suit brought by Lincoln bondholders, and was seen as the plaintiffs' best witness. The other four senators refused to testify. Cranston left office in January 1993, and died in December 2000. DeConcini and Riegle continued to serve in the Senate until their

722:

The Senate Ethics Committee ruled that Riegle and DeConcini had acted improperly by interfering with the investigation by the FHLBB. Specifically, it said that even though neither of them violated any Senate rule, their conduct "gave the appearance of being improper." DeConcini was especially faulted

709:

After the Senate reprimanded Cranston, he took to the Senate floor to deny key charges against him. In response, Rudman charged that Cranston's response to the reprimand was "arrogant, unrepentant, and a smear on this institution," and that Cranston was wrong to imply that everyone does what Cranston

636:

Initially the committee investigated in private. On September 10, 1990, Bennett submitted a confidential report, which soon leaked, that recommended that the committee continue its investigation of Cranston, DeConcini, and Riegle, but take no action against Glenn and McCain, as there was insufficient

444:

with higher-yielding bond certificates of American Continental; the customers later said they were never properly informed that the bonds were uninsured and very risky given the state of American Continental's finances. Indeed, the regulators had already adjudged the bonds to have no solvent backing.

205:

determined in 1991 that Cranston, DeConcini, and Riegle had substantially and improperly interfered with the FHLBB's investigation of Lincoln Savings, with Cranston receiving a formal reprimand. Senators Glenn and McCain were cleared of having acted improperly but were criticized for having exercised

768:, which had initially demanded the investigation, thought the treatment of the senators far too lenient, and said, " action by the Senate Ethics Committee is a cop-out and a damning indictment of the committee," and "The U.S. Senate remains on the auction block to the Charles Keatings of the world." 705:

Cranston was not accused of breaking any specific laws or rules, but of violating standards that Heflin said "do not permit official actions to be linked with fund-raising." Although the Ethics Committee stated "No evidence was presented to the Committee that Senator Cranston ever agreed to help Mr.

351:

The San Francisco regulators finished their report in May 1987 and recommended that Lincoln be seized by the government due to unsound lending practices. Gray, whose time as chair was about to expire, deferred action on the report, saying that his adversarial relationship with Keating would make any

925:

Preliminary inquiry into allegations regarding Senators Cranston, DeConcini, Glenn, McCain, and Riegle, and Lincoln Savings and Loan: Open session hearings before the Select Committee on Ethics, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, November 15, 1990, through January 16,

826:

acting on behalf of the committee and one by the Senate's Temporary Special Independent Counsel. Neither report reached a conclusive finding or directly implicated anyone in the leaks. The special counsel report, released in 1992, ascribed partisanship as the motive for the leaks and said they were

686:

The Senate Ethics Committee ruled that Cranston had acted improperly by interfering with the investigation by the FHLBB. He had received more than a million dollars from Keating, including $ 850,000 to the voter registration groups closely affiliated with him; he had done more arm-twisting than the

670:

The committee reported on the other four senators in February 1991, but delayed its final report on Cranston until November 1991. During that period there was partisan-aligned disagreement within the committee over how to treat Cranston, and in August 1991 a special counsel's report was released by

536:

began by investigating possible criminal actions by Keating, but then expanded their inquiries to include the five senators. The FBI soon focused their attention on Cranston, because the largest sums of money from Keating came into Cranston-involved voter-registration drives whose tax-exempt status

452:

American Continental went bankrupt in April 1989, and Lincoln was seized by the FHLBB on April 14, 1989. About 23,000 customers were left with worthless bonds. Many investors, often living in California retirement communities, lost their life savings, and felt emotional damage for having been duped

363:

Cranston continued intervening on behalf of Keating after the April 1987 meetings, contacting both Wall and California state regulators and continuing to receive large amounts of new donations to the voter registration projects from Keating. DeConcini also continued on behalf of Keating, contacting

343:

On April 2, 1987, a meeting with Gray was held in DeConcini's Capitol office, with Senators Cranston, Glenn, and McCain also in attendance. The senators requested that no staff be present. DeConcini started the meeting with a mention of "our friend at Lincoln". Gray told the assembled senators that

640:

Speculation that this would be the decision had already taken place, and both Glenn and McCain were frustrated that the long delay in resolving their cases was damaging their reputations. However, there were political implications, as the removal of the two would eliminate the only Republican from

562:

McCain and Keating had become personal friends following their initial contacts in 1981, and McCain was the only one of the five with close social and personal ties to Keating. Like DeConcini, McCain considered Keating a constituent since Keating lived in Arizona. Between 1982 and 1987, McCain had

844:

was being marketed, called "The Savings and Loan Scandal", that featured on their face Charles Keating holding up his hand, with images of the five senators portrayed as puppets on his fingers. Polls showed that most Americans believed the actions of the Keating Five were typical of Congress as a

830:

DeConcini later charged that McCain had leaked to the press sensitive information about the investigation that came from some of the closed proceedings of the Ethics Committee. McCain denied doing so under oath, although several press reports concluded that McCain had been one of the main leakers

738:

The Ethics Committee ruled that the involvement of McCain in the scheme was also minimal, and he too was cleared of all charges against him. McCain was criticized by the committee for exercising "poor judgment" when he met with the federal regulators on Keating's behalf. The report also said that

456:

Keating was hit with a $ 1.1 billion fraud and racketeering action, filed against him by the regulators. In talking to reporters in April, Keating said, "One question, among many raised in recent weeks, had to do with whether my financial support in any way influenced several political figures to

347:

On April 9, 1987, a two-hour meeting with three members of the FHLBB San Francisco branch was held, again in DeConcini's office, to discuss the government's investigation of Lincoln. Present were Cranston, DeConcini, Glenn, McCain, and additionally Riegle. The regulators felt that the meeting was

239:

in the United States. The ultimate cost of the crisis is estimated to have totaled around $ 160.1 billion, about $ 124.6 billion of which was directly paid for by the U.S. federal government. The accompanying slowdown in the finance industry and the real estate market may have been a contributing

551:

DeConcini had received about $ 48,000 from Keating and his associates for his 1988 Senate re-election campaign. In September 1989, after the government sued Keating and American Continental for improper actions regarding contributions, DeConcini returned the money. DeConcini considered Keating a

270:

Such savings and loan associations had been deregulated in the early 1980s, allowing them to make highly risky investments with their depositors' money. Keating and other savings and loan operators took advantage of this deregulation. Savings and loans established connections to many members of

571:

had invested $ 359,100 in the Fountain Square Project, a Keating shopping center, in April 1986, a year before McCain met with the regulators. McCain, his family, and their baby-sitter had made nine trips at Keating's expense, sometimes aboard Keating's jet; three of the trips were made during

439:

Lincoln stayed in business; from mid-1987 to April 1989, its assets grew from $ 3.91 billion to $ 5.46 billion. During this time, the parent American Continental Corporation was desperate for cash inflow to make up for losses in real estate purchases and projects. Lincoln's branch managers and

200:

Lincoln Savings and Loan collapsed in 1989, at a cost of $ 3.4 billion to the federal government. Some 23,000 Lincoln bondholders were defrauded and many investors lost their life savings. The substantial political contributions Keating had made to each of the senators, totaling $ 1.3 million,

356:, who was more sympathetic to Keating and took no action on the report, saying its evidence was insufficient. In September 1987, the Lincoln investigation was removed from the San Francisco group and in May 1988, the FHLBB signed an agreement with Lincoln that included not going ahead with a 809:

Some of the Senate Ethics Committee members were concerned that letting the senators off lightly would harm their own reputations. Nevertheless, the existing Senate rules did not specifically proscribe the actions taken by DeConcini, Riegle, Glenn, and McCain. Vice-chair Rudman defended the

726:

After the ruling, Riegle expressed contrition, saying "I certainly regret and accept responsibility did lend themselves to an appearance of a conflict of interest." DeConcini, however, said he would continue to be "aggressive" in representing his constituents in their affairs with federal

742:

Regardless of the level of their involvement, both senators were greatly affected by it. McCain would write in 2002 that attending the two April 1987 meetings was "the worst mistake of my life". Glenn later described the Senate Ethics Committee investigation as the low point of his life.

322:

It appeared as though the government might seize Lincoln for being insolvent. The investigation was, however, taking a long time. Keating was asking that Lincoln be given a lenient judgment by the FHLBB, so that it could limit its high risk investments and get into the safe (at the time)

344:

he did not know the particular details of the status of Lincoln Savings and Loan, and that the senators would have to go to the bank regulators in San Francisco that had oversight jurisdiction for the bank. Gray did offer to set up a meeting between those regulators and the senators.

368:(FDIC) advocating approval of a sale of Lincoln as a December 1988 alternative to government seizure. Bank regulators refused to approve the sale of Lincoln. Glenn too continued to help Keating after the April 1987 revelation, by setting up a meeting with then-House Majority Leader 334:

By March 1987, Riegle was telling Gray that "Some senators out west are very concerned about the way the bank board is regulating Lincoln Savings," adding, "I think you need to meet with the senators. You'll be getting a call." Keating and DeConcini were asking McCain to travel to

831:

during that time. The GAO investigator later said, "There is absolutely no doubt in my mind that McCain made those leaks." Vice chair Rudman stated in his 1996 autobiography that McCain and his staff were responsible for some of the leaks, but later repudiated the assertion.

283:

The core allegation of the Keating Five affair is that Keating had made contributions of about $ 1.3 million to various U.S. Senators, and he called on those senators to help him resist U.S. federal regulators. The regulators did back off, to later disastrous consequences.

751:

said that it too lacked jurisdiction, because McCain was no longer in the House. It said it did not require that McCain amend his existing financial disclosure forms for his House years, on the grounds that McCain had now fully reimbursed Keating's company.

839:

Keating and Lincoln Savings became convenient symbols for arguments about what had gone wrong in America's financial system and society, and were featured in popular culture references. The senators did not escape infamy either. By spring 1992, a deck of

339:

to meet with regulators regarding Lincoln Savings; McCain refused. DeConcini told Keating that McCain was nervous about interfering. Keating called McCain a "wimp" behind his back, and on March 24, Keating and McCain had a heated, contentious meeting.

641:

the case. The committee's work was further made difficult by there being no specific rule that governed the propriety of members intervening with federal regulators. By mid-October, several Republican senators, including former Ethics Committee chair

314:

real estate developer Lee H. Henkel Jr., to an open seat on the FHLBB. By March 1987, however, Henkel had resigned, upon news of his having large loans due to Lincoln. Meanwhile, the Senate had changed control from Republican to Democratic during the

543:

Cranston had received $ 39,000 from Keating and his associates for his 1986 Senate re-election campaign. Furthermore, Keating had donated some $ 850,000 to assorted groups founded by Cranston or controlled by him, and another $ 85,000 to the

583:

Riegle had received some $ 76,000 from Keating and his associates for his 1988 Senate re-election campaign. Riegle would announce in April 1988 that he was returning the money. Riegle's constituency connection to Keating was that Keating's

492:

On September 25, 1989, several Republicans from Ohio filed an ethics complaint against Glenn, charging that he had improperly intervened on Keating's behalf. The initial charges against the five senators were made on October 13, 1989, by

352:

action he took seem vindictive, and that instead the incoming chair should take over the decision. Meanwhile, Keating filed a lawsuit against the FHLBB, saying it had leaked confidential information about Lincoln. The new FHLBB chair was

746:

The Senate Ethics Committee did not pursue, for lack of jurisdiction, any possible ethics breaches in McCain's delayed reimbursements to Keating for trips at the latter's expense, because they occurred while McCain was in the House. The

702:, and that he had decided to not seek reelection, according to Heflin. The Ethics Committee took the unusual step of delivering its reprimand to Cranston during a formal session of the full Senate, with almost all 100 Senators present. 845:

whole. Political historian Lewis Gould would later echo this sentiment, as well as Cranston attorney Dershowitz's argument, writing that, "the real problem for the 'Keating Three' who were most involved was that they had been caught."

453:

on top of their financial devastation. The total bondholder loss came to between $ 250 million and $ 288 million. The federal government was eventually liable for $ 3.4 billion to cover Lincoln's losses when it seized the institution.

675:. Bingaman spent months learning the complex materials involved in the matter, only to resign in July due to a conflict of interest. Pryor was reassigned to the committee in August 1991, so as to not further delay its deliberations. 271:

Congress, by supplying them with needed funds for campaigns through legal donations. Lincoln's particular investments took the form of buying land, taking equity positions in real estate development projects, and buying high-yield

505:

to investigate the actions of the senators relative to Lincoln and the contributions received from Keating and whether they violated the rules of the Senate or federal election laws. But the most public attention came from the

605:'s investigation began on November 17, 1989. It focused on all five senators and lasted 22 months, with nine months of active investigation and seven weeks of hearings. The committee was composed of three Democratic senators, 299:-insured accounts into commercial real estate ventures. By the end of 1986, the FHLBB had found that Lincoln had $ 135 million in unreported losses and had surpassed the regulated direct investments limit by $ 600 million. 666:

would later write, "the senators sat dourly alongside one another in a long row, a visual suggestive of co-defendants in a rogues' docket." Overall, McCain would later write, "The hearings were a public humiliation."

887:

in 2002. Bennett would later write that the Keating Five investigation did make a difference, as members of Congress were afterward far less likely to intercede with federal investigations on behalf of contributors.

806:, minimizing its news impact. One of the San Francisco bank regulators felt that McCain had gotten off too lightly, saying that Keating's business involvement with Cindy McCain was an obvious conflict of interest. 940:

Senate Select Committee on Ethics, Investigation of Senator Alan Cranston together with Additional Views, Report of the Senate Select Committee on Ethics, S. Rep. No. 223, 102d Cong., 1st Sess. 36 (November 20,

786:

said it was a classic case of the government trying to investigate itself, labeling the Senate Ethics Committee "shameless" for having "let four of the infamous Keating Five off with a wrist tap."

466:, saying that in the April 1987 meetings the senators had sought "to directly subvert the regulatory process" to benefit Keating. Press attention to the senators began to pick up, with a July 1989 735:

The Senate Ethics Committee ruled that the involvement of Glenn in the scheme was minimal, and the charges against him were dropped. He was only criticized by the committee for "poor judgment."

415:

would later write, "the saga of Charles Keating took years to penetrate the national consciousness." The political fortunes of the senators involved did not suffer at this time. During the

460:

In the wake of the Lincoln failure, former FHLBB chair Gray went public about all five of the senators' assistance to Keating in a May 21, 1989, front-page story by John Dougherty in the

3488: 868:, who had an easier time gaining re-election in 1992 than he anticipated. He survived the political scandal in part by becoming friendly with the political press. McCain subsequently 3443: 517:

By November 1989, the estimated cost of the overall savings and loan crisis had reached $ 500 billion, and the media's formerly erratic coverage had turned around and become a

580:. McCain did not pay Keating (in the amount of $ 13,433) for some of the trips until years after they were taken, when he learned that Keating was in trouble over Lincoln. 3593: 3508: 857:. Glenn did choose to run for re-election in 1992, trying to become the first senator ever to win a fourth term from Ohio. The Republican candidate, Lieutenant Governor 3463: 2787: 559:

tied to Glenn had received an additional $ 200,000. Glenn considered Keating a constituent because one of Keating's other business concerns was headquartered in Ohio.

331:

bolstered Keating's case that the government investigation was taking a long time. Keating now wanted the five senators to intervene with the FHLBB on his behalf.

2691: 883:(D-OK)—but most attempts died in committee. A weakened reform was passed in 1993. Substantial campaign finance reform was not passed until the adoption of the 3536: 3531: 2846: 818:

A number of press reports came out during the Ethics Committee's work that purported to reveal aspects of the investigations. Chair Heflin was upset by the

1968: 899:, and specifically the role in the scandal of Republican presidential nominee McCain, were briefly emphasized by the campaign of his Democratic opponent, 3483: 3384: 2629: 2457: 2314: 3846: 3816: 748: 935: 920: 353: 202: 1409: 1346: 244:. Between 1986 and 1991, the number of new homes constructed per year dropped from 1.8 million to 1 million, at the time the lowest rate since 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3404: 2502: 1847: 1219: 399:

ran a short piece in their business section, but their political reporters did not follow up on it; two isolated, inside page mentions by

3375: 555:

Glenn had received $ 34,000 in direct contributions from Keating and his associates for his 1984 presidential nomination campaign, and a

944: 929: 827:

intended to hurt DeConcini, Riegle, and Cranston; it also gave an inference that McCain and his staff were responsible for key leaks.

698:

by the full Senate. Extenuating circumstances that helped to save Cranston from censure included the fact that he was suffering from

449:

would later write that Lincoln's push to get depositors to switch was "one of the most heartless and cruel frauds in modern memory."

1656:

Preliminary inquiry into allegations regarding Senators Cranston, DeConcini, Glenn, McCain, and Riegle, and Lincoln Savings and Loan

3856: 3578: 416: 218: 393:

by denying an interceding on Lincoln's behalf, before returning Keating's campaign contributions back to him. In spring 1988, the

302:

Keating had earlier taken several measures to oppose Gray and the FHLBB, including recruiting a study from then-private economist

3588: 3387: 3503: 3458: 3381: 873: 869: 854: 3352: 3145: 2923: 365: 296: 2797: 1718: 316: 252: 190: 3498: 263:, who ultimately served five years in prison for his corrupt mismanagement of Lincoln. In the four years after Keating's 2819: 2366: 529:

for McCain – while others feared that to do so would give the appearance their political careers were in jeopardy.

3821: 3493: 3453: 1600: 540:

Much of the press attention to the Keating Five focused on the exact relationships of each of the senators to Keating.

381:

in September 1987, but was only sporadically covered by the general media for the next year and a half. In early 1988,

2856: 2699: 2235: 671:

Helms. A delay was also caused when Pryor suffered a heart attack in April 1991, and was replaced on the committee by

360:

to the Department of Justice. In July 1988, a new audit of both Lincoln and American Continental began in Washington.

3321: 3298: 3271: 3243: 3220: 3195: 3168: 3117: 3085: 3059: 3036: 3009: 2984: 2952: 2895: 2744: 2665: 2557: 2405: 2359: 2287: 2262: 2193: 2172: 2108: 1993: 1933: 1912: 1872: 1823: 1769: 1635: 1614: 1571: 1550: 1526: 1481: 1182: 1110: 1048: 3831: 3583: 3520: 971: 264: 170: 142: 1636:"A Man of Influence: Political Cash and Regulation: A Special Report: In Savings Debacle, Many Fingers Point Here" 911:. The Keating Five matter otherwise had little impact on McCain's eventually unsuccessful campaign for President. 3841: 2081: 714:, serving as Cranston's attorney, alleged that other senators had merely been better at "covering their tracks." 687:

other senators on Keating's behalf; and he was the only senator officially rebuked by the Senate in this matter.

2393: 3468: 1978: 1380: 896: 884: 214: 213:. Only Glenn and McCain ran for re-election, and they both retained their seats. McCain would go on to run for 2637: 2322: 3160: 985: 879:

The scandal was followed by a number of attempts to adopt campaign finance reform—spearheaded by U.S. Sen.

292: 236: 194: 694:

voted unanimously to reprimand Cranston, instead of the more severe measure that was under consideration:

563:

received $ 112,000 in political contributions from Keating and his associates. In addition, McCain's wife

3409: 2318: 1425:, pp. 185–186. Used because it has a thorough list of media references to what would become Keating Five. 908: 649: 545: 267:(ACC) had purchased Lincoln in 1984, Lincoln's assets had increased from $ 1.1 billion to $ 5.5 billion. 20: 3688: 3313: 3235: 3212: 2695: 2579: 556: 660:

and the network news programs showing segments of the testimonies. At the opening of the hearings, as

3680: 3345: 2231: 823: 633:

was appointed as special outside counsel to the committee, tasked with conducting the investigation.

1356: 3665: 3473: 892: 47: 2512: 1857: 1227: 986:"Housing Finance in Developed Countries An International Comparison of Efficiency, United States" 792:

ran several editorials criticizing the Ethics Committee for having let the senators off lightly.

691: 648:

These hearings would take place from November 15 through January 16, 1991. They were held in the

602: 585: 507: 502: 498: 441: 407: 230: 134: 1010: 3811: 3630: 3478: 3104: 2585: 849:

terms expired, but they did not seek re-election in 1994. DeConcini was appointed by President

419:, McCain was mentioned by the press as a vice-presidential running mate for Republican nominee 66: 1223: 328: 178: 730: 251:

The Keating Five scandal was prompted by the activities of one particular savings and loan,

30: 3851: 3788: 3644: 3414: 3372: 3338: 2887: 2824: 2749: 1486: 1187: 518: 377: 126: 122: 637:

evidence to pursue the latter two. Bennett also recommended that public hearings be held.

375:

News of the April meetings between the senators and the FHLBB officials first appeared in

8: 3836: 3696: 3637: 3623: 2792: 2581: 2240: 1796: 1753: 1749:"Cranston Accepts Reprimand; 'Keating 5' Senator Angers Colleagues by Denying Misconduct" 1723: 662: 401: 83: 3770: 3752: 3712: 3253: 3021: 2670: 2590: 2562: 2410: 2292: 2267: 2198: 2177: 2113: 1998: 1938: 1917: 1877: 1828: 1774: 1640: 1619: 1576: 1555: 1531: 1115: 1053: 788: 446: 256: 221:. McCain was the last senator remaining in his office before his death in August 2018. 100: 802:

suspected the committee had timed its first report to coincide with the run-up to the

457:

take up my cause. I want to say in the most forceful way I can: I certainly hope so."

201:

attracted considerable public and media attention. After a lengthy investigation, the

3826: 3658: 3317: 3294: 3267: 3257: 3239: 3216: 3206: 3191: 3180: 3164: 3141: 3113: 3081: 3055: 3032: 3005: 2995: 2980: 2970: 2948: 2919: 2909: 2905: 2891: 2881: 2355: 2351: 2054: 2019: 1351: 630: 548:. Cranston considered Keating a constituent because Lincoln was based in California. 511: 468: 462: 420: 395: 357: 235:

The U.S. savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and early 1990s was the failure of 747

130: 2847:"Fox host tells guest mentioning McCain role in Keating Five scandal to 'pipe down'" 965:"Financial Audit: Resolution Trust Corporation's 1995 and 1994 Financial Statements" 690:

Cranston was given the harshest penalty of all five senators. In November 1991, the

2498: 2462: 2086: 1843: 793: 474: 383: 311: 150: 55: 3127: 3051: 2938: 2507: 1973: 1852: 1385: 864:

After 1999, the only member of the Keating Five remaining in the U.S. Senate was

798: 761: 711: 480: 424: 260: 186: 3131: 2972:

Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency 1988

552:

constituent because Keating lived in Arizona; they were also long-time friends.

3758: 3290: 2966: 2934: 2526: 2483:, p. 188. Gives best explanation for House treatment of Keating reimbursements. 819: 777: 773: 769: 514:

held 50 hours of hearings into the Lincoln failure and associated events.

389: 303: 210: 3023:

Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed

1007:

Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed

964: 891:

In early October 2008, the Keating Five scandal, its possible parallel to the

3805: 3746: 3729: 3704: 3282: 3259:

Full Faith and Credit: The Great S & L Debacle and Other Washington Sagas

3137: 2851: 2661: 2553: 2378:

Senate Select Committee on Ethics, Investigation of Senator Alan Cranston ...

2049: 907:. This introduction occurred after the McCain campaign began emphasizing the 841: 672: 618: 614: 606: 428: 336: 324: 307: 288: 138: 107: 37: 3740: 3734: 3263: 3109: 3069: 2976: 2962: 2944: 2915: 2045: 900: 850: 765: 564: 526: 522: 494: 484:

reporters were investigating McCain's personal relationships with Keating.

412: 245: 1527:"Collapse of Lincoln Savings Leaves Scars for Rich, Poor and the Faithful" 327:

business, thus allowing the business to survive. A letter from audit firm

197:(FHLBB). The FHLBB subsequently backed off taking action against Lincoln. 3361: 3208:

The Economic Realities of Political Reform: Elections and the U.S. Senate

3187: 3099: 3095: 3077: 3001: 2740: 2346:

Purdy, Elizabeth (2005). "Keating Five". In Salinger, Lawrence M. (ed.).

1477: 1178: 880: 865: 858: 760:

Not everyone was satisfied with the Senate Ethics Committee conclusions.

731:

Glenn and McCain: cleared of impropriety but criticized for poor judgment

717: 642: 626: 610: 568: 166: 90: 2109:"To Senator McCain, the Savings and Loan Affair Is Now a Personal Demon" 3764: 992: 652:'s largest hearing room. They were broadcast live in their entirety by 622: 369: 306:

saying that direct investments were not harmful, and getting President

272: 158: 146: 73: 3651: 2997:

The Most Exclusive Club: A History of the Modern United States Senate

591: 241: 2530: 387:

ran a story on Riegle's participation, which Riegle responded to on

3028: 2535: 803: 782: 678:

The various committee reports addressed each of the five senators.

182: 695: 577: 573: 174: 154: 3157:

Nothing to Read: Newspapers and Elections in a Social Experiment

2012: 1719:"Panel Finds 'Credible Evidence' Cranston Violated Ethics Rules" 1633: 423:, while Glenn was one of the two vice-presidential finalists in 3133:

Talking Back: To Presidents, Dictators, and Assorted Scoundrels

2633: 699: 653: 440:

tellers convinced customers to replace their federally-insured

3330: 2660: 2173:"Ethics Committee is Urged to Clear 2 of 5 in Savings Inquiry" 723:

for having taken the lead in the two meetings with the FHLBB.

185:)—were accused of improperly intervening in 1987 on behalf of 2558:"To the Editor: On Keating Five, Ethics Panel Acted Properly" 1049:"The Lincoln Savings and Loan Investigation: Who Is Involved" 3287:

Glass Houses: Congressional Ethics and the Politics of Venom

193:, which was the target of a regulatory investigation by the 2194:"G.O.P. Senators See Politics In Pace of Keating 5 Inquiry" 162: 2586:"For McCain, Self-Confidence on Ethics Poses Its Own Risk" 472:

article about Cranston's role. Within a couple of months,

1969:"Senate ethics panel cites Cranston in Keating Five case" 657: 533: 3280: 2738: 2584:; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Labaton, Stephen (2008-02-21). 2458:"Pluck, leaks helped McCain to overcome S&L scandal" 1475: 1176: 3048:

John McCain: An Essay in Military and Political History

2692:"Dennis DeConcini Papers, 1944–2003: Biographical Note" 1770:"Savings and Loan Executives Accused of Tapping Phones" 1406:

John McCain: An Essay in Military and Political History

822:

and two investigations into them were held, one by the

487: 3232:

From Watergate to Whitewater: The Public Integrity War

3229: 3182:

Inside Job: The Looting of America's Savings and Loans

1994:"2 Senators Deny Impropriety In Dealings With Keating" 1934:"Cranston Inquiry Widens to Include Signups of Voters" 1873:"5 Senators Struggle to Avoid Keating Inquiry Fallout" 718:

Riegle and DeConcini: criticized for acting improperly

434: 2015:"McCain Probed Over Traveling to Keating Spa Thrifts" 1612: 1569: 1548: 411:

similarly failed to develop further. As media critic

137:

of the late 1980s and early 1990s. The five senators—

3484:

2008 opposition to limiting interrogation techniques

3204: 1572:"Keating Indicted in Savings Fraud and Goes to Jail" 1220:"John Glenn archives: John Glenn ~ Political Career" 3178:Pizzo, Stephen; Fricker, Mary; Muolo, Paul (1989). 3074:

Media Circus: The Trouble with America's Newspapers

2745:"John McCain Report: Overcoming scandal, moving on" 2455: 3179: 3020: 2940:Trust Me: Charles Keating and the Missing Billions 2348:Encyclopedia of White-collar & Corporate Crime 2315:"The Online NewsHour: Washington Corruption Probe" 2136:, pp. 194–195. Used to give committee composition. 1910: 1524: 1108: 853:in February 1995 to the board of directors of the 592:Senate Ethics Committee investigation and findings 3177: 2497: 2260: 2191: 2170: 2013:Rosenblatt, Robert A.; Fritz, Sara (1991-01-05). 1991: 1931: 1842: 1821: 1767: 1634:Nash, Nathaniel C.; Shenon, Philip (1989-11-09). 3803: 2785: 1913:"Savings Official's Ties In Senate Investigated" 749:House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct 310:to make a recess appointment of a Keating ally, 3230:Roberts, Robert North; Doss, Marion T. (1997). 2961: 2622: 2525: 2146: 2144: 2142: 1344: 936:United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics 921:United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics 2932: 2911:In the Ring: The Trials of a Washington Lawyer 2666:"Senate Inquiry In Keating Case Tested McCain" 2552: 2406:"Excerpts of Statement By Senate Ethics Panel" 2230: 2221:, p. 199. Used to give atmosphere of hearings. 2079: 1870: 3615: 3346: 2844: 2781: 2779: 2734: 2732: 2575: 2573: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2044: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 903:, through a 13-minute "documentary" entitled 497:, a public interest group, who asked for the 3094: 2817: 2656: 2654: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2548: 2546: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2236:"Senator's Image as Reformer Born in Crisis" 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2139: 2106: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 1901:, p. 195. Used to specify McCain's attorney. 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1746: 1716: 1615:"Keating Pleads Guilty to 4 Counts of Fraud" 1544: 1542: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1262: 1260: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1104: 1102: 2475: 2473: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2435:, p. 161. Used to support direct quotation. 2398: 2341: 2339: 2288:"Senator Pryor Returns to Ethics Committee" 2213: 2211: 2209: 2128: 2126: 2124: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1787: 1785: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1375: 1373: 1246: 1244: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 364:Wall, California State regulators, and the 3353: 3339: 2883:Man of the People: The Life of John McCain 2820:"Candidates attack political associations" 2776: 2729: 2570: 2486: 2390:The Economic Realities of Political Reform 1701: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1666: 1664: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1043: 1041: 1039: 2879: 2718: 2716: 2651: 2604: 2543: 2275: 2254: 2157: 2062: 1802: 1563: 1539: 1513: 1469: 1329: 1318: 1316: 1273: 1257: 1201: 1123: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 278: 16:US Senators accused of corruption in 1989 3579:2008 United States presidential election 3519: 3307: 3126: 3045: 3018: 2470: 2438: 2336: 2206: 2121: 1946: 1782: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1415: 1393: 1370: 1241: 1079: 681: 3847:Political scandals in the United States 3817:1989 controversies in the United States 3252: 2904: 1677: 1661: 1584: 1295: 1068: 1066: 1064: 874:Republican presidential nominee in 2008 3804: 3205:Regens, James; Gaddie, Ronald (1996). 3154: 2788:"Dems: Forget Ayers, Remember Keating" 2713: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 1482:"John McCain Report: The Senate calls" 1313: 1183:"John McCain Report: The Keating Five" 1016: 855:Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation 3334: 3068: 2993: 2873: 2345: 1824:"Helping Constituents or Themselves?" 1731: 1508:Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars? 1428: 366:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 297:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1613:Berthelsen, Christian (1999-04-07). 1570:Stevenson, Richard W. (1990-09-19). 1549:Stevenson, Richard W. (1991-12-13). 1061: 488:Relationships of senators to Keating 253:Lincoln Savings and Loan Association 191:Lincoln Savings and Loan Association 3499:2008 Republican National Convention 3444:House and Senate career, until 2000 2300: 2263:"Cranston Censure Urged by Counsel" 435:Failure of Lincoln Savings and Loan 427:' selection process, losing out to 209:All five senators served out their 13: 3454:International Republican Institute 3423: 2456:Robinson, Walter V. (2000-02-29). 2082:"McCain First, Second, And Always" 19:For the fictional characters, see 14: 3868: 2664:; Mitchell, Alison (1999-11-21). 2630:"The Simpsons: Lisa's First Word" 1911:Nash, Nathaniel C. (1989-11-13). 1525:Nash, Nathaniel C. (1989-11-30). 1109:Nash, Nathaniel C. (1989-07-09). 872:and again in 2008; he became the 617:, and three Republican senators, 3784: 3783: 2261:Berke, Richard L. (1991-08-05). 2192:Berke, Richard L. (1990-10-15). 2171:Berke, Richard L. (1990-09-29). 1992:Berke, Richard L. (1991-01-05). 1932:Berke, Richard L. (1989-12-06). 1822:Berke, Richard L. (1989-11-05). 1768:Berke, Richard L. (1989-10-27). 265:American Continental Corporation 240:cause of the 1990-1991 economic 224: 219:Republican Party nominee in 2008 99: 82: 65: 46: 29: 3857:Corruption in the United States 3360: 2838: 2811: 2786:Bacon, Perry Jr. (2008-10-06). 2763: 2684: 2519: 2425: 2382: 2371: 2224: 2185: 2100: 2038: 2006: 1985: 1925: 1904: 1891: 1864: 1836: 1761: 1648: 1627: 1606: 1500: 1456: 532:The Justice Department and the 417:1988 U.S. presidential election 3469:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 3464:Senate career during 2001–2014 3405:Early life and military career 1345:Dougherty, John (1993-07-14). 1111:"Showdown Time for Danny Wall" 999: 978: 972:U.S. General Accounting Office 957: 215:President of the United States 1: 3310:Political Scandals in the USA 2696:University of Arizona Library 2152:Political Scandals in the USA 2080:Mahtani, Sahil (2008-11-01). 1871:Shenon, Philip (1989-11-22). 237:savings and loan associations 3410:Cultural and political image 3161:University of Michigan Press 2845:Juliano, Nick (2008-09-25). 1977:. 1991-02-28. Archived from 1672:From Watergate to Whitewater 1551:"U.S. Files Keating Charges" 1381:"Who were the Keating Five?" 951: 834: 755: 317:1986 Congressional elections 293:Federal Home Loan Bank Board 195:Federal Home Loan Bank Board 7: 3155:Mondak, Jeffrey J. (1995). 2818:Miller, S.A. (2008-10-31). 2107:Rasky, Susan (1989-12-22). 1747:Dewar, Helen (1991-11-21). 1717:Dewar, Helen (1991-02-08). 776:, called it a "whitewash". 650:Hart Senate Office Building 546:California Democratic Party 21:How to Get Away with Murder 10: 3873: 3504:2008 presidential campaign 3459:2000 presidential campaign 3314:Edinburgh University Press 3236:Greenwood Publishing Group 3213:Cambridge University Press 2050:"How John McCain Reformed" 945:Government Printing Office 930:Government Printing Office 914: 897:2007–2008 financial crisis 596: 557:political action committee 537:might have been violated. 228: 129:in 1989, igniting a major 18: 3822:1989 in American politics 3779: 3723: 3608: 3479:McCain Detainee Amendment 3434: 3421: 3397: 3368: 3308:Williams, Robert (1998). 1658:committee report, p. 126. 1347:"DeConcini & Keating" 870:ran for president in 2000 824:General Accounting Office 588:was located in Michigan. 259:. Lincoln's chairman was 3474:Climate Stewardship Acts 2994:Gould, Lewis J. (2005). 2880:Alexander, Paul (2002). 893:subprime mortgage crisis 813: 3832:Savings and loan crisis 3489:List of bills sponsored 3046:Karaagac, John (2000). 3019:Grossman, Mark (2003). 2886:. Hoboken, New Jersey: 2531:"The Buck Stops Where?" 1074:The Most Exclusive Club 909:Obama–Ayers controversy 692:Senate Ethics Committee 603:Senate Ethics Committee 572:vacations to Keating's 508:House Banking Committee 503:Senate Ethics Committee 499:U.S. Justice Department 442:certificates of deposit 408:The Wall Street Journal 231:Savings and Loan crisis 203:Senate Ethics Committee 187:Charles H. Keating, Jr. 135:savings and loan crisis 3842:Congressional scandals 3681:The Nightingale's Song 3631:Worth the Fighting For 3594:running-mate selection 3428: 3105:Worth the Fighting For 2481:Worth the Fighting For 2433:Worth the Fighting For 2219:Worth the Fighting For 2134:Worth the Fighting For 1899:Worth the Fighting For 1848:"A Legal Bank Robbery" 1506:Germond and Witcover, 1423:Worth the Fighting For 1226:. 2008. Archived from 629:. Washington attorney 329:Arthur Young & Co. 279:Corruption allegations 133:as part of the larger 123:United States Senators 3427: 2888:John Wiley & Sons 2615:Binstein and Bowden, 1308:Full Faith and Credit 1266:Binstein and Bowden, 1250:Binstein and Bowden, 1224:Ohio State University 682:Cranston: reprimanded 179:Donald W. Riegle, Jr. 3645:Character Is Destiny 3584:lobbyist controversy 3449:Keating Five scandal 2859:on December 10, 2008 2825:The Washington Times 2750:The Arizona Republic 2582:Thompson, Marilyn W. 2503:"Then There Was One" 1487:The Arizona Republic 1188:The Arizona Republic 378:National Thrift News 3697:My Dad, John McCain 3689:Faith of My Fathers 3638:Why Courage Matters 3624:Faith of My Fathers 3494:Political positions 3254:Seidman, L. William 2933:Binstein, Michael; 2793:The Washington Post 2515:on August 31, 2008. 2479:McCain and Salter, 2431:McCain and Salter, 2388:Regens and Gaddie, 2241:The Washington Post 2217:McCain and Salter, 2132:McCain and Salter, 1897:McCain and Salter, 1754:The Washington Post 1724:The Washington Post 1698:, pp. 129, 133–134. 1421:McCain and Salter, 1326:, pp. 291, 294–296. 943:. Washington D.C.: 928:. Washington D.C.: 885:McCain-Feingold Act 663:The Washington Post 586:Hotel Pontchartrain 402:The Washington Post 287:Beginning in 1985, 217:twice, and was the 3771:John S. McCain Sr. 3753:John S. McCain Jr. 3708:(2010 documentary) 3429: 2906:Bennett, Robert S. 2874:General references 2671:The New York Times 2591:The New York Times 2563:The New York Times 2411:The New York Times 2293:The New York Times 2268:The New York Times 2199:The New York Times 2178:The New York Times 2114:The New York Times 1999:The New York Times 1939:The New York Times 1918:The New York Times 1878:The New York Times 1829:The New York Times 1775:The New York Times 1670:Roberts and Doss, 1641:The New York Times 1620:The New York Times 1577:The New York Times 1556:The New York Times 1532:The New York Times 1116:The New York Times 1054:The New York Times 789:The New York Times 510:, whose new chair 447:L. William Seidman 257:Irvine, California 189:, chairman of the 3797: 3796: 3675: 3674: 3666:The Restless Wave 3659:Thirteen Soldiers 3604: 3603: 3543:Senate elections 3415:Death and funeral 3283:Tolchin, Susan J. 3281:Tolchin, Martin; 3147:978-0-14-303873-3 2925:978-0-307-39443-9 2499:Carlson, Margaret 2352:SAGE Publications 2020:Los Angeles Times 1860:on March 7, 2008. 1844:Carlson, Margaret 1464:Man of the People 1352:Phoenix New Times 1290:Man of the People 905:Keating Economics 859:R. Michael DeWine 631:Robert S. Bennett 512:Henry B. Gonzalez 469:Los Angeles Times 463:Dayton Daily News 421:George H. W. Bush 396:Los Angeles Times 358:criminal referral 206:"poor judgment". 131:political scandal 3864: 3787: 3786: 3613: 3612: 3528:House elections 3517: 3516: 3426: 3382:U.S. Congressman 3355: 3348: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3304: 3277: 3249: 3226: 3201: 3185: 3174: 3151: 3128:Mitchell, Andrea 3123: 3091: 3065: 3042: 3026: 3015: 2990: 2958: 2929: 2901: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2855:. Archived from 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2796:. Archived from 2783: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2736: 2727: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2698:. Archived from 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2678: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2636:. Archived from 2626: 2620: 2613: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2580:Rutenberg, Jim; 2577: 2568: 2567: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2511:. Archived from 2495: 2484: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2463:The Boston Globe 2453: 2436: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2402: 2396: 2386: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2365: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2321:. Archived from 2311: 2298: 2297: 2284: 2273: 2272: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2204: 2203: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2168: 2155: 2148: 2137: 2130: 2119: 2118: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2087:The New Republic 2077: 2060: 2059: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2023:. Archived from 2010: 2004: 2003: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1965: 1944: 1943: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1908: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1856:. Archived from 1840: 1834: 1833: 1819: 1800: 1789: 1780: 1779: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1744: 1729: 1728: 1714: 1699: 1692: 1675: 1668: 1659: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1610: 1604: 1593: 1582: 1581: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1546: 1537: 1536: 1522: 1511: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1473: 1467: 1460: 1454: 1447: 1426: 1419: 1413: 1402: 1391: 1390: 1377: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1355:. Archived from 1342: 1327: 1320: 1311: 1304: 1293: 1286: 1271: 1264: 1255: 1248: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1216: 1199: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1174: 1121: 1120: 1106: 1077: 1070: 1059: 1058: 1045: 1014: 1003: 997: 996: 990: 982: 976: 975: 969: 961: 794:Margaret Carlson 475:Arizona Republic 384:The Detroit News 151:Dennis DeConcini 103: 86: 69: 59: 56:Dennis DeConcini 50: 33: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3775: 3719: 3671: 3600: 3515: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3419: 3393: 3364: 3359: 3324: 3301: 3274: 3246: 3223: 3198: 3171: 3148: 3120: 3088: 3062: 3052:Lexington Books 3039: 3012: 2987: 2967:Witcover, Jules 2955: 2935:Bowden, Charles 2926: 2898: 2876: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2800:on May 19, 2011 2784: 2777: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2753: 2737: 2730: 2724:Nothing to Read 2721: 2714: 2705: 2703: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2674: 2659: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2578: 2571: 2551: 2544: 2527:Alter, Jonathan 2524: 2520: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2471: 2454: 2439: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2415: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2344: 2337: 2328: 2326: 2313: 2312: 2301: 2286: 2285: 2276: 2259: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2190: 2186: 2169: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2090: 2078: 2063: 2043: 2039: 2030: 2028: 2011: 2007: 1990: 1986: 1974:Chicago Tribune 1967: 1966: 1947: 1930: 1926: 1909: 1905: 1896: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1869: 1865: 1841: 1837: 1820: 1803: 1790: 1783: 1766: 1762: 1745: 1732: 1715: 1702: 1693: 1678: 1669: 1662: 1653: 1649: 1632: 1628: 1611: 1607: 1594: 1585: 1568: 1564: 1547: 1540: 1523: 1514: 1510:, pp. 340, 343. 1505: 1501: 1492: 1490: 1474: 1470: 1461: 1457: 1448: 1429: 1420: 1416: 1403: 1394: 1386:Chicago Tribune 1379: 1378: 1371: 1362: 1360: 1343: 1330: 1321: 1314: 1310:, pp. 233, 235. 1305: 1296: 1287: 1274: 1265: 1258: 1249: 1242: 1233: 1231: 1218: 1217: 1202: 1193: 1191: 1175: 1124: 1107: 1080: 1071: 1062: 1047: 1046: 1017: 1004: 1000: 988: 984: 983: 979: 967: 963: 962: 958: 954: 917: 837: 816: 772:, president of 764:, president of 762:Fred Wertheimer 758: 733: 720: 712:Alan Dershowitz 684: 599: 594: 567:and her father 490: 481:Washington Post 437: 425:Michael Dukakis 291:, chair of the 281: 261:Charles Keating 233: 227: 115: 112: 111: 104: 95: 94: 87: 78: 77: 70: 61: 60: 54: 51: 42: 41: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3870: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3759:Roberta McCain 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3709: 3701: 3693: 3685: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3648: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3617: 3616:Books authored 3610: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3525: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3385:from Arizona's 3379: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3358: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3305: 3299: 3291:Westview Press 3278: 3272: 3250: 3244: 3227: 3221: 3202: 3196: 3175: 3169: 3152: 3146: 3124: 3118: 3092: 3086: 3066: 3060: 3043: 3037: 3016: 3010: 2991: 2985: 2959: 2953: 2930: 2924: 2902: 2896: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2837: 2810: 2775: 2762: 2743:(2007-03-01). 2739:Nowicki, Dan; 2728: 2712: 2683: 2662:Abramson, Jill 2650: 2621: 2619:, pp. 388–389. 2603: 2569: 2556:(1991-10-31). 2554:Rudman, Warren 2542: 2529:(1993-10-25). 2518: 2501:(1991-03-11). 2485: 2469: 2437: 2424: 2397: 2381: 2370: 2360: 2335: 2299: 2274: 2253: 2234:(2008-10-22). 2232:Dobbs, Michael 2223: 2205: 2184: 2156: 2138: 2120: 2099: 2061: 2048:(2005-03-11). 2037: 2005: 1984: 1981:on 2008-12-11. 1945: 1924: 1903: 1890: 1863: 1846:(1989-11-27). 1835: 1801: 1781: 1760: 1730: 1700: 1676: 1674:, pp. 140–141. 1660: 1647: 1626: 1605: 1583: 1562: 1538: 1512: 1499: 1480:(2007-03-01). 1476:Nowicki, Dan; 1468: 1466:, pp. 115–119. 1455: 1427: 1414: 1392: 1369: 1328: 1312: 1294: 1292:, pp. 108–111. 1272: 1270:, pp. 278–279. 1256: 1240: 1200: 1181:(2007-03-01). 1177:Nowicki, Dan; 1122: 1078: 1076:, pp. 289–290. 1060: 1015: 998: 977: 955: 953: 950: 949: 948: 933: 916: 913: 836: 833: 815: 812: 778:Jonathan Alter 774:Public Citizen 770:Joan Claybrook 757: 754: 732: 729: 719: 716: 683: 680: 621:(vice chair), 598: 595: 593: 590: 525:for Glenn and 519:feeding frenzy 489: 486: 436: 433: 390:Meet the Press 304:Alan Greenspan 280: 277: 226: 223: 114: 113: 106: 105: 98: 96: 89: 88: 81: 79: 72: 71: 64: 62: 53: 52: 45: 43: 36: 35: 28: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3869: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3812:1989 scandals 3810: 3809: 3807: 3800: 3790: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3773:(grandfather) 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3747:Meghan McCain 3745: 3742: 3739: 3737:(second wife) 3736: 3733: 3731: 3730:McCain family 3728: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3433: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3325: 3323:1-85331-189-8 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3300:0-8133-4161-2 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3273:0-8129-2134-8 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3245:0-275-95597-4 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3222:0-521-47468-X 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3197:0-07-050230-7 3193: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3172: 3170:0-472-06599-8 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3138:Penguin Books 3135: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3119:0-375-50542-3 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3087:0-8129-6356-3 3083: 3079: 3076:(paperback). 3075: 3071: 3070:Kurtz, Howard 3067: 3063: 3061:0-7391-0171-4 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3038:1-57607-060-3 3034: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3017: 3013: 3011:0-465-02778-4 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2986:0-446-51424-1 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2963:Germond, Jack 2960: 2956: 2954:0-679-41699-4 2950: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2897:0-471-22829-X 2893: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2852:The Raw Story 2848: 2841: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2702:on 2008-04-25 2701: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2640:on 2008-10-06 2639: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2482: 2476: 2474: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2434: 2428: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2363: 2361:0-7619-3004-3 2357: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2325:on 2008-02-28 2324: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2296:. 1991-08-22. 2295: 2294: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2135: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2103: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2046:Sullum, Jacob 2041: 2027:on 2008-10-20 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1894: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1673: 1667: 1665: 1657: 1651: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1609: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1545: 1543: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1509: 1503: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1472: 1465: 1459: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1424: 1418: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1389:. 1990-01-14. 1388: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1359:on 2010-05-27 1358: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1325: 1319: 1317: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1230:on 2008-06-22 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1075: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1057:. 1989-11-22. 1056: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1012: 1008: 1002: 994: 987: 981: 973: 966: 960: 956: 946: 942: 937: 934: 931: 927: 922: 919: 918: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 846: 843: 842:playing cards 832: 828: 825: 821: 811: 807: 805: 801: 800: 795: 791: 790: 785: 784: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 753: 750: 744: 740: 736: 728: 724: 715: 713: 707: 703: 701: 697: 693: 688: 679: 676: 674: 673:Jeff Bingaman 668: 665: 664: 659: 655: 651: 646: 644: 638: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 619:Warren Rudman 616: 615:Terry Sanford 612: 608: 607:Howell Heflin 604: 589: 587: 581: 579: 575: 570: 566: 560: 558: 553: 549: 547: 541: 538: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 515: 513: 509: 504: 500: 496: 485: 483: 482: 477: 476: 471: 470: 465: 464: 458: 454: 450: 448: 443: 432: 430: 429:Lloyd Bentsen 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409: 404: 403: 398: 397: 392: 391: 386: 385: 380: 379: 373: 371: 367: 361: 359: 355: 354:M. Danny Wall 349: 345: 341: 338: 337:San Francisco 332: 330: 326: 325:home mortgage 320: 318: 313: 309: 308:Ronald Reagan 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 289:Edwin J. Gray 285: 276: 274: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 238: 232: 225:Circumstances 222: 220: 216: 212: 207: 204: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181:(Democrat of 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161:(Democrat of 160: 156: 153:(Democrat of 152: 148: 144: 140: 139:Alan Cranston 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 109: 108:Donald Riegle 102: 97: 92: 85: 80: 75: 68: 63: 57: 49: 44: 39: 38:Alan Cranston 32: 27: 26: 22: 3799: 3743:(first wife) 3741:Carol McCain 3735:Cindy McCain 3711: 3703: 3695: 3687: 3679: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3509:endorsements 3448: 3388:1st district 3376:from Arizona 3373:U.S. Senator 3309: 3286: 3264:Random House 3258: 3231: 3207: 3181: 3156: 3132: 3110:Random House 3108:. New York: 3103: 3100:Salter, Mark 3096:McCain, John 3073: 3047: 3022: 2996: 2977:Warner Books 2971: 2945:Random House 2939: 2916:Random House 2910: 2882: 2861:. Retrieved 2857:the original 2850: 2840: 2829:. Retrieved 2823: 2813: 2802:. Retrieved 2798:the original 2791: 2770: 2765: 2754:. Retrieved 2748: 2741:Muller, Bill 2723: 2704:. Retrieved 2700:the original 2686: 2675:. Retrieved 2669: 2642:. Retrieved 2638:the original 2624: 2616: 2595:. Retrieved 2589: 2561: 2534: 2521: 2513:the original 2506: 2480: 2461: 2432: 2427: 2416:. Retrieved 2414:. 1991-02-28 2409: 2400: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2373: 2367:pp. 476–478. 2347: 2327:. Retrieved 2323:the original 2291: 2266: 2256: 2245:. Retrieved 2239: 2226: 2218: 2197: 2187: 2176: 2151: 2133: 2112: 2102: 2091:. Retrieved 2085: 2053: 2040: 2029:. Retrieved 2025:the original 2018: 2008: 1997: 1987: 1979:the original 1972: 1937: 1927: 1916: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1882:. Retrieved 1876: 1866: 1858:the original 1851: 1838: 1827: 1793:Talking Back 1792: 1773: 1763: 1752: 1722: 1695: 1671: 1655: 1650: 1639: 1629: 1618: 1608: 1597:Glass Houses 1596: 1575: 1565: 1554: 1530: 1507: 1502: 1491:. Retrieved 1485: 1478:Muller, Bill 1471: 1463: 1458: 1453:, pp. 69–72. 1451:Media Circus 1450: 1422: 1417: 1410:pp. 163, 169 1405: 1384: 1361:. Retrieved 1357:the original 1350: 1323: 1307: 1289: 1267: 1251: 1232:. Retrieved 1228:the original 1192:. Retrieved 1186: 1179:Muller, Bill 1114: 1073: 1052: 1006: 1001: 980: 974:. July 1996. 959: 939: 924: 904: 901:Barack Obama 890: 878: 863: 851:Bill Clinton 847: 838: 829: 817: 808: 797: 787: 781: 766:Common Cause 759: 745: 741: 737: 734: 727:regulators. 725: 721: 708: 704: 689: 685: 677: 669: 661: 647: 639: 635: 600: 582: 565:Cindy McCain 561: 554: 550: 542: 539: 531: 523:Charles Ruff 516: 495:Common Cause 491: 479: 473: 467: 461: 459: 455: 451: 438: 413:Howard Kurtz 406: 400: 394: 388: 382: 376: 374: 362: 350: 346: 342: 333: 321: 301: 286: 282: 269: 250: 246:World War II 234: 208: 199: 119:Keating Five 118: 116: 3852:John McCain 3716:(2012 film) 3713:Game Change 3700:(2008 book) 3692:(2005 film) 3684:(1995 book) 3390:(1983–1987) 3378:(1987–2018) 3362:John McCain 3188:McGraw-Hill 3078:Times Books 3002:Basic Books 2771:In the Ring 1797:pp. 147-148 1696:In the Ring 1462:Alexander, 1288:Alexander, 881:David Boren 866:John McCain 643:Ted Stevens 627:Jesse Helms 611:David Pryor 576:retreat at 569:Jim Hensley 445:FDIC chair 167:John McCain 125:accused of 91:John McCain 3837:John Glenn 3806:Categories 3765:Joe McCain 3749:(daughter) 3437:activities 2863:2009-01-04 2831:2008-11-19 2804:2008-10-06 2756:2007-11-23 2706:2009-01-02 2677:2008-10-17 2644:2008-10-08 2597:2008-02-21 2418:2008-04-19 2329:2008-02-21 2247:2008-10-26 2150:Williams, 2093:2008-11-03 2031:2008-10-06 1884:2008-10-05 1791:Mitchell, 1493:2007-11-23 1404:Karaagac, 1363:2008-10-08 1324:Inside Job 1234:2008-07-16 1194:2007-11-23 1005:Grossman, 993:Fannie Mae 710:had done. 623:Trent Lott 370:Jim Wright 273:junk bonds 229:See also: 171:Republican 159:John Glenn 147:California 127:corruption 121:were five 74:John Glenn 3767:(brother) 3652:Hard Call 3521:Elections 3435:Political 2773:, p. 148. 2769:Bennett, 2154:, p. 103. 1694:Bennett, 1654:See also 1595:Tolchin, 1306:Seidman, 1254:, p. 275. 952:Citations 835:Aftermath 756:Reactions 609:(chair), 527:John Dowd 242:recession 3827:Quintets 3789:Category 3761:(mother) 3755:(father) 3285:(2003). 3256:(1993). 3130:(2007). 3102:(2002). 3072:(1994). 3029:ABC-CLIO 2969:(1989). 2937:(1993). 2908:(2008). 2726:, p. 38. 2722:Mondak, 2617:Trust Me 2536:Newsweek 1268:Trust Me 1252:Trust Me 804:Gulf War 783:Newsweek 501:and the 183:Michigan 143:Democrat 3589:debates 1449:Kurtz, 1322:Pizzo, 1072:Gould, 995:. 1992. 947:, 1991. 932:, 1991. 915:Reports 696:censure 656:, with 597:History 578:Cat Cay 574:Bahamas 312:Atlanta 177:), and 175:Arizona 155:Arizona 3724:Family 3705:Change 3320: 3297: 3270: 3242: 3219: 3194: 3167: 3144: 3116: 3084: 3058: 3035: 3008: 2983: 2951: 2922: 2894: 2634:TV.com 2358: 2055:Reason 1011:p. 201 700:cancer 654:C-SPAN 625:, and 613:, and 110:(D-MI) 93:(R-AZ) 76:(D-OH) 58:(D-AZ) 40:(D-CA) 3609:Media 2394:p. 6. 1601:p. 51 989:(PDF) 968:(PDF) 941:1991) 820:leaks 814:Leaks 211:terms 3572:2016 3567:2010 3562:2004 3557:1998 3552:1992 3547:1986 3537:1984 3532:1982 3398:Life 3318:ISBN 3295:ISBN 3268:ISBN 3240:ISBN 3217:ISBN 3192:ISBN 3165:ISBN 3142:ISBN 3114:ISBN 3082:ISBN 3056:ISBN 3033:ISBN 3006:ISBN 2981:ISBN 2949:ISBN 2920:ISBN 2892:ISBN 2508:Time 2356:ISBN 1853:Time 926:1991 895:and 799:Time 601:The 478:and 405:and 163:Ohio 117:The 2319:PBS 796:of 780:of 658:CNN 534:FBI 255:of 173:of 165:), 157:), 149:), 145:of 3808:: 3316:. 3312:. 3293:. 3289:. 3266:. 3262:. 3238:. 3234:. 3215:. 3211:. 3190:. 3186:. 3163:. 3159:. 3140:. 3136:. 3112:. 3098:; 3080:. 3054:. 3050:. 3031:. 3027:. 3004:. 3000:. 2979:. 2975:. 2965:; 2947:. 2943:. 2918:. 2914:. 2890:. 2849:. 2822:. 2790:. 2778:^ 2747:. 2731:^ 2715:^ 2694:. 2668:. 2653:^ 2632:. 2606:^ 2588:. 2572:^ 2560:. 2545:^ 2533:. 2505:. 2488:^ 2472:^ 2460:. 2440:^ 2408:. 2392:, 2354:. 2350:. 2338:^ 2317:. 2302:^ 2290:. 2277:^ 2265:. 2238:. 2208:^ 2196:. 2175:. 2159:^ 2141:^ 2123:^ 2111:. 2084:. 2064:^ 2052:. 2017:. 1996:. 1971:. 1948:^ 1936:. 1915:. 1875:. 1850:. 1826:. 1804:^ 1795:, 1784:^ 1772:. 1751:. 1733:^ 1721:. 1703:^ 1679:^ 1663:^ 1638:. 1617:. 1599:, 1586:^ 1574:. 1553:. 1541:^ 1529:. 1515:^ 1484:. 1430:^ 1408:, 1395:^ 1383:. 1372:^ 1349:. 1331:^ 1315:^ 1297:^ 1275:^ 1259:^ 1243:^ 1222:. 1203:^ 1185:. 1125:^ 1113:. 1081:^ 1063:^ 1051:. 1018:^ 1009:, 991:. 970:. 938:. 923:. 431:. 372:. 275:. 248:. 3354:e 3347:t 3340:v 3326:. 3303:. 3276:. 3248:. 3225:. 3200:. 3173:. 3150:. 3122:. 3090:. 3064:. 3041:. 3014:. 2989:. 2957:. 2928:. 2900:. 2866:. 2834:. 2807:. 2759:. 2709:. 2680:. 2647:. 2600:. 2566:. 2539:. 2466:. 2421:. 2364:. 2332:. 2271:. 2250:. 2202:. 2181:. 2117:. 2096:. 2058:. 2034:. 2002:. 1942:. 1921:. 1887:. 1832:. 1799:. 1778:. 1757:. 1727:. 1644:. 1623:. 1603:. 1580:. 1559:. 1535:. 1496:. 1412:. 1366:. 1237:. 1197:. 1119:. 1013:. 169:( 141:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index