397:
416:
405:
266:
2467:
2477:
582:(the successor of Bell Telephone Laboratories) and a monument and a plaque were placed there to honor the achievement. The monument is a stylized sculpture of the antenna and is oriented as Jansky's antenna was at 7:10 p.m. on September 16, 1932, at a moment of maximum signal caused by alignment with the center of our galaxy in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius.
354:
Several scientists were interested in Jansky's discovery, but radio astronomy remained a dormant field for several years, due in part to Jansky's lack of formal training as an astronomer. His discovery had come in the midst of the Great
Depression, and observatories were wary of taking on any new and
341:
Jansky wanted to further investigate the Milky Way radio waves after 1935 (he called the radiation "Star Noise" in the thesis he submitted to earn his 1936 University of
Wisconsin Masters degree), but he found little support from either astronomers, for whom it was completely foreign, or Bell Labs,
337:
If the radio sources were from the stars, the Sun should also be producing radio noise, but Jansky found that it did not. In the early 1930s, the Sun was at an inactive phase in its sunspot cycle. In 1935 Jansky made the suggestion that the strange radio signals were produced from interstellar gas,
297:
After recording signals from all directions for several months, Jansky eventually categorized them into three types of static: nearby thunderstorms, distant thunderstorms, and a faint static or "hiss" of unknown origin. He spent over a year investigating the source of the third type of static. The
181:
at Norman. Cyril M. Jansky, born in
Wisconsin of Czech immigrants, had started teaching at the age of sixteen. He was a teacher throughout his active life, retiring as professor of electrical engineering at the University of Wisconsin. He was an engineer with a strong interest in physics, a trait
301:
After a few months of following the signal, however, the point of maximum static moved away from the position of the Sun. Jansky also determined that the signal repeated on a cycle of 23 hours and 56 minutes. Jansky discussed the puzzling phenomena with his friend the astrophysicist Albert Melvin
289:
wheels, which allowed it to be rotated in the azimuthal direction, earning it the nickname "Jansky's merry-go-round" (the cost of which was later estimated to be less than $ 1000). By rotating the antenna, the direction of a received signal could be pinpointed. The intensity of the signal was
33:
944:
Serendipitous
Discoveries in Radio Astronomy: Proceedings of a Workshop held at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia on May 4, 5, 6, 1983; Honoring the 50th Anniversary Announcing the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves by Karl G. Jansky on May 5,
1447:
Serendipitous
Discoveries in Radio Astronomy: Proceedings of a Workshop held at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia on May 4, 5, 6,1983; Honoring the 50th Anniversary Announcing the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves by Karl G. Jansky on May 5,
386:
In 1930 essentially all that we knew about the heavens had come from what we could see or photograph. Karl Jansky changed all that. A universe of radio sounds to which mankind had been deaf since time immemorial now suddenly burst forth in full chorus. –John D. Krauss
327:
of May 5, 1933, and he was interviewed on a special NBC program on "Radio sounds from among the stars". In
October 1933, his discovery was published in a journal article entitled "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin" in the
306:; the time it took for "fixed" astronomical objects, such as a star, to pass in front of the antenna every time the Earth rotated. By comparing his observations with optical astronomical maps, Jansky concluded that the radiation was coming from the
976:
In 1930 essentially all that we knew about the heavens had come from what we could see or photograph. Karl Jansky changed all that. A universe of radio sounds to which mankind had been deaf since time immemorial now suddenly burst forth in full
1242:
Karl Guthe Jansky of 57 Silverton Avenue, Little Silver, N.J., radio research engineer with the Bell
Telephone Laboratories since 1928, who discovered radio waves of extraterrestrial origin in 1933 died yesterday in the Riverside
189:
Karl Jansky's mother, born Nellie Moreau, was of French and
English descent. Karl's brother Cyril Jansky Jr., who was ten years older, helped build some of the earliest radio transmitters in the country, including 9XM in
439:
Had Jansky not died at a very early age, he would undoubtedly have been awarded the Nobel Prize. His serendipitous discovery gave birth to a new branch of astronomy, radio astronomy. –William A. Imbriale
321:
Jansky announced his discovery at a meeting in
Washington D.C. in April 1933 to a small audience who could not comprehend its significance. His discovery was widely publicized, appearing in the
285:(wavelength about 14.6 meters). It had a diameter of approximately 100 ft. (30 meters) and stood 20 ft. (6 meters) tall. It was mounted on top of a turntable on a set of four Ford
225:
in 1927. He stayed an extra year at
Madison, completing all the graduate course work for a master's degree in physics except for the thesis. In July 1928 at age 22, he was able to join the
2157:
1279:
Had Jansky not died at a very early age, he would undoubtedly have been awarded the Nobel Prize. His serendipitous discovery gave birth to a new branch of astronomy, radio astronomy.
338:
in particular, by "thermal agitation of charged particles." Jansky accomplished these investigations while still in his twenties with a bachelor's degree in physics.
472:(VLA), the radio telescope in Magdalena, New Mexico, would be renamed the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in honor of Karl Jansky's contribution to radio astronomy.
1815:
229:, and because of a kidney condition he had since college (which eventually led to his early death), he was sent to the healthier environs of the field station in
1707:
532:
483:
468:
fellowship program is named after Karl Jansky. NRAO awards the Jansky Prize annually in Jansky's honor. On January 10, 2012, the NRAO announced the
1458:
1223:
1589:
330:
2546:
1805:
358:
Two men who learned of Jansky's 1933 discovery were of great influence on the later development of the new study of radio astronomy: one was
1167:
1141:
1795:
298:
location of maximum intensity rose and fell once a day, leading Jansky to surmise initially that he was detecting radiation from the Sun.
2541:
2531:
2536:
1730:
2526:
2521:
1496:
2576:
2435:
2186:
1909:
1746:
1333:
2581:
1454:
Accompanying 3 photos: from 1962, from c.1960 (with Grote Reber), and one of Karl Jansky, another astronomy pioneer, from c.1930.
2566:
2551:
2147:
1869:
1402:
1379:
1024:
911:
2123:
2017:
1439:
893:
513:
461:
2115:
214:
2571:
1949:
1785:
1607:
1550:
1224:"Karl G. Jansky, 44, Authority in Radio; Bell Laboratories Engineer Dies–Discovered Waves of Extraterrestrial Origin"
1040:
1261:
Imbriale, William A (July 1998). "Introduction to "Electrical Disturbances Apparently of Extraterrestrial Origin"".
2556:
2480:
2346:
1715:
1617:
1408:. In particular Chap.1 by Sullivan, "Karl Jansky and the discovery of extraterrestrial radio waves," pp. 3–42.
2221:
1839:
1544:
346:, the cost of research on a phenomenon that did not significantly affect trans-Atlantic communications systems.
2202:
1939:
1775:
2516:
1625:
1489:
964:"The First 50 Years of Radio Astronomy, Part 1: Karl Jansky and His Discovery of Radio Waves from Our Galaxy"
1291:
186:, a professor of physics at the University of Michigan who had been an important mentor to Cyril M. Jansky.
2511:
2389:
2067:
1967:
2410:
2301:
2167:
2075:
1889:
1691:
1540:
315:
310:
and was strongest (7:10 p.m. on September 16, 1932) in the direction of the center of the galaxy, in the
158:
2131:
2561:
1641:
1929:
1849:
1566:
1556:
865:
563:
517:
424:
396:
302:
Skellett, who pointed out that the observed time between the signal peaks was the exact length of a
2470:
2139:
2107:
2007:
1683:
1571:
1482:
432:
269:
Jansky and his rotating directional radio antenna (early 1930s), the world's first radio telescope.
370:
back yard in 1937 and did the first systematic survey of astronomical radio waves. The second was
2379:
2369:
1833:
1699:
1197:
88:
2091:
1977:
1453:
1446:
943:
476:
409:
199:
178:
475:
A full-scale replica of Jansky's original rotating telescope is located on the grounds of the
2384:
2351:
2271:
1879:
1825:
1765:
1665:
860:
575:
379:
174:
57:
2506:
2501:
2452:
2241:
2099:
1657:
1633:
1107:
899:
778:
674:
428:
76:
382:
and wrote a textbook on radio astronomy, long considered a standard by radio astronomers.
8:
2425:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2083:
1987:
1859:
870:
579:
567:
445:
274:
230:
218:
1463:
1337:
1111:
927:
903:
825:(December 1937). "Minimum noise levels obtained on short-wave radio receiving systems".
782:
678:
2405:
2374:
2321:
2281:
2251:
2194:
1959:
1738:
1228:
1123:
842:
810:
749:
692:
646:
253:
service. As a radio engineer, Jansky was assigned the job of investigating sources of
2430:
1599:
1398:
1375:
1020:
992:
907:
1395:
The Early Years of Radio Astronomy: Reflections Fifty Years After Jansky's Discovery
1017:
The Early Years of Radio Astronomy: Reflections Fifty Years After Jansky's Discovery
846:
814:
769:(December 1933). "Electrical phenomena that apparently are of interstellar origin".
753:
650:
2420:
2316:
2311:
2246:
1997:
1649:
1371:
1367:
1270:
1127:
1115:
1080:
963:
834:
802:
741:
716:
696:
682:
638:
571:
469:
415:
343:
183:
53:
294:
pen-and-paper recording system housed in a small shed to the side of the antenna.
2341:
2286:
1530:
1505:
1435:
707:(October 1933). "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin".
611:
453:
400:
Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, New Mexico
363:
250:
177:
where his father, Cyril M. Jansky, was dean of the college of engineering at the
162:
120:
99:
966:. North American AstroPhysical Observatory (NAAPO). Cosmic Search, Vol. 3, No. 4
2415:
2296:
1305:
1092:
1084:
1045:
838:
806:
760:
Introduction To "Electrical Disturbances Apparently Of Extraterrestrial Origin"
720:
642:
589:
323:
254:
1350:
1274:
1068:
759:
745:
730:(July 1998). "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin".
404:
2495:
2336:
2291:
2266:
1429:
My Brother Karl Jansky and His Discovery of Radio Waves from Beyond the Earth
592:
547:
534:
498:
485:
371:
311:
303:
291:
627:(December 1932). "Directional studies of atmospherics at high frequencies".
2261:
1534:
1428:
600:
465:
375:
2440:
2331:
2326:
2256:
1334:"Detective Work Leads to Monument Honoring the Father of Radio Astronomy"
889:
607:
521:
359:
1465:
Detective Work Leads to Monument Honoring the Father of Radio Astronomy
732:
246:
242:
238:
234:
150:
1319:
149:
and radio engineer who in April 1933 first announced his discovery of
2445:
1673:
1469:
1119:
793:(October 1935). "A note on the source of interstellar interference".
687:
662:
629:
307:
282:
278:
265:
226:
203:
191:
154:
146:
130:
2306:
2158:
Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
2048:
367:
195:
1474:
1899:
286:
222:
116:
1351:
Historical Marker Database: Karl Jansky Radio Astronomy Monument
1919:
1524:
1069:"Electrical Disturbances Apparently of Extraterrestrial Origin"
596:
449:
444:
In honor of Jansky, the unit used by radio astronomers for the
32:
2038:
1520:
1459:
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Jansky, Karl
457:
207:
408:
Full-size replica of Jansky's radio telescope, now at the
1245:
1816:
Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
182:
passed on to his sons. Karl Jansky was named after Dr.
145:(October 22, 1905 – February 14, 1950) was an American
1436:"Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves"
1198:"Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves"
257:
that might interfere with radio voice transmissions.
173:
Karl Guthe Jansky was born 1905 in what was then the
758:
along with an explanatory preface by W.A. Imbriale,
947:Edited by K. Kellermann and B. Sheets (1983) 321pp
1450:Edited by K. Kellermann and B. Sheets (1983) 321pp
1249:] Hospital, Red Bank, N.J., of a heart malady.
161:. He is considered one of the founding figures of
1920:Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network
249:of about 10–20 meters) for use in trans-Atlantic
2493:
1414:Cosmic Noise: A History of Early Radio Astronomy
1038:
1073:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
527:In 1998, the original site of Jansky's antenna
331:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
273:At Bell Telephone Laboratories, Jansky built a
1806:Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
1041:"Commemorating a Discovery in Radio Astronomy"
987:
985:
362:, a radio engineer who singlehandedly built a
1490:
1796:Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
1191:
1189:
994:World of Scientific Discovery on Karl Jansky
957:
955:
953:
1590:500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
1093:"Radio Waves from Outside the Solar System"
1090:
1066:
982:
663:"Radio waves from outside the solar system"
610:is named after him, as is the lunar crater
1497:
1483:
1134:
452:(1 Jy = 10 W⋅m⋅Hz). The crater
1336:. Bell Labs. June 3, 1998. Archived from
1186:
1148:. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
950:
686:
1910:Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
1747:Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
1411:
1392:
1260:
1014:
414:
403:
395:
264:
2494:
1204:. National Radio Astronomy Observatory
939:
937:
898:, Harper Perennial, pp. 402–408,
821:
789:
765:
726:
703:
657:
623:
2547:People from Little Silver, New Jersey
2411:Cosmic microwave background radiation
2148:Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
1870:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
1478:
1433:
1195:
961:
888:
588:is named after Jansky, and refers to
277:designed to receive radio waves at a
16:American physicist and radio engineer
2476:
2124:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
2018:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
1440:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
895:Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe
617:
462:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
342:which could not justify, during the
213:Karl Jansky attended college at the
2116:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
1504:
934:
391:
13:
2542:Czech-American culture in Oklahoma
2532:American people of English descent
1950:Northern Extended Millimeter Array
520:, near a reconstructed version of
419:Green Banks plaque: Jansky Antenna
260:
233:. Bell Labs wanted to investigate
14:
2593:
2537:American people of French descent
1786:Australia Telescope Compact Array
1608:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
1551:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
1468:— Radio Astronomy Celebration at
1422:
1039:Smothers, Ronald (June 9, 1998).
378:, started a radio observatory at
2527:American people of Czech descent
2522:20th-century American physicists
2475:
2466:
2465:
1364:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
31:
2577:20th-century American engineers
1840:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
1708:UTR-2 decameter radio telescope
1366:. Springer. 2003. p. 155.
1355:
1344:
1326:
1312:
1298:
1284:
1254:
1216:
1160:
2582:Astronomical instrument makers
1940:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
1776:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
1434:Ghigo, F. (February 7, 2006).
1397:, Cambridge University Press,
1372:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1933
1060:
1032:
1019:, Cambridge University Press,
1008:
920:
882:
566:at 101 Crawfords Corner Road,
1:
2567:American electrical engineers
1393:Sullivan, W. T., ed. (1984),
1015:Sullivan, W. T., ed. (1984),
876:
460:is also named after him. The
168:
2552:People from Norman, Oklahoma
2390:Gravitational-wave astronomy
1968:Primeval Structure Telescope
1416:, Cambridge University Press
1091:Karl Jansky (July 8, 1933).
1067:Karl Jansky (October 1933).
725:Reprinted 65 years later as
435:) due to a heart condition.
355:potentially risky projects.
349:
7:
2302:Christiaan Alexander Muller
2168:Vermilion River Observatory
2076:Algonquin Radio Observatory
1541:Astronomical interferometer
854:
227:Bell Telephone Laboratories
10:
2598:
1642:Large Millimeter Telescope
1168:"Jansky, Karl (1905–1950)"
1085:10.1109/JRPROC.1933.227458
839:10.1109/JRPROC.1937.228780
807:10.1109/JRPROC.1935.227275
721:10.1109/JRPROC.1933.227458
643:10.1109/JRPROC.1932.227477
427:, and died at age 44 in a
2572:Engineers from New Jersey
2461:
2398:
2360:
2214:
2179:
2066:
2031:
1930:Murchison Widefield Array
1850:Green Bank Interferometer
1758:
1674:RATAN-600 Radio Telescope
1580:
1565:
1557:Astronomical radio source
1512:
1275:10.1109/JPROC.1998.681377
962:Kraus, John (Fall 1981).
866:Astronomical radio source
746:10.1109/JPROC.1998.681378
564:Bell Labs Holmdel Complex
518:Green Bank, West Virginia
425:Little Silver, New Jersey
423:Jansky was a resident of
136:
126:
112:
105:
95:
84:
65:
39:
30:
23:
2140:Onsala Space Observatory
2132:Nançay Radio Observatory
2108:Jodrell Bank Observatory
2008:Very Long Baseline Array
1684:Sardinia Radio Telescope
1418:. In particular Chap. 2.
1412:Sullivan, W. T. (2009),
448:of radio sources is the
433:Riverview Medical Center
2557:Scientists at Bell Labs
2370:Submillimetre astronomy
1982:Australia, South Africa
1834:Event Horizon Telescope
1263:Proceedings of the IEEE
548:40.365139°N 74.163583°W
499:38.431639°N 79.816250°W
431:, hospital (now called
215:University of Wisconsin
89:University of Wisconsin
2092:Green Bank Observatory
1978:Square Kilometre Array
477:Green Bank Observatory
442:
420:
412:
410:Green Bank Observatory
401:
389:
270:
217:where he received his
200:Wisconsin Public Radio
179:University of Oklahoma
2385:High-energy astronomy
2272:Sebastian von Hoerner
1880:Long Wavelength Array
1826:European VLBI Network
1766:Allen Telescope Array
1666:Qitai Radio Telescope
928:"Cyril M. Jansky, Jr"
861:Reber Radio Telescope
553:40.365139; -74.163583
504:38.431639; -79.816250
437:
418:
407:
399:
384:
380:Ohio State University
268:
175:Territory of Oklahoma
157:in the constellation
2517:American astronomers
2453:Solar radio emission
2242:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
2100:Haystack Observatory
1634:Green Bank Telescope
1618:Effelsberg Telescope
570:, was determined by
429:Red Bank, New Jersey
77:Red Bank, New Jersey
2512:Amateur astronomers
2426:Pulsar timing array
2232:Edward George Bowen
2222:Elizabeth Alexander
2084:Arecibo Observatory
1988:Submillimeter Array
1890:Low-Frequency Array
1860:Korean VLBI Network
1726:Southern Hemisphere
1637:(West Virginia, US)
1340:on January 3, 2020.
1292:"Jansky Fellowship"
1232:. February 15, 1950
1112:1933Natur.132...66J
930:. January 20, 2016.
904:2004biba.book.....S
783:1933PA.....41..548J
679:1933Natur.132...66J
593:static disturbances
580:Lucent Technologies
568:Holmdel, New Jersey
562:at what is now the
544: /
495: /
446:spectral irradiance
275:directional antenna
231:Holmdel, New Jersey
153:emanating from the
2406:Aperture synthesis
2375:Infrared astronomy
2312:Joseph Lade Pawsey
2282:Kenneth Kellermann
2252:Nan Dieter-Conklin
1960:One-Mile Telescope
1739:Parkes Observatory
1320:"VLA Rededication"
1229:The New York Times
823:Jansky, Karl Guthe
791:Jansky, Karl Guthe
767:Jansky, Karl Guthe
728:Jansky, Karl Guthe
705:Jansky, Karl Guthe
659:Jansky, Karl Guthe
625:Jansky, Karl Guthe
421:
413:
402:
271:
241:properties using "
2562:Radio astronomers
2489:
2488:
2431:Radio propagation
2380:Optical astronomy
2277:Karl Guthe Jansky
2087:(Puerto Rico, US)
2062:
2061:
1854:West Virginia, US
1603:(Puerto Rico, US)
1600:Arecibo Telescope
1404:978-0-521-61602-7
1381:978-3-540-29925-7
1362:"(1932) Jansky".
1196:Ghigo, F (2003).
1079:(10): 1387–1398.
1026:978-0-521-61602-7
913:978-0-00-716221-5
771:Popular Astronomy
618:Selected writings
524:'s 9-meter dish.
143:Karl Guthe Jansky
140:
139:
107:Scientific career
69:February 14, 1950
25:Karl Guthe Jansky
2589:
2479:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2446:HD 164595 signal
2421:Odd radio circle
2399:Related articles
2317:Ruby Payne-Scott
2247:Arthur Covington
2237:Ronald Bracewell
2207:
2199:
2191:
2172:
2163:
2153:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2054:
2044:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1998:Very Large Array
1993:
1983:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1874:Argentina/Brazil
1865:
1855:
1845:
1830:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1720:
1716:Yevpatoria RT-70
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1650:Lovell Telescope
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1578:
1577:
1567:Radio telescopes
1499:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1443:
1417:
1407:
1386:
1385:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1269:(7): 1507–1509.
1258:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1237:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1172:Encyclopedia.com
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1120:10.1038/132066a0
1097:
1088:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
989:
980:
979:
973:
971:
959:
948:
941:
932:
931:
924:
918:
916:
886:
850:
818:
786:
757:
740:(7): 1510–1515.
724:
700:
690:
688:10.1038/132066a0
661:(July 8, 1933).
654:
561:
559:
558:
556:
555:
554:
549:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
511:
510:
509:
507:
506:
505:
500:
496:
493:
492:
491:
488:
470:Very Large Array
392:Death and legacy
344:Great Depression
184:Karl Eugen Guthe
72:
50:October 22, 1905
49:
47:
35:
21:
20:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2457:
2394:
2362:
2356:
2342:Gart Westerhout
2210:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2175:
2170:
2161:
2151:
2150:(PRAO ASC LPI,
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2058:
2052:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1828:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1759:Interferometers
1754:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1700:Usuda Telescope
1694:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1582:
1569:
1561:
1531:Radio telescope
1508:
1506:Radio astronomy
1503:
1470:NOKIA Bell Labs
1425:
1405:
1389:
1382:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1259:
1255:
1235:
1233:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1194:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1095:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
991:
990:
983:
969:
967:
960:
951:
942:
935:
926:
925:
921:
914:
887:
883:
879:
871:Radio Astronomy
857:
620:
552:
550:
546:
543:
538:
535:
533:
531:
530:
528:
503:
501:
497:
494:
489:
486:
484:
482:
481:
480:
394:
364:radio telescope
352:
290:recorded by an
263:
261:Radio astronomy
251:radio telephone
171:
163:radio astronomy
121:Radio astronomy
119:
100:Radio astronomy
85:Alma mater
80:
74:
70:
61:
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Interferometry
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Bernard Lovell
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:John G. Bolton
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2195:ESA New Norcia
2192:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2005:
2002:New Mexico, US
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1884:New Mexico, US
1877:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1831:
1823:
1820:California, US
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1770:California, US
1762:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1734:(South Africa)
1728:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1671:
1663:
1658:Ooty Telescope
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1605:
1597:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1431:
1424:
1423:External links
1421:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1354:
1343:
1325:
1311:
1306:"Jansky Prize"
1297:
1283:
1253:
1215:
1185:
1174:. May 17, 2018
1159:
1133:
1059:
1046:New York Times
1031:
1025:
1007:
981:
949:
933:
919:
912:
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
868:
863:
856:
853:
852:
851:
819:
787:
763:
701:
655:
619:
616:
590:high frequency
512:, formerly an
393:
390:
351:
348:
324:New York Times
262:
259:
170:
167:
138:
137:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
114:
110:
109:
103:
102:
97:
96:Known for
93:
92:
86:
82:
81:
75:
73:(aged 44)
67:
63:
62:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2594:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2352:Robert Wilson
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Govind Swarup
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:John D. Kraus
2290:
2288:
2287:Frank J. Kerr
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Antony Hewish
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2068:Observatories
2065:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1626:Galenki RT-70
1624:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1147:
1143:
1142:"Karl Jansky"
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1011:
996:
995:
988:
986:
978:
970:September 21,
965:
958:
956:
954:
946:
940:
938:
929:
923:
917:, p. 406
915:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
891:
885:
881:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
761:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
622:
621:
615:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
591:
587:
583:
581:
577:
576:Robert Wilson
573:
569:
565:
557:
525:
523:
519:
515:
508:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
417:
411:
406:
398:
388:
383:
381:
377:
374:, who, after
373:
372:John D. Kraus
369:
365:
361:
356:
347:
345:
339:
335:
333:
332:
326:
325:
319:
317:
313:
312:constellation
309:
305:
299:
295:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
267:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
202:) and 9XI in
201:
197:
193:
187:
185:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
78:
68:
64:
59:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2361:Astronomy by
2322:Arno Penzias
2276:
2262:Cyril Hazard
1904:South Africa
1695:(Uzbekistan)
1535:Radio window
1464:
1413:
1394:
1363:
1357:
1346:
1338:the original
1328:
1314:
1300:
1286:
1278:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1244:
1241:
1234:. Retrieved
1227:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1201:
1176:. Retrieved
1171:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1145:
1136:
1106:(3323): 66.
1103:
1099:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1044:
1034:
1016:
1010:
998:. Retrieved
993:
975:
968:. Retrieved
922:
894:
890:Singh, Simon
884:
833:(12): 1517.
830:
826:
822:
801:(10): 1158.
798:
794:
790:
774:
770:
766:
737:
731:
727:
715:(10): 1387.
712:
708:
704:
673:(3323): 66.
670:
666:
658:
637:(12): 1920.
634:
628:
624:
605:
601:Cosmic noise
586:Jansky noise
585:
584:
539:74°09′48.9″W
536:40°21′54.5″N
526:
490:79°48′58.5″W
487:38°25′53.9″N
474:
466:postdoctoral
443:
438:
422:
385:
376:World War II
357:
353:
340:
336:
329:
322:
320:
304:sidereal day
300:
296:
272:
212:
188:
172:
142:
141:
127:Institutions
106:
71:(1950-02-14)
18:
2507:1950 deaths
2502:1905 births
2441:Wow! signal
2332:Martin Ryle
2327:Grote Reber
2257:Frank Drake
2198:(Australia)
2032:Space-based
2022:Netherlands
1894:Netherlands
1864:South Korea
1742:(Australia)
1692:Suffa RT-70
608:1932 Jansky
551: /
522:Grote Reber
502: /
360:Grote Reber
316:Sagittarius
247:wavelengths
243:short waves
239:ionospheric
235:atmospheric
159:Sagittarius
151:radio waves
2496:Categories
2363:EM methods
1583:telescopes
1581:Individual
1243: [
1208:October 1,
1052:August 14,
877:References
733:Proc. IEEE
572:Tony Tyson
169:Early life
46:1905-10-22
2347:Paul Wild
2180:Multi-use
2160:(SAORAS,
1934:Australia
1922:(MERLIN,
1914:Australia
1800:Australia
1790:Australia
1719:(Ukraine)
1711:(Ukraine)
1621:(Germany)
1089:See also
827:Proc. IRE
795:Proc. IRE
709:Proc. IRE
630:Proc. IRE
606:Asteroid
599:origin. (
516:site) in
350:Follow-up
308:Milky Way
279:frequency
204:Minnesota
192:Wisconsin
155:Milky Way
147:physicist
131:Bell Labs
2471:Category
2307:Jan Oort
2206:(Canada)
2190:(Canada)
2143:(Sweden)
2135:(France)
2079:(Canada)
2049:Spektr-R
1892:(LOFAR,
1872:(LLAMA,
1829:(Europe)
1818:(CARMA,
1808:(CHIME,
1798:(ASKAP,
1645:(Mexico)
1629:(Russia)
1513:Concepts
1202:nrao.edu
1178:June 17,
1152:June 17,
1000:April 9,
892:(2005),
855:See also
847:51660095
815:51632813
754:47549559
651:51660959
368:Illinois
281:of 20.5
58:Oklahoma
2481:Commons
2020:(WSRT,
2010:(VLBA,
1970:(PaST,
1912:(MOST,
1900:MeerKAT
1842:(GMRT,
1788:(ATCA,
1778:(ALMA,
1731:HartRAO
1703:(Japan)
1687:(Italy)
1669:(China)
1661:(India)
1592:(FAST,
1545:History
1519:Units (
1128:4063838
1108:Bibcode
977:chorus.
900:Bibcode
779:Bibcode
777:: 548.
762: .
697:4063838
675:Bibcode
464:(NRAO)
456:on the
366:in his
287:Model-T
223:physics
117:Physics
2215:People
2162:Russia
2152:Russia
2053:Russia
2000:(VLA,
1990:(SMA,
1980:(SKA,
1954:France
1932:(MWA,
1882:(LWA,
1862:(KVN,
1852:(GBI,
1810:Canada
1768:(ATA,
1678:Russia
1610:(CSO,
1553:(VLBI)
1525:jansky
1401:
1378:
1236:May 7,
1146:MagLab
1126:
1100:Nature
1023:
910:
845:
813:
752:
695:
667:Nature
649:
612:Jansky
597:cosmic
454:Jansky
450:jansky
292:analog
255:static
113:Fields
79:, U.S.
60:, U.S.
54:Norman
2043:Japan
2039:HALCA
1972:China
1944:Italy
1844:India
1836:(EHT)
1780:Chile
1594:China
1448:1933.
1124:S2CID
1096:(PDF)
945:1933.
843:S2CID
811:S2CID
750:S2CID
693:S2CID
647:S2CID
206:(now
194:(now
2436:SETI
2203:PARL
2187:DRAO
2171:(US)
2127:(US)
2119:(UK)
2111:(UK)
2103:(US)
2095:(US)
1963:(UK)
1750:(NZ)
1653:(UK)
1572:List
1523:and
1521:watt
1399:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1238:2010
1210:2021
1180:2022
1154:2022
1054:2008
1021:ISBN
1002:2010
972:2021
908:ISBN
574:and
514:NRAO
458:Moon
237:and
208:KUOM
91:(BS)
66:Died
40:Born
1368:doi
1271:doi
1246:sic
1116:doi
1104:132
1081:doi
835:doi
803:doi
742:doi
717:doi
683:doi
671:132
639:doi
603:).
595:of
578:of
314:of
283:MHz
245:" (
221:in
210:).
198:of
196:WHA
2498::
2012:US
1992:US
1924:UK
1612:US
1438:.
1374:.
1277:.
1267:86
1265:.
1240:.
1226:.
1200:.
1188:^
1170:.
1144:.
1122:.
1114:.
1102:.
1098:.
1077:21
1075:.
1071:.
1043:.
984:^
974:.
952:^
936:^
906:,
841:.
831:25
829:.
809:.
799:23
797:.
775:41
773:.
748:.
738:86
736:.
713:21
711:.
691:.
681:.
669:.
665:.
645:.
635:20
633:.
614:.
334:.
318:.
219:BS
165:.
56:,
2164:)
2154:)
2055:)
2051:(
2045:)
2041:(
2024:)
2014:)
2004:)
1994:)
1984:)
1974:)
1956:)
1952:(
1946:)
1942:(
1936:)
1926:)
1916:)
1906:)
1902:(
1896:)
1886:)
1876:)
1866:)
1856:)
1846:)
1822:)
1812:)
1802:)
1792:)
1782:)
1772:)
1680:)
1676:(
1614:)
1596:)
1574:)
1570:(
1547:)
1543:(
1537:)
1533:(
1527:)
1498:e
1491:t
1484:v
1442:.
1384:.
1370::
1322:.
1308:.
1294:.
1273::
1212:.
1182:.
1156:.
1130:.
1118::
1110::
1087:.
1083::
1056:.
1004:.
902::
849:.
837::
817:.
805::
785:.
781::
756:.
744::
723:.
719::
699:.
685::
677::
653:.
641::
560:)
529:(
479:(
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
