299:
507:, expanded with territory won from Finland in the Winter War. Some later historians explained this as a "convenient means for facilitating the possible incorporation of additional Finnish territory" (or, possibly, the whole of Finland) into the USSR. Under this theory, Finnish (with far more speakers and a far more established literary tradition) would logically become the national language of the expanded republic, so it made no sense to continue with Karelian.
82:
62:
241:
466:
On
September 8, 1937, at the proposal of its chairman, M.I. Kalinin, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee discussed the Cyrillization of the Karelian language. The final orthography was approved by the Karelian Regional Committee on February 10, 1938 and published in the newspaper
484:
The effort was dropped in 1940 and
Finnish (written as always in the Latin alphabet) once again became an official language of the Karelian SSR. The reason for abandoning Cyrillic, and the Karelian language itself, as the national language of the republic may have two explanations:
902:
On May 29, 2014, the letter C was added to the unified alphabet. The letter may be used in Ludic
Karelian native words and is allowed for use in loanwords in Livvi Karelian and in Karelian proper. Before that, Livvi Karelian and Karelian proper had used
231:
points out in one great difficulty in these early
Karelian Cyrillic alphabets, was the inconsistency in rendering the sounds a, ä, ja, jä, ö, jö, y, and jy. For example, in the 1820 translation of Matthew, "я" might represent the sound ä, ja, or jä.
248:
In 1921, the first all-Karelian congress under the Soviet regime debated between whether
Finnish or Karelian should be the official language (next to Russian of course) of the new "Karelian Labour Commune", which two years later would become the
551:. For the computers used in those days, the letter ǯ was problematic, and in many cases it had to be inserted manually afterwards. The letter Ü represented the same vowel sound as the letter Y used in the modern alphabet.
870:
and
Karelian Proper alphabets. The letters Ä and Ö are vowels which, unlike the German umlauts, are considered to be distinct and are alphabetized separately from the corresponding vowels without the umlauts. The
73:, found in 1957 and believed to be either an invocation against lightning, or an oath. Until the 19th century it is believed that Karelian was only written down by individuals; it was not taught in schools.
272:
In 1930-31, a
Karelian literary language using the Latin alphabet was standardized for the Tver Karelian community, south of the Karelian ASSR and north of Tver, with the following alphabet:
520:(also known as Livvi Karelian). It was replaced by the unified Karelian alphabet in 2007. The alphabet consisted of twenty-nine characters, and it was very similar to the modern alphabet:
111:
575:
of the preceding sound. The entire range of sounds of native
Karelian words and sounds that are found only in loanwords but have become an established part of the Karelian language (
1966:
97:
into North
Karelian and Olonets (Aunus) dialects in 1804. Karelian literature in 19th century Russia remained limited to a few primers, songbooks and leaflets.
1749:""Развитие Карельского Языка и Письменности" (Development of the Karelian Language and Writing Systems"), Тверская Областная Библиотека (Tver Oblast Library)"
256:
Nonetheless, some publishing continued in
Cyrillic. The research into Karelian folklore of Maria Mikhailovskaya, a teacher from the Vozdvizhenskaya school of
2084:
1638:
The letters Q, W, and X do not belong to the Karelian alphabet, they are only used in unassimilated loanwords and names. In assimilated loanwords,
324:
One proposal was published in October 1937 by the Karelian educational affairs people's commissariat, which included the following letters with
451:
However, in the end a proposal was adopted with fewer non-standard Cyrillic letters: it included the entire Russian alphabet plus the letters
2001:
1917:
474:
From 1937-39 the Soviet government used the new Karelian standard language written in Cyrillic in both the Karelian SSR and Tver Region.
36:, though most residents there were expelled in 1939. Karelian has seen numerous proposed and adopted alphabets over the centuries, both
504:
1842:
Economic-geographic Reorientation in Western Finnish Karelia: A Result of the Finno-Soviet Boundary Demarcations of 1940 and 1944
1972:
498:
unfamiliarity with the new standardized language to speakers of the existing dialects which were very different from one another
563:
including Tver Karelian, which adopted it in 2017. It consists of a total of twenty-nine characters: twenty-three are from the
1705:
3170:
2077:
1773:
1226:
316:
In 1937 the government wished to replace the use of Finnish (in the Karelian ASSR) and Karelian written in Latin (in the
1748:
1860:
1823:
1387:
1019:
2353:
2070:
1548:
1088:
1065:
48:
was introduced and is used to write all varieties of Karelian, including Tver Karelian which adopted it in 2017.
1635:
in Ludic and Tver Karelian, but other palatalized consonants are also used in names and loanwords from Russian.
471:
People's Commissariat issued decree no. 214, introducing the single Karelian language in the Cyrillic alphabet.
2138:
2128:
2108:
1571:
1433:
3154:
2123:
1502:
1364:
1295:
996:
908:
217:
211:
202:
196:
164:
154:
142:
135:
128:
2963:
2302:
1157:
1134:
460:
456:
452:
264:(Tver Village), printed in Cyrillic, became the first newspaper ever published in the Karelian language.
3260:
2143:
2118:
1620:
1609:
1456:
1318:
1180:
572:
287:
282:
Note the additional letters borrowed from Cyrillic: з (/dž/) and ь (/ɯ/), as well as the unusual Latin
3093:
2985:
2628:
2496:
2431:
1607:
1569:
1546:
1525:
1523:
1500:
1477:
1454:
1431:
1410:
1408:
1385:
1362:
1339:
1316:
1293:
1270:
1247:
1224:
1201:
1178:
1155:
1132:
1109:
1086:
1063:
1040:
1017:
994:
971:
950:
948:
867:
70:
1855:."Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev". Edited by Sergeĭ Khrushchev. Published by Penn State Press, 2007.
866:
This unified alphabet was approved in 2007 (without the letter C) as a replacement for the separate
3255:
2538:
1479:
564:
2062:
1925:
343:. Е̄ (Е with macron) replaced Russian Ё. Some of the equivalents to Latin letters were as follows:
100:
The letters used to transcribe Karelian sounds varied. For example, in the gospel of St. Matthew (
3211:
3054:
2501:
2340:
2160:
2148:
2133:
1203:
1042:
973:
317:
2052:
Eas Anttikoski, "Neuvostoliiton kansallisuus- ja kielipolitiikka Tverin Karjalassa 1930-luvulla"
1946:
3216:
3159:
3118:
2793:
2616:
2403:
2365:
2260:
1695:
3234:
2925:
2716:
2528:
2270:
2255:
2232:
2212:
2207:
1341:
1272:
1249:
537:
320:), with a single standard Karelian language written in Cyrillic. Two proposals were sourced.
3226:
3126:
2783:
2698:
2588:
2506:
2488:
2375:
2038:
1111:
104:) in South Karelian Tver dialect, in 1820, they used vowels with breves, circumflexes, and
8:
3188:
3183:
3103:
3013:
2998:
2892:
2743:
2703:
2481:
2453:
2426:
2421:
2398:
2380:
2345:
2330:
2297:
2237:
2225:
2197:
2192:
2020:
1798:
340:
277:
Aa Ää Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Öö Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Yy Uu Vv Zz Ƶƶ з ь ȷ
25:
2760:
3178:
2871:
2858:
2711:
2533:
2513:
2466:
2443:
2335:
2325:
2202:
2182:
2177:
2169:
2097:
2056:
336:
257:
173:Ъ was used at the end of all words that did not end in a vowel or soft sign, as in the
117:
503:
Political reasons: On March 31, 1940 the Karelian ASSR became a full-fledged SSR, the
182:
3136:
3131:
3046:
2733:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2563:
2550:
2448:
2370:
2317:
2307:
2292:
2275:
2187:
1856:
1819:
1701:
568:
560:
325:
17:
1881:
240:
3059:
3036:
2975:
2970:
2941:
2915:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2788:
2775:
2765:
2690:
2650:
2596:
2573:
2558:
2523:
2518:
2476:
2413:
2390:
2247:
2220:
517:
478:
331:
Another proposal was published by Karjalaisen piirikunnan alphabetization project (
174:
101:
3203:
3146:
3108:
3082:
3078:
2958:
2946:
2933:
2905:
2900:
2881:
2876:
2818:
2798:
2748:
2738:
2606:
2568:
2461:
2285:
2265:
2051:
2007:
1864:
1840:
1813:
594:
105:
102:Герранъ мія̈нъ. Шондю-руохтынанъ святой і᷍ованг̧ели матвѣйста, Карьяланъ кїӗлѣлля
90:
41:
2953:
2436:
2029:
1774:"Neuvostoliiton kansallisuus- ja kielipolitiikka Tverin Karjalassa 1930-luvulla"
302:
3031:
2993:
2910:
2866:
2843:
2823:
2753:
2728:
2578:
2358:
2280:
1996:
1671:
2023:
Neuvostoliiton kielipolitiikkaa: Karjalan kirjakielen suunnittelu 1930-luvulla
3249:
3026:
3003:
2848:
2621:
2601:
283:
250:
1777:
587:
in North Karelian) is intended to be represented by this set of characters.
3193:
3021:
1752:
1721:
872:
37:
29:
559:
The modern unified Karelian alphabet is used to write all variants of the
228:
110:
69:
The oldest known document in Karelian, or in any Finnic language, is the
3098:
2645:
2093:
2033:
298:
516:
Olonets Karelian alphabet was approved in 1989 and it was used to write
495:
difficulty of finding enough teachers qualified to teach in the language
81:
61:
1845:. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. p. 101.
759:
536:
In the Olonets Karelian alphabet, the letter Ǯ was used instead of the
3070:
2611:
2092:
1882:"Government of Karelia approved uniform Karelian language alphabet"
224:
2640:
189:
160:
124:
89:
In the 19th century a few books were published in Karelian using
481:
was written in Karelian using Cyrillic, rather than in Finnish.
260:, was published in 1925. In August–December 1929, the newspaper
3088:
2633:
567:, five are derived from basic Latin letters by the addition of
339:(bars): А Е О У, and also included Ӡ (for the "dzh" sound) and
293:
21:
1902:
Karjalan kielen harjoituskogomus III–IV luokku Livvin murdehel
2057:
Esa Anttikoski, "Tverinkarjalainen kirjaimisto ja ortografia"
888:
571:, and the final character is the apostrophe, which signifies
468:
33:
1580:
1557:
1534:
1419:
1373:
1005:
751:
746:
741:
716:
706:
626:
529:
525:
267:
207:
511:
492:
insufficient variety of literature available in Karelian
95:
A Translation of some Prayers and a Shortened Catechism
875:
consonants Č, Š and Ž can be replaced by the digraphs
147:
both І and И were used for Modern Karelian/Finnish "i"
1511:
1488:
1465:
1442:
1396:
1350:
1327:
1304:
1281:
1258:
1235:
1212:
1189:
1166:
1143:
1120:
1097:
1074:
1051:
1028:
982:
959:
936:
736:
731:
726:
721:
711:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
621:
616:
611:
192:
was used for modern Karelian/Finnish ä (instead of Ѣ)
2045:
2041:, translation into Karelian (1939 Cyrillic alphabet)
1968:Внесены изменения в единый алфавит карельского языка
554:
543:
to mark the voiced affricate. For example, the word
1818:. by C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 109.
3247:
76:
1815:The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State
1697:The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State
253:. In the end they chose Finnish over Karelian.
1592:
1562:
1539:
1516:
1493:
1470:
1447:
1424:
1401:
1378:
1355:
1332:
1309:
1286:
1263:
1240:
1217:
1194:
1171:
1148:
1125:
1102:
1079:
1056:
1033:
1010:
987:
964:
941:
2078:
2014:
1863:. Page 871 (biographic note on O. Kuusinen).
1599:
294:Unified Cyrillic Karelian alphabet (1937–40)
150:ІЙ was used for Modern Karelian/Finnish "ii"
1689:
1687:
1585:
335:), and included the following letters with
2085:
2071:
891:is impossible or inconvenient—for example
467:"Karelʹskaya Pravda". On February 14, the
85:Translation of Matthew into Karelian, 1820
1811:
1805:
1743:
1741:
1693:
1684:
528:E F G H I J K L M N O P R S Š Z Ž T U V
297:
239:
170:Ѣ was used for Modern Karelian/Finnish ä
80:
60:
1912:
1910:
1722:"Язык Тверских карел - Тверские карелы"
914:
268:Latin alphabet for Tver Karelian (1930)
3248:
2021:"Kyrilliseen aakkostoon siirtyminen",
1900:Bogdanova, Leena; Ščerbakova, Tamara.
1876:
1874:
1872:
1738:
333:Karjalaisen piirikunnan aakkosprojekti
286:(/ʒ/) and ȷ (j without dot, to denote
185:(Russian-Karelian Dictionary), 1908,
2066:
1838:
512:Olonets Karelian alphabet (1989–2007)
2025:, Esa Anttikoski, Joensuu University
1907:
1904:. Petroskoi «Periodika», 2004, p. 4.
1832:
1619:The apostrophe is used to represent
44:. In 2007, the current standardized
1924:(in Livvi-Karelian). Archived from
1869:
312:in Karelian Cyrillic alphabet, 1939
120:(Karelian-Russian ABC-Book), 1887:
13:
1799:"8 Yhtenäinen Karjalan Kirjakieli"
1623:. In native words, it is found in
14:
3272:
2046:Tver Karelian 1930 Latin alphabet
1990:
555:Current Karelian alphabet (2007–)
65:Text of Birch bark letter no. 292
235:
109:
1959:
1939:
1894:
907:for transcribing the affricate
134:Г without a macron represented
1849:
1791:
1766:
1714:
489:Difficulty of implementation:
167:(Modern Karelian/Finnish "jy")
56:
1:
1997:Karelian language on Omniglot
1839:Helin, Ronald Arthur (1961).
1677:
920:Names of letters in Karelian
220:instead of Ѣ in the 1887 text
157:(Modern Karelian/Finnish "y")
138:(Modern Karelian/Finnish "h")
131:(Modern Karelian/Finnish "g")
77:19th and early 20th centuries
2059:- alphabet and pronunciation
2008:Orthography of Tver Karelian
1971:(in Russian). Archived from
1947:"Tiedotehniekkua jogahizele"
895:(Swedish) may be written as
7:
2954:Ethiopian Semitic languages
1665:
244:Tver Karelian 1930 alphabet
229:Lyudmila Georgievna Gromova
10:
3277:
2354:Phonology & ortography
2015:Cyrillic forms of Karelian
1631:in Livvi Karelian, and in
757:
592:
210:was used for non-syllabic
93:, the first known one was
51:
3225:
3202:
3168:
3145:
3117:
3068:
3045:
3012:
2984:
2924:
2890:
2857:
2774:
2689:
2659:
2587:
2549:
2412:
2389:
2316:
2246:
2168:
2159:
2104:
930:
927:
924:
547:(strawberry) was written
183:Русско-Корельскій Словарь
153:Ы was used for the sound
118:Карельско-Русскій Букварь
71:Birch bark letter no. 292
1967:
1812:Taagepera, Rein (1999).
1694:Taagepera, Rein (1999).
565:ISO basic Latin alphabet
306:(Djadja Rimusan Suarnat)
181:Another example: in the
1600:
1593:
1586:
1563:
1540:
1517:
1494:
1471:
1448:
1425:
1402:
1379:
1356:
1333:
1310:
1287:
1264:
1241:
1218:
1195:
1172:
1149:
1126:
1103:
1080:
1057:
1034:
1011:
988:
965:
942:
163:was used for the sound
127:was used for the sound
1627:in North Karelian, in
418:ІŌ (І + О with macron)
313:
245:
86:
66:
2437:Classical orthography
2271:Standard Written Form
301:
243:
225:Tver State University
177:before the Revolution
84:
64:
2507:Montenegrin alphabet
2039:Joel Chandler Harris
2030:Дядя Римусан Суарнат
1700:. Psychology Press.
1633:dʼ lʼ nʼ rʼ sʼ zʼ tʼ
915:Letter names and IPA
310:Tales of Uncle Remus
304:Дядя Римусан Суарнат
921:
583:in Livvi and Tver,
477:During this period
1922:Karjalan kielioppi
919:
505:Karelo-Finnish SSR
479:Sovetskoi Karelija
410:Е̄ (Е with macron)
378:О̄ (О with macron)
350:Cyrillic letter(s)
328:: А, Е, О, У, Ю, Я
314:
262:Tverskaya Derevnya
258:Bezhetsky District
246:
87:
67:
3261:Karelian language
3243:
3242:
2685:
2684:
2534:Cyrillic alphabet
2497:Cyrillic alphabet
2427:Cyrillic alphabet
2276:Kernowek Standard
2098:world's languages
2002:Karelian alphabet
1726:tverinkarielat.ru
1707:978-0-415-91977-7
1629:dʼ lʼ nʼ rʼ sʼ tʼ
1617:
1616:
887:when writing the
864:
863:
569:diacritical marks
561:Karelian language
449:
448:
353:Latin equivalent
46:Karelian alphabet
26:Karelian Republic
18:Karelian language
3268:
2166:
2165:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2063:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1914:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1867:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1776:. Archived from
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1751:. Archived from
1745:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1691:
1613:
1603:
1601:pehmenduspilʼkeh
1596:
1589:
1575:
1566:
1552:
1543:
1529:
1520:
1506:
1497:
1483:
1474:
1460:
1451:
1437:
1428:
1414:
1405:
1391:
1382:
1368:
1359:
1345:
1336:
1322:
1313:
1299:
1290:
1276:
1267:
1253:
1244:
1230:
1221:
1207:
1198:
1184:
1175:
1161:
1152:
1138:
1129:
1115:
1106:
1092:
1083:
1069:
1060:
1046:
1037:
1023:
1014:
1000:
991:
977:
968:
954:
945:
922:
918:
910:
868:Olonets Karelian
590:
589:
518:Olonets Karelian
347:
346:
278:
219:
213:
204:
201:У҅ was used for
198:
195:Г҅ was used for
175:Russian language
166:
156:
144:
137:
130:
113:
106:г with a cedilla
24:, mostly in the
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3256:Latin alphabets
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3221:
3198:
3171:Native American
3164:
3141:
3113:
3064:
3041:
3008:
2980:
2920:
2886:
2853:
2770:
2681:
2655:
2583:
2545:
2493:Serbo-Croatian
2408:
2385:
2312:
2303:Scottish Gaelic
2286:Unified Cornish
2266:Kernewek Kemmyn
2242:
2155:
2100:
2091:
2048:
2017:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1865:On Google Books
1854:
1850:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1668:
1642:is replaced by
1598:
1594:pehmennyšmerkki
1591:
917:
760:Minuscule Forms
604:capital letters
595:Majuscule Forms
557:
514:
296:
280:
276:
270:
238:
227:Finno-Ugricist
216:Э was used for
141:Е was used for
79:
59:
54:
12:
11:
5:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3212:Haitian Creole
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3075:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2539:Latin alphabet
2536:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2502:Latin alphabet
2499:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2432:Latin alphabet
2429:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2341:Istro-Romanian
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2281:Modern Cornish
2278:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2027:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1991:External links
1989:
1986:
1985:
1958:
1938:
1906:
1893:
1868:
1848:
1831:
1824:
1804:
1790:
1765:
1737:
1713:
1706:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1672:Ludic language
1667:
1664:
1621:palatalization
1615:
1614:
1605:
1587:pehmendysmerki
1583:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1015:
1008:
1002:
1001:
992:
985:
979:
978:
969:
962:
956:
955:
946:
939:
933:
932:
929:
926:
916:
913:
911:in loanwords.
862:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
773:
772:
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
608:
607:
573:palatalization
556:
553:
534:
533:
513:
510:
509:
508:
501:
500:
499:
496:
493:
447:
446:
443:
439:
438:
435:
431:
430:
427:
423:
422:
419:
415:
414:
411:
407:
406:
403:
399:
398:
395:
391:
390:
387:
383:
382:
379:
375:
374:
367:
363:
362:
359:
355:
354:
351:
345:
344:
329:
295:
292:
288:palatalization
274:
269:
266:
237:
234:
222:
221:
214:
205:
199:
193:
179:
178:
171:
168:
158:
151:
148:
145:
139:
132:
78:
75:
58:
55:
53:
50:
32:just north of
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3273:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2859:Tungus—Manchu
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Indo-European
2158:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Orthographies
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:Orthographies
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2009:
2006:
2004:(in Karelian)
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1975:on 2014-08-20
1974:
1970:
1962:
1948:
1942:
1928:on 2016-03-03
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1861:0-271-02332-5
1858:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1825:1-85065-293-7
1821:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1780:on 2016-03-08
1779:
1775:
1769:
1755:on 2017-01-26
1754:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
990:
986:
984:
981:
980:
975:
970:
967:
963:
961:
958:
957:
952:
947:
944:
940:
938:
935:
934:
923:
912:
906:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
774:
770:
769:small letters
766:
763:(also called
762:
761:
756:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
601:
598:(also called
597:
596:
591:
588:
586:
585:b c d f g z ž
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
552:
550:
546:
542:
539:
531:
527:
523:
522:
521:
519:
506:
502:
497:
494:
491:
490:
488:
487:
486:
482:
480:
475:
472:
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
444:
441:
440:
436:
433:
432:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
416:
412:
409:
408:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
384:
380:
377:
376:
372:
368:
365:
364:
360:
357:
356:
352:
349:
348:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
322:
321:
319:
311:
307:
305:
300:
291:
289:
285:
279:
273:
265:
263:
259:
254:
252:
251:Karelian ASSR
242:
236:Soviet period
233:
230:
226:
215:
209:
206:
200:
194:
191:
188:
187:
186:
184:
176:
172:
169:
162:
159:
152:
149:
146:
140:
133:
126:
123:
122:
121:
119:
114:
112:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
83:
74:
72:
63:
49:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
20:is spoken in
19:
3155:Massachusett
3119:Austronesian
2723:
2233:West Frisian
2139:Prepositions
2113:
2032:
2022:
2010:(in Finnish)
1977:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1941:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1921:
1901:
1896:
1885:. Retrieved
1851:
1841:
1834:
1814:
1807:
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:the original
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:the original
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1696:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
928:Letter name
904:
901:
896:
892:
884:
880:
876:
873:postalveolar
865:
768:
764:
758:
603:
599:
593:
584:
580:
576:
558:
548:
544:
540:
535:
515:
483:
476:
473:
465:
450:
370:
332:
315:
309:
303:
281:
275:
271:
261:
255:
247:
223:
180:
115:
99:
94:
88:
68:
45:
30:small region
15:
3227:Constructed
2986:Niger–Congo
2926:Afroasiatic
2784:Azerbaijani
2717:orthography
2482:orthography
2467:orthography
2226:orthography
2129:Determiners
2109:Phonologies
2034:Uncle Remus
1918:"Kirjaimet"
1625:lʼ nʼ sʼ tʼ
318:Tver Region
57:Middle Ages
3250:Categories
3217:Papiamento
3104:Vietnamese
3071:East Asian
2708:Hungarian
2617:Hindustani
2589:Indo-Aryan
2454:Macedonian
2422:Belarusian
2404:Lithuanian
2366:Portuguese
2124:Adjectives
1979:2014-08-12
1952:2010-06-14
1932:2010-06-14
1887:2010-06-14
1784:2011-05-30
1759:2011-05-31
1731:2022-03-04
1678:References
579:in Ludic,
3235:Esperanto
3184:Inuktitut
3094:Mongolian
3037:Malayalam
3014:Dravidian
2744:Mordvinic
2629:Maldivian
2529:Ukrainian
2444:Bulgarian
2326:Aromanian
2213:Norwegian
2208:Icelandic
2178:Afrikaans
765:lowercase
600:uppercase
326:diaereses
28:and in a
3179:Cherokee
3132:Hawaiian
3127:Filipino
3060:Okinawan
3055:Japanese
2964:Biblical
2938:Aramaic
2916:Georgian
2893:European
2734:Livonian
2724:Karelian
2712:alphabet
2699:Estonian
2672:Armenian
2667:Albanian
2612:Gurmukhi
2607:Gujarati
2489:Silesian
2477:alphabet
2473:Russian
2462:alphabet
2376:Sicilian
2371:Romanian
2359:alphabet
2221:alphabet
2217:Swedish
2170:Germanic
2144:Pronouns
2119:Grammars
1666:See also
1597:(Proper)
1590:(Livvi)
897:ruochchi
524:A B Č D
91:Cyrillic
42:Cyrillic
3189:Nahuatl
3079:Chinese
3047:Japonic
3032:Kannada
2971:Maltese
2942:Aramaic
2834:Turkmen
2829:Turkish
2794:Crimean
2789:Bashkir
2704:Finnish
2641:Marathi
2597:Bengali
2574:Persian
2564:Kurdish
2559:Avestan
2551:Iranian
2524:Sorbian
2519:Slovene
2458:Polish
2399:Latvian
2381:Spanish
2346:Italian
2331:Catalan
2318:Romance
2261:Cornish
2238:Yiddish
2198:Faroese
2193:English
2096:of the
1604:(Ludic)
925:Letter
545:mandžoi
538:digraph
337:macrons
116:In the
52:History
3204:Creole
3169:other
3160:Ojibwe
3089:Korean
3083:Dungan
3069:other
3027:Telugu
2976:Somali
2959:Hebrew
2947:Syriac
2934:Arabic
2911:Dargwa
2906:Basque
2901:Abkhaz
2891:other
2877:Manchu
2872:Evenki
2839:Uyghur
2814:Kyrgyz
2809:Khakas
2804:Kazakh
2799:Gagauz
2776:Turkic
2766:Udmurt
2754:Erzyan
2749:Moksha
2691:Uralic
2651:Romani
2634:Thaana
2602:Chakma
2569:Pashto
2514:Slovak
2414:Slavic
2391:Baltic
2350:Latin
2336:French
2256:Breton
2248:Celtic
2203:German
2183:Danish
1859:
1822:
1704:
1654:, and
893:ruočči
549:manǯoi
459:, and
373:"je")
22:Russia
3194:Osage
3147:Algic
3137:Malay
3109:Nivkh
3022:Tamil
2999:Sotho
2882:Udege
2849:Yakut
2844:Uzbek
2824:Tatar
2819:Nogai
2739:Mansi
2677:Greek
2660:other
2579:Tajik
2449:Czech
2308:Welsh
2293:Irish
2188:Dutch
2149:Verbs
2134:Nouns
889:caron
532:Ä Ö ʼ
469:RSFSR
38:Latin
3099:Thai
2994:Fula
2867:Even
2761:Sámi
2729:Komi
2646:Odia
2622:Urdu
2298:Manx
1857:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1702:ISBN
931:IPA
909:/ts/
883:and
165:/jy/
40:and
34:Tver
16:The
3004:Vai
2037:by
1658:by
1650:by
1495:vee
1449:tee
1426:žee
1403:zee
1380:šee
1311:pee
1196:koo
1173:jii
1127:hoo
1104:gee
1035:dee
1012:čee
989:cee
966:bee
767:or
602:or
581:c f
445:dž
437:jü
429:ju
421:jö
413:jo
405:jä
402:ІА̄
397:ja
371:not
369:e (
290:).
218:/e/
212:/u/
203:/y/
197:/h/
155:/y/
143:/e/
136:/h/
129:/ɡ/
3252::
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1724:.
1686:^
1662:.
1660:ks
1646:,
1644:kv
1640:qu
1564:öö
1541:ää
1518:yy
1472:uu
1357:es
1334:er
1288:oo
1265:en
1242:em
1219:el
1150:ii
1081:ef
1058:ee
1020:tʃ
997:ts
943:aa
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899:.
885:Zh
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877:Ch
860:ʼ
771:)
606:)
541:Dž
463:.
455:,
434:ІӮ
389:y
381:ö
361:ä
358:А̄
308:,
190:А̄
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125:Г̄
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951:ɑ
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937:A
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833:š
830:s
827:r
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818:n
815:m
812:l
809:k
806:j
803:i
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797:g
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788:d
785:č
782:c
779:b
776:a
752:ʼ
747:Ö
742:Ä
737:Y
732:V
727:U
722:T
717:Ž
712:Z
707:Š
702:S
697:R
692:P
687:O
682:N
677:M
672:L
667:K
662:J
657:I
652:H
647:G
642:F
637:E
632:D
627:Č
622:C
617:B
612:A
577:f
530:Ü
526:Ǯ
461:Ӱ
457:Ӧ
453:Ӓ
442:Ӡ
426:Ю
394:Я
386:Ӯ
366:Е
341:І
284:ƶ
208:Ў
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