293:"It is clear the judge's decision to give me a one-year jail sentence is political...It is no coincidence that I was sentenced at about the same time as the journalists and editors," Abbas told Ahram Weekly. "The court had regularly adjourned the case since May, deciding to issue a ruling only on 21 September. Prosecuting and sentencing journalists for publishing offences is all part of the government's general crack-down on civil liberties. The government feels threatened by the strikes, especially actions taken by the militant Mehala Al-Kubra textile workers whose latest strike was settled last week. They need a scapegoat for their failed policies. This is why they closed down our offices, refuse to license us and continue to accuse the CTUWS of inciting the strikes. The allegations are flattering but untrue. How could we possibly have incited the tens of thousands of workers who have gone on strike since December?" he said.
449:"From this place, I want you to know that we stand with you as you stood with us. I want you to know that no power can challenge the will of the people when they believe in their rights. When they raise their voices loud and clear and struggle against exploitation. No one believed that our revolution could succeed against the strongest dictatorship in the region. But in 18 days the revolution achieved the victory of the peopleā¦.We want you to know that we stand on your side. Stand firm and donāt waiver. Donāt give up on your rights. Victory always belongs to the people who stand firm and demand their just rights. We and all the people of the world stand on your side and give you our full support. As our just struggle for freedom, democracy and justice succeeded, your struggle will succeed. Victory belongs to you when you stand firm and remain steadfast in demanding your just rights."
218:
heavy government pressure. But we decided to try and open negotiations with them. After all, in Egypt you never know what is going to happenāthings could get even worse tomorrow." Abbas fought attempts to exclude the words "worker" and "trade union" from the organization name or scope. "They wanted us to change our name, but we won't, it's internationally recognized. They said the name breaches
Article 11. We said no, Article 11 has to do with your goals...They said that our work could breach article 11. 'Your problem is that you speak for workers in disputes, and this we can not allow. There are government agencies and organizations that already do this, and you cannot have face to face meetings .'"
304:, accused the Mubarak regime of going after opposition groups and media. "We are very concerned about this latest attack on the CTUWS. We are particularly concerned that these prison sentences follow a long tradition of repression of the CTUWS, an independent civil society organization committed to defending trade union and workers rights in Egypt," said Guy Ryder, ITUC general secretary. A coalition of the Italian trade unions sent a letter to Mubarak asking him to "ensure that CTUWS is not persecuted and demanding that "this particular case could be reviewed. The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network also issued a statement "expressing its deep concern over the case.
210:
Helwan district, Abbas said, are members of a professional committee, as are the construction workers in Shubra. "These are committees that have few functions. For example, a driver will only go to his union when getting his licence because he needs their signature. We cannot consider these committees or their members active components of the trade union structure or the working class." He noted the changing nature of political alliances regarding unions: "And this time around, the left has changed its election programme from calling for the protection of the public sector to focusing on the protection of workers' rights, irrespective of who the management is."
283:, a magazine published by the CTUWS. The lawsuit for alleged "slander and defamation of character" against Abbasāand his co-defendant lawyer Mohamed Helmiāwas filed by Mohamed Mustafa Ibrahim, chairman of the board of directors at the youth center. Ibrahim filed three petitions against Abbas and claimed that the magazine article "publicly defamed him as a state-appointed civil servant". He based his case on Article 188 of the Egyptian code of law, which penalizes false reporting (anyone who "publishes false news, statements or rumours likely to disturb public order" may face a prison sentence). Abbas was sentenced to one year in prison.
228:, "Political movements that once upheld the interests of the working class based themselves on public sector workers, most of whom have been liquidated through early retirement schemes...the current environment where workers see people taking on the state and putting up a fight has created a situation in which we can see renewed labour activism of the sort now taking place...I do not think that such a movement would have been possible if it were not for the current movement for political reform."
33:
383:
365:
418:(also known as "May Day"), the international socialist commemoration of workers' rights reform begun in the United States. Abbas deemed that year's celebrations "historic" for marking a break from the ETUF. Abbas also praised the then newly formed Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions (EITUF). May Day celebrations focused on the free will of Egyptian workers to form independent trade unions, free from state control, and the dismantling of the ETUF.
404:. He said, āOn January 30th we met with representative of other independent trade union organizations and we discussed forming a new federation. We then made an announcement in Tahrir square, calling for a new federation. But at the time we had no idea what would happen. Since then this call has been responded to by the workers. The challenge now that the revolution has succeeded is to be able to build a society of social justice.ā
206:"Following a long and exhausting struggle with the general union council." He also criticized the candidacy of Minister Sayed Mash'al and supported Safir Nigm for minister of military production in the Helwan area. Abbas argued, "After Mash'al took over, there was a massive explosion at one of the factories. Five workers died and compensation was inadequate. When workers complained, had dozens of them sent to jail."
260:
232:
approved by the
General Federation of Trade Unions (GFTU). He said, "Workers go on strike to improve their material conditions. They are not staging a play. They are not rehearsing for some media circus. And they should not be forced to strike within the straitjacket of a preset timetable. This defeats the purpose of the strike because it limits the workers' bargaining power."
186:, a long-time communist and labor lawyer, with whom Abbas had previously led the People's Socialist Party. Abbas had studied world labor movements, looking up to the power of unions in Europe and the Solidarity movement in Poland in the 1980s. Abbas changed his ideological focus from his early ties to Marxist politics, instead focusing CTUWS on practical reform.
271:
could rise up amidst the tension, but he did not believe such an individual would be part of the labor movement. He said, "Those who think the labor movement will lead to political change in Egypt are foolish. The movement is still too young. We have to be concerned with the economic conditions of the workers. We can't rush things."
236:
case is that the
Unified Labour Law (12) of 2003 doesn't differentiate between private and public sector workers. Misr Al-Amrya cannot legally argue on the basis of state workers' rights to base salary increments versus private sector workers' non-rights. Which is why, in the end, the company did eventually comply."
453:
In March 2011, Abbas participated in a labour panel discussing the future of trade unions following the fall of
Mubarak's regime. At the end of the panel, Abbas declared, "the regime has fallen...the Egyptian Federation of Trade Unions has fallen! What more do you want? Go create your own unions!"
429:
June 2011 conference. Abbas criticized the ETUF saying, "Enough ... all these years ... and crimes enough! ... Enough you killers! ... You participated in the passage of the privatization deals, and facilitated and justified the blatant attacks on the rights of workers ... You defended with impunity
221:
In 2005 Abbas was critical of how workers' rights were being addressed in the political dialogue. He said, "Unfortunately, the labour movement's democratic demands are absent from the agenda of change called for by the opposition. Even the political parties that are close to workers' circlesāsuch as
235:
In June 2005 Abbas commented on legal issues dealing with the Al-Amrya
Weaving and Textile Company. He said, "The distinction between public and private sector workers will in any case become irrelevant, sooner or later, given that the entire public sector is on the block. What is important in this
174:
where 19,000 workers sought wage increases and a meal during work. They were met by 10,000 riot police who fired rubber bullets and tear gas at the striking workers; ultimately the strike was broken up when security forces stormed the plant, resulting on one death, one hundred injuries and hundreds
421:
In June 2011, Abbas was co-filer of a lawsuit calling for the dissolution of the state-controlled ETUF. The suit called for "sequestration of the ETUF headquarters, buildings, its
Workers' University, cultural institute, hospitals and clinics" as well as "barring the ETUF from representing Egypt's
270:
In 2007 he criticized the state of politics, calling the regime illegitimate, and saying that Egypt is "a suffering society with no way to express itself." He speculated that poverty in Cairo could lead to a violent confrontation with the police. Abbas envisioned a charismatic opposition leader who
250:
In
November 2006 Abbas dismissed the significance of General Federation of Trade Unions (GFTU) elections, arguing that public sector industrial workers overseen by the GFTU were increasingly few. He recommended switching focus to ununionized private sector workers: "The minister of investment has
347:, suggesting that the ETUF should not be determining eligibility for parliamentary elections. Abbas argued, "The ETUF has actually granted a number of businessmen and retired officers, from the ruling party, the status of labor representatives when they are not laborers in any way shape or form."
336:
In May 2010 Abbas criticized the forced end of a protest in Cairo by workers from
Amonsito, the Egyptian Telephone Company and el-Nubaria Agricultural Engineering, who had been protesting for several months. Abbas had said he would submit a complaint to the International Labour Organization about
296:
CTUWS criticized the conviction. "What does it mean when courts seek to imprison citizens, who publish the facts about corruption cases? The allegations against
Ibrahim were found to be true and were the basis for the legal decision... Does it mean that the courts are offering immunity to corrupt
231:
In 2005 Abbas criticized the negotiations in the Esco workers' protest. He noted that clause 69 of the labor contract, which stipulated workers could be fired if they fail to perform "essential duties", was broad enough to permit random firings. Abbas also criticized requirements that protests be
217:
In 2003 Abbas began seeking formal registration in line with
Article 11 of Law 84/2002, which deals with NGO registration, security and public order. Abbas was critical of the registration procedures: "The law is bad and it is designed to co-opt you under government control. And there has been
205:
In the 2000 Parliamentary elections, Abbas nominated himself as an independent labor representative for Helwan. Abbas said that his General Union for Mineral, Electrical, and Engineering Industries at first refused to grant him status as a labor representative. According to Abbas, he received it,
407:
In February 2011 Abbas criticized the elections in federation syndicates for being corrupt with fraud. He said, "There are 116 verdicts of administrative court annulling the last union elections and we believe members of the federation were involved in acts of violence against the protesters in
201:
In 1999 he spoke out on the need for education and training for workers. He said, "In Korea, development was based on a comprehensive educational policy. We still do not see this happening here. Even in the new factories, production lines are imported with a foreign expert to run them. They are
209:
In 2001 Abbas commented on the increasing privatisation of employment and the role of professional committees. He said, "Approximately 50 per cent of the number of trade union members who make up the current trade union structure belong to and vote for 'professional committees.'" Drivers in the
332:
In 2010 Abbas criticized proposals to postpone trade union elections. Abbas criticized the role of the ETUF as "a governmental institution, not a federation of genuine trade unions. Nor does it represent Egypt's workers in any way." Abbas also noted the practice of elected officials busing in
213:
In 2002 a Unified Labour Law came up for parliamentary debate to replace labour law 137, passed in 1981. Abbas criticized exclusions in the bill which left out government administration, domestic work, workers' families, short-term workers (less than six months), principal management, and
274:
In April 2007 Abbas' CTUWS office was shut down and he was accused of working with "external forces" in order to disrupt the country's economy. The government closed CTUWS' Helwan headquarters and two other branches in Nag' Hamadi and Mehala Al-Kobra for "security reasons".
146:
and sentenced to one year of prison. There was international condemnation of the ruling, with major labor and human rights groups defending Abbas. In February 2012 he was once again sentenced to a prison term, this time six months for "insulting" a public official.
197:
In 1998 Abbas commented on the July strikes at the Egypt-Helwan Textiles Factory and the Nasr Pharmaceutical plant. Abbas saw the incidents as a test of the future of privatisation. He said, "People can now see that there is a choice, that they can say no."
278:
In September 2007 Abbas and another writer were convicted of defamation and public abuse after writer Mohamed Helmy published an article on corruption at the 15th of May Youth Center, where Abbas was a member of the board. The story was published in
307:
Egyptian labour historian Joel Beinin said, "The attack on CTUWS is part of the intensification of the assault of the Mubarak regime against its opponents". Faiza Rady considered the prison sentence an attack on the defence of workers' rights.
329:, which Abbas criticized for not acting. Abbas supported working with the new committee's goals, which included a minimum annual salary increase of seven per cent. He also criticized the labour complaints committee for not meeting regularly.
311:
After Abbas' and Helmy's September conviction, an investigation by the Governor of Cairo found the charges of corruption at the youth center to be true. Cairo Governor Abdel Azim Wazir ordered the entire board of the center to be disbanded.
290:, "The government is also very sensitive about any links between political powers in Egypt and the labor movement because this would mean that workers might enter with their weight into the democratic movement. They're very scared of this."
246:
for being two-faced in their approach to civil rights. "Egypt has never had democracy. For now the Brotherhood stands for civil rights, but its basic stance is against them. It has one language for the media and another for its followers."
178:
Abbas was arrested four times in the subsequent months, including 45 days of detention in which he was tortured. Following, he was terminated for participating in an "illegal" strike not sanctioned by the official trade union.
251:
openly stated that except for four companies the little that remains of the industrial public sector is for sale...the real battle is to fight for trade union pluralism, to build a new and independent trade union structure."
117:
and its aftermath. His approach emphasizes peaceful strikes and rallies accompanied by demands for better wages and working conditions, as well as more regular elections for union officials, and an independent union system.
301:
106:
202:
assembly plants and the Egyptian worker does not have to be very skilled. The Egyptian worker does not gain the kind of knowledge that can make him an interactive part of the production process."
343:
Also in August Abbas criticized ETUF head Megawer of being an appointed labor representative in positions that are mandated to be elected. Abbas also criticized Megawer's affiliation with the
125:, Egypt in 1989, for which he was arrested, tortured, and fired. That incident led to his starting the CTUWS and advocating for workers' rights throughout Egypt. Abbas' relationship with
182:
Several months later in 1990, Abbas co-founded CTUWS in Helwan to support workers and address the lack of independent unions in the private sector. He was guided by the advice of
222:
the Tagammu and Nasserist partiesāare only interested now in the laws that regulate political participation and professional syndicates." He told the Egyptian newspaper
239:
In July 2005 Abbas was attacked by plain-clothes Egyptian security forces while demonstrating against human rights abuses by the Mubarak regime. He was badly wounded.
664:
408:
Tahrir". Abbas recommended creating independent syndicates, saying, "We will do as our grandfathers did before 1952 when the first unions were created in Egypt".
1675:
1589:
589:
1739:
1644:
267:
In November 2007 Abass criticized the government sale of companies to international investors, arguing the transactions led to workers losing their jobs.
562:
1852:
691:"'We Stand With You as You Stood With Us': Statement to Workers of Wisconsin by Kamal Abbas of Egypt's Centre for Trade Unions and Workers Services"
1307:
1118:
430:
Mubarak's regime with its corruption, repression and tyranny, and then you plotted against the killing of the revolutionaries in Tahrir Square!"
1505:
690:
340:
In August 2010 Abbas criticized the constitutionality of military courts being used on civilians working in military production facilities.
760:
322:
noted a significant increase "in the harassment of human rights activists at Cairo airport", which included the detainment of Abbas.
1697:
1832:
1771:
458:
524:
1767:
1827:
668:
154:, where he helped mobilize workers in the nationwide movement for civil rights and the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak's regime.
1201:
1021:
989:
877:
1386:
1241:
1168:
1085:
1053:
942:
910:
814:
782:
194:
Abbas' relationship with Mubarak's regime was tense and marked by conflicts with the government and multiple arrests.
1857:
1837:
1561:
730:
426:
344:
1648:
315:
Abbas appealed his conviction at a 29 Dec. hearing. He and Helmy remained free between the case and the appeal.
167:
584:
1862:
1807:
1799:
1671:
627:
300:
International labor and human rights groups came out in support of Abbas and condemned the court decision. The
1768:"A judgment in absentia has been issued on Kamal Abbas, CTUWS general coordinator, of six months imprisonment"
1725:
1333:
415:
1533:
720:
411:
Also in February, Abbas supported strikes motivated by "how many billions the Mubarak family was worth."
114:
113:. Involved in activism for over 20 years, Abbas has been active in mobilizing worker support during the
392:
374:
694:
151:
96:
84:
73:
1812:
1276:
438:
1847:
1141:
287:
1842:
722:
Social Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa
529:
8:
1719:
1337:
319:
243:
166:, Abbas began organizing workers, despite unions being dominated by the state-approved
1119:"Bombings and Repression in Egypt Underscore Failures in U.S. Anti-Terrorism Strategy"
1538:
726:
632:
131:
1775:
297:
officials, that they are offering protection against any criticism or disclosure?"
214:
self-employed workers, and "pure" agricultural work when done by women and minors.
170:(ETUF). In 1989 he participated in a strike at the Iron and Steel Company plant in
1391:
1246:
1173:
1090:
1058:
1026:
994:
947:
915:
882:
819:
787:
1740:"Egypt Labor minister declares the end of government domination of trade unions"
129:
was tense and marked by conflicts with the government and multiple arrests. The
1645:""Enough you killers" - Egypt's independent unions confront state labour front"
1621:
1482:
1454:
1426:
1363:
1205:
1031:
999:
887:
854:
1616:
1421:
1396:
1251:
1178:
1095:
1063:
952:
920:
824:
792:
386:
368:
162:
Abbas began working in a steel mill in 1975 at the age of 20. While under the
1821:
1566:
1477:
1449:
849:
563:"Roots of Egypt's Revolution: Labor Unions and the Uprising in Tahrir Square"
434:
401:
183:
163:
136:
126:
1358:
501:
139:
regime, and "passionate, methodical and accustomed to police surveillance."
1308:"International labor groups condemn conviction of labor leader Kamal Abbas"
1146:
479:
474:
326:
254:
1331:
325:
In 2010 the Egyptian Minister of Planning created a committee regarding
32:
1702:
756:
143:
502:"Workers Advice Center (WAC/MAAN) | Egypt's Workers on the Move"
442:
400:
During the revolution, Abbas made an appeal for new trade unions at
1804:
1744:
1594:
1510:
425:
Abbas interrupted the ETUF's Ismail Fahmy during his speech at the
224:
1450:"Streets cleaned and protesters cleared out for Kenyan PM's visit"
665:"Egyptian Labor-Support Organization Banned After Strike Actions"
1478:"Military court acquits 3 workers, suspends sentences of others"
1202:"Egypt's Bow to Unions Stalls State Asset Sales, Investing Boom"
171:
122:
1617:"Legal battle against Mubarak's trade union federation begins"
259:
157:
121:
He began his work by organizing a strike at a steel plant in
110:
53:
1332:
Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East director (24 January 2010).
718:
850:"Labor representation in parliament: Between need and myth"
465:
to six months in prison for "insulting" a public official.
1590:"Egyptians celebrate first May Day since popular uprising"
1422:"ETUF makes bid to rally workers behind president, regime"
150:
Abbas' work gained momentum and attention during the 2011
628:"Problems in Egypt - Unions tap into public ire in Egypt"
263:
Kamal Abbas during the 2010 National Minimum Wage protest
1142:"Open debate can tackle the dangers of fundamentalism"
255:
2007ā2010: CTUWS closure, lawsuit, and prison sentence
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
109:(CTUWS), an activist group for independent unions in
388:
Egyptian Unions in Solidarity With Wisconsin Workers
370:
The role of Independent Unions in Egypt's Revolution
350:
76:, organizer of strikes, advocacy for workers' rights
1277:"Striking Textile Workers in Egypt Get Concessions"
433:During the 2011 revolution Abbas made a video from
1534:"Strikers in Egypt try to turn up heat on Mubarak"
1291:
585:"Egyptians defy call to end strikes - Middle East"
302:International Confederation of Trade Unions (ITUC)
1416:
1414:
1271:
1269:
972:
970:
844:
842:
422:workers or unions at international conferences".
1819:
757:"Strikes in Egypt Spread from Center of Gravity"
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
525:"DINE: Egyptian workers key element in uprising"
1139:
667:. Blog.aflcio.org. 26 June 2007. Archived from
1411:
1266:
967:
839:
135:called Abbas "a major annoyance" to President
105:; born in 1955) is General Coordinator of the
908:
544:
189:
1706:. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
761:Middle East Research and Information Project
496:
494:
107:Center for Trade Unions and Workers Services
1669:
1334:"Egypt and Libya: A Year of Serious Abuses"
158:1989ā1990: Early work and founding of CTUWS
1813:2007 National Public Radio (NPR) interview
1359:"No fly zone: The perils of Cairo Airport"
714:
712:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
31:
1853:People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011
1219:
935:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
491:
1506:"Revolution fuels Egypt labour movement"
751:
749:
258:
1695:
709:
605:
461:reported that Abbas had been sentenced
427:International Labour Organization (ILO)
333:members of their constituency to vote.
286:About the incident, Abbas commented to
1820:
1199:
648:
1116:
780:
746:
719:Joel Beinin, Frederic Vairel (2011).
437:telling American workers who were on
1698:"Eating Egyptian pizza in Wisconsin"
522:
100:
16:Egyptian activist and trade unionist
1562:"Strikes sweep Egyptian workplaces"
909:Fatemah Farag (26 September 2001).
72:Co-founding CTUWS, activism in the
13:
1774:. 29 February 2012. Archived from
886:. 15 November 1995. Archived from
783:"Privatisation faces a hot summer"
693:. MichaelMoore.com. Archived from
242:In 2005 Abbas also criticized the
14:
1874:
1793:
1250:. 17 October 2007. Archived from
1200:Kassem, Mahmoud (23 April 2007).
1177:. 7 November 2006. Archived from
1117:Zunes, Stephen (11 August 2005).
951:. 23 January 2002. Archived from
781:Farag, Fatemah (19 August 1998).
565:. Towardfreedom.com. 22 June 2011
351:2011āpresent: Egyptian revolution
1670:Mark Levine (26 February 2011).
1140:Jonathan Steele (29 July 2005).
523:Dine, Philip (8 February 2011).
381:
363:
142:In 2007, Abbas was charged with
1833:Egyptian human rights activists
1760:
1732:
1689:
1663:
1637:
1609:
1582:
1554:
1526:
1498:
1470:
1442:
1379:
1351:
1325:
1193:
1161:
1133:
1110:
1078:
1062:. 23 March 2005. Archived from
1046:
1014:
982:
902:
870:
807:
774:
345:National Democratic Party (NDP)
168:Egyptian Trade Union Federation
990:"May Day and the absent actor"
683:
577:
516:
1:
1649:Alliance for Workers' Liberty
1395:. 12 May 2004. Archived from
1094:. 6 July 2005. Archived from
1030:. 25 May 2005. Archived from
725:. Stanford University Press.
485:
414:In May 2011 Abbas celebrated
1828:Egyptian democracy activists
1169:"Battling over a dead horse"
1086:"Political spin-off effects"
998:. 4 May 2005. Archived from
823:. 5 May 1999. Archived from
504:. Wac/Maan. 25 November 1989
7:
468:
115:Egyptian Revolution of 2011
50:1955 (age 68–69)
10:
1879:
1672:"History's shifting sands"
416:International Workers' Day
190:1990ā2007: Work with CTUWS
1724:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
457:On 29 February 2012, the
380:
362:
357:
80:
68:
60:
42:
30:
23:
1858:Egyptian trade unionists
1838:Egyptian revolutionaries
1696:Kroll A (4 March 2011).
85:Workers Democratic Party
74:2011 Egyptian revolution
1279:. NPR. 12 October 2007
451:
264:
1863:Egyptian nationalists
1312:Thedailynewsegypt.com
1242:"Inconvenient truths"
979:by Human Rights Watch
977:Margins of Repression
447:
288:National Public Radio
262:
1054:"Nobody's listening"
671:on 28 September 2011
530:The Washington Times
1676:Al Jazeeran English
1022:"A partial victory"
911:"What lies beneath"
590:Al Jazeeran English
152:Egyptian revolution
1570:. 10 February 2011
1514:. 25 February 2011
1430:. 16 December 2009
1338:Human Rights Watch
943:"Dirge for a dog?"
815:"May Day dilemmas"
593:. 16 February 2011
320:Human Rights Watch
265:
244:Muslim Brotherhood
1542:. 9 February 2011
1539:The Seattle Times
1367:. 21 October 2009
633:Los Angeles Times
398:
397:
132:Los Angeles Times
90:
89:
1870:
1788:
1787:
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1758:
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1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
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1580:
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1549:
1547:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1486:. 30 August 2010
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1399:on 6 August 2011
1387:"Labour backlog"
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
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1050:
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1018:
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1009:
1007:
986:
980:
974:
965:
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962:
960:
939:
933:
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919:. Archived from
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858:. 28 August 2010
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791:. Archived from
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1254:on 3 April 2011
1247:Al-Ahram Weekly
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1181:on 3 April 2011
1174:Al-Ahram Weekly
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1091:Al-Ahram Weekly
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1066:on 4 April 2011
1059:Al-Ahram Weekly
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1034:on 4 April 2011
1027:Al-Ahram Weekly
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995:Al-Ahram Weekly
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955:on 4 April 2011
948:Al-Ahram Weekly
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923:on 4 April 2011
916:Al-Ahram Weekly
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890:on 4 April 2011
883:Al-Ahram Weekly
878:"Tribal labour"
876:
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848:
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827:on 4 April 2011
820:Al-Ahram Weekly
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137:Hosni Mubarak's
97:Egyptian Arabic
81:Political party
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1778:on 12 May 2013
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1651:. 13 June 2011
1636:
1625:. 14 June 2011
1622:Almasry Alyoum
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1206:Bloomberg L.P.
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1002:on 14 May 2011
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855:Almasry Alyoum
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1458:. 25 May 2010
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475:Sameh Naguib
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1782:29 February
463:in absentia
93:Kamal Abbas
61:Nationality
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25:Kamal Abbas
1822:Categories
1703:Asia Times
1209:Retrieved
486:References
144:defamation
1720:cite news
443:Wisconsin
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469:See also
318:In 2009
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64:Egyptian
1808:profile
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393:YouTube
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172:Helwan
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