Justinian I - Knowledge

1610: 2461: 53: 2589: 2064: 833: 2845: 2508: 1428: 2018: 931: 1510: 2312: 2682: 1145: 2355: 1882: 2670: 813: 1388: 1199: 2006:, which had strongholds in Egypt and Syria, and by tolerating the appointment of Monophysites to church offices. The Popes reacted by severing ties with the Patriarch of Constantinople who supported these policies. Emperors Justin I (and later Justinian himself) rescinded these policies and reestablished the union between Constantinople and Rome. After this, Justinian also felt entitled to settle disputes in papal elections, as he did when he favored 1945: 2044:, who was forcibly brought to Constantinople and besieged at a chapel, finally also gave his assent. However, the condemnation was received unfavourably in the west, where it led to new (albeit temporal) schism, and failed to reach its goal in the east, as the Monophysites remained unsatisfied – all the more bitter for him because during his last years he took an even greater interest in theological matters. 780:, in Constantinople. She was by profession an actress and some twenty years his junior. In earlier times, Justinian could not have married her owing to her class, but his uncle, Emperor Justin I, had passed a law lifting restrictions on marriages with ex-actresses. Though the marriage caused a scandal, Theodora would become very influential in the politics of the Empire. Other talented individuals included 1819: 1694: 907: 1873:, but he died before being able to issue any legislation. The empress Theodora sympathized with the Monophysites and is said to have been a constant source of pro-Monophysite intrigues at the court in Constantinople in the earlier years. In the course of his reign, Justinian, who had a genuine interest in matters of theology, authored a small number of theological treatises. 2566:

a significant increase in the number of "barbarians" in the Byzantine armies after the early 540s. The protracted war in Italy and the wars with the Persians themselves laid a heavy burden on the Empire's resources, and Justinian was criticized for curtailing the government-run post service, which he limited to only one eastern route of military importance.

1790:. In the West, the brilliant early military successes of the 530s were followed by years of stagnation. The dragging war with the Goths was a disaster for Italy, even though its long-lasting effects may have been less severe than is sometimes thought. The heavy taxes that the administration imposed upon Italian population were deeply resented. 2721:

which tainted the justice of his rule in spite of his proud accomplishments. In his introduction, "Cesare fui e son Iustinïano" ("Caesar I was, and am Justinian"), his mortal title is contrasted with his immortal soul, to emphasize that "glory in life is ephemeral, while contributing to God's glory is eternal", according to

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and monks – thereby embittering their sympathizers in Egypt and other provinces – and attempts at a compromise that would win over the Monophysites without surrendering the Chalcedonian faith. Such an approach was supported by the Empress Theodora, who favoured the Miaphysites unreservedly. In the condemnation of the

1685:, and Italy was secured for the Empire, though it would take Narses several years to reduce the remaining Gothic strongholds. At the end of the war, Italy was garrisoned with an army of 16,000 men. The recovery of Italy cost the empire about 300,000 pounds of gold. Procopius estimated 15,000,000 Goths died. 2720:

the souls of those whose acts were righteous, yet meant to achieve fame and honor. Justinian's legacy is elaborated on, and he is portrayed as a defender of the Christian faith and the restorer of Rome to the Empire. Justinian confesses that he was partially motivated by fame rather than duty to God,

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of the 14th century, killed tens of millions. Justinian and members of his court, physically unaffected by the previous 535–536 famine, were afflicted, with Justinian himself contracting and surviving the pestilence. The impact of this outbreak of plague has recently been disputed, since evidence for

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significantly enlarged the area of Byzantine influence and eliminated all naval threats to the empire, which in 555 reached its territorial zenith. Despite losing much of Italy soon after Justinian's death, the empire retained several important cities, including Rome, Naples, and Ravenna, leaving the

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Family legislation also revealed a greater concern for the interests of children. This was particularly so with respect to children born out of wedlock. The law under Justinian also reveals a striking interest in child neglect issues. Justinian protected the rights of children whose parents remarried

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in the early 540s but recovered. Theodora died in 548 at a relatively young age, possibly of cancer; Justinian outlived her by nearly twenty years. Justinian, who had always had a keen interest in theological matters and actively participated in debates on Christian doctrine, became even more devoted

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Despite all these measures, the Empire suffered several major setbacks in the course of the 6th century. The first one was the plague, which lasted from 541 to 543 and, by decimating the Empire's population, probably created a scarcity of labor and a rising of wages. The lack of manpower also led to

2543:(1971), the increased professionalization of tax collection did much to destroy the traditional structures of provincial life, as it weakened the autonomy of the town councils in the Greek towns. It has been estimated that before Justinian I's reconquests the state had an annual revenue of 5,000,000 2491:

One important luxury product was silk, which was imported and then processed in the Empire. In order to protect the manufacture of silk products, Justinian granted a monopoly to the imperial factories in 541. In order to bypass the Persian landroute, Justinian established friendly relations with the

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in 542, they reconquered the major cities of Southern Italy and soon held almost the entire Italian Peninsula. Belisarius was sent back to Italy late in 544 but lacked sufficient troops and supplies. Making no headway, he was relieved of his command in 548. Belisarius succeeded in defeating a Gothic

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In Constantinople, under Justinian, hospitals were built and free medical care provided to the many poor residents of the city. In addition, public baths were free for all residents and 20 state bakeries provided free bread to those who needed it. According to one study, “The empire’s social welfare

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Procopius provides the primary source for the history of Justinian's reign, but his opinion is tainted by a feeling of betrayal when Justinian became more pragmatic and less idealistic (Justinian and the Later Roman Empire by John W. Barker). He became very bitter towards Justinian and his empress,

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This new-found unity between East and West did not, however, solve the ongoing disputes in the east. Justinian's policies switched between attempts to force Monophysites and Miaphysites (who were mistaken to be adherers of Monophysitism) to accept the Chalcedonian creed by persecuting their bishops

1179:. While the crowd was rioting in the streets, Justinian considered fleeing the capital by sea, but eventually decided to stay, apparently on the prompting of his wife Theodora, who refused to leave. In the next two days, he ordered the brutal suppression of the riots by his generals Belisarius and 1972:

contain many enactments regarding donations, foundations, and the administration of ecclesiastical property; election and rights of bishops, priests and abbots; monastic life, residential obligations of the clergy, conduct of divine service, episcopal jurisdiction, etc. Justinian also rebuilt the

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Belisarius arrived in the East in 541, but after some success, was again recalled to Constantinople in 542. The reasons for his withdrawal are not known, but it may have been instigated by rumours of his disloyalty reaching the court. The outbreak of the plague coupled with a rebellion in Persia

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in 530 AD. Imprisoned, the deposed king appealed to Justinian. Justinian protested Gelimer's actions, demanding that Gelimer return the kingdom to Hilderic. Gelimer replied, in effect, that Justinian had no authority to make these demands. Angered at this response, Justinian quickly concluded

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Justin reversed this trend and confirmed the Chalcedonian doctrine, openly condemning the Monophysites. Justinian, who continued this policy, tried to impose religious unity on his subjects by forcing them to accept doctrinal compromises that might appeal to all parties, a policy that proved

1115:. Rapists were treated severely. Further, by his policies: women charged with major crimes should be guarded by other women to prevent sexual abuse; if a woman was widowed, her dowry should be returned; and a husband could not take on a major debt without his wife giving her consent twice. 630:

Justinian is regarded as one of the most prominent and influential Roman emperors, and historians have often characterized him as a workaholic who worked tirelessly to expand the Byzantine empire. One of the most enduring aspects of his legacy was the uniform rewriting of Roman law, the

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One of the most spectacular features of Justinian's reign was the recovery of large stretches of land around the Western Mediterranean basin that had slipped out of Imperial control in the 5th century. As a Christian Roman emperor, Justinian considered it his divine duty to restore the

2298:, who resisted conversion to Christianity and were repeatedly in insurrection. He persecuted them with rigorous edicts, but could not prevent reprisals towards Christians from taking place in Samaria toward the close of his reign. The consistency of Justinian's policy meant that the 1809:

felt the need to attribute the Emperor's failure to protect the capital to the weakness of his body in his old age. In his efforts to renew the Roman Empire, Justinian dangerously stretched its resources while failing to take into account the changed realities of 6th-century Europe.

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Justinian himself took the field only once, during a campaign against the Huns in 559, when he was already an old man. This enterprise was largely symbolic and although no battle was fought, the emperor held a triumphal entry in the capital afterwards. (See Browning, R.

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Finally, Justinian dispatched a force of approximately 35,000 men (2,000 men were detached and sent to invade southern Visigothic Hispania) under the command of Narses. The army reached Ravenna in June 552 and defeated the Ostrogoths decisively within a month at the

2347:. On 26 December 537, according to Pseudo-Codinus, Justinian stated at the completion of this edifice: "Solomon, I have outdone thee" (in reference to the first Jewish temple). The church had a second inauguration on 24 December 562, after several reworks made by 1403:

remarks that Africa was so entirely depopulated that a person might travel several days without meeting a human being, and he adds, "it is no exaggeration to say, that in the course of the war 5,000,000 perished by the sword, and famine, and pestilence." An

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From the middle of the 5th century onward, increasingly arduous tasks confronted the emperors of the East in ecclesiastical matters. Justinian entered the arena of ecclesiastical statecraft shortly after his uncle's accession in 518, and put an end to the

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to its ancient boundaries. Although he never personally took part in military campaigns, he boasted of his successes in the prefaces to his laws and had them commemorated in art. The re-conquests were in large part carried out by his general Belisarius.

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too suffered persecution, experiencing both exile and threat of capital punishment. At Constantinople, on one occasion, not a few Manicheans, after strict inquisition, were executed in the emperor's very presence: some by burning, others by drowning.

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in Constantinople in 543. Rivalry with other, more established patrons from the Constantinopolitan and exiled Roman aristocracy might have enforced Justinian's building activities in the capital as a means of strengthening his dynasty's prestige.

1929:, reinforced the ban of the Church with temporal proscription. Justinian protected the purity of the church by suppressing heretics. He neglected no opportunity to secure the rights of the Church and clergy, and to protect and extend 1846:, which had many adherents in the eastern provinces of Syria and Egypt. Monophysite doctrine, which maintains that Jesus Christ had one divine nature rather than a synthesis of divine and human nature, had been condemned as a 1486:

in Gothic hands. Belisarius feigned acceptance of the offer, entered the city in May 540, and reclaimed it for the Empire. Then, having been recalled by Justinian, Belisarius returned to Constantinople, taking the captured

2496:, whom he wanted to act as trade mediators by transporting Indian silk to the Empire; the Abyssinians, however, were unable to compete with the Persian merchants in India. Then, in the early 550s, two monks succeeded in 775:

As a ruler, Justinian showed great energy. He was known as "the emperor who never sleeps" for his work habits. Nevertheless, he seems to have been amiable and easy to approach. Around 525, he married his mistress,

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appeared also in the Emperor's ecclesiastical policy. He regulated everything, both in religion and in law. At the very beginning of his reign, he deemed it proper to promulgate by law the Church's belief in the

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Justinian is a chief protagonist of Belisarius in "Empire in Apocalypse" by Robert Bruton (Legend Books 2023). The emperor's jealousy and envy of Belisarius eventually prompt him to undermine his best general.

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and military mutinies. The area was not completely pacified until 548, but remained peaceful thereafter and enjoyed a measure of prosperity. The recovery of Africa cost the empire about 100,000 pounds of gold.

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Justinian also strengthened the borders of the Empire from Africa to the East through the construction of fortifications and ensured Constantinople of its water supply through construction of underground

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brought Khosrow I's offensives to a halt. Exploiting this, Justinian ordered all the forces in the East to invade Persian Armenia, but the 30,000-strong Byzantine force was defeated by a small force at

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and mysticism. It persisted until 529 AD when it was finally closed by Justinian I. Other schools in Constantinople, Antioch, and Alexandria, which were the centers of Justinian's empire, continued.

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The destruction that took place during the revolt provided Justinian with an opportunity to tie his name to a series of splendid new buildings, most notably the architectural innovation of the domed

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During the 530s, it seemed to many that God had abandoned the Christian Roman Empire. There were noxious fumes in the air and the Sun, while still providing daylight, refused to give much heat. The

2619:"during this year a most dread portent took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness … and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear". 6051: 3741: 2527:. Under Justinian's rule, measures were taken to counter corruption in the provinces and to make tax collection more efficient. Greater administrative power was given to both the leaders of the 1482:. There he was offered the title of Western Roman Emperor by the Ostrogoths at the same time that envoys of Justinian were arriving to negotiate a peace that would leave the region north of the 2287:

The civil rights of Jews were restricted and their religious privileges threatened. Justinian also interfered in the internal affairs of the synagogue and encouraged the Jews to use the Greek

1183:. Procopius relates that 30,000 unarmed civilians were killed in the Hippodrome. On Theodora's insistence, and apparently against his own judgment, Justinian had Anastasius' nephews executed. 1977:(which cost 20,000 pounds of gold), the original site having been destroyed during the Nika riots. The new Hagia Sophia, with its numerous chapels and shrines, gilded octagonal dome, and 1474:

was taken, but was soon recaptured and razed by the Ostrogoths. Justinian recalled Narses in 539. By then the military situation had turned in favour of the Romans, and in 540 Belisarius

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Mosaic from Our Lady of Saidnaya Monastery depicting the Virgin Mary holding the Child Christ on her lap. On her right side stands Justinian. On her left side stands Theodora. After the

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died in 518, Justin was proclaimed the new emperor with significant help from Justinian. Justinian showed a lot of ambition, and several sources claim that he was functioning as virtual

8476: 2725:. Dante also uses Justinian to criticize the factious politics of his 14th-century Italy, divided between Ghibellines and Guelphs, in contrast to the unified Italy of the Roman Empire. 2139:

Justinian's religious policy reflected the Imperial conviction that the unity of the Empire presupposed unity of faith, and it appeared to him obvious that this faith could only be the

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led to a famine such as had not been recorded before, affecting both Europe and the Middle East. These events may have been caused by an atmospheric dust veil resulting from a large

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As was the case under Justinian's predecessors, the Empire's economic health rested primarily on agriculture. In addition, long-distance trade flourished, reaching as far north as

3541: 3597: 1050:) and, for historians, provides a valuable insight into the concerns and activities of the later Roman Empire. As a collection it gathers together the many sources in which the 2488:

for storage and further transport to Constantinople. Justinian also tried to find new routes for the eastern trade, which was suffering badly from the wars with the Persians.

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Imperator Caesar Flavius Iustinianus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumphator semper Augustus

2415:, securing a major military supply route to the east. Furthermore, Justinian restored cities damaged by earthquake or war and built a new city near his place of birth called 8531: 1805:

Events of the later years of his reign showed that Constantinople itself was not safe from barbarian incursions from the north, and even the relatively benevolent historian

6038:..."petty, envious masters. For such was the Emperor Justinian, in the full-length portrait of him in this book; his reputation for greatness is perhaps due to his wife..." 6032:

Cournos, John (20 November 1938) . "A Rich Novel by Robert Graves: In "Count Belisarius" He Offers Another Vivid Picture of Ancient Times, Here the Period of Justinian".

4122: 3919: 3655: 3106:, which survives partially, was used as a source for later chronicles, contributing many additional details of value. Other sources include the writings of John Malalas, 2021:

Hagia Sophia mosaic depicting the Virgin Mary holding the Child Christ on her lap. On her right side stands Justinian, offering a model of the Hagia Sophia. On her left,

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long before Justin made him associate emperor, although there is no conclusive evidence of this. As Justin became senile near the end of his reign, Justinian became the

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in Ravenna, which features two famous mosaics representing Justinian and Theodora, was completed under the sponsorship of Julius Argentarius. Most notably, he had the

5800: 725:, who lived during the reign of Justinian, describes his appearance as short, fair-skinned, curly-haired, round-faced, and handsome. Another contemporary historian, 5028: 6189:, translated by Elizabeth Jeffreys, Michael Jeffreys & Roger Scott, 1986. Byzantina Australiensia 4 (Melbourne: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies) 3459: 2519:

Gold and silver were mined in the Balkans, Anatolia, Armenia, Cyprus, Egypt and Nubia. At the start of Justinian I's reign, he had inherited a surplus 28,800,000

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Following a terrible earthquake in 551, the school at Berytus was transferred to Sidon and had no further significance after that date. (Vasiliev (1952), p. 147)

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with the appropriate penalties, whereas he subsequently declared that he intended to deprive all disturbers of orthodoxy of the opportunity for such offense by

1005:, a codification of imperial constitutions from the 2nd century onward, was issued on 7 April 529. (The final version appeared in 534.) It was followed by the 6635:; Ian Hughes; Ross Cowan; Raffaele D'Amato; Christopher Lillington-Martin, eds. (June–July 2010). "Justinian's fireman: Belisarius and the Byzantine empire". 6097: 1802:

as a regional threat. The newly founded province of Spania kept the Visigoths as a threat to Hispania alone and not to the western Mediterranean and Africa.

5585: 2497: 1557:, exacting tribute from the towns he passed along his way. He forced Justinian I to pay him 5,000 pounds of gold, plus 500 pounds of gold more each year. 8441: 5707:

Larsen, L. B.; Vinther, B. M.; Briffa, K. R.; Melvin, T. M.; Clausen, H. B.; Jones, P. D.; Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L.; Hammer, C. U.; et al. (2008).

2374:, was also built between 532 and 536 by the imperial couple. Works of embellishment were not confined to churches alone: excavations at the site of the 1609: 6721: 6144: 2261: 6846: 6829: 2370:, which had been in a very poor state near the end of the 5th century, was likewise rebuilt. The Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, later renamed 1408:, centered in Carthage, was established in April 534, but it would teeter on the brink of collapse during the next 15 years, amidst warfare with the 6204: 1925:

recognized that nothing could be done in the Church contrary to the emperor's will and command, while, on his side, the emperor, in the case of the

796:, who managed to collect taxes more efficiently than any before, thereby funding Justinian's wars; and finally, his prodigiously talented generals, 5822: 4111: 5989: 4650:

See for this section Moorhead (1994), pp. 89 ff., Greatrex (2005), p. 488 ff., and especially H. Börm, "Der Perserkönig im Imperium Romanum", in

4180: 2036:, three theologians that had opposed Monophysitism before and after the Council of Chalcedon, Justinian tried to win over the opposition. At the 1657:

by the Ostrogoths in December 546, then reconquered by the Byzantines in 547, and then again by the Goths in January 550. Totila also plundered

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not far from his birthplace. His mother was Vigilantia, the sister of Justin. Justin, who was commander of one of the imperial guard units (the

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Justinian's habit of choosing efficient but unpopular advisers nearly cost him his throne early in his reign. In January 532, partisans of the

6679: 6779: 6750: 1763:. Here, Justinian resorted mainly to a combination of diplomacy and a system of defensive works. In 559 a particularly dangerous invasion of 4550: 1573:. Both parties made little headway, and in 545 a truce was agreed upon for the southern part of the Roman-Persian frontier. After that, the 8486: 276: 237: 3424: 2661:, which triggered a tsunami. The combined fatalities of both events likely exceeded 30,000, with tremors felt from Antioch to Alexandria. 1744:

before being checked by their former ally Athanagild, who had by now become king. This campaign marked the apogee of Byzantine expansion.

5381: 3944: 408: 3272: 2734:, by Robert Graves. He is depicted as a jealous and conniving Emperor obsessed with creating and maintaining his own historical legacy. 599:. These campaigns re-established Roman control over the western Mediterranean, increasing the Empire's annual revenue by over a million 8431: 6711: 3525: 3393: 2175: 1964:

Although the despotic character of his measures is contrary to modern sensibilities, he was a "nursing father" of the Church. Both the

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in the 12th century and become the basis of much Continental European law code, which was eventually spread by European empires to the

853:, and a conspiracy against the emperor's life by dissatisfied entrepreneurs was discovered as late as 562. Justinian was struck by the 6125: 3581: 3329: 2484:

provided Constantinople with wheat and grains. Justinian made the traffic more efficient by building a large granary on the island of

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in 562. Under its terms, the Persians agreed to abandon Lazica in exchange for an annual tribute of 400 or 500 pounds of gold (30,000

2813:, Justinian and his empress Theodora are commemorated on the anniversary of his death, 14 November. Some denominations translate the 2323:

Justinian was a prolific builder; the historian Procopius bears witness to his activities in this area. Under Justinian's reign, the

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Justinian's ambition to restore the Roman Empire to its former glory was only partly realized, with the only noteworthy sustainable

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as their new king. He gathered a large army and besieged Rome from February 537 to March 538 without being able to retake the city.

1455:, where he had her assassinated in 535. Thereupon Belisarius, with 7,500 men, invaded Sicily (535) and advanced into Italy, sacking 7037: 6738: 5650:, vol. 40, No. 2, 1965, 294–322. The total strength of the Byzantine army under Justinian is estimated at 150,000 men (J. Norwich, 2539:, of which a number were abolished. The overall trend was towards a simplification of administrative infrastructure. According to 8426: 7562: 6470: 1632:

While military efforts were directed to the East, the situation in Italy took a turn for the worse. Under their respective kings

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In Justinian's reign, and partly under his patronage, Byzantine culture produced noteworthy historians, including Procopius and

2351:. This new cathedral, with its magnificent dome filled with mosaics, remained the centre of eastern Christianity for centuries. 8501: 4129: 3899: 3652: 3361: 1926: 3683: 8421: 8356: 8224: 6557: 6413: 6340: 6217: 5845: 5794: 5304: 4822: 4730: 4327: 4155: 3847:; there is no evidence that Justinian had any military experience. See A.D. Lee, "The Empire at War", in Michael Maas (ed.), 3757: 3591: 3567: 3511: 3453: 2605: 2579: 8389:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

6813: 6262: 3703: 2362:, is believed to be the fifth structure to be constructed on the site and was built during the reign of Emperor Justinian I. 8506: 7569: 5861:

Mordechai, Lee; Eisenberg, Merle; Newfield, Timothy P.; Izdebski, Adam; Kay, Janet E.; Poinar, Hendrik (27 November 2019).

2593: 6838: 6164:, translated by G.A. Williamson. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1966. A readable and accessible English translation of the 1869:

Near the end of his life, Justinian became ever more inclined towards the Monophysite doctrine, especially in the form of

8192: 6768: 6632: 1328:, escorting 500 transports carrying an army of about 15,000 men, as well as a number of barbarian troops. They landed at 769: 756:

and commander of the army of the east. Justinian remained Justin's close confidant, and in 525 was granted the titles of

94: 17: 6804: 6792: 4687:, but gives two entirely different explanations for it. The evidence is briefly discussed in Moorhead (1994), pp. 97–98. 4043: 3488: 547:, or "restoration of the Empire". This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct 6946: 6661: 6242: 3767: 3713: 3628: 3535: 3441: 2864: 2826: 2424: 1459:

and capturing Rome on 9 December 536. By that time Theodahad had been deposed by the Ostrogothic army, who had elected

1070:). Tribonian's code ensured the survival of Roman law. It formed the basis of later Byzantine law, as expressed in the 4101: 3912: 2143:. Those of a different belief were subjected to persecution, which imperial legislation had effected from the time of 6600: 6534: 6515: 6492: 6451: 6432: 6382: 6363: 6316: 6194: 5375: 4867: 4206: 1085: 1084:. The only western province where the Justinianic code was introduced was Italy (after the conquest by the so-called 465: 6080: 6759: 3240: 2895:

by the late 4th century and was no longer used as a personal name. Justinian's full titulature, as attested in his

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of law. He made the Nicaeno-Constantinopolitan creed the sole symbol of the Church and accorded legal force to the

1585:, but he faced heavy resistance and the siege was relieved by Sasanian reinforcements. Justinian replaced him with 1577:

in the North continued for several years: the Lazic king switched to the Byzantine side, and in 549 Justinian sent

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and two of his other ministers, and then attempted to overthrow Justinian himself and replace him with the senator

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and married to Sophia, the niece of Theodora. Justinian's body was entombed in a specially built mausoleum in the

8471: 8158: 8141: 7968: 7956: 6978: 5443: 2588: 1922: 1405: 401: 5961:"The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." 1549:, and then went on to attack the Byzantine base in the small but strategically significant satellite kingdom of 947:

Justinian achieved lasting fame through his judicial reforms, particularly through the complete revision of all

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Mordechai, Lee; Eisenberg, Merle (1 August 2019). "Rejecting Catastrophe: The Case of the Justinianic Plague".

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factions in Constantinople, normally rivals, united against Justinian in a revolt that has become known as the

951:, something that had not previously been attempted. The total of Justinian's legislation is known today as the 871: 839: 777: 182: 4173:"Discussion: Porphyry head of emperor ('Justinian'). From Constantinople (now in Venice). Early sixth century" 3562:

Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). A history of the Byzantine state and society. Stanford University Press. p. 246.

2063: 8436: 8344: 8170: 7997: 7963: 7927: 7816: 3809: 3514:(p. 90). Justinian referred to Latin as his native tongue in several of his laws. See Moorhead (1994), p. 18. 2822: 2689: 2339:, splendidly rebuilt according to a completely different ground plan, under the architectural supervision of 1949: 1733: 588: 6718: 6141: 2442:

flourished. On the other hand, centres of learning such as the Neoplatonic Academy in Athens and the famous

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was established that had no institutional continuity with Plato's Academy, and which served as a center for

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to religion during the later years of his life. He died on 14 November 565, childless. He was succeeded by

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and produced more offspring, or who simply separated and abandoned their offspring, forcing them to beg.

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The other age of Justinian: Experience of contingency and coping with contingency in the 6th century AD.

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Das andere Zeitalter Justinians. Kontingenz Erfahrung und Kontingenzbewältigung im 6. Jahrhundert n. Chr

6160: 5789:. Vol. 2: History of the Wars, Books III and IV. London, England: William Heinemann. p. 329. 8521: 8461: 8376: 8332: 8310: 8261: 8148: 7939: 7708: 7050: 6873: 6705: 6637: 5960: 3670:

Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire, András Mócsy,

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The sole source for Justinian's full name are consular diptychs of the year 521, which refer to him as

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70,000 pagans, which was probably an exaggerated number. Other peoples also accepted Christianity: the

1998:. Previous Emperors had tried to alleviate theological conflicts by declarations that deemphasized the 394: 6776: 4546:

Universal History, Ancient and Modern: From the Earliest Records of Time, to the General Peace of 1801

4172: 2159:, even in private life; these provisions were zealously enforced. Contemporary sources (John Malalas, 849:

Justinian's rule was not universally popular; early in his reign he nearly lost his throne during the

8446: 8283: 8251: 8076: 7256: 7015: 2140: 2031: 1702: 1586: 832: 664: 265: 147: 1933:. He granted the monks the right to inherit property from private citizens and the right to receive 8491: 8456: 8451: 8293: 8246: 7793: 7440: 2507: 2160: 2037: 1674: 1666: 1422: 1270:(532). Having thus secured his eastern frontier, Justinian turned his attention to the West, where 640: 520: 484: 4377:((c) 1972 by Frederick Ungar Publishing, Inc., transl. by S.R. Rosenbaum from the original French 3643:

Shifting Genres in Late Antiquity, Hugh Elton, Geoffrey Greatrex, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015,

8526: 8101: 8081: 7855: 7735: 7023: 6747: 4544: 3143: 2850: 2540: 1938: 1842:

Justinian saw the orthodoxy of his empire threatened by diverging religious currents, especially

1677:

in October that year, the resistance of the Ostrogoths was finally broken. In 554, a large-scale

1594: 1427: 1023: 1017: 983: 977: 327: 321: 8371: 8350: 8256: 7046: 6932: 6461: 6137:. Harvard University Press and London, Hutchinson, 1914–40. Greek text and English translation. 6134: 5239: 3743:

Justiniana Prima Site of an early Byzantine city located 30 km south-west of Leskovci in Kosovo

3421: 2897: 2858: 2774: 2324: 2017: 1941:

or from the taxes of certain provinces and he prohibited lay confiscation of monastic estates.

1859: 1787: 1518: 1243: 1176: 1153: 992: 737: 66: 5784: 5365: 3939: 1653:

fleet of 200 ships. During this period the city of Rome changed hands three more times, first

1470:, to Italy, but tensions between Narses and Belisarius hampered the progress of the campaign. 217: 8305: 8300: 8276: 8271: 8187: 8024: 8012: 7783: 7408: 6987: 6953: 6936: 6917: 6199: 5294: 5136: 4785: 3266: 3123: 3022: 2971: 2658: 2575: 2443: 2265: 2253: 1831: 1697:

Emperor Justinian reconquered many former territories of the Western Roman Empire, including

1566: 1356:, but surrendered the next spring. He was taken to Constantinople, where he was paraded in a 1305: 1172: 506: 4441:

See Geoffrey Greatrex, "Byzantium and the East in the Sixth Century" in Michael Maas (ed.).

3390: 3175: 1537:

broke the "Eternal Peace" and invaded Roman territory in the spring of 540. He first sacked

8511: 8411: 8406: 8288: 8236: 8096: 8071: 8036: 7951: 7865: 7715: 7546: 6122: 5874: 5757: 5720: 4119: 3916: 3333: 2344: 1999: 1851: 1582: 1554: 1341: 1275: 1247: 954: 896: 789: 788:, the diplomat and long-time head of the palace bureaucracy; Justinian's finance ministers 634: 548: 2311: 8: 8416: 8219: 8204: 8182: 8117: 8106: 8061: 8007: 7497: 7435: 7398: 6963: 3868: 3387:

The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America

2713: 2681: 2646: 2597: 2583: 2435: 2379: 2371: 2348: 2183: 1682: 1570: 1513:

Map of the Byzantine–Sasanian frontier in 565. In 541, the small but strategic region of

1263: 1203: 1112: 930: 914: 906: 854: 785: 627:'s reign; this second conflict was partially initiated due to his ambitions in the west. 564: 6731: 6465: 5878: 5761: 5724: 4424:(Cambridge 2005), pp. 113–33 (pp. 113–114). For Justinian's own views, see the texts of 3061:

s dates Justinian's coronation to 4 April, probably a confusion between α (1) and δ (4).

2669: 1144: 752:'s assassination in 520 (orchestrated by Justinian and Justin), Justinian was appointed 8516: 8466: 8266: 8209: 8153: 8135: 8124: 8086: 8056: 7934: 7652: 7556: 7306: 7275: 7268: 6576: 6290: 6252: 5905: 5862: 5816: 5689: 4709:

Moorhead ((1994), p. 164) gives the lower, Greatrex ((2005), p. 489) the higher figure.

4637: 4496: 4488: 4411:

For an account of Justinian's wars, see Moorhead (1994), pp. 22–24, 63–98, and 101–109.

4283: 4097: 3908: 3232: 3115: 2818: 2744: 2739: 2439: 2400: 2340: 2118: 1806: 1670: 1654: 1645: 1613: 1593:

in 551. The war continued for several years until a second truce in 557, followed by a

1259: 1001: 961: 919: 5769: 1533:

in the late 530s and possibly motivated by the pleas of Ostrogothic ambassadors, King

8231: 8177: 8018: 7916: 7891: 7740: 7602: 7338: 7323: 7201: 7169: 6910: 6657: 6596: 6553: 6546: 6530: 6511: 6488: 6447: 6428: 6409: 6378: 6359: 6336: 6312: 6238: 6213: 6190: 6178: 5981: 5941: 5910: 5892: 5841: 5790: 5693: 5435: 5371: 5300: 4863: 4828: 4818: 4726: 4500: 4323: 4233: 4151: 4083: 3893: 3860: 3763: 3709: 3675: 3644: 3624: 3587: 3563: 3531: 3507: 3449: 3413: 3183: 3135: 3131: 3119: 2722: 2210: 2088: 1982: 1881: 1530: 1436: 749: 716: 644: 592: 576: 543: 380: 335: 79: 58: 5624:

Kenneth G. Holum, "The Classical City in the Sixth Century", in Michael Maas (ed.),

4126: 3896: 2554:

Throughout Justinian's reign, the cities and villages of the East thrived, although

2547:

in AD 530, but after his reconquests, the annual revenue was increased to 6,000,000

2354: 8361: 8338: 8241: 8214: 8199: 8165: 8091: 8051: 8041: 7766: 7693: 7663: 7526: 7481: 7476: 7348: 5971: 5933: 5900: 5882: 5765: 5728: 5681: 5425: 4480: 4315: 4275: 3262: 2792: 2787: 2730: 2698: 2469: 2416: 2408: 2396: 2198: 2171: 2068:

Illustration of an angel showing Justinian a model of Hagia Sophia in a vision, by

1957: 1906: 1870: 1737: 1562: 1369: 1318: 1271: 1180: 1097: 1055: 692: 427: 317: 221: 6335:

The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

1778:

threatened Constantinople, but they were repulsed by the aged general Belisarius.

639:, which was first applied throughout Continental Europe and is still the basis of 8002: 7992: 7901: 7688: 7596: 7584: 7578: 7430: 7251: 7221: 7164: 7144: 6996: 6850: 6824: 6808: 6796: 6783: 6754: 6742: 6725: 6651: 6630: 6330: 6326: 6256: 6232: 6185: 6148: 6129: 6084: 5748:

Than, Ker (3 January 2009). "Slam dunks from space led to hazy shade of winter".

4882:

W. Pohl, "Justinian and the Barbarian Kingdoms", in Maas (2005), pp. 448–476; 472

4720: 4133: 4115: 4105: 3948: 3931: 3903: 3878: 3690: 3659: 3480: 3428: 3397: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3052: 2922: 2814: 2709: 2674: 2559: 2493: 2485: 2480:

where tin was exchanged for Roman wheat. Within the Empire, convoys sailing from

2164: 2128: 1621: 1526: 1509: 1235: 1149: 1081: 823: 616: 5414:"The Date, Dedication, and Design of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople" 5115: 1888:, in present-day Syria, is traditionally held to have been founded by Justinian. 1793:

The final victory in Italy and the conquest of Africa and the coast of southern

1728:. In 552, Justinian dispatched a force of 2,000 men; according to the historian 7896: 7860: 7805: 7698: 7621: 7519: 7513: 7445: 7425: 7179: 7139: 6209: 3098:), in which Justinian is depicted as a cruel, venal, and incompetent ruler.The 3010: 2959: 2892: 2779: 2766: 2642: 2623: 2455: 2382:

of Justinian on horseback and dressed in a military costume was erected in the

2378:

have yielded several high-quality mosaics dating from Justinian's reign, and a

2144: 2011: 1995: 1855: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1625: 1239: 1160: 1101: 1089: 1036: 879: 793: 764: 703:, and ensured the boy's education. As a result, Justinian was well educated in 700: 600: 556: 495: 490: 475: 367: 214: 159: 4484: 4319: 3834:

Moorhead (1994), pp. 21–22, with a reference to Procopius, Secret History 8.3.

8400: 8366: 8326: 7870: 7678: 7486: 6801: 6789: 6392: 5985: 5945: 5896: 5676:

Gibbons, Ann (15 November 2018). "Why 536 was 'the worst year to be alive'".

5439: 4855: 4832: 4631: 4039: 3057: 2906: 2754: 2704: 2627: 2214: 2041: 2022: 2007: 2003: 1843: 1357: 1111:

He passed laws to protect prostitutes from exploitation and women from being

704: 30:"Justinian" redirects here. For the later emperor also called Justinian, see 5887: 5685: 4473:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

2712:, Justinian I is prominently featured as a spirit residing on the sphere of 2622:

The causes of these disasters are not precisely known, but volcanoes at the

1451:, Theodoric's daughter and mother of Athalaric, on the island of Martana in 1027:, a collection of new laws issued during Justinian's reign, supplements the 772:

on 1 April 527, and became sole ruler after Justin's death on 1 August 527.

8111: 7906: 7838: 7833: 7823: 7646: 7508: 7149: 6173: 5937: 5914: 3844: 2938: 2926: 2616: 2501: 2420: 2399:). To prevent floods from damaging the strategically important border town 2328: 2273: 2187: 2069: 1974: 1862:

had been a source of tension in the relationship with the bishops of Rome.

1772: 1740:

and other cities on the southeastern coast and founded the new province of

1452: 1448: 1387: 1297: 1287: 1216: 1198: 1187: 1123: 875: 758: 722: 680: 676: 648: 31: 5430: 4812: 4310:

Sarris, Peter (2017). "Emperor Justinian". In Witte, J.; Hauk, G. (eds.).

4202: 7975: 7850: 7800: 7299: 7246: 7189: 6077: 5733: 5708: 3147: 2673:

Justinian was one of the first Roman Emperors to be depicted holding the

2650: 2558:

was struck by two earthquakes (526, 528) and sacked and evacuated by the

2528: 2093: 1953: 1930: 1910: 1902: 1713:

In addition to the other conquests, the Empire established a presence in

1698: 1589:, who was under a cloud after the loss of Rome in 546, but he managed to 1578: 1314: 1304:, who had maintained good relations with Justinian and the North African 1246:, but the next year saw the defeat of Roman forces under Belisarius near 1229: 937: 204: 5838:

Climate: the force that shapes our world and the future of life on earth

3236: 3220: 2562:(540). Justinian had the city rebuilt, but on a slightly smaller scale. 2523:(400,000 pounds of gold) in the imperial treasury from Anastasius I and 1517:

on the eastern shore of the Black Sea became the new battlefield of the

812: 8031: 7946: 7911: 7876: 7788: 7703: 7463: 7456: 7403: 7383: 7328: 7293: 7286: 7231: 7196: 7059: 7007: 6653:

Justiniana Prima: An Underestimated Aspect of Justinian's Church Policy

6304: 6278: 4629: 4287: 3170: 2941:; pious, fortunate, renowned, victorious and triumphant, ever augustus) 2481: 2383: 2336: 2299: 2288: 2194: 1918: 1721: 1714: 1525:

Belisarius had been recalled in the face of renewed hostilities by the

1492: 1377: 1337: 1329: 1255: 1207: 1164: 1139: 863: 850: 797: 696: 607: 584: 552: 7045: 5709:"New ice core evidence for a volcanic cause of the A.D. 536 dust veil" 5413: 5016:

The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

4492: 1336:. They defeated the Vandals, who were caught completely off guard, at 7778: 7730: 7640: 7627: 7414: 7343: 7316: 7311: 7280: 7226: 7174: 7109: 7104: 6893: 6111: 5835: 5519:

John F. Haldon, "Economy and Administration", in Michael Maas (ed.),

4351:

Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul By Robert Bator, 2000, P.15

4232:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 3671: 3084:

While he glorified Justinian's achievements in his panegyric and his

3027: 2976: 2295: 2269: 1914: 1893: 1827: 1768: 1617: 1574: 1550: 1534: 1504: 1444: 1440: 1400: 1381: 1292:

The first of the western kingdoms Justinian attacked was that of the

1267: 1168: 1054:(laws) and the other rules were expressed or published: proper laws, 1011: 996: 971: 948: 859: 819: 781: 726: 660: 624: 612: 511: 308: 211: 143: 117: 6052:"Fiction in Lighter Vein: LEST DARKNESS FALL. By L. Sprague de Camp" 5976: 4814:

The Power Game in Byzantium : Antonina and the Empress Theodora

4279: 4081:

Theological treatises authored by Justinian can be found in Migne's

3330:"Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades" 1944: 8046: 7828: 7720: 7673: 7633: 7615: 7535: 7470: 7450: 7420: 7393: 7388: 7373: 7363: 7333: 7241: 7236: 7184: 7159: 7154: 7119: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 6882: 6866: 3127: 3107: 3039: 2988: 2910: 2631: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2477: 2431: 2412: 2404: 2392: 2332: 2222: 2156: 2040:, most of the Eastern church yielded to the Emperor's demands, and 1799: 1794: 1775: 1729: 1717: 1706: 1483: 1361: 1345: 1301: 1251: 1093: 1072: 1063: 730: 708: 688: 568: 526: 292: 107: 35: 6790:

De Imperatoribus Romanis. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors

5860: 5464:

Brian Croke, "Justinian's Constantinople", in Michael Maas (ed.),

4471:

Smith, Sidney (1954). "Events in Arabia in the 6th Century A.D.".

1952:, the gold background was replaced with a plain white one and the 7980: 7683: 7590: 7503: 7358: 7134: 6153: 3759:

Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, Topography and Everyday Life

2934: 2635: 2555: 2316: 2244:

desert was abolished, and so were the remnants of the worship of

2152: 1898: 1835: 1748: 1725: 1633: 1545:(allowing the garrison of 6,000 men to leave the city), besieged 1542: 1488: 1479: 1460: 1365: 1353: 1349: 1333: 1309: 1293: 1234:

From his uncle, Justinian inherited ongoing hostilities with the

1077: 1046:

forms the basis of Latin jurisprudence (including ecclesiastical

672: 620: 232: 70: 62: 6777:

Lecture series covering 12 Byzantine Rulers, including Justinian

4912: 4910: 729:, compares Justinian's appearance to that of tyrannical Emperor 7752: 7609: 7491: 7263: 7129: 6332:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.

2918: 2737:

Justinian appears as a character in the 1939 time-travel novel

2717: 2504:

back to Constantinople, and silk became an indigenous product.

2249: 2237: 2218: 2202: 2104: 1978: 1847: 1823: 1760: 1741: 1678: 1658: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1538: 1514: 1467: 1456: 1392: 1325: 1274:

kingdoms had been established in the territories of the former

1206:, after Cornelius Gurlitt, 1912. The column was erected in the 1105: 1104:

where it appeared in Slavic editions, and it also passed on to

826:. Parts of the town had been destroyed during Justinian's life. 801: 753: 741: 596: 572: 560: 541:

His reign was marked by the ambitious but only partly realized

376: 6425:

Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204

5959:

Sbeinati, M. R.; Darawcheh, R.; Mouty, M. (25 December 2005).

5582:"Justinian's Gold Mines – Mining Technology | TechnoMine" 4177:

Last Statues of Antiquity (LSA Database), University of Oxford

2809:

Theodora. In various Eastern Orthodox Churches, including the

1818: 1693: 699:) before he became emperor, adopted Justinian, brought him to 687:, which he took later, is indicative of adoption by his uncle 7353: 7124: 7114: 7094: 6587:– German standard work; partially obsolete, but still useful. 6397:

The Glittering Horn: Secret Memoirs of the Court of Justinian

5106:

Lindberg, David C. "The Beginnings of Western Science", p. 70

4907: 3139: 3015: 2964: 2930: 2914: 2751:

The Glittering Horn: Secret Memoirs of the Court of Justinian

2465: 2306: 2281: 2277: 2241: 2233: 2179: 2167:) tell of severe persecutions, even of men in high position. 1546: 1471: 1409: 1373: 1210:

in Constantinople in 543 in honour of his military victories.

721:

to serve as the emperor's personal bodyguard. The chronicler

668: 643:

in many modern states. His reign also marked a blossoming of

499: 6152:. Edited by J. Haury; revised by G. Wirth. 3 vols. Leipzig: 3446:

The Classical Roman Reader: New Encounters with Ancient Rome

1266:" (which cost him 11,000 pounds of gold) with his successor 671:(possibly the last Roman emperor to be one), he came from a 615:

that had never been under Roman rule before. He engaged the

583:

to the empire after more than half a century of rule by the

7099: 7089: 5243: 4420:

See A. D. Lee, "The Empire at War", in Michael Maas (ed.),

2615:

The historian Procopius recorded in 536 in his work on the

2257: 2245: 2229: 2206: 1854:

in 451, and the tolerant policies towards Monophysitism of

580: 454: 451: 8477:

Pre-Reformation saints of the Lutheran liturgical calendar

5646:

John L. Teall, "The Barbarians in Justinian's Armies", in

5584:. Technology.infomine.com. 3 December 2008. Archived from 2786:

Justinian's Crown is a historical artifact claimed by the

2531:

and of the provinces, while power was taken away from the

1258:

of Yemen against the Persians, but this failed. When king

1015:), a compilation of older legal texts, in 533, and by the 430: 6548:

Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe

5706: 4254:

An introduction to Roman legal and constitutional history

3348:

The Age of Justinian: the circumstances of imperial power

2657:

In July 551, the eastern Mediterranean was rocked by the

1553:

near the Black Sea as requested by its discontented king

1439:

provided an opportunity for intervention. The young king

445: 433: 6839:

Annotated Justinian Code (University of Wyoming website)

5480: 5076: 5064: 4602: 3176:

History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene

1498: 1238:. In 530 the Persian forces suffered a double defeat at 1223: 6802:

Reconstruction of column of Justinian in Constantinople

6736:("Secret history") of Procopius in English translation. 4928:

Treatises written by Justinian can be found in Migne's

4860:

People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554

4739: 4524:(Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1979), vol. 2 p. 85 4148:

City of Fortune, How Venice Won and Lost a Naval Empire

3389:, 3rd ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), 1324:

In 533, Belisarius sailed to Africa with a fleet of 92

1321:

and prepared an expedition against the Vandals in 533.

530:; 482 – 14 November 565), also known as 6350:

Cameron, Averil; et al. (eds.). "Justinian Era".

5958: 5863:"The Justinianic Plague: An inconsequential pandemic?" 4862:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 176. 4266:

Darrell P. Hammer (1957). "Russia and the Roman Law".

1604: 4010: 4008: 2960:[ˈfɫaːwi.ʊsˈpɛtrʊssabˈbati.ʊsjuːstiːniˈaːnʊs] 2319:

displaying Justinian's full name (Constantinople 521)

1620:

in the name of emperor Justinian I, 7th century. The

1416: 647:, and his building program yielded works such as the 466: 457: 448: 439: 8532:

Participants in the Second Council of Constantinople

5501: 4393: 2840: 2641:

Seven years later in 542, a devastating outbreak of

1281: 822:, the birthplace of Justinian I, located in today's 442: 6372: 5477:

See Croke (2005), pp. 364 ff., and Moorhead (1994).

4817:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 205–206. 4512: 4510: 2989:[ˈflavi.osˈpetrossavˈvati.osi.ustini.aˈnos] 1724:requested assistance in his rebellion against King 1673:, where Totila was slain. After a second battle at 1021:, a textbook explaining the principles of law. The 436: 6545: 5927: 5836:Ochoa, George; Jennifer Hoffman; Tina Tin (2005). 4630:John Stevens Cabot Abbott; Wilfred C. Lay (1900). 4020: 4005: 3993: 2764:Justinian occasionally appears in the comic strip 2335:-style church that had been burnt down during the 2294:The Emperor faced significant opposition from the 1624:on the breast defines the Visigothic attribution. 1122:Justinian discontinued the regular appointment of 6098:Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge 5783:Procopius; Dewing, Henry Bronson, trans. (1916). 4265: 2728:Justinian is a major character in the 1938 novel 1981:, became the centre and most visible monument of 1391:A golden medallion celebrating the reconquest of 1250:. Justinian then tried to make alliance with the 8398: 4507: 3701: 2464:Gold coin of Justinian I (527–565) excavated in 2182:in 86 BC. Several centuries later, in 410 AD, a 1988: 990:Early in his reign, Justinian had appointed the 6444:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian 6022:Dorothy L. Sayers, Paradiso, notes on Canto VI. 5867:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5782: 5521:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian 5466:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian 5296:The Cambridge companion to the Age of Justinian 4422:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian 3849:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian 3618: 3527:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian 3385:John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 2770:, usually as a nemesis of the title character. 605:. During his reign, Justinian also subdued the 6406:The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire 6391: 6212:(1846), reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, 5370:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 183. 4150:. London: Faber & Faber Ltd. p. 109. 3306:On the western Roman Empire, see now H. Börm, 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 1262:died (September 531), Justinian concluded an " 870:until it was desecrated and robbed during the 7031: 6772:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev 6311:. Vol. 1. New York: Dover Publications. 5663:Brown (1971), p. 158; Moorhead (1994), p. 101 4623: 3586:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 75. 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 2449: 2366:Another prominent church in the capital, the 2147:and which would now vigorously continue. The 1066:, and jurists' opinions and interpretations ( 1039:, the common language of the Eastern Empire. 999:to oversee this task. The first draft of the 922:head in Venice thought to represent Justinian 402: 5821:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5299:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 16–, 5292: 3851:(Cambridge 2005), pp. 113–133 (pp. 113–114). 3523: 2197:alone, John of Ephesus was reported to have 1031:. As opposed to the rest of the corpus, the 6677: 6593:Economy and society in the age of Justinian 6251: 5177: 5029:"Religion and politics at the Golden Horn?" 4170: 3193: 2790:in the popular 2020 computer strategy game 2596:, Ravenna (possibly a modified portrait of 2511:Scene from daily life on a mosaic from the 1921:councils. The bishops in attendance at the 1866:unsuccessful as he satisfied none of them. 1644:, the Ostrogoths made quick gains. After a 1529:. Following a revolt against the Empire in 1130:programs ensured that no one went hungry.” 952: 711:, and Roman history. Justinian served as a 632: 559:in North Africa. Subsequently, Belisarius, 8442:Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles 7038: 7024: 6728:Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion (14 November) 6678:Kettenhofen, Erich (2009). "Justinian I". 6581:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6504:Justinian. Herrschaft, Reich, und Religion 6325: 6295:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6237:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 4916: 4679:Procopius mentions this event both in the 4070:The Empress Theodora: Partner of Justinian 3573: 3506:, Chris Wickham, Penguin Books Ltd. 2009, 3359: 3313: 3271:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. 3088:, Procopius also wrote a hostile account, 2307:Architecture, learning, art and literature 2062: 1443:had died on 2 October 534, and a usurper, 1308:clergy, had been overthrown by his cousin 409: 395: 6656:. Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press. 6595:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6446:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5975: 5904: 5886: 5747: 5732: 5429: 5286: 2423:as the political and religious centre of 1152:, thought to portray either Justinian or 890: 675:family thought to have been of either of 34:. For his uncle and adoptive father, see 6524: 6095:This article incorporates text from the 5567:See Moorhead (1994), p. 167; Procopius, 4894: 4662: 4660: 4268:American Slavic and East European Review 4227: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3448:. Oxford University Press. p. 358. 3362:"Restless zeal of the insomniac emperor" 2833:also remember Justinian on 14 November. 2680: 2668: 2634:, or, according to a recent finding, in 2587: 2506: 2459: 2446:lost their importance during his reign. 2360:Basilica of Saint Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria 2353: 2310: 2272:, and Justinian attempted to strengthen 2016: 1943: 1880: 1817: 1751:suffered from several incursions by the 1732:, this army was led by the octogenarian 1692: 1608: 1565:. The next year, Khosrau unsuccessfully 1508: 1426: 1386: 1197: 1143: 936:A 6th-century head of an emperor at the 27:Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565 AD 6686:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 3 6471:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire 6422: 6031: 5675: 5411: 4786:"Universal history, ancient and modern" 4784:Mavor, William Fordyce (1 March 1802). 4718: 4453: 4451: 4252:Kunkel, W. (translated by J. M. Kelly) 4145: 3439: 3433: 3412:, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2008, 3360:Woudhuysen, George (24 December 2023). 3218: 2291:in their synagogues in Constantinople. 1813: 1384:) were recovered in the same campaign. 1175:, who was a nephew of the late emperor 667:, probably in 482. A native speaker of 61:of Justinian dressed in a royal purple 14: 8399: 6710:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6649: 6590: 6230: 6078:https://ck3.paradoxwikis.com/Artifacts 6076:Paradox Wiki's, Historical Artifacts 5671: 5669: 5486: 5363: 4719:D’Amato, Raffaele (23 February 2017). 4309: 3579: 3038: 2987: 2757:in 1958 about the court of Justinian. 2664: 2407:was built. During his reign the large 2155:that decreed the total destruction of 1640:(both murdered in 541) and especially 1193: 1108:. It remains influential to this day. 525: 7019: 6566: 6543: 6501: 6478: 6403: 6373:Cumberland Jacobsen, Torsten (2009). 5446:from the original on 23 February 2022 5039:from the original on 11 February 2022 4854: 4810: 4783: 4725:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 44. 4657: 4608: 4580: 4542: 4470: 4399: 4209:from the original on 11 November 2001 3889: 3887: 3816: 3788: 3009: 2979:Flábios Pétros Sabbátios Ioustinianós 2966:Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ἰουστινιανός 2958: 2803: 2654:tens of millions dying is uncertain. 2468:probably in the south, an example of 2047: 1499:War with the Sassanid Empire, 540–562 1224:War with the Sassanid Empire, 527–532 733:, although this is probably slander. 489: 6764:of Procopius in English translation. 6692:from the original on 9 February 2022 6510:] (in German). Munich: CH Beck. 6508:Justinian: Rule, Empire and Religion 6466:"Fl. Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus 7" 6441: 6303: 6277: 6234:Justinian and the Later Roman Empire 6050:Dean, Charlotte (23 February 1941). 6049: 5992:from the original on 20 January 2022 5803:from the original on 11 October 2023 5507: 5367:Justinian and the Later Roman Empire 5082: 5070: 4751: 4745: 4690: 4589: 4520:III.9.5. Translated by H.B. Dewing, 4448: 4354: 4256:. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1966; 168 4026: 4014: 3999: 3583:Justinian and the later Roman Empire 3275:from the original on 4 November 2023 3261: 3138:. Justinian is widely regarded as a 2952:Flāvius Petrus Sabbatius Iūstīniānus 2885:Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus 2569: 1435:As in Africa, dynastic struggles in 611:, a people on the east coast of the 8487:People from Zelenikovo Municipality 6844:Mosaic of Justinian in Hagia Sophia 6609: 6349: 5666: 5523:(Cambridge 2005), pp. 28–59 (p. 35) 5468:(Cambridge 2005), pp. 60–86 (p. 66) 5161:Procopius, iv. 3; Evagrius, iv. 22. 5152:Procopius, iv. 4; Evagrius, iv. 23. 5008: 4764: 3146:, and is also commemorated by some 2905:(Emperor Caesar Flavius Justinian, 2025:presents a model of Constantinople. 1876: 1605:War in Italy, second phase, 541–554 563:, and other generals conquered the 24: 6947:Vettius Agorius Basilius Mavortius 6285:. Vol. 2. New York (reprint). 6265:from the original on 23 April 2023 6133:. Edited by H. B. Dewing. 7 vols. 6105: 4722:Imperial Roman Warships 193–565 AD 4205:. Constitution.org. 19 June 2002. 4046:from the original on 13 April 2020 3884: 3807:Robert Browning. "Justinian I" in 3494:. He was crowned at the age of 45. 2865:International Roman Law Moot Court 2861:in Bethlehem, rebuilt by Justinian 1892:As in his secular administration, 1838:(Italy), bodyguards, and courtiers 1688: 1417:War in Italy, first phase, 535–540 715:, one of 40 men selected from the 57:Detail of a contemporary portrait 25: 8543: 8482:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars 8432:6th-century eastern Roman consuls 6671: 6474:. Vol. II. pp. 645–648. 6408:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 6309:History of the later Roman Empire 6283:History of the later Roman Empire 6142:Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia 5384:from the original on 7 March 2023 4553:from the original on 7 April 2023 3776:from the original on 23 July 2023 3722:from the original on 23 July 2023 3600:from the original on 23 July 2023 3544:from the original on 23 July 2023 3243:from the original on 7 March 2023 2606:extreme weather events of 535–536 2594:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 2580:Extreme weather events of 535–536 1282:Conquest of North Africa, 533–534 645:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) culture 623:'s reign, and later again during 6748:Lewis E 244 Infortiatum at OPenn 6460: 6070: 6043: 6025: 6016: 6004: 5952: 5921: 5854: 5829: 5776: 5741: 5700: 5657: 5640: 5631: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5574: 5561: 5552: 5539: 5526: 5513: 5492: 5471: 5458: 5405: 5396: 5357: 5344: 5331: 5319: 5274: 5261: 5249: 5228: 5215: 5203: 5190: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5125: 5109: 5100: 5088: 5051: 5021: 4183:from the original on 24 May 2018 4068:(1987), 129; James Allan Evans, 4042:. Roman Emperors. 25 July 1998. 3462:from the original on 2 June 2024 3295:Byzantium in the seventh century 3206: 3078: 3011:[juːstiːniˈaːnʊsˈmaŋnʊs] 2843: 2419:, which was intended to replace 2380:column topped by a bronze statue 1466:Justinian sent another general, 1330:Caput Vada (modern Ras Kaboudia) 1088:), from where it was to pass to 940:, thought to represent Justinian 929: 905: 862:, who was the son of his sister 831: 811: 426: 51: 6979:Rufius Gennadius Probus Orestes 6624:History of the Byzantine Empire 6224: 4996: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4922: 4885: 4876: 4848: 4839: 4804: 4792: 4777: 4712: 4703: 4673: 4644: 4614: 4574: 4565: 4543:Mavor, William Fordyce (1802). 4536: 4527: 4464: 4435: 4414: 4405: 4384: 4379:Theodora, Imperatice de Byzance 4367: 4345: 4336: 4303: 4294: 4259: 4246: 4221: 4195: 4164: 4139: 4090: 4075: 4058: 4032: 3980: 3967: 3954: 3925: 3854: 3837: 3828: 3750: 3734: 3695: 3664: 3637: 3612: 3556: 3517: 3497: 3474: 3410:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 3403: 3379: 3353: 3340: 3221:"Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol" 3064: 3046: 3040:[i.ustini.aˈnosoˈmeɣas] 2692:, prior to restoration in 2020. 1923:Council of Constantinople (536) 1661:and attacked Greek coastlines. 691:. During his reign, he founded 595:, establishing the province of 8427:6th-century Byzantine emperors 6487:] (in German). Gottingen. 6358:(Second ed.). Cambridge. 6258:History of the Byzantine State 6123:The Anecdota or Secret History 6056:The New York Times Book Review 5652:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 4772:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 4759:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 4698:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 4668:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 4597:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 4459:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 4375:Theodora, Empress of Byzantium 4362:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 4314:. Cambridge University Press. 4300:Garland (1999), pp. 16–17 3530:. Cambridge University Press. 3440:Atchity, Kenneth John (1997). 3300: 3287: 3255: 3212: 3164: 3036:Byzantine Greek pronunciation: 3007:Classical Latin pronunciation: 2995: 2985:Byzantine Greek pronunciation: 2956:Classical Latin pronunciation: 2944: 2877: 2827:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod 2592:An older Justinian; mosaic in 2513:Great Palace of Constantinople 2376:Great Palace of Constantinople 2268:conducted a mission among the 1886:Our Lady of Saidnaya Monastery 1747:During Justinian's reign, the 1399:In this war, the contemporary 148:Dardania, Eastern Roman Empire 13: 1: 8502:Eastern Orthodox royal saints 6618: 6352:The Cambridge Ancient History 5770:10.1016/S0262-4079(09)60069-5 5536:(London/New York 1994), p. 57 4891:See Haldon (2003), pp. 17–19. 3935: 3864: 3843:This post seems to have been 3810:Dictionary of the Middle Ages 3746:. Grove's Dictionaries. 2006. 3623:. Gorgias Press. p. 21. 3484: 3157: 2690:Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant 2280:by dispatching a bishop from 1989:Religious relations with Rome 1950:Muslim conquest of the Levant 1344:in December; Belisarius took 1167:. They forced him to dismiss 1133: 748:ruler. Following the general 220:Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus 127:Justin I (until 1 August 527) 89:1 April 527 – 14 November 565 8422:6th-century Christian saints 5637:Moorhead (1994), pp. 100–101 4203:"S. P. Scott: The Civil Law" 3570:. Retrieved 12 October 2010. 3028: 2977: 2686:Emperor Justinian in Council 2498:smuggling eggs of silk worms 1937:, or annual gifts, from the 1601:) to be paid by the Romans. 512: 347:as co-emperor, 590–602 199:Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus 7: 8507:Roman Catholic royal saints 6442:Maas, Michael, ed. (2005). 6404:Evans, James Allan (2005). 6261:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 5547:The World of Late Antiquity 4845:See Lee (2005), pp. 125 ff. 4811:Evans, James Allan (2011). 4620:Moorhead (1994), pp. 84–86. 4549:. R. Phillips. p. 81. 4312:Christianity and Family Law 3268:The Institutes of Justinian 3126:, Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor, 2836: 2817:date to 27 November on the 2368:Church of the Holy Apostles 2111:Church of the Holy Apostles 1591:capture and dismantle Petra 872:pillage of the city in 1204 868:Church of the Holy Apostles 591:reclaimed the south of the 589:praetorian prefect Liberius 172:Church of the Holy Apostles 10: 8548: 8311:Constantine XI Palaiologos 8262:Andronikos III Palaiologos 8149:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 6650:Turlej, Stanisław (2016). 5549:(London 1971), pp. 157–158 5412:Bardill, Jonathan (2017). 5120:Revue de l'orient chretien 4342:Vasiliev (1952), p. I 192. 3016: 2965: 2811:Orthodox Church in America 2798:Paradox Development Studio 2573: 2453: 2450:Economy and administration 1781: 1502: 1420: 1285: 1227: 1137: 1100:. It eventually passed to 894: 500: 65:and jeweled stemma in the 29: 8387: 8319: 8284:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 8252:Andronikos II Palaiologos 8077:Constantine IX Monomachos 7765: 7662: 7545: 7372: 7210: 7058: 7004: 6985: 6970: 6960: 6951: 6943: 6929: 6915: 6905: 6900: 6890: 6871: 6863: 6858: 6614:. Penguin, Harmondsworth. 5418:Journal of Late Antiquity 4788:– via Google Books. 4636:. P. F. Collier. p. 4485:10.1017/S0041977X00086791 4320:10.1017/9781108233255.008 3823:Cambridge Ancient History 3702:Sima M. Cirkovic (2004). 3297:(Cambridge, 2003), 17–19. 2708:, Canto (chapter) VI, by 2677:on the obverse of a coin. 2127: 2117: 2101: 2082: 2077: 2061: 2056:Saint Justinian the Great 2054: 1681:invasion was defeated at 1086:Pragmatic Sanction of 554 491:[juːstiːniˈaːnʊs] 324:as regents, 574–578 266:Chalcedonian Christianity 261: 253: 243: 231: 210: 203: 198: 193: 189: 178: 166: 157:14 November 565 (aged 83) 153: 135: 131: 123: 113: 103: 93: 85: 78: 50: 45: 8247:Michael VIII Palaiologos 6823:29 December 2020 at the 6719:St Justinian the Emperor 6626:(2nd ed.). Madison. 6569:Das Zeitalter Iustinians 6567:Rubin, Berthold (1960). 6231:Barker, John W. (1966). 5364:Barker, John W. (1966). 5283:, cxlvi., 8 February 553 4581:Procopius. "II.XXVIII". 4390:Vasiliev (1958), p. 157. 4228:Johnston, David (1999). 4114:26 December 2017 at the 3619:Robert Browning (2003). 3580:Barker, John W. (1966). 3332:. Tulane. Archived from 3150:churches on 14 November. 2870: 2777:in the 1985 Soviet film 2141:orthodoxy (Chalcedonian) 2038:Fifth Ecumenical Council 1667:battle of Busta Gallorum 1478:the Ostrogothic capital 1352:fled to Mount Pappua in 1340:on 14 September 533 and 1113:forced into prostitution 885: 768:(heir-apparent). He was 555:, swiftly conquered the 527:[i.ustini.aˈnos] 8102:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 7736:Tiberius II Constantine 6849:9 February 2022 at the 6818:with analytical indexes 6753:9 February 2022 at the 6741:11 October 2013 at the 6724:23 October 2012 at the 6544:Rosen, William (2007). 6525:Moorhead, John (2013). 6423:Garland, Lynda (1999). 6184:9 February 2022 at the 6147:25 January 2022 at the 5888:10.1073/pnas.1903797116 5686:10.1126/science.aaw0632 5558:Vasiliev (1952), p. 167 5402:Vasiliev (1952), p. 189 4571:Moorhead (1994), p. 70. 4533:Moorhead (1994), p. 68. 4146:Crowley, Roger (2011). 4132:27 October 2021 at the 3504:The Inheritance of Rome 3073:Justinian and Theodora. 2851:Byzantine Empire portal 2773:Justinian is played by 2753:was a novel written by 1956:text was modified into 1759:who lived north of the 1705:, Africa, and southern 1447:, had imprisoned queen 654: 8472:Christian royal saints 8257:Michael IX Palaiologos 6591:Sarris, Peter (2006). 6502:Meier, Mischa (2004). 6479:Meier, Mischa (2003). 6205:Ecclesiastical History 6156:, 1962–64. Greek text. 6135:Loeb Classical Library 5840:. Emmaus, PA: Rodale. 5238:, i. 20; Malalas, ed. 4902:History of Western Art 4066:Justinian and Theodora 3621:Justinian and Theodora 3219:Cameron, Alan (1988). 3002: 2951: 2859:Church of the Nativity 2831:Lutheran Church–Canada 2775:Innokenty Smoktunovsky 2716:. The latter holds in 2693: 2678: 2601: 2516: 2473: 2363: 2320: 2178:by the Roman dictator 2026: 2002:, which had condemned 1961: 1905:, and to threaten all 1889: 1839: 1736:. The Byzantines took 1710: 1629: 1522: 1432: 1396: 1211: 1202:Reconstruction of the 1156: 953: 891:Legislative activities 659:Justinian was born in 633: 479: 247:Sabbatius (biological) 162:, Eastern Roman Empire 67:Basilica of San Vitale 8351:Thessalonian emperors 8345:Trapezuntine emperors 8306:John VIII Palaiologos 8301:Manuel II Palaiologos 8272:John VI Kantakouzenos 8188:Andronikos I Komnenos 8025:Constantine Lekapenos 7053:and empresses regnant 6814:Opera Omnia by Migne 6795:13 April 2020 at the 6770:The Roman Law Library 6612:Justinian and his Age 6529:. London: Routledge. 6427:. London: Routledge. 6200:Evagrius Scholasticus 6128:5 August 2018 at the 5431:10.1353/jla.2017.0003 5293:Michael Maas (2005), 4654:36, 2006, pp. 299 ff. 3988:Justinian and his age 3524:Michael Maas (2005). 3124:Evagrius Scholasticus 3030:Ioustinianós ho Mégas 2684: 2672: 2659:551 Beirut earthquake 2591: 2576:551 Beirut earthquake 2510: 2463: 2454:Further information: 2444:Law School of Berytus 2357: 2314: 2020: 1947: 1884: 1821: 1696: 1655:taken and depopulated 1612: 1512: 1431:Justinian's conquests 1430: 1390: 1372:, and the stronghold 1201: 1147: 1062:), imperial decrees, 959:. It consists of the 784:, his legal adviser; 536:Eastern Roman emperor 8437:Medieval legislators 8289:John VII Palaiologos 8237:Theodore II Laskaris 8097:Constantine X Doukas 8037:Nikephoros II Phokas 6834:of Emperor Justinian 6807:1 March 2016 at the 6786:– by Lars Brownworth 6782:18 July 2016 at the 6688:. pp. 257–262. 6083:30 July 2023 at the 5964:Annals of Geophysics 5938:10.1093/pastj/gtz009 5734:10.1029/2007GL032450 5615:Brown (1971), p. 157 5606:Haldon (2005), p. 50 5341:, ii., 1897, p. 481. 5246:, 1831, pp. 433 sqq. 4956:, lxxxvi. 1, p. 993. 4445:(2005), pp. 477–509. 4230:Roman Law in Context 4171:Yuri Marano (2012). 4120:Theophanes Confessor 3947:7 March 2023 at the 3917:Theophanes Confessor 3902:7 March 2023 at the 3877:31 July 2023 at the 3813:, volume VII (1986). 3689:7 April 2023 at the 3427:23 July 2023 at the 3396:8 April 2023 at the 3130:, the chronicles of 3017:Ἰουστινιανός ὁ Μέγας 2675:cross-surmounted orb 2440:Romanus the Melodist 2434:, and poets such as 2405:an advanced arch dam 2345:Anthemius of Tralles 2000:Council of Chalcedon 1852:Council of Chalcedon 1814:Religious activities 1423:Gothic War (535–554) 1276:Western Roman Empire 1254:of Ethiopia and the 955:Corpus juris civilis 897:Corpus Juris Civilis 818:The ancient town of 790:John the Cappadocian 635:Corpus Juris Civilis 549:Western Roman Empire 8220:Theodore I Laskaris 8205:Alexios III Angelos 8183:Alexios II Komnenos 8107:Romanos IV Diogenes 8062:Romanos III Argyros 8008:Romanos I Lekapenos 6253:Ostrogorsky, George 6013:, Canto VI verse 10 5879:2019PNAS..11625546M 5873:(51): 25546–25554. 5762:2009NewSc.201....9P 5725:2008GeoRL..35.4708L 5097:, I., xi. 9 and 10. 5085:, pp. 372–384. 5073:, pp. 378–379. 5033:www.uni-muenster.de 4919:, pp. 207–250. 4748:, pp. 233–238. 4611:, pp. 153–155. 4432:8.10.2 and 30.11.2. 3658:28 May 2023 at the 3366:The Critic Magazine 3144:Orthodox Christians 2665:Cultural depictions 2649:and second only to 2647:Plague of Justinian 2584:Plague of Justinian 2515:, early 6th century 2436:Paul the Silentiary 2372:Little Hagia Sophia 2349:Isidore the Younger 2184:Neoplatonic Academy 1985:in Constantinople. 1788:conquests in Africa 1720:, when the usurper 1204:Column of Justinian 1194:Military activities 1068:responsa prudentium 786:Peter the Patrician 619:in the east during 565:Ostrogothic kingdom 532:Justinian the Great 249:Justin I (adoptive) 18:Justinian the Great 8497:Last of the Romans 8339:Britannic emperors 8333:Palmyrene emperors 8267:John V Palaiologos 8210:Alexios IV Angelos 8159:Constantine Doukas 8154:Alexios I Komnenos 8142:Constantine Doukas 8125:Michael VII Doukas 8087:Michael VI Bringas 7653:Romulus Augustulus 7276:Trebonianus Gallus 7269:Herennius Etruscus 7051:Byzantine emperors 6975:Title last held by 6901:Political offices 6633:Duncan B. Campbell 6161:The Secret History 6034:The New York Times 5930:Past & Present 5713:Geophys. Res. Lett 5628:(2005), pp. 99–100 4583:De Bello Vandalico 4274:(1). JSTOR: 1–13. 4098:Chronicon Paschale 3909:Chronicon Paschale 3116:Menander Protector 3075:London 1971, 193.) 3003:Iūstīniānus Magnus 2823:Calendar of Saints 2819:Gregorian calendar 2804:Historical sources 2745:L. Sprague de Camp 2740:Lest Darkness Fall 2694: 2679: 2602: 2517: 2474: 2364: 2341:Isidore of Miletus 2321: 2209:dwelling near the 2174:of Plato had been 2048:Authoritarian rule 2027: 2010:and had his rival 1962: 1927:Patriarch Anthimus 1890: 1840: 1807:Menander Protector 1711: 1630: 1614:Spanish Visigothic 1595:fifty years' peace 1569:the major city of 1523: 1519:Roman–Persian Wars 1433: 1406:African prefecture 1397: 1260:Kavadh I of Persia 1212: 1157: 1096:and beyond in the 1002:Codex Justinianeus 962:Codex Justinianeus 842:, Justinian's wife 770:crowned co-emperor 8522:Illyrian emperors 8462:Justinian dynasty 8394: 8393: 8232:John III Vatatzes 8178:Manuel I Komnenos 7917:Michael I Rangabe 7761: 7760: 7603:Petronius Maximus 7202:Severus Alexander 7170:Septimius Severus 7014: 7013: 7005:Succeeded by 6961:Succeeded by 6930:Succeeded by 6891:Succeeded by 6874:Byzantine emperor 6816:Patrologia Graeca 6706:cite encyclopedia 6559:978-0-670-03855-8 6415:978-0-313-32582-3 6342:978-0-88-141056-3 6218:978-1-889758-88-6 5847:978-1-59486-288-5 5796:978-0-674-99054-8 5489:, pp. 47–86. 5339:Revue de l'orient 5306:978-0-521-81746-2 5221:John of Ephesus, 5122:, ii., 1897, 482. 4930:Patrologia Graeca 4824:978-1-4411-2040-3 4732:978-1-4728-1827-0 4426:Codex Iustinianus 4329:978-1-108-23325-5 4157:978-0-571-24595-6 4084:Patrologia Graeca 4064:Robert Browning, 3894:Marcellinus Comes 3861:Victor of Tunnuna 3593:978-0-299-03944-8 3568:978-0-8047-2630-6 3512:978-0-670-02098-0 3455:978-0-521-32591-2 3346:Evans, J. A. S., 3310:(Stuttgart 2013). 3263:Abdy, John Thomas 3136:Victor of Tunnuna 3132:Marcellinus Comes 3120:Paschal Chronicle 3025: 2974: 2723:Dorothy L. Sayers 2610:volcanic eruption 2570:Natural disasters 2472:during the period 2248:on the island of 2137: 2136: 2133:Imperial Vestment 2089:Eastern Orthodoxy 2083:Venerated in 1983:Eastern Orthodoxy 1939:Imperial treasury 1871:Aphthartodocetism 1437:Ostrogothic Italy 1154:Anastasius I 718:scholae palatinae 683:origin. The name 593:Iberian Peninsula 544:renovatio imperii 538:from 527 to 565. 509: 419: 418: 386: 385: 381:Heraclian dynasty 278:Justinian dynasty 271: 270: 238:Justinian dynasty 227: 226: 80:Byzantine emperor 16:(Redirected from 8539: 8447:Gothicus Maximus 8242:John IV Laskaris 8215:Alexios V Doukas 8200:Isaac II Angelos 8166:John II Komnenos 8092:Isaac I Komnenos 8052:Constantine VIII 8042:John I Tzimiskes 7769:Byzantine Empire 7543: 7542: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7017: 7016: 6944:Preceded by 6906:Preceded by 6864:Preceded by 6856: 6855: 6715: 6709: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6667: 6646: 6627: 6615: 6610:Ure, PN (1951). 6606: 6586: 6580: 6572: 6563: 6552:. Viking Adult. 6551: 6540: 6521: 6498: 6475: 6462:Martindale, J.R. 6457: 6438: 6419: 6400: 6388: 6369: 6346: 6327:Meyendorff, John 6322: 6300: 6294: 6286: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6248: 6208:, translated by 6088: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5979: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5908: 5890: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5820: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5673: 5664: 5661: 5655: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5629: 5626:Age of Justinian 5622: 5616: 5613: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5578: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5537: 5530: 5524: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5469: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5433: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5361: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5175: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5144: 5129: 5123: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5035:. 22 July 2020. 5025: 5019: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4781: 4775: 4768: 4762: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4688: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4655: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4446: 4443:Age of Justinian 4439: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4373:Diehl, Charles. 4371: 4365: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4263: 4257: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4143: 4137: 4094: 4088: 4079: 4073: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3937: 3929: 3923: 3891: 3882: 3866: 3858: 3852: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3805: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3699: 3693: 3668: 3662: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3577: 3571: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3521: 3515: 3501: 3495: 3486: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3437: 3431: 3407: 3401: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3336:on 9 March 2008. 3326: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3191: 3168: 3151: 3082: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3008: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2948: 2942: 2881: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2793:Crusader Kings 3 2788:Byzantine Empire 2731:Count Belisarius 2470:Indo-Roman trade 2417:Justiniana Prima 2409:Sangarius Bridge 2397:Basilica Cistern 2262:Presbyter Julian 2113:, Constantinople 2107: 2066: 2052: 2051: 1877:Religious policy 1370:Balearic Islands 1319:Sassanian Empire 1098:Age of Discovery 958: 933: 909: 835: 815: 693:Justiniana Prima 638: 529: 524: 517: 505: 503: 502: 493: 488: 470: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 432: 411: 404: 397: 360: 359: 279: 273: 272: 191: 190: 185:(m. 525; d. 548) 139:Petrus Sabbatius 55: 43: 42: 21: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8492:Military saints 8457:Illyrian people 8452:Thracian people 8397: 8396: 8395: 8390: 8383: 8327:Gallic emperors 8315: 8003:Constantine VII 7784:Constantine III 7771: 7768: 7757: 7666: 7658: 7597:Valentinian III 7585:Constantius III 7579:Priscus Attalus 7563:Constantine III 7549: 7541: 7431:Valerius Valens 7376: 7368: 7214: 7206: 7165:Didius Julianus 7145:Marcus Aurelius 7062: 7054: 7044: 7010: 6997:Decius Paulinus 6993: 6991: 6981: 6976: 6966: 6957: 6949: 6939: 6935: 6923: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6896: 6879: 6877: 6869: 6851:Wayback Machine 6830:Preface to the 6825:Wayback Machine 6809:Wayback Machine 6797:Wayback Machine 6784:Wayback Machine 6755:Wayback Machine 6743:Wayback Machine 6726:Wayback Machine 6703: 6702: 6695: 6693: 6674: 6664: 6638:Ancient Warfare 6620:Vasiliev, A. A. 6603: 6574: 6573: 6560: 6537: 6518: 6495: 6454: 6435: 6416: 6385: 6366: 6343: 6319: 6288: 6287: 6268: 6266: 6245: 6227: 6186:Wayback Machine 6149:Wayback Machine 6130:Wayback Machine 6116:Historia Arcana 6108: 6106:Primary sources 6092: 6091: 6085:Wayback Machine 6075: 6071: 6061: 6059: 6048: 6044: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5977:10.4401/ag-3206 5957: 5953: 5926: 5922: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5834: 5830: 5814: 5813: 5806: 5804: 5797: 5781: 5777: 5746: 5742: 5705: 5701: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5588:on 2 March 2009 5580: 5579: 5575: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5544: 5540: 5532:John Moorhead, 5531: 5527: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5378: 5362: 5358: 5350:See Procopius, 5349: 5345: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5269:Historia Arcana 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5236:Bellum Persicum 5233: 5229: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5198:Bellum Persicum 5195: 5191: 5182: 5178: 5172:Bellum Persicum 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5133:Bellum Gothicum 5130: 5126: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4927: 4923: 4917:Meyendorff 1989 4915: 4908: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4825: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4782: 4778: 4769: 4765: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4691: 4678: 4674: 4665: 4658: 4649: 4645: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4594: 4590: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4515: 4508: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4449: 4440: 4436: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4372: 4368: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4280:10.2307/3001333 4264: 4260: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4144: 4140: 4134:Wayback Machine 4125:; John Malalas 4116:Wayback Machine 4106:John of Ephesus 4095: 4091: 4080: 4076: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4040:"DIR Justinian" 4038: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3981: 3972: 3968: 3960:See Procopius, 3959: 3955: 3949:Wayback Machine 3932:Constantine VII 3930: 3926: 3904:Wayback Machine 3892: 3885: 3879:Wayback Machine 3859: 3855: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3806: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3770: 3762:. Brill. 2001. 3756: 3755: 3751: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3691:Wayback Machine 3669: 3665: 3660:Wayback Machine 3642: 3638: 3631: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3594: 3578: 3574: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3502: 3498: 3481:Joannes Zonaras 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3456: 3438: 3434: 3429:Wayback Machine 3408: 3404: 3398:Wayback Machine 3384: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3358: 3354: 3345: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3314: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3194: 3182:. Cosimo, Inc. 3169: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3112:John the Lydian 3104:John of Ephesus 3094:(the so-called 3083: 3079: 3069: 3065: 3053:Constantine VII 3051: 3047: 3035: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2984: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2815:Julian calendar 2806: 2710:Dante Alighieri 2702:section of the 2667: 2645:, known as the 2638:are suspected. 2586: 2574:Main articles: 2572: 2458: 2452: 2331:, originally a 2309: 2266:Bishop Longinus 2252:, at the first 2228:The worship of 2165:John of Ephesus 2102: 2073: 2057: 2050: 1991: 1879: 1816: 1784: 1691: 1689:Other campaigns 1622:Christian cross 1607: 1583:recapture Petra 1507: 1501: 1425: 1419: 1315:his ongoing war 1290: 1284: 1236:Sassanid Empire 1232: 1226: 1196: 1150:Barberini Ivory 1142: 1136: 1082:Leo VI the Wise 1060:senatusconsulta 945: 944: 943: 942: 941: 934: 925: 924: 923: 910: 899: 893: 888: 847: 846: 845: 844: 843: 836: 828: 827: 824:North Macedonia 816: 657: 617:Sasanian Empire 551:. His general, 521:Byzantine Greek 519: 485:Classical Latin 483: 468: 429: 425: 415: 375: 366: 340: 332: 313: 305: 297: 277: 248: 174: 158: 142: 140: 74: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8545: 8535: 8534: 8529: 8527:Adult adoptees 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8286: 8281: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8146: 8122: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8082:Theodora (III) 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7978: 7973: 7961: 7949: 7944: 7932: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7897:Constantine VI 7894: 7889: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7861:Theodosius III 7858: 7853: 7848: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7806:Constantine IV 7803: 7798: 7786: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7664:Eastern Empire 7660: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7649: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7594: 7587: 7582: 7575: 7559: 7553: 7551: 7547:Western Empire 7540: 7539: 7532: 7520:Magnus Maximus 7516: 7514:Valentinian II 7511: 7506: 7501: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7446:Constantius II 7443: 7441:Constantine II 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7309: 7304: 7296: 7291: 7273: 7261: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7218: 7216: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7140:Antoninus Pius 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7063:27 BC – AD 235 7056: 7055: 7043: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7020: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7003: 6984: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6959: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6931: 6928: 6914: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6889: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6859:Regnal titles 6854: 6853: 6841: 6836: 6827: 6811: 6799: 6787: 6774: 6766: 6757: 6745: 6729: 6716: 6673: 6672:External links 6670: 6669: 6668: 6663:978-8323395560 6662: 6647: 6628: 6616: 6607: 6601: 6588: 6564: 6558: 6541: 6535: 6522: 6516: 6499: 6493: 6476: 6464:, ed. (1980). 6458: 6452: 6439: 6433: 6420: 6414: 6401: 6393:Dixon, Pierson 6389: 6383: 6375:The Gothic War 6370: 6364: 6347: 6341: 6323: 6317: 6301: 6275: 6249: 6244:978-0299039448 6243: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6210:Edward Walford 6197: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6157: 6138: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6090: 6089: 6069: 6042: 6036:. p. 92. 6024: 6015: 6003: 5951: 5920: 5853: 5846: 5828: 5795: 5775: 5740: 5699: 5665: 5656: 5639: 5630: 5617: 5608: 5599: 5573: 5560: 5551: 5538: 5525: 5512: 5510:, p. 369. 5500: 5491: 5479: 5470: 5457: 5404: 5395: 5376: 5356: 5343: 5330: 5318: 5305: 5285: 5273: 5260: 5248: 5227: 5214: 5202: 5189: 5176: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5124: 5108: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5050: 5020: 5007: 4995: 4982: 4970: 4958: 4946: 4934: 4921: 4906: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4868: 4856:Amory, Patrick 4847: 4838: 4823: 4803: 4791: 4776: 4763: 4750: 4738: 4731: 4711: 4702: 4689: 4685:Secret History 4672: 4656: 4643: 4622: 4613: 4601: 4588: 4573: 4564: 4535: 4526: 4506: 4479:(3): 425–468. 4463: 4447: 4434: 4413: 4404: 4402:, p. 116. 4392: 4383: 4366: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4328: 4302: 4293: 4258: 4245: 4238: 4220: 4194: 4163: 4156: 4138: 4089: 4074: 4057: 4031: 4019: 4004: 3992: 3979: 3966: 3962:Secret history 3953: 3924: 3883: 3853: 3836: 3827: 3815: 3787: 3769:978-9004116252 3768: 3749: 3733: 3715:978-0631204718 3714: 3694: 3663: 3636: 3630:978-1593330538 3629: 3611: 3592: 3572: 3555: 3537:978-1139826877 3536: 3516: 3496: 3473: 3454: 3432: 3402: 3378: 3352: 3339: 3312: 3299: 3293:J. F. Haldon, 3286: 3254: 3211: 3192: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3096:Secret History 3077: 3063: 3045: 2994: 2943: 2893:courtesy title 2875: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2854: 2838: 2835: 2805: 2802: 2780:Primary Russia 2767:Prince Valiant 2666: 2663: 2643:Bubonic Plague 2624:Rabaul caldera 2571: 2568: 2456:Byzantine silk 2451: 2448: 2308: 2305: 2151:contained two 2145:Constantius II 2135: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2033:Three Chapters 1996:Acacian schism 1990: 1987: 1878: 1875: 1815: 1812: 1783: 1780: 1757:Slavic peoples 1690: 1687: 1675:Mons Lactarius 1626:British Museum 1606: 1603: 1503:Main article: 1500: 1497: 1421:Main article: 1418: 1415: 1374:Septem Fratres 1286:Main article: 1283: 1280: 1228:Main article: 1225: 1222: 1195: 1192: 1161:chariot racing 1138:Main article: 1135: 1132: 1102:Eastern Europe 1090:Western Europe 935: 928: 927: 926: 918:, an imperial 911: 904: 903: 902: 901: 900: 895:Main article: 892: 889: 887: 884: 880:Fourth Crusade 837: 830: 829: 817: 810: 809: 808: 807: 806: 794:Peter Barsymes 701:Constantinople 656: 653: 557:Vandal Kingdom 523:pronunciation: 487:pronunciation: 417: 416: 414: 413: 406: 399: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 370: 368:Leonid dynasty 356: 355: 351: 350: 349: 348: 341: 338: 333: 330: 325: 314: 311: 306: 303: 298: 295: 287: 286: 282: 281: 269: 268: 263: 259: 258: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 235: 229: 228: 225: 224: 208: 207: 201: 200: 196: 195: 187: 186: 180: 176: 175: 170: 168: 164: 163: 160:Constantinople 155: 151: 150: 137: 133: 132: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 97: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 76: 75: 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8544: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 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7970: 7965: 7964:Theodora (II) 7962: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7872: 7871:Constantine V 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7856:Anastasius II 7854: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7679:Theodosius II 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 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Westholme. 6376: 6371: 6367: 6365:9780521325912 6361: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6318:9780486143385 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:0-9593626-2-2 6192: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6175: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6073: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6019: 6012: 6007: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5932:(244): 3–50. 5931: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5824: 5818: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5750:New Scientist 5744: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5719:(4): L04708. 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5660: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5634: 5627: 5621: 5612: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5555: 5548: 5545:Peter Brown, 5542: 5535: 5529: 5522: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5474: 5467: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5424:(1): 62–130. 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5377:9780299039448 5373: 5369: 5368: 5360: 5353: 5347: 5340: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5224: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5186: 5185:De Aedificiis 5180: 5173: 5167: 5158: 5149: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5054: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5017: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4993:, viii. 970B. 4992: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4871: 4869:0-521-57151-0 4865: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4767: 4760: 4754: 4747: 4742: 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2981: 2980: 2973: 2961: 2953: 2947: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2755:Pierson Dixon 2752: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2726: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2705:Divine Comedy 2701: 2700: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628:Lake Ilopango 2625: 2620: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411:was built in 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 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1008: 1004: 1003: 998: 995: 994: 988: 986: 985: 980: 979: 978:Institutiones 974: 973: 968: 964: 963: 957: 956: 950: 939: 932: 921: 917: 916: 908: 898: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 852: 841: 834: 825: 821: 814: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 773: 771: 767: 766: 761: 760: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 736:When Emperor 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 719: 714: 710: 706: 705:jurisprudence 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 652: 650: 646: 642: 637: 636: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609: 604: 603: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 545: 539: 537: 533: 528: 522: 516: 515: 508: 497: 492: 486: 481: 477: 473: 472: 462: 423: 412: 407: 405: 400: 398: 393: 392: 390: 389: 382: 378: 374: 371: 369: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 353: 352: 346: 342: 339:582–602 337: 334: 331:578–582 329: 326: 323: 319: 315: 312:565–578 310: 307: 304:527–565 302: 299: 296:518–527 294: 291: 290: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 275: 274: 267: 264: 260: 256: 252: 246: 242: 239: 236: 234: 230: 223: 219: 216: 213: 209: 206: 202: 197: 192: 188: 184: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 152: 149: 145: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 77: 72: 68: 64: 60: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8294:Andronikos V 8292: 8275: 8223: 8191: 8169: 8157: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8116: 8110: 8023: 8017: 8011: 7984: 7967: 7955: 7938: 7926: 7920: 7907:Nikephoros I 7882: 7881: 7875: 7842: 7839:Justinian II 7834:Tiberius III 7824:Justinian II 7815: 7809: 7792: 7744: 7725: 7716:Anastasius I 7707: 7651: 7647:Julius Nepos 7639: 7632: 7620: 7608: 7601: 7589: 7577: 7568: 7567: 7561: 7534: 7525: 7524: 7518: 7509:Theodosius I 7496: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7426:Maximinus II 7413: 7315: 7298: 7285: 7279: 7267: 7255: 7188: 7150:Lucius Verus 7000: 6994: 6988:Roman consul 6986: 6977: 6971: 6954:Roman consul 6952: 6925: 6918:Roman consul 6916: 6886: 6880: 6872: 6831: 6815: 6769: 6761: 6733: 6694:. Retrieved 6685: 6680: 6652: 6642: 6636: 6623: 6611: 6592: 6568: 6547: 6526: 6507: 6503: 6484: 6480: 6469: 6443: 6424: 6405: 6396: 6374: 6355: 6351: 6331: 6308: 6282: 6267:. Retrieved 6257: 6233: 6225:Bibliography 6203: 6177: 6174:John Malalas 6165: 6159: 6140: 6121: 6115: 6096: 6072: 6060:. Retrieved 6058:. p. 21 6055: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5994:. Retrieved 5967: 5963: 5954: 5929: 5923: 5870: 5866: 5856: 5837: 5831: 5805:. Retrieved 5785: 5778: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5677: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5633: 5625: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5590:. Retrieved 5586:the original 5576: 5568: 5563: 5554: 5546: 5541: 5533: 5528: 5520: 5515: 5503: 5494: 5482: 5473: 5465: 5460: 5448:. Retrieved 5421: 5417: 5407: 5398: 5386:. Retrieved 5366: 5359: 5351: 5346: 5338: 5333: 5328:, I., v. 12. 5325: 5321: 5310:, retrieved 5295: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5235: 5230: 5225:, iv. 5 sqq. 5222: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5192: 5184: 5179: 5171: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5140: 5132: 5127: 5119: 5116:François Nau 5111: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5058: 5053: 5041:. Retrieved 5032: 5023: 5015: 5014:P. Heather, 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4924: 4901: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4779: 4771: 4770:J. Norwich, 4766: 4758: 4757:J. Norwich, 4753: 4741: 4721: 4714: 4705: 4697: 4696:J. Norwich, 4692: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4667: 4666:J. Norwich, 4651: 4646: 4632: 4625: 4616: 4604: 4596: 4595:J. Norwich, 4591: 4582: 4576: 4567: 4555:. Retrieved 4545: 4538: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4458: 4457:J. Norwich, 4442: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4407: 4395: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4361: 4360:J. Norwich, 4356: 4347: 4338: 4311: 4305: 4296: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4253: 4248: 4229: 4223: 4211:. Retrieved 4197: 4185:. Retrieved 4176: 4166: 4147: 4141: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4048:. Retrieved 4034: 4022: 3995: 3987: 3982: 3974: 3969: 3961: 3956: 3940: 3927: 3907: 3869: 3856: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3778:. Retrieved 3758: 3752: 3742: 3736: 3724:. Retrieved 3704: 3697: 3666: 3639: 3620: 3614: 3602:. Retrieved 3582: 3575: 3558: 3546:. Retrieved 3526: 3519: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3476: 3464:. Retrieved 3445: 3435: 3409: 3405: 3386: 3381: 3369:. Retrieved 3365: 3355: 3347: 3342: 3334:the original 3307: 3302: 3294: 3289: 3277:. Retrieved 3267: 3257: 3245:. 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Bury 3158:References 2898:Institutes 2533:vicariates 2482:Alexandria 2384:Augustaeum 2337:Nika riots 2325:San Vitale 2300:Manicheans 2296:Samaritans 2289:Septuagint 2270:Nabataeans 2217:, and the 2195:Asia Minor 2161:Theophanes 2129:Attributes 2014:deported. 1973:Church of 1919:ecumenical 1832:the bishop 1722:Athanagild 1715:Visigothic 1495:with him. 1493:Matasuntha 1378:Mons Calpe 1342:Tricamarum 1338:Ad Decimum 1332:in modern 1256:Himyarites 1248:Callinicum 1208:Augustaeum 1177:Anastasius 1165:Nika riots 1140:Nika riots 1134:Nika riots 1058:consults ( 1056:senatorial 981:, and the 915:Carmagnola 864:Vigilantia 851:Nika riots 838:Mosaic of 798:Belisarius 738:Anastasius 713:candidatus 697:Excubitors 585:Ostrogoths 553:Belisarius 534:, was the 354:Succession 345:Theodosius 285:Chronology 257:Vigilantia 124:Co-emperor 95:Coronation 8517:Lazic War 8467:Theocrats 8372:Classical 8357:Empresses 8341:(286–296) 8335:(267–273) 8329:(260–274) 8072:Michael V 7998:Alexander 7811:Heraclius 7779:Heraclius 7731:Justin II 7641:Glycerius 7628:Anthemius 7498:Procopius 7436:Martinian 7415:Maxentius 7344:Florianus 7317:Saloninus 7312:Gallienus 7281:Hostilian 7257:Philip II 7227:Gordian I 7175:Caracalla 7110:Vespasian 7105:Vitellius 6933:Symmachus 6926:Valerius 6908:Rusticius 6894:Justin II 6762:Buildings 6577:cite book 6571:. Berlin. 6527:Justinian 6291:cite book 6179:Chronicle 6112:Procopius 5986:2037-416X 5946:0031-2746 5897:0027-8424 5817:cite book 5807:3 October 5786:Procopius 5694:189287084 5534:Justinian 5508:Bury 1958 5440:1942-1273 5352:Buildings 5312:18 August 5083:Bury 1958 5071:Bury 1958 4833:843198707 4746:Bury 1958 4522:Procopius 4518:De Bellus 4501:163004552 4461:, p. 195. 4109:III 5.13. 4027:Bury 1958 4015:Bury 1958 4000:Bury 1958 3990:, p. 200. 3975:Justinian 3964:, ch. 13. 3708:. Wiley. 3705:The Serbs 3672:Routledge 3023:translit. 3014:; Greek: 2972:translit. 2963:; Greek: 2891:became a 2598:Theodoric 2425:Illyricum 2315:Consular 2199:converted 2176:destroyed 2012:Silverius 1894:despotism 1828:Justinian 1769:Kutrigurs 1765:Sklavinoi 1738:Cartagena 1683:Casilinum 1671:Apennines 1618:Tremissis 1575:Lazic War 1541:and then 1535:Khosrau I 1505:Lazic War 1445:Theodahad 1441:Athalaric 1401:Procopius 1382:Gibraltar 1317:with the 1268:Khosrau I 1169:Tribonian 1048:Canon Law 1012:Pandectae 997:Tribonian 972:Pandectae 949:Roman law 860:Justin II 820:Tauresium 782:Tribonian 727:Procopius 661:Tauresium 641:civil law 625:Khosrow I 613:Black Sea 507:translit. 309:Justin II 212:Imperator 144:Tauresium 118:Justin II 114:Successor 8367:Usurpers 8362:Augustae 8320:See also 8225:Nicholas 8047:Basil II 7844:Tiberius 7829:Leontius 7817:Tiberius 7794:Tiberius 7772:610–1453 7767:Eastern/ 7721:Justin I 7674:Arcadius 7634:Olybrius 7616:Majorian 7557:Honorius 7536:Eugenius 7471:Vetranio 7421:Licinius 7394:Galerius 7389:Maximian 7374:Dominate 7364:Numerian 7334:Aurelian 7307:Valerian 7252:Philip I 7242:Balbinus 7237:Pupienus 7185:Macrinus 7160:Pertinax 7155:Commodus 7120:Domitian 7085:Claudius 7080:Caligula 7075:Tiberius 7070:Augustus 6937:Boethius 6883:Justin I 6867:Justin I 6847:Archived 6821:Archived 6805:Archived 6793:Archived 6780:Archived 6751:Archived 6739:Archived 6734:Anekdota 6722:Archived 6690:Archived 6622:(1952). 6395:(1958). 6329:(1989). 6307:(2012). 6281:(1958). 6263:Archived 6255:(1956). 6182:Archived 6166:Anecdota 6145:Archived 6126:Archived 6081:Archived 6011:Paradiso 5990:Archived 5915:31792176 5801:Archived 5648:Speculum 5444:Archived 5388:9 August 5382:Archived 5200:, i. 19. 5187:, vi. 2. 5174:, i. 15. 5143:, iv. 20 5137:Evagrius 5061:, cxxxi. 5059:Novellae 5037:Archived 5003:Novellae 4991:Concilia 4980:, cxxxi. 4978:Novellae 4858:(1997). 4557:9 August 4551:Archived 4430:Novellae 4207:Archived 4181:Archived 4130:Archived 4112:Archived 4044:Archived 3977:, p. 57. 3945:Archived 3900:Archived 3875:Archived 3872:s.a. 525 3870:Chronica 3774:Archived 3720:Archived 3687:Archived 3674:, 2014, 3656:Archived 3598:Archived 3542:Archived 3460:Archived 3425:Archived 3422:p. 1007. 3394:Archived 3391:pp. 9–11 3273:Archived 3265:(1876). 3247:9 August 3241:Archived 3237:41540754 3190:, p. 7. 3173:(2008) 3148:Lutheran 3128:Jordanes 3108:Agathias 3091:Anekdota 2939:Africans 2911:Alamanni 2837:See also 2829:and the 2699:Paradiso 2632:Krakatoa 2560:Persians 2537:dioceses 2525:Justin I 2478:Cornwall 2432:Agathias 2413:Bithynia 2393:cisterns 2333:basilica 2264:and the 2254:cataract 2223:Caucasia 2157:paganism 2153:statutes 2008:Vigilius 1970:Novellae 1968:and the 1935:solemnia 1907:heretics 1901:and the 1826:showing 1800:Lombards 1795:Hispania 1776:Zabergan 1734:Liberius 1730:Jordanes 1718:Hispania 1707:Hispania 1703:Dalmatia 1679:Frankish 1567:besieged 1527:Persians 1484:Po River 1395:, AD 534 1362:Sardinia 1346:Carthage 1306:Catholic 1302:Hilderic 1272:Germanic 1252:Axumites 1173:Hypatius 1126:in 541. 1094:Americas 1073:Basilika 1064:case law 1033:Novellae 1024:Novellae 993:quaestor 984:Novellae 920:porphyry 840:Theodora 778:Theodora 750:Vitalian 746:de facto 731:Domitian 709:theology 665:Dardania 569:Dalmatia 379:and the 322:Tiberius 293:Justin I 262:Religion 222:Augustus 183:Theodora 108:Justin I 73:, AD 547 36:Justin I 8377:Eastern 8277:Matthew 8171:Alexios 8019:Stephen 7981:Basil I 7866:Leo III 7741:Maurice 7684:Marcian 7667:395–610 7591:Joannes 7550:395–480 7504:Gratian 7377:284–610 7359:Carinus 7339:Tacitus 7215:235–285 7135:Hadrian 6992:533–534 6878:527–565 6696:25 June 6154:Teubner 5906:6926030 5875:Bibcode 5758:Bibcode 5721:Bibcode 5678:Science 5654:, 259). 5450:25 June 5240:Niebuhr 5005:, xlii. 4989:Mansi, 4288:3001333 4187:5 April 4123:AM 6058 3951:, I 95. 3920:AM 6019 3845:titular 3684:p. 350. 3653:p. 259. 3490:Epitome 3308:Westrom 3225:Latomus 3001:Latin: 2950:Latin: 2935:Vandals 2923:Germans 2889:Flavius 2825:of the 2714:Mercury 2696:In the 2636:Iceland 2556:Antioch 2535:of the 2486:Tenedos 2317:diptych 2256:of the 2240:in the 2232:at the 2172:Academy 2078:Emperor 1979:mosaics 1899:Trinity 1850:by the 1836:Ravenna 1782:Results 1749:Balkans 1726:Agila I 1669:in the 1646:victory 1634:Ildibad 1555:Gubazes 1543:Antioch 1531:Armenia 1489:Vitigis 1480:Ravenna 1476:reached 1461:Vitigis 1366:Corsica 1358:triumph 1354:Numidia 1350:Gelimer 1348:. 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