507:, they have instead evolved a method called image defocus. Of the four photoreceptor layers in the retina, the two closest to the surface contain a UV-sensitive opsin (visual pigment), while the two deepest contain a green-sensitive opsin. The incoming green light is only focused on the deepest layer, while the other one receives defocused or fuzzy images. By measuring the amount of defocus from the fuzzy layer, calculating the distance to the objects in front of them is possible. In addition to receptor cells, red filters also have been detected, located in front of the cells that normally register green light. All salticids, regardless of whether they have two, three, or four kinds of color receptors, seemingly are highly sensitive to UV light. Some species (such as
352:(the crab spiders, distinguished by their front four legs, which are very long and powerful). None of these families, however, have eyes that resemble those of the Salticidae. Conversely, the legs of jumping spiders are not covered with any very prominent spines. Their front four legs generally are larger than the hind four, but not as dramatically so as those of the crab spiders, nor are they held in the outstretched-arms attitude characteristic of the Thomisidae. In spite of the length of their front legs, Salticidae depend on their rear legs for jumping. The generally larger front legs are used partly to assist in grasping prey, and in some species, the front legs and
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364:. There is, however, a radical functional difference between the major (anterior median) eyes of Salticidae and the major (posterior median) eyes of the Deinopidae; the large posterior eyes of Deinopidae are adapted mainly to vision in dim light, whereas the large anterior eyes of Salticidae are adapted to detailed, three-dimensional vision for purposes of estimating the range, direction, and nature of potential prey, permitting the spider to direct its attacking leaps with great precision. The anterior lateral eyes, though large, are smaller than the anterior median eyes and provide a wider forward field of vision.
875:), front leg fringes, structures on other legs, and other, often bizarre, modifications. These characteristics are used in a courtship "dance" in which the colored or iridescent parts of the body are displayed. In addition to displaying colors, jumping spiders perform complex sliding, vibrational, or zigzag movements to attract females. Many males have auditory signals, as well. These amplified sounds presented to the females resemble buzzes or drum rolls. Species vary significantly in visual and vibratory components of courtship. The ability to sense UV light (see Vision section) is used by at least one species,
527:), but the field of vision is narrow, from 2 to 5°. The central region of the retina, where acuity is highest, is no more than six or seven receptor rows wide. However, the eye can scan objects off the direct axis of vision. As the lens is attached to the carapace, the eye's scanning movements are restricted to its retina through a complicated pattern of translations and rotations. This dynamic adjustment is a means of compensation for the narrowness of the static field of vision. Movement of the retina in jumping spiders is analogous to the way many
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484:. This pair of eyes is built like a telescopic tube with a corneal lens in the front and a second lens in the back that focus images onto a four-layered retina, a narrow, boomerang-shaped strip oriented vertically. Physiological experiments have shown they may have up to four different kinds of receptor cells, with different
564:. Jumping spiders are different from these animals because they are able to make accurate, targeted jumps. Jumps are used for navigation, to escape danger, and to catch prey. When jumping, they use mainly their third or fourth pair of legs, or both pairs, depending on species. Jumping spiders' well-developed internal
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in many species, but in some primitive subfamilies, they are comparable in size with the other secondary eyes and help to detect motion. While unable to form images, the reduced pair of eyes is thought to have a role similar to that of insect ocelli by receiving light from the sky. The photoreceptors
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The rear row of four eyes may be described as strongly bent, or as being rearranged into two rows, with two large posterior lateral eyes being the furthest back. They serve for lateral vision. The posterior median eyes also have been shifted out laterally, almost as far as the posterior lateral eyes.
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into line with its cephalothorax. After that, it might spend some time inspecting the object of its attention and determining whether a camouflaged or doubtful item of prey is promising, before it starts to stalk slowly forward. When close enough, the spider pauses to attach a dragline, then springs
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In hunting, the
Salticidae also use their silk as a tether to enable them to reach prey that otherwise would be inaccessible. For example, by advancing towards the prey to less than the jumping distance, then retreating and leaping in an arc at the end of the tether line, many species can leap onto
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The foregoing examples present the
Salticidae as textbook examples of active hunters; they would hardly seem likely to build webs other than those used in reproductive activities, and in fact, most species really do not build webs to catch prey. However, exceptions occur, though even those that do
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The hunting behaviour of the
Salticidae is confusingly varied compared to that of most spiders in other families. Salticids hunt diurnally as a rule, which is consistent with their highly developed visual system. When it detects potential prey, a jumping spider typically begins orienting itself by
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Having made contact with the prey, hunting
Salticidae administer a bite to inject rapid-acting venom that gives the victim little time to react. In this respect, they resemble the Mimetidae and Thomisidae, families that ambush prey that often are larger than the predator, and they do so without
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The jumping spiders, unlike the other families, have faces that are roughly rectangular surfaces perpendicular to their direction of motion. In effect this means that their forward-looking, anterior eyes are on "flat faces", as shown in the photographs. Their eye pattern is the clearest single
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Many variations on the theme and many surprising aspects exist. For one, salticids do not necessarily follow a straight path in approaching prey. They may follow a circuitous course, sometimes even a course that takes the hunter through regions from which the prey is not visible. Such complex
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species, however, do not necessarily refuse other prey items, and routinely catch flies and similar prey in the usual salticid fashion, without the special precautions they apply in hunting dangerous prey such as ants. Ants offer the advantages of being plentiful prey items for which little
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of the secondary eyes. They are able to distinguish some details, as well, and without them, no "looming response" can be triggered by motion. Even with all the other pairs covered, jumping spiders in a study could still detect, stalk, and attack flies, using their ALEs only, which are also
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was measured at 38 times the body length. The accuracy of their jumps is mediated by their well-developed visual system and the ability to quickly process visual information to tailor each jump. When a jumping spider moves from place to place, and especially just before it jumps, it
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2739:(Lim, Matthew L. M., and Daiqin Li. "Courtship and Male-Male Agonistic Behaviour of Comsophasis Umbratica Simon, an Ornate Jumping Spider (Araneae: Salticidae)." The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (2004): 52(2): 435–448. National University of Singapore. Web. 20 September 2015.)
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Some small insects are thought to have evolved an appearance or behavioural traits that resemble those of jumping spiders and this is suspected to prevent their predation, specifically from jumping spiders. Some examples appear to be provided by patterns on the wings of some
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Maintaining colorful ornamentation may seem strictly beneficial to sexual selection, yet costs to maintain such distinguishing characteristics occur. While colorful or UV-reflecting individuals may attract more female spiders, it can also increase the risk of predation.
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Some salticid species are continually on the move, stopping periodically to look around for prey, which they then stalk immediately. Others spend more time scanning their surroundings from one position, actively stalking any prey they detect. Members of the genus
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782:) successfully captured a grasshopper that is much larger and stronger than she is. The grasshopper tried to escape, but the spider immobilized it using the venom she injected, and the "dragline" helped her hold her position with respect to the prey object.
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and use it in courtship, hunting, and navigation. Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their
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identifying characteristic. They have eight eyes, as illustrated. Most diagnostic are the front row of four eyes, in which the anterior median pair are more dramatically prominent than any other spider eyes apart from the posterior median eyes of the
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Salticidae, and vary greatly in method. Many of the spider-hunting species quite commonly attack other spiders, whether fellow salticids or not, in the same way as any other prey, but some kinds resort to web invasion; nonspecialists such as
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for safety lines while jumping, they also build silken "pup tents", where they take shelter from bad weather and sleep at night. They molt in these shelters, build and store egg cases in them, and also spend the winter in them.
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591:(or 'dragline') to whatever it is standing on. This dragline provides a mechanical aid to jumping, including braking and stabilization and if the jump should fail, the spider climbs back up the dragline.
2096:
Nagata, Takashi; Koyanagi, Mitsumasa; Tsukamoto, Hisao; Saeki, Shinjiro; Isono, Kunio; Shichida, Yoshinori; Tokunaga, Fumio; Kinoshita, Michiyo; Arikawa, Kentaro; Terakita, Akihisa (27 January 2012).
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The posterior lateral eyes (PLEs) are wide-angle motion detectors that sense motions from the side and behind. Combined with the other eyes, PLEs give the spider a near 360° view of the world.
632:, can negotiate long detours from one bush down to the ground, then up the stem of another bush to capture a prey item on a particular leaf. Such behaviour still is the subject of research.
539:. In jumping spiders with a translucent carapace, such movements within the jumping spider's eyes are visible from outside when the attention of the spider is directed to various targets.
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display more advanced web-invasion behavior. They slowly advance onto the web and vibrate the silk with their pedipalps and legs. In this respect, their behaviour resembles that of the
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are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the
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Whitman, D.W; Orsak, L; Greene, E. (1988). "Spider mimicry in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Further experiments on the deterrence of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) by
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707:, probably the most specialised of the araneophagous spider families. If the web occupant approaches in the manner appropriate to dealing with ensnared prey, the predator attacks.
647:. Most spiders, including most salticids, avoid worker ants, but several species not only eat them as a primary item in their diets, but also employ specialised attack techniques;
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or abdomen. The male then extends his front legs towards the female to touch her. If the female remains receptive, the male climbs on her back and inseminates her with his palps.
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Shamble, Paul S.; Menda, Gil; Golden, James R.; Nitzany, Eyal I.; Walden, Katherine; Beatus, Tsevi; Elias, Damian O.; Cohen, Itai; Miles, Ronald N.; Hoy, Ronald R. (2016).
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take that strategy to extremes; they sit on a tree trunk, facing downwards and rarely do any stalking, but simply lunge down on any prey items that pass close before them.
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576:. The maximum horizontal jump distance varies greatly between species, with some capable of jumping two or three body lengths, while the jump of an individual
2751:
Bulbert, Matthew W., James C. O'Hanlon, Shane
Zappettini, Shichang Zhang, and Daiqin Li. "Sexually Selected UV Signals in the Tropical Ornate Jumping Spider,
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TARSITANO, MICHAEL S.; JACKSON, ROBERT R. (February 1997). "Araneophagic jumping spiders discriminate between detour routes that do and do not lead to prey".
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Maddison, Wayne P.; Beattie, Imara; Marathe, Kiran; Ng, Paul Y. C.; Kanesharatnam, Nilani; Benjamin, Suresh P.; Kunte, Krushnamegh (16 December 2020).
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of the
Salticidae, Richman and Jackson speculate on whether such web building is a relic of the evolution of this family from web-building ancestors.
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adaptive behaviour is hard to reconcile with an organism that has such a tiny brain, but some jumping spiders, in particular some species of
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They are usually much smaller than the posterior lateral eyes and there is doubt about whether they are at all functional in many species.
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831:(partridge pea), provide jumping spiders with nectar; the plant benefits accordingly when the spiders prey on whatever pests they find.
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1683:
Gabrielson, M., & Roberts, A. (2022). Jumping spider. Getting Eight Legs Up – Learning More About Our Forest’s
Jumping Spiders.
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Richman, D.B.; Edwards, G.B. & Cutler, B. (2005). "Salticidae". In Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V. (eds.).
2755:, May Incur Costs from Predation." Ecology and Evolution (2015): 5(4): 914-920. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Web. 20 September 2015.
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in the UV spectrum, suggesting a role in sexual signaling. Color discrimination has been demonstrated in behavioral experiments.
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Logunov, 2004 (Araneae: Salticidae: Lyssomaninae), with description of a new species from the
Western Ghats of Kerala, India".
2173:"Structure of the Retinae of the Principal Eyes of Jumping Spiders (Salticidae: Dendryphantinae) in Relation to Visual Optics"
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2875:"Combining genomic, phenotypic and Sanger sequencing data to elucidate the phylogeny of the two-clawed spiders (Dionycha)"
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American
Jumping Spiders – 70 Species Videos (includes introduction to salticids, predation, mating, and other behaviors)
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If receptive to the male, the female assumes a passive, crouching position. In some species, the female may vibrate her
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Jackson, R.R. (1982). "The behavior of communicating in jumping spiders (Salticidae)". In Witt, P.; Rovner, J. (eds.).
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securing the victim with silk; they accordingly must immobilise it immediately and their venom is adapted accordingly.
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competition from other predators occurs, but catching less hazardous prey when it presents itself remains profitable.
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Jumping spiders conduct complex, visual courtship displays using movements and physical bodily attributes. A form of
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Jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes; three secondary pairs that are fixed and a principal pair that is movable.
278:, making it the largest family of spiders at 13% of all species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among
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in the other secondary pairs are almost exclusively green-sensitive, but the posterior median eyes have two visual
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The body length of jumping spiders generally ranges from 1 to 25 mm (0.04–0.98 in). The largest is
4672:
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Ramírez, Martín J. (27 June 2014). "The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae)".
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881:, in courtship behavior, though it is reasonable to assume that many other species exhibit this characteristic.
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Azevedo, Guilherme H. F.; Bougie, Tierney; Carboni, Martin; Hedin, Marshal; Ramírez, Martín J. (January 2022).
3392:
3388:
Comprehensive resource on the morphology and taxonomy of jumping spiders (Salticidae): www.jumping-spiders.com
2951:
Maddison, Wayne P. (November 2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)".
2800:"The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling"
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species, for example, spin capture webs that are functional, though not as impressive as some orb webs of the
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Jumping spiders are among the easiest to distinguish from similar spider families because of the shape of the
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1999:"'Eight-legged cats' and how they see – a review of recent research on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)"
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Peaslee, A.G. & Wilson, G. (May 1989). "Spectral sensitivity in jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)".
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prey on vertical or even on inverted surfaces, which of course would not be possible without such a tether.
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The
Salticinae subfamily is the most diverse, comprising over 90% of the known species of jumping spiders.
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676:; sometimes they leap onto and eat the web occupant itself, or simply walk over the web for that purpose.
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4566:
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Rao, D.; Díaz-Fleischer, F. (2012). "Characterisation of Predator-Directed Displays in Tephritid Flies".
2234:"Movements of the retinae of jumping spiders (Salticidae: Dendryphantinae) in response to visual stimuli"
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epoch, specifically, 54 to 42 million years ago. Other fossil jumping spiders have been preserved within
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4594:
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Wanless, F. R. (1975). "Spiders of the family Salticidae from the upper slopes of Everest and Makalu".
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653:, for example, circles around to the front of the ant and grabs it over the back of its head. Such
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Jackson, Robert R.; Simon D. Pollard; Ximena J. Nelson; G. B. Edwards; Alberto T. Barrion (2001).
1949:
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3328:"A phylogenetic and taxonomic review of baviine jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, Baviini)"
1535:"Five new and four newly recorded species of jumping spiders from Taiwan (Araneae: Salticidae)"
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871:, the males possess plumose hairs, colored or iridescent hairs (particularly pronounced in the
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Their body's sensory hairs are able to detect airborne acoustic stimuli up to 3 m away.
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Wheeler, Ward C.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Crowley, Louise M.; et al. (December 2016).
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webs are of an unusual funnel shape and apparently adapted to the capture of other spiders.
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is the species reported to have been collected at the highest elevation, on the slopes of
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1790:"short communication fields of view of the eyes – The Company of Biologists Limited 1985"
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feeds its offspring with a milky, nutritious fluid for the first 40 days of their lives.
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Many other arthropods are known to jump, including grasshoppers, fleas, leafhoppers, and
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and their eye patterns. The families closest to Salticidae in general appearance are the
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1899:"The role of the anterior lateral eyes in the vision-based behaviour of jumping spiders"
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274:. As of 2019, this family contained over 600 described genera and over 6,000 described
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males have markings that are only visible in UV and the females use the markings for
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Nymph (Homoptera: Fulgoridae) That Mimics Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)".
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Chen, Zhanqi; Corlett, Richard T.; Jiao, Xiaoguo; et al. (30 November 2018).
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Functional Properties of Opsins and their Contribution to Light-Sensing Physiology
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How Animals See the World: Comparative behavior, biology, and evolution of vision
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The Australian Faunal Directory taxonomic classification of Australian salticids
3301:"Extreme ultraviolet sexual dimorphism in jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)"
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Forster, L.M. (1982). "Vision and prey-catching strategies in jumping spiders".
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2709:"Extreme Ultraviolet Sexual Dimorphism in Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)"
348:(the lynx spiders, distinguished by very prominent spines on all legs), and the
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Close-Up Video of Transparent Jumping Spider Captures Its Tube-Like Eyes Moving
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Role of legs and foot adhesion in salticid spiders jumping from smooth surfaces
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821:, feeds primarily on plant matter. None are known to feed on seeds or fruit.
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species, though, largely capture moths in their webs. In their review of the
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A 2015 revision of the Salticidae family divided it into seven subfamilies:
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different from those in all the other eyes, sensitive to blue and UV light.
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3266:"Seismic signals in a courting male jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae)"
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Zurek, D. B.; Taylor, A. J.; Evans, C. S.; Nelson, X. J. (25 June 2010).
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system extends their limbs by altering the pressure of their body fluid (
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3143:"Predator Mimicry: Metalmark Moths Mimic Their Jumping Spider Predators"
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build capture webs generally also go hunting like other salticids. Some
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Sudhin, P.P.; Nafin, K.S. & Sudhikumar, A.V. (2017). "Revision of
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307:
Salticidae male anterior and dorsal aspects, showing positions of eyes
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1826:"Hyperacute motion detection by the lateral eyes of jumping spiders"
1609:(reprint ed.). New York, NY: New American Library. p. 77.
344:(distinguished also by prominent spines on the back four legs), the
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2458:"A review of the ethology of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)"
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Some Salticidae specialise in particular classes of prey, such as
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2797:
1685:
https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd1057184.pdf
535:, move their entire eyes to focus images of interest onto their
3496:
3483:
3251:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 213–247.
2399:
1460:
1445:
1402:
812:
661:
Some of the most surprising hunting behaviours occur among the
584:
264:
186:
146:
4794:
3402:
2525:
National Geographic video of capture of bee by jumping spider
2402:"More than a safety line: jump-stabilizing silk of salticids"
1452:
687:
672:
sometimes attack prey ensnared in webs, basically in acts of
619:
to bring the anterior median eyes to bear. It then moves its
459:
4633:
3264:
Elias, D.O.; Mason, A.C.; Maddison, W.P.; Hoy, R.R. (2003).
2095:
3249:
Spider Communication Mechanisms and Ecological Significance
2539:"Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar"
473:
sufficiently widely spaced to provide stereoscopic vision.
378:, while other genera with relatively large species include
2527:. Youtube.com (27 February 2009). Retrieved on 4 May 2013.
2347:"Targeted jumps by salticid spiders (Araneae, Salticidae,
1244:
of the family Salticidae is well established through both
3417:
2872:
2098:"Depth Perception from Image Defocus in a Jumping Spider"
1731:
644:
3325:
1694:
1692:
499:(UV) range. As the eyes are too close together to allow
2284:
1533:
Peng, Xian-Jin; Tso, I-Min & Li, Shu-Qiang (2002).
1896:
1663:"Phiddipus regius: the Jewel between Spider Predators"
1634:"Watch the world's biggest jumping spider make a leap"
1264:
of the two families include loss of cylindrical gland
3263:
2985:
2645:
1689:
1578:. American Arachnological Society. pp. 205–216.
3403:
High-Speed Photography of Jumping Spiders in Mid-air
3109:
2646:
Elias, DO; Mason, AC; Maddison, WP; Hoy, RR (2003).
1573:
1514:. Bern, Switzerland: Natur Historisches Museum, Bern
1393:
harbor the most species, but they are also found in
1304:, originally placed here, was moved to Lyssomaninae)
901:
556:
Unidentified salticid jumping with trailing dragline
2648:"Seismic signals in a courting male jumping spider"
2318:"The jumping behavior of jumping spiders: a review"
1824:Zurek, Daniel B.; Nelson, Ximena J. (August 2012).
3043:
2849:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2766:
2596:
1734:"Airborne Acoustic Perception by a Jumping Spider"
1700:
1576:Spiders of North America: An identification manual
520:The anterior median eyes have high resolution (11
3074:
2747:
2745:
2599:"Prolonged milk provisioning in a jumping spider"
2211:"Topic: Scanning eyes in molluscs and arthropods"
1876:"Jeepers, Peepers: Why Spiders Have So Many Eyes"
4840:
2481:
2393:
2370:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
862:
3673:(funnel-webs or venomous funnel-web tarantulas)
2946:
2944:
1389:Jumping spiders live in a variety of habitats.
468:The anterior lateral eyes (ALEs) have the best
332:. It attempts to capture a small winged insect.
3408:PBS Be Smart Video About Jumping Spider Vision
3050:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
3027:Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society
2979:
2868:
2866:
2742:
2456:Richman, David B.; Jackson, Robert R. (1992).
2400:Chen, Y.; Ciao, C.; Tsai, F.; Chi, K. (2013).
2373:"Chapter 9: How Jumping Spiders See the World"
2371:Harland, D.P.; Li, D.; Jackson, R.R. (2012) .
1996:
1947:
1448:have been found. Of those known, all are from
3467:
3116:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
2379:. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–163.
2364:
2151:Filters let jumping spiders spot flashy mates
2030:
2026:
2024:
1992:
1990:
1948:Rozenbaum, Ilya; Ritch, R. (21 August 2007).
1560:
4064:(wandering spiders or tropical wolf spiders)
2941:
2733:
1628:
1626:
1624:
924:Classification within the spiders (Araneae)
3481:
3398:Video of a jumping spider's mating behavior
2863:
2840:
2791:
2340:
2338:
2287:"The jumping mechanism of salticid spiders"
2278:
2231:
1823:
1508:"Currently valid spider genera and species"
356:are used in species-recognition signaling.
3570:
3474:
3460:
3383:Asian jumping spiders and photo references
3140:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2344:
2315:
2021:
1997:Harland, D.P. & Jackson, R.R. (2000).
1987:
1526:
834:The female of the Southeast Asian species
811:, many species have been known to include
250:
100:
3623:(atypical tarantulas or purseweb spiders)
3357:
3347:
3316:
3305:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
3281:
3202:"Salticidae of the Antarctic land bridge"
3176:
3166:
2908:
2898:
2815:
2724:
2713:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2663:
2622:
2421:
2075:"Jumping Spiders' Unique Vision Revealed"
1924:
1914:
1890:
1851:
1841:
1817:
1765:
1621:
1532:
4491:are families with more than 1000 species
3193:
2950:
2590:
2375:. In Lazareva, O.F.; Shimizu, T (eds.).
2335:
2309:
2033:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1601:
1597:
1595:
1364:
847:
792:
598:
551:
436:
422:
414:
310:
302:
3528:
3246:
3225:
3110:Zolnerowich, Gregory (1992). "A Unique
3024:
2846:
2707:Lim, Matthew L. M.; Li, Daiqin (2006).
2438:
807:Although jumping spiders are generally
803:jumping spider with a captured male ant
4841:
2764:
2758:
2570:
2406:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1960:(11). Archopht.jamanetwork.com: 1557.
1698:
1353:– about 540 extant genera in 27 tribes
495:, with sensitivity extending into the
4505:
4504:
3569:
3527:
3455:
3393:Global Species Database of Salticidae
3298:
2879:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2706:
1660:
1592:
1422:
503:, and the animals do not make use of
419:The visual fields of a jumping spider
4800:38D7F355-1FFF-C957-A1E0-A3AD7E98C2F1
4761:97932e2b-39a9-4019-a58a-a89615154ac7
4673:a2316293-6ae1-4cdf-90c1-311d629b39c1
3200:Hill, David Edwin (7 October 2009).
3199:
2773:. Oxford University Press. pp.
2170:
2652:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2241:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2177:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1707:. Oxford University Press. p.
1661:Macík, Stanislav (27 August 2012).
13:
3922:(violin spiders, assassin spiders)
3218:
2691:" Study sheds light on spider sex"
2285:Parry, D.A.; Brown, R.H.J (1959).
2077:. Livescience.com. 26 January 2012
1878:. Livescience.com. 17 October 2012
1500:
776:This small female jumping spider (
14:
4865:
3376:
902:Consequences of sexual dimorphism
815:in their diets, and one species,
488:, giving them the possibility of
4161:(sheet weavers or money spiders)
3318:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00704.x
2726:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00704.x
2571:Milius, Susan (30 August 2008).
766:
757:
748:
123:
32:
4854:Extant Eocene first appearances
4826:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spiderfam:0101
3615:(Australian funnel-web spiders)
3270:Journal of Experimental Biology
3134:
3103:
3068:
3037:
3018:
2700:
2680:
2639:
2564:
2530:
2518:
2475:
2345:Hill, D.E. (15 December 2006).
2291:Journal of Experimental Biology
2267:
2225:
2203:
2164:
2155:
2144:
2089:
2067:
1941:
1903:Journal of Experimental Biology
1868:
1806:
1782:
843:
295:pair being particularly large.
1725:
1677:
1654:
1455:. The oldest fossils are from
1326:– 29 extant genera in 3 tribes
453:The posterior median eyes are
328:staying near its shelter on a
298:
1:
4122:(flat-bellied ground spiders)
3599:(mouse spiders and relatives)
1494:
1313:– 4 extant genera (including
863:Courtship and mating behavior
3985:(araneomorph funnel weavers)
3428:Jumping spiders of Australia
3423:Jumping Spiders of NW-Europe
3299:Lim, M.L.M.; Li, D. (2005).
3168:10.1371/journal.pone.0000045
1966:10.1001/archopht.125.11.1557
1843:10.1016/j.visres.2012.06.011
1256:to Salticidae is the family
7:
3639:(cork-lid trapdoor spiders)
2900:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107327
1474:
1409:, and mountainous regions.
910:
542:
480:median eyes have very good
399:In addition to using their
10:
4870:
3935:(long-legged cave spiders)
3631:(brushed trapdoor spiders)
3607:(folding trapdoor spiders)
3349:10.3897/zookeys.1004.57526
3141:Rota J, Wagner DL (2006).
2965:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292
2765:Foelix, Rainer F. (1996).
2546:Journal of Zoology, London
1699:Foelix, Rainer F. (1996).
1439:
1360:
914:
594:
547:
244:600+ genera, 6000+ species
4513:
4479:
3977:
3968:
3953:Trogloraptor marchingtoni
3762:
3755:
3746:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3565:
3537:
3523:
3491:
3004:10.11646/zootaxa.4350.2.7
2558:10.1017/S095283690100108X
1954:Archives of Ophthalmology
1758:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.041
1436:and possibly some moths.
1379:Diamorphic jumping spider
1175:
1160:
1145:
1130:
1115:
1108:
1090:
1075:
1060:
1053:
1035:
1020:
1005:
998:
982:
967:
960:
942:
935:
917:List of Salticidae genera
679:Salticidae in the genera
410:
249:
242:
235:
228:List of Salticidae genera
224:
219:
120:Scientific classification
118:
108:
99:
23:
4429:(cribellate orb weavers)
4363:(long jawed orb-weavers)
4015:(anyphaenid sac spiders)
3811:(crevice weaver spiders)
3647:(wafer trapdoor spiders)
1444:Very few jumping spider
828:Chamaecrista fasciculata
610:, another jumping spider
4230:(red and black spiders)
4170:(liocranid sac spiders)
3914:(tube-dwelling spiders)
3850:(midget ground weavers)
3712:(funnel-web tarantulas)
3704:(tree trapdoor spiders)
3655:(funnel-web tarantulas)
2624:10.1126/science.aat3692
2465:Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc
2122:10.1126/science.1211667
788:
4259:(running crab spiders)
4152:(white-tailed spiders)
3994:(tangled nest spiders)
3819:(large-clawed spiders)
3795:(false violin spiders)
2953:Journal of Arachnology
2496:10.1006/anbe.1996.0372
2414:10.1098/rsif.2013.0572
1607:The Life of the Spider
1432:flies, the nymph of a
1412:Euophrys omnisuperstes
1386:
859:
804:
611:
557:
447:
434:
433:located near the front
420:
333:
308:
4782:Paleobiology Database
4287:(nursery web spiders)
4222:(cave cobweb spiders)
4214:(spurred orb-weavers)
4131:(dwarf sheet spiders)
4087:(net-casting spiders)
3878:(palp-footed spiders)
3720:(bald-legged spiders)
3062:10.1093/aesa/81.3.532
2753:Cosmophasis umbratica
2161:(Lim & Li, 2005).
1377:
884:Cosmophasis umbratica
878:Cosmophasis umbratica
852:Courtship display of
851:
823:Extrafloral nectaries
796:
602:
555:
510:Cosmophasis umbratica
440:
426:
418:
323:
306:
4668:Fauna Europaea (new)
4372:(tangle-web spiders)
4139:(tree trunk spiders)
4095:(intertidal spiders)
4024:(orb-weaver spiders)
3418:World Spider Catalog
3046:Zonosemata vittigera
2408:. 10:20130572 (87).
2303:10.1242/jeb.36.4.654
2253:10.1242/jeb.51.2.471
2232:Land, M. F. (1969).
2189:10.1242/jeb.51.2.443
1512:World Spider Catalog
800:Menemerus bivittatus
427:The eight eyes of a
267:that constitute the
112:Platycryptus undatus
4345:(dwarf orb-weavers)
3832:(lampshade spiders)
3803:(woodlouse hunters)
3552:(segmented spiders)
3544:(segmented spiders)
3340:2020ZooK.1004...27M
3240:1982AmSci..70..165F
3159:2006PLoSO...1...45R
3089:2012Ethol.118.1165R
2891:2022MolPE.16607327A
2615:2018Sci...362.1052C
2609:(6418): 1052–1055.
2573:"Vegetarian Spider"
2358:The Peckham Society
2316:Hill, D.E. (2018).
2114:2012Sci...335..469N
1750:2016CBio...26.2913S
1298:– 4 extant genera (
825:on plants, such as
604:Heavy-bodied jumper
430:Telamonia dimidiata
4379:Theridiosomatidae
4343:Symphytognathidae
4331:(huntsman spiders)
4238:(disc web spiders)
4056:(dark sac spiders)
3906:(spitting spiders)
3691:(dwarf tarantulas)
3442:courtship behavior
3228:American Scientist
2769:Biology of Spiders
2045:10.1007/BF00612995
1916:10.1242/jeb.042382
1703:Biology of Spiders
1542:Zoological Studies
1423:Models for mimicry
1387:
860:
805:
779:Hyllus semicupreus
612:
608:Pantropical jumper
558:
486:absorption spectra
448:
435:
421:
334:
309:
4836:
4835:
4769:Open Tree of Life
4507:Taxon identifiers
4498:
4497:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4449:
4430:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4346:
4332:
4323:
4309:
4308:(jumping spiders)
4296:
4288:
4260:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4202:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4140:
4132:
4123:
4109:
4096:
4088:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4025:
4016:
4003:
4002:(termite hunters)
3995:
3986:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3949:Trogloraptoridae
3944:
3943:(armored spiders)
3936:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3893:
3879:
3860:
3851:
3843:Mecysmaucheniidae
3833:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3787:(coneweb spiders)
3770:
3769:(pelican spiders)
3742:
3741:
3734:
3733:(true tarantulas)
3721:
3713:
3705:
3692:
3689:Mecicobothriidae
3674:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3283:10.1242/jeb.00634
3276:(22): 4029–4039.
3097:10.1111/eth.12021
3083:(12): 1165–1172.
2817:10.1111/cla.12182
2784:978-0-674-07431-6
2665:10.1242/jeb.00634
2658:(22): 4029–4039.
2386:978-0-19-993316-7
2171:Land, MF (1969).
2108:(6067): 469–471.
1909:(14): 2372–2378.
1744:(21): 2913–2920.
1718:978-0-674-07431-6
1585:978-0-9771439-0-0
1395:temperate forests
1375:
1352:
1344:– 6 extant genera
1343:
1335:– 3 extant genera
1334:
1325:
1312:
1297:
1288:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
869:sexual dimorphism
818:Bagheera kiplingi
579:Colonus puerperus
321:
258:
257:
215:
30:Paleogene–present
16:Family of spiders
4861:
4829:
4828:
4816:
4815:
4803:
4802:
4790:
4789:
4777:
4776:
4764:
4763:
4754:
4753:
4741:
4740:
4738:NBNSYS0000160924
4728:
4727:
4715:
4714:
4702:
4701:
4689:
4688:
4676:
4675:
4663:
4662:
4650:
4649:
4637:
4636:
4624:
4623:
4611:
4610:
4598:
4597:
4585:
4584:
4575:
4574:
4562:
4561:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4502:
4501:
4447:
4428:
4389:
4380:
4371:
4362:
4344:
4330:
4321:
4307:
4290:
4286:
4258:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4201:(pirate spiders)
4200:
4188:(shield spiders)
4187:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4138:
4130:
4121:
4108:(velvet spiders)
4107:
4094:
4086:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4036:Cheiracanthiidae
4023:
4014:
4001:
3993:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3892:(cellar spiders)
3891:
3877:
3859:(goblin spiders)
3858:
3849:
3848:Ochyroceratidae
3831:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3768:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3732:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3697:Microstigmatidae
3690:
3672:
3654:
3646:
3645:Cyrtaucheniidae
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3581:
3580:
3567:
3566:
3551:
3543:
3525:
3524:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3371:
3361:
3351:
3322:
3320:
3295:
3285:
3260:
3243:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3170:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2912:
2902:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2819:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2772:
2762:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2704:
2698:
2687:Morelle, Rebecca
2684:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2484:Animal Behaviour
2479:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2453:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2238:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1950:"Eye on the Web"
1945:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1706:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1642:. 17 August 2017
1630:
1619:
1618:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1504:
1407:intertidal zones
1391:Tropical forests
1376:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1310:
1295:
1289:– 1 extant genus
1286:
1111:
1110:
1056:
1055:
1001:
1000:
963:
962:
938:
937:
931:
930:
921:
920:
770:
761:
752:
674:kleptoparasitism
650:Anasaitis canosa
501:depth perception
322:
254:
210:
128:
127:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4824:
4819:
4811:
4806:
4798:
4793:
4785:
4780:
4772:
4767:
4759:
4757:
4749:
4744:
4736:
4731:
4723:
4718:
4710:
4705:
4697:
4692:
4684:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4658:
4653:
4645:
4640:
4632:
4627:
4619:
4614:
4606:
4601:
4593:
4588:
4580:
4578:
4570:
4565:
4557:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4509:
4499:
4494:
4484:Spider taxonomy
4459:
4417:Trochanteriidae
4361:Tetragnathidae
4114:Gallieniellidae
3960:
3941:Tetrablemmidae
3756:Non-entelegynes
3738:
3718:Paratropididae
3666:Halonoproctidae
3605:Antrodiaetidae
3575:
3557:
3533:
3519:
3487:
3480:
3379:
3374:
3334:(1004): 27–97.
3221:
3219:Further reading
3216:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3139:
3135:
3108:
3104:
3073:
3069:
3048:(Coquillett)".
3042:
3038:
3023:
3019:
2984:
2980:
2949:
2942:
2871:
2864:
2845:
2841:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2763:
2759:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2705:
2701:
2685:
2681:
2644:
2640:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2569:
2565:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2480:
2476:
2460:
2454:
2439:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2369:
2365:
2353:
2343:
2336:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2213:. Mapoflife.org
2209:
2208:
2204:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2029:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1946:
1942:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1830:Vision Research
1822:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1738:Current Biology
1730:
1726:
1719:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1572:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1489:Spider taxonomy
1477:
1469:Dominican amber
1442:
1425:
1381:in family
1365:
1363:
1351:Blackwall, 1841
1311:Blackwall, 1877
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
919:
913:
904:
873:peacock spiders
865:
855:Saitis barbipes
846:
791:
786:
785:
784:
783:
773:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
669:Phidippus audax
624:onto the prey.
597:
550:
545:
537:fovea centralis
505:motion parallax
444:Phidippus audax
413:
311:
301:
293:anterior median
289:tracheal system
263:are a group of
261:Jumping spiders
209:
122:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
24:Jumping spiders
17:
12:
11:
5:
4867:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4817:
4804:
4791:
4778:
4765:
4755:
4742:
4729:
4716:
4703:
4690:
4677:
4664:
4655:Fauna Europaea
4651:
4638:
4625:
4612:
4599:
4586:
4576:
4563:
4550:
4535:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:(crab spiders)
4384:
4376:
4366:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4340:
4335:
4325:
4322:(bark hunters)
4317:
4312:
4302:
4297:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:Phrurolithidae
4262:
4257:Philodromidae
4254:
4249:
4246:(lynx spiders)
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4204:
4196:
4194:Megadictynidae
4191:
4183:
4179:(wolf spiders)
4173:
4165:
4155:
4147:
4145:Homalonychidae
4142:
4134:
4126:
4116:
4111:
4103:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4018:
4010:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3896:
3886:
3881:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3827:
3822:
3817:Gradungulidae
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3777:
3775:Austrochilidae
3772:
3763:
3757:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:Theraphosidae
3728:
3726:Porrhothelidae
3723:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3597:Actinopodidae
3593:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:Heptathelidae
3547:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3377:External links
3375:
3373:
3372:
3323:
3311:(3): 397–406.
3296:
3261:
3244:
3234:(2): 165–175.
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3192:
3133:
3122:(3): 498–502.
3102:
3067:
3056:(3): 532–536.
3036:
3017:
2998:(2): 317–330.
2978:
2959:(3): 231–292.
2940:
2862:
2839:
2810:(6): 574–616.
2790:
2783:
2757:
2741:
2732:
2719:(3): 397–406.
2699:
2679:
2638:
2589:
2563:
2529:
2517:
2490:(2): 257–266.
2474:
2437:
2392:
2385:
2363:
2334:
2308:
2297:(4): 654–664.
2277:
2266:
2224:
2202:
2163:
2154:
2143:
2088:
2066:
2020:
1986:
1940:
1889:
1867:
1816:
1805:
1781:
1724:
1717:
1688:
1676:
1653:
1620:
1591:
1584:
1559:
1525:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1473:
1459:dating to the
1441:
1438:
1424:
1421:
1385:on tree trunk.
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1333:Maddison, 2015
1327:
1318:
1305:
1296:Maddison, 2015
1290:
1287:Maddison, 2015
1262:Synapomorphies
1252:analyses. The
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1050:RTA clade
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
992:
989:
988:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
966:
961:
959:
953:
952:
949:
948:
941:
936:
934:
929:
926:
925:
912:
909:
903:
900:
864:
861:
858:jumping spider
845:
842:
797:A camouflaged
790:
787:
775:
774:
765:
764:
756:
755:
747:
746:
745:
744:
743:
655:myrmecophagous
615:swiveling its
596:
593:
587:a filament of
549:
546:
544:
541:
490:tetrachromatic
412:
409:
300:
297:
256:
255:
247:
246:
240:
239:
233:
232:
222:
221:
217:
216:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
116:
115:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4866:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4448:(ant spiders)
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4383:
4381:(ray spiders)
4377:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:Physoglenidae
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4080:Cycloctenidae
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4070:Cyatholipidae
4068:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4048:(sac spiders)
4044:
4042:
4041:Cithaeronidae
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4013:Anyphaenidae
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3992:Amaurobiidae
3990:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3954:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3928:Stenochilidae
3926:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3912:Segestriidae
3910:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3899:Plectreuridae
3897:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3876:Palpimanidae
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3830:Hypochilidae
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3809:Filistatidae
3807:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:Araneomorphae
3745:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3684:Macrothelidae
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3671:Hexathelidae
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:Barychelidae
3627:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Mygalomorphae
3582:
3578:
3574:
3573:Opisthothelae
3568:
3564:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3542:Liphistiidae
3540:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3033:(5): 132–136.
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2736:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2692:
2689:(2 May 2008)
2688:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:(2): 471–93.
2246:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:(2): 443–70.
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:(3): 359–63.
2038:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1809:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
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4370:Theridiidae
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4338:Stiphidiidae
4329:Sparassidae
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4320:Senoculidae
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4275:Phyxelididae
4252:Penestomidae
4228:Nicodamidae
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4168:Liocranidae
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4137:Hersiliidae
4120:Gnaphosidae
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1603:Crompton, J.
1575:
1550:. Retrieved
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1516:. Retrieved
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1481:
1457:Baltic amber
1450:Cenozoic era
1443:
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1308:Lyssomaninae
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1268:and loss of
1254:sister group
1246:phylogenetic
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4694:iNaturalist
4539:Wikispecies
4446:Zodariidae
4427:Uloboridae
4407:Trachelidae
4388:Thomisidae
4356:Synotaxidae
4351:Synaphridae
4315:Selenopidae
4306:Salticidae
4291:(including
4285:Pisauridae
4236:Oecobiidae
4220:Nesticidae
4212:Mysmenidae
4186:Malkaridae
4150:Lamponidae
4085:Deinopidae
4054:Corinnidae
3983:Agelenidae
3970:Entelegynae
3920:Sicariidae
3904:Scytodidae
3866:Orsolobidae
3825:Huttoniidae
3801:Dysderidae
3793:Drymusidae
3785:Diguetidae
3767:Archaeidae
3710:Nemesiidae
3653:Dipluridae
3637:Ctenizidae
3509:Chelicerata
3507:Subphylum:
3440:Habronattus
2471:(2): 33–37.
1926:10092/17412
1853:10092/17539
1342:Simon, 1901
1321:Spartaeinae
1293:Asemoneinae
1284:Onomastinae
1133:Gnaphosidae
1118:Clubionidae
1078:Sparassidae
889:mate choice
809:carnivorous
574:grasshopper
529:vertebrates
497:ultraviolet
441:Adult male
299:Description
167:Chelicerata
163:Subphylum:
4849:Salticidae
4843:Categories
4572:Salticidae
4559:Salticidae
4545:Salticidae
4515:Salticidae
4455:Zoropsidae
4300:Psechridae
4244:Oxyopidae
4207:Miturgidae
4199:Mimetidae
4177:Lycosidae
4129:Hahniidae
4101:Dictynidae
4022:Araneidae
3933:Telemidae
3890:Pholcidae
3871:Pacullidae
3857:Oonopidae
3780:Caponiidae
3613:Atracidae
3531:Mesothelae
3503:Arthropoda
3438:Movies of
3153:(1): e45.
2988:Hindumanes
2885:: 107327.
2804:Cladistics
2013:28 January
2003:Cimbebasia
1552:28 January
1518:1 February
1495:References
1383:Salticidae
1348:Salticinae
1339:Hisponinae
1315:Hindumanes
1301:Hindumanes
1178:Salticidae
1148:Corinnidae
1063:Zodariidae
1008:Araneoidea
915:See also:
562:sand fleas
531:, such as
362:Deinopidae
350:Thomisidae
342:Corinnidae
285:book lungs
280:arthropods
272:Salticidae
207:Salticidae
157:Arthropoda
4402:Toxopidae
4106:Eresidae
4075:Cybaeidae
4062:Ctenidae
3679:Idiopidae
3621:Atypidae
3571:Suborder
3529:Suborder
3515:Arachnida
3495:Kingdom:
3257:951407473
3209:Peckhamia
2935:239035463
2919:1055-7903
2857:0003-0090
2552:: 25–29.
2504:0003-3472
2349:Phidippus
2331:(1): 1–8.
2325:Peckhamia
2217:13 August
2081:13 August
2009:: 231–240
1979:13 August
1882:13 August
1836:: 26–30.
1798:13 August
1639:BBC Earth
1548:(1): 1–12
1484:(journal)
1482:Peckhamia
1430:tephritid
1399:scrubland
1242:monophyly
1093:Lycosidae
726:Spartaeus
717:Araneidae
705:Mimetidae
638:Phaeacius
606:eating a
570:hemolymph
566:hydraulic
515:dimorphic
455:vestigial
393:Plexippus
381:Phidippus
376:giganteus
354:pedipalps
346:Oxyopidae
237:Diversity
212:Blackwall
177:Arachnida
143:Kingdom:
137:Eukaryota
4603:BugGuide
4579:BioLib:
4524:Wikidata
4422:Udubidae
4280:Pimoidae
4093:Desidae
4031:Arkyidae
4008:Anapidae
3702:Migidae
3501:Phylum:
3497:Animalia
3486:families
3368:33384565
3292:14555743
3187:17183674
3147:PLOS ONE
3128:25009980
3077:Ethology
3012:29245556
2973:85680279
2927:34666169
2834:35535038
2826:34724759
2695:BBC News
2674:14555743
2633:30498127
2512:53180070
2432:23925983
2130:22282813
2061:21329083
1974:17998517
1935:20581266
1862:22750020
1776:27746028
1605:(1954).
1475:See also
1434:fulgorid
1330:Eupoinae
1105:Dionycha
1023:Eresidae
911:Taxonomy
731:ethology
543:Behavior
533:primates
478:anterior
387:Philaeus
203:Family:
153:Phylum:
147:Animalia
133:Domain:
4293:Halidae
3513:Class:
3484:Araneae
3482:Extant
3359:7758311
3336:Bibcode
3332:ZooKeys
3236:Bibcode
3178:1762363
3155:Bibcode
3085:Bibcode
2992:Zootaxa
2887:Bibcode
2775:195–197
2611:Bibcode
2603:Science
2582:9 April
2423:3758018
2360:. v. 9.
2261:5351426
2197:5351425
2138:8039638
2110:Bibcode
2102:Science
2053:2709341
1767:5102792
1746:Bibcode
1669:18 June
1646:4 March
1615:2896911
1446:fossils
1440:Fossils
1403:deserts
1361:Habitat
1272:in the
1266:spigots
694:Gelotia
682:Brettus
621:abdomen
595:Hunting
585:tethers
548:Jumping
330:thistle
276:species
265:spiders
220:Genera
187:Araneae
183:Order:
173:Class:
4813:150472
4774:466751
4758:NZOR:
4725:871537
4712:101163
4647:1SALTF
4530:Q11687
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1461:Eocene
1270:tapeta
813:nectar
721:Portia
713:Portia
700:Portia
697:, and
630:Portia
482:vision
460:opsins
411:Vision
374:Hyllus
269:family
214:, 1841
4808:WoRMS
4795:Plazi
4787:57494
4751:94017
4707:IRMNG
4699:48139
4660:10696
3205:(PDF)
3124:JSTOR
2969:S2CID
2931:S2CID
2830:S2CID
2542:(PDF)
2508:S2CID
2461:(PDF)
2354:(PDF)
2321:(PDF)
2237:(PDF)
2134:S2CID
2057:S2CID
1793:(PDF)
1538:(PDF)
1453:amber
896:palps
688:Cyrba
4746:NCBI
4720:ITIS
4686:5644
4681:GBIF
4642:EPPO
4608:1962
4595:1273
4590:BOLD
4489:Bold
3364:PMID
3288:PMID
3253:OCLC
3183:PMID
3008:PMID
2996:4350
2923:PMID
2915:ISSN
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2822:PMID
2779:ISBN
2670:PMID
2629:PMID
2584:2009
2500:ISSN
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2381:ISBN
2257:PMID
2219:2013
2193:PMID
2126:PMID
2083:2013
2049:PMID
2015:2016
1981:2013
1970:PMID
1931:PMID
1884:2013
1858:PMID
1800:2013
1772:PMID
1713:ISBN
1671:2016
1648:2023
1611:OCLC
1580:ISBN
1554:2016
1520:2019
1467:and
1248:and
1240:The
789:Diet
645:ants
589:silk
476:The
401:silk
390:and
287:and
226:See
35:PreꞒ
4821:WSC
4733:NBN
4634:186
4629:EoL
4621:FWW
4616:CoL
4582:879
4567:AFD
4554:ADW
3354:PMC
3344:doi
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3278:doi
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3173:PMC
3163:doi
3120:100
3093:doi
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2812:doi
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2550:255
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2041:doi
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1962:doi
1958:125
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1911:doi
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60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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