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545:
three – you set whom you made the sharer in your title, over the others. And then you ordered these actions to be written down and, once written, to be signed and corroborated. Then, you sent who had been made consort in your title to Rome, your deeds to be approved and confirmed by the highest pontiff. Then you ordered all to swear that they would all follow and preserve such an election and division. No one considered this oath irrelevant or worthy of scorn but rather timely and legitimate, since it seemed to pertain to peace and concord. And over the course of time, whenever and wherever imperial letters were sent, they contained the names of both emperors.
840:, in 844, named after his mother. This marriage, however, proved futile for Judith's career, power and influence. With the introduction of a new queen, Judith became of ex officio importance, resulting in her forced retirement as well as withdrawal of the lands and wealth under her control. Her health began to fail in 842, and she died on 19 April 843 in Tours, outliving her husband by three years, after more than a year of ill health, including coughing and dizziness. It is believed that she was around 46 years of age when she died, her husband had been closer to 62. She was buried at the
298:
413:
the politics of the realm and the court. It is not unreasonable to consider that she had some influence acting as a counsel woman for her husband. Judith's very position and proximity to the emperor as his wife meant she was in immediate proximity to him and consequently had the ability and opportunity to influence the decisions of her husband. Judith's role and prominence in court would see a dramatic rise after the birth of her son, as she sought to establish a political and courtly base for
Charles, against the threat that Lothar posed for his succession.
476:
422:
31:
459:
Consequently, it became of the utmost importance for Judith to secure the throne for her son and protect him from the attacks and threats that his paternal brothers posed. Lothar, being the most prominent and the oldest of
Ermengard's children, presented the greatest threat to Judith and Charles. Yet, realizing this, Judith selected Lothar as Charles' godfather. This strategic move meant Charles would have a political tie in the eventual disputes succession that would inevitably follow Louis' death.
468:
628:
seize control of the king and consequently the
Carolingian succession they had to replace the current court, controlled by Judith, with their own. Judith was accused of having an incestuous relationship with Louis the Pious's godson, Bernard of Septimania (who was the lynchpin of her court). This led to her capture and exile to Italy at the nunnery of Saint Radegund in 830. After the crisis she returned to Aachen and continued her effort to see that Charles would take control.
1715:
261:(North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany). Like many of the royal marriages of the time Judith was selected, prior to the marriage through a bridal show. It is at the bride show that, at the age of forty one, Louis chose the young Judith "after inspecting noble maidens who were brought to his court from all districts". In Frankish society, only women of the nobility were eligible to compete; this specific trait is highlighted in the
833:, leaving Judith a widow. She, however, continued to support her son Charles in his military campaigns and endeavours, gathering troops from Aquentine in 841. In April of that same year, Charles received his crown and all of his royal attire, which contemporaries of the time herald as a divine act. Most likely, however, Judith was well aware of Charles's location and had sent the royal artifacts to meet up with her son.
294:. This fact would have made them desirable allies for Louis, since any military campaign in the empire's eastern frontiers would require the emperor to travel through this region. By marrying Judith, in other words, the emperor would effectively gain friends and allies, an important military and political stronghold, and the support of the nobility in that region.
202:. No surviving sources provide a record of Judith's exact date and year of birth. Judith was probably born around 797. Most girls in the Carolingian world were married in adolescence, with twelve years as the minimum age, though her marriage to the 41-year-old King Louis occurred in 819, when she was probably around 22 years old.
383:) and ensuring that the emperor was free to focus on ruling the kingdom, without distraction of minor details like the court's appearance. It is not to be inferred from this brief sketch, however, that her role was in any sense superfluous and relegated to the realm of aesthetics. She had a working relationship with the
712:, Louis' chamberlain and trusted adviser. This portrayal and image stands in contrast to poems about Judith. The poems depict her as "a second biblical Judith, a Mary sister of Aaron in her musical abilities, a Saphho, a prophetess, cultivated, chaste, intelligent, pious, strong in spirit, and sweet in conversation".
598:
and quick-striking arrows, and wishes to go in pursuit, as his father so often does. He pours prayers upon prayers, but his beautiful mother prevents him from leaving, and refuses his wishes. If his teacher and his mother do not restrain the impetuous youth (as youths are wont to do), he shall chase after on foot.
448:, who was born on 13 June 823. More commonly known as "Charles the Bald", he would eventually become emperor, following in the footsteps of his father Louis. The birth of Charles had a significant effect on Judith's life, because Charles was the only male heir of Louis' second marriage. His birth put the
752:
Judith was left alone in 830 in Aachen, as Louis decided to undertake a campaign into
Brittany. The campaign itself, however, was greatly opposed, because of its difficulties. Some of the magnates attempted to alter the attitudes of the people and turn them against Louis. The plot was to depose Louis
662:
Several marriages in 839 sought to solidify a future for
Charles and an entente with Lothar. The first was the marriage of Gisele, the daughter of Louis and Judith, to Eberhard, the duke of Friuli, who was a leading supporter of Lothar. A second such marriage was that between Judith's brother Conrad
821:
to rise up against Lothar. Hearing of the vast armies approaching him, Lothar fled, leaving his father behind. Louis thus regained control and offered to forgive Lothar for his actions. Lothar, however, scorned the offer. It was during this turbulent political to-and-fro that followers of Louis the
544:
And thus you carried out everything that should have been done in such a situation, with such faith, with such hope, that no one would doubt that this was infused and inspired in you by God. You assigned parts of your kingdom to the rest of your sons but – that the kingdom might be one and not
522:
did not specify
Bernard as the immediate successor and continued ruler of Italy. Consequently, Bernard, alarmed by the fact that his future inheritance was at stake, rose up against Louis. The rebellion was swiftly quelled by Louis' forces. Bernard was blinded and would eventually die on 17 April
281:
attributed Judith's selection to her extraordinary beauty, intelligence, and musical ability. It is just as likely, however, that Louis was attracted to the geographical and political advantages offered by Judith's family. While scholars differ as to whether the Welfs were of
Frankish or Alemannian
767:
In 831, around 1 February Judith stood trial at the assembly arranged by the
Emperor. At the assembly she "declared her willingness to purge herself on all the charges levelled against her". No one was found in the general assembly who wanted to charge her for any crime. She purged herself, by the
719:
wrote a dedicatory letter to Judith, exalting her "praiseworthy intellect" and for her "good works". The letter commends her in the turbulent times amidst battles, wishing that she may see victory amidst the struggles she is facing. It also implores her "to follow through with a good deed once you
597:
Judith, who has with her the young
Charles; in a twinkling she passes by, placing her faith in her feet-- if flight does not give her aid, surely she will perish. Seeing this, the young Charles begs for a horse, for he desires to do as his father does; earnestly he pleads for weapons, for a quiver
412:
or a similar campaign in the same region in 830, Judith would not only have to take care of the running of the courtly society, but also step in as a representative of the King. In this capacity she would come to be involved in the politics of the realm. But she also had other avenues to influence
670:
After Louis's death Judith helped and assisted
Charles in his campaigns against Lothar. She sent troops to assist Charles in his endeavour to secure Aquitaine and the majority of Francia in order to reduce the number of competitors. She also exercised influence over him. When archbishop George of
627:
The three eldest sons of Louis the Pious revolted against their father in order to control the ordering of the Carolingian succession. It was Judith's dominance and control of the court, thereby being able to dictate who saw Louis and influence him, that was the focus of their revolt. In order to
764:, between the Emperor, the Saxons and East Franks, it was adjudged, by "all the bishops, abbots, counts and other Franks" that Judith, even though she was taken unjustly, should be brought back and made to stand trial for any crime she may have committed and "undergo the judgment of the Franks".
756:
Prior to Easter Week in 830 (17–24 April) Pippin, with Lothar's consent, and with a large proportion of the people "took away from the Emperor his royal power, and also his wife". Judith was veiled ("the female equivalent of tonsuring rival claimants to the throne") and sent to the convent of St
374:
define the role and consequently the realm of influence of the empress to that of the court. If these documents are indicative of the empress's role in the court and palace in general, then it may be reasonably inferred what roles Judith would have acted in. Sources tell us that Judith's and the
324:
in northern Italy). The monastery of San Salvatore and all the assets that fall under its jurisdiction, would fall under the protection of the King. Although, according to modern sources, the dowry was indicative that the marriage was in fact a "Vollehe" (full marriage), it did not mean that the
699:
in 833. These tracts were meant as propaganda against Judith from the court of Lothar in order to undermine her court and influence. The tracts themselves attack her character, claiming her to be of a cunning and underhanded nature and of corrupting her husband. These attacks were predominantly
666:
Judith also collaborated with the magnates that worked on the will of Louis in order to promote Charles. Fearing that Louis would die before the matter was settled, Judith advised that Louis take to his aid one of his three sons (Pippin, Lothar or Louis) in order to unite Charles and one of the
565:
Most information on Judith surrounds the activities for her son and her attempts to ensure his succession to the throne. Their political futures depended on each other; if Judith were widowed, her future as an empress could potentially be threatened by stepsons that no longer had familial or
458:
outlined that only a full heir could rule, but since there were several viable candidates that met the requirements, (mainly Lothar, Peppin and Louis the German from the marriage to Ermengard and Charles from the marriage to Judith) an eventual strain on rightful succession was inevitable.
574:, the archbishop of Rheims, asking him to pray for the health of Charles, but also promising that if he ever sent the ring back to her in times of trouble she would help him. Politically this move is significant given that Ebbo was one of the most powerful people in the land and a "
408:. Her command was therefore no less significant or important than that of the King. However, in time of separation, be it war, sickness or pregnancy, this single ruling couple/entity would be divided. Consequently, when Louis endeavoured on his campaign in 824 against the
345:
Historical sources show a gap in information available on Judith in the four years between her marriage in 819 and the birth of Charles in 823. The most likely cause of this gap is that Judith would only rise to historical prominence when she became involved in her son's,
404:. Having her own administration was not only instrumentally important in ensuring a smooth running of the court and the daily affairs of the palace, but also a political necessity. The King and Queen were technically seen as a single entity, as is the case in the
530:
coupled with the fact that Judith would most likely outlive her husband, meant that it became imperative for Judith to establish a political base of her own, not only for her own safety and the continuation of her queenship, but also for the safety of her son.
538:
to Louis, Agobard articulates the way in which Louis strove to establish an orderly settlement between his four sons. Here we see that Ermengarde's son Lothar is granted more power than Louis' other sons, jeopardising the future of both Judith and Charles:
704:
accused Judith by associating her with the engagement in debauchery and witchcraft, of filling the palace with "soothsayers... seers and mutes as well as dream interpreters and those who consult entrail, indeed all those skilled in malign craft".
733:
Likewise, O queen, forever keep your eyes of your heart fixed upon Queen Esther as a model of dutiful and holy behaviour so that by equalling her holiness you might be able to climb from this earthly kingdom to the heights of the heavenly
776:
In 833 Louis heard news of his sons, Pippin, Lothar and Louis the German, allying in order to orchestrate a revolt against him. Louis failed to prevent the revolt and was overthrown, resulting in Lothar seizing power. For Judith the
325:
dowry would remain solely within the possession of the Queen in perpetuity; rather it could be taken from her depending on the political climate, as would later be the case in Judith's life, after her fall from power and influence.
217:(present-day southwestern Germany and northern Switzerland) eventually rose to power through cementing familial ties with the Carolingian Imperial Aristocracy in the 770s. Nonetheless, they remained a part of the upper aristocracy (
229:(counts) in primary sources. This noble status made Judith a suitable marriage prospect for the imperial family, and the Welf clan as a whole saw its prestige and power increase after Judith's marriage to the Carolingian emperor
623:
of Orleans. Given that both magnates had extremely close ties with Lothar, this suggests Judith was already attempting to cultivate Lothar's sympathies and place herself and her son in a politically favourable position.
328:
In later Carolingian societies the act of coronation was closely tied with the marriage. It was only upon the completion of the marriage that queenship and thus legitimacy was bestowed. When Louis married his first wife
631:
Given Judith's role in court and her rise in power, especially in the waning year of Louis's life, the political ties that Judith had built in court became the political ties of Charles. These included, amongst others,
496:
stated that Louis oldest son Lothar would become co-emperor and would receive the whole of Francia. It also stated that Lothar's younger brothers, Pippin, aged 19, and Louis the German, aged 10, would inherit
379:) duties included, among others: caring that she, her servants and the King himself, particularly his jewelry, looked presentable and of appropriate appearance, overseeing the transfer of the yearly tribute (
174:. The birth of her son led to a major dispute over the imperial succession, and tensions between her and Charles' half-brothers from Louis' first marriage. She eventually fell from grace when Charles' wife,
387:
of the court, (the top administrator for the incomes, goods and running of the household), which means that she was in an influential position when it came to the functioning and the running of the court.
399:
It is not unlikely that, in order to complete these tasks, Judith would have had her own court personnel. This was not an uncommon phenomenon, it having existed according to sources since the time of the
612:
Not only does this highlight Judith's role as an influential force in Charles' life, but it also establishes an ambitious young Charles as a son that follows in the footsteps of his father Louis.
333:
in 794, she was crowned and called "augusta", a title that harkens back to the Roman "augustus". This bestowed on Ermengard the title of empress as it did Judith when she married Louis and was "
488:
On 9 April 817 a timber roof collapsed on Louis and his men in Aachen. The event shocked Louis and led the emperor to reconsider the distribution of his power and succession for his heirs. The
700:
anti-feminist in nature. When Louis still did not sever marital ties with Judith, Agobard claimed that Judith's extramarital affairs were carried out "first secretly and later impudently".
309:. It was not uncommon that brides were given some form of dowry upon marrying into royalty. Judith's marriage was no exception to this practice and she received, according to sources, the
708:
Characterized as a Jezebel and a Justina, Judith was accused by one of her enemies, Paschasius Radbertus, of engaging in debauchery and witchcraft with her purported lover, Count
691:
However, the rise of Judith's power, influence and activity in the court sparked resentment towards her. Agobard of Lyons, a supporter of Lothar, wrote two tracts
526:
The birth of Charles as well as Lothar's marriage in 821 meant that two imperial households were now vying for control. The strain over how to interpret the
492:
was a reconfiguration and re-imagining of in the division of Charlemagne's inheritance, which he had always envisioned but never fully implemented. The
1473:
1665:
797:
as a captive of Lothar. Pippin and Louis the German, however, condemned the treatment of their father by Lothar and in 834 summoned armies from
592:, provides insight into Judith's influence over her son Charles. The scene describes Judith and Charles interacting while Louis goes on a hunt:
1398:
578:" and friend of Louis. This marks a distinct effort on the part of Judith to bolster her influence and secure the political future of her son.
366:
can be drawn upon to provide information on roles and responsibilities that Judith would have most likely played in court. Specifically, the
1120:
Hrabanus Maurus (856), Dedicatory letter to the Expositio in librum Judith (in Migne, Patrologia latina, vol. 109; transl. Sean Gilsdorf.
166:. Marriage to Louis marked the beginning of her rise as an influential figure in the Carolingian court. She had two children with Louis,
2391:
213:) that dominated high office throughout the Carolingian empire. The Welf clan's leaders, having lost influence in their home region of
2492:
1751:
2522:
1600:
1040:
967:
615:
Other poetry by Ermoldus from 826 describes Judith following her son in procession, flanked on either side by the magnates Count
989:
2517:
826:
and Pippin among them, heard of a plot to kill Judith. With their help Judith escaped and returned to Aachen in the same year.
2266:
2152:
2527:
2172:
2117:
1615:
1560:
1275:, Cahiers de civilisation médiévale 35 (1992): 299–312. Translations of original texts follow those made by Bührer-Thierry
2512:
2201:
2137:
430:
167:
111:
1704:
720:
have begun it" and "to improve yourself at all times". Most strikingly the letter wishes Judith to look to the biblical
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823:
841:
88:
2364:
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2507:
2477:
2162:
1775:
1744:
1718:
1708:
1655:
1384:
2482:
2472:
2206:
1948:
1650:
1407:
2241:
1635:
645:
2384:
2359:
1953:
1550:
147:
1968:
1645:
518:
getting in the way of his eventual rise to power. Bernard had been ruling Italy since 810. Yet, the
257:, Louis was urged by his counselors to remarry. Shortly after Christmas in 819 he married Judith in
1737:
1680:
1570:
672:
449:
350:, life as an advocate for his career as successor to the throne. However, various sources like the
1983:
1368:
175:
2256:
1770:
1510:
191:
137:
2330:
2018:
1865:
1590:
313:
2003:
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2052:
1973:
1423:
1328:
709:
656:
330:
242:
2430:
637:
2261:
2157:
2132:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2087:
1988:
1685:
1610:
1585:
1540:
1443:
701:
641:
352:
250:
2335:
444:
After having spent most of her second pregnancy in Frankfurt, she had another child named
396:
to her, praising her erudition, pointing to her role as a patron of culture and learning.
8:
2467:
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2320:
2167:
1925:
1905:
1786:
1630:
1605:
1575:
1565:
1433:
1354:
1345:
1335:
1299:
159:
127:
38:
2402:
1192:. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1991. Print. p. 21-24 (830-831), 27 (833), 29-30 (834)
2421:
2350:
2315:
2282:
2271:
2251:
2226:
2216:
2127:
2107:
2067:
2062:
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1415:
837:
434:
297:
475:
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2211:
2147:
2082:
2072:
2013:
1993:
1958:
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1012:
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descent, it is clear that they controlled significant territories to the east of the
270:
199:
106:
2177:
2374:
2340:
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2231:
2122:
1943:
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1530:
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1209:
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1074:
676:
515:
445:
363:
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274:
246:
171:
115:
1216:. London, Leicester UP, 1998. Print. p. 18, 19, 20, 93, 94 130, 145, 166, 180
2325:
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2057:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1364:
1162:
567:
535:
514:
A major sticking point that concerned Lothar was Louis' nineteen-year-old nephew
230:
195:
163:
99:
421:
2221:
2043:
2023:
1041:"RI I n. 925d, Ludwig der Fromme, 833 iuni 30, Rotfelth : Regesta Imperii"
782:
716:
649:
30:
507:
2456:
2196:
2033:
1675:
1620:
1199:. Husum: Matthiesen, 2005. Print. p. 26, 27, 28, 35, 37, 39, 44, 77, 130
616:
968:"RI I n. 683a, Ludwig der Fromme, 819 febr. 00, .... : Regesta Imperii"
2077:
1900:
1729:
1186:
1141:
575:
401:
1915:
1895:
1890:
1845:
1840:
1244:. London: Longman, 1992. Print.p. 74-75 (818), 93, 98, 100, 116, 119
1214:
Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages
1206:. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan, 1972. Print. p. 105 (819), 149 (841)
923:
Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages
675:, Judith counselled Charles to be merciful towards the archbishop, which
467:
429:
Judith had two children with Louis. Her first child was a daughter named
221:) of their region, given the numerous appearances of the noble titles of
667:
brothers in mutual interest should a revolt happen after Louis's death.
1930:
1880:
1855:
1800:
1438:
1376:
1237:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1981. Print. p. 80, 90
806:
768:
customs of the Franks, of all the things that she had been accused of.
582:
438:
990:"RI I n. 802, Ludwig der Fromme, 819-825, .... : Regesta Imperii"
2008:
1998:
1860:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1505:
1453:
1448:
830:
802:
798:
653:
633:
498:
310:
291:
254:
214:
433:, born in 820. Gisela would eventually be married off by Judith to
1963:
1934:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1850:
1810:
1805:
1795:
761:
725:
321:
673:
a battle in which 40,000 men fell on the side of Lothar and Pippin
1820:
1204:
Carolingian Chronicles, Royal Frankish Annals Nithard’s Histories
939:
Carolingian Chronicles, Royal Frankish Annals Nithard's Histories
814:
790:
620:
502:
409:
389:
317:
287:
122:
1285:
1255:
1235:
Women in Frankish Society: Marriage and the Cloister, 500 to 900
955:
Women in Frankish Society: Marriage and the Cloister, 500 to 900
265:, where Judith is referred to as stemming from a noble lineage (
209:
were noble, they were not part of the '"Imperial Aristocracy'" (
1815:
818:
810:
794:
721:
306:
278:
258:
566:
political concerns for her wellbeing. Outlined in a letter to
437:, a significant supporter of Lothar. Gisela was the mother of
1271:, Translated by Sean Gilsdorf from Geneviève Bührer-Thierry,
283:
206:
179:
77:
836:
Charles married Ermentrude in 842 and fathered a daughter,
778:
753:
the Pious, "to destroy their stepmother and kill Bernard".
571:
1221:
Prosopographie De L'entourage De Louis Le Pieux (781-840)
957:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1981. Print.
1483:
1228:
Caesar's Wife. The Career of the Empress Judith 819–829
1091:
Caesar's Wife. The Career of the Empress Judith 819–829
454:
and its designations for successor under question. The
241:
After the death on 3 October 818 of Louis' first wife
1083:
1202:
Rogers, Barbara, Bernhard W. Scholz, and Nithardus.
1035:
1033:
937:
Rogers, Barbara, Bernhard W. Scholz, and Nithardus.
715:
However, Judith also garnered devotion and respect.
681:
For my part I’ll let you go—as my mother tells me to
483:
1167:
Dedicatory letter to the Expositio in librum Judith
16:
Carolingian empress, second wife of Louis the Pious
1181:On the Division of the Empire (to Louis the Pious)
1116:
1114:
1112:
1030:
2454:
2441:Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in
286:, and were predominant political actors in both
1109:
335:crowned as empress and acclaimed augusta by all
1230:. In: Peter Goodman, Roger Collins p. 214
1745:
1666:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
1392:
570:Judith, upon Charles's birth, sent a ring to
1759:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
941:. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan, 1972. Print.
619:, who was Lothar's father-in-law, and Count
1251:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966. Print.
1197:Kaiserin Judith: Eine Politische Biographie
899:Kaiserin Judith: Eine Politische Biographie
1752:
1738:
1399:
1385:
1148:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1093:. In: Peter Goodman, Roger Collins. Print.
1013:"A letter from Freculf, bishop of Lisieux"
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
178:, rose to power. She was buried in 843 in
29:
1123:
560:
236:
1406:
1096:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
949:
947:
933:
931:
822:Pious who were in Italy, Bishop Ratold,
474:
466:
420:
296:
904:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
757:Radegund at Poitiers in the same year.
663:with Adelaide, Lothar's sister in law.
2455:
1223:. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1997. Print.
1140:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
479:Carolingian territorial divisions, 843
1733:
1380:
1055:
944:
928:
747:
925:. London, Leicester UP, 1998. Print.
760:At an assembly held on 1 October at
1017:Epistolae: Medieval Women's Letters
1010:
854:
829:Louis died in 840 at his palace in
728:as inspiration and as a role model
269:). Contemporary witnesses such as
13:
1691:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
14:
2539:
2493:Women from the Carolingian Empire
2412:Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily
1279:
1249:The Letters of Lupus of Ferrières
1173:, vol. 109; transl. Sean Gilsdorf
901:. Husum: Matthiesen, 2005. Print.
671:Ravenna was taken prisoner after
484:Imperial succession and partition
392:dedicated the second half of his
190:Judith was the daughter of Count
1714:
1713:
1581:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
1482:
697:Against Judith the Wife of Louis
1676:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary
1247:Lupus, and Graydon W. Regenos.
1080:. London: Longman, 1992. Print.
842:Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours
793:. Louis spent the next year in
305:Judith married Louis in 819 in
89:Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours
2523:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors
1703:For Empresses after 1806, see
1661:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
1546:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy
1004:
982:
960:
693:Two Books in Favor of the Sons
1:
2518:9th-century empresses consort
2163:Joan II, Countess of Burgundy
1776:List of French royal consorts
1656:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
1295:Judith of Bavaria (died 843)
1256:http://www.regesta-imperii.de
847:
771:
301:Location of Aachen in Germany
185:
158:(797 – 19 April 843) was the
2207:Joan I, Countess of Auvergne
1651:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
462:
340:
7:
2528:Mothers of Italian monarchs
1636:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
1571:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem
1506:Theophanu of Constantinople
686:
416:
10:
2544:
2513:9th-century queens consort
1954:Desiderata of the Lombards
1709:the corresponding template
1551:Constance, Queen of Sicily
1449:Saint Richardis of Nordgau
1267:Geneviève Bührer-Thierry,
1156:
425:Family Tree of Charlemagne
148:Hedwig, Duchess of Bavaria
2503:9th-century French people
2439:
2420:
2401:
2373:
2349:
2305:
2280:
2186:
2042:
1924:
1785:
1765:
1699:
1646:Margaret Theresa of Spain
1491:
1480:
1414:
1361:
1352:
1342:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1293:
781:resulted in her exile in
394:Twelve Books of Histories
143:
133:
121:
105:
95:
83:
64:
56:
52:
44:
37:
28:
23:
2498:9th-century French women
2385:Marie Joséphine of Savoy
2360:Joséphine de Beauharnais
1760:Royal consorts of France
1681:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
375:steward of the court's (
277:, and Louis' biographer
2488:Frankish queens consort
1771:List of Frankish queens
1671:Maria Amalia of Austria
1511:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
1233:Wemple, Suzanne Fonay.
1190:The Annals of St-Bertin
1146:The Annals of St-Bertin
953:Wemple, Suzanne Fonay.
679:of Ravenna recalled as
534:In a letter written by
316:, which was located in
2377:(1814–1815; 1815–1830)
2331:Maria Theresa of Spain
2019:Beatrice of Vermandois
1866:Brunhilda of Austrasia
1591:Elizabeth of Pomerania
1464:Anna of Constantinople
1454:Ageltrude of Benevento
1262:Poem in Honor of Louis
1104:Poem in Honor of Louis
745:
610:
590:Poem in Honor of Louis
561:Advocating for Charles
556:
480:
472:
471:Carolingian empire 828
426:
302:
237:Courtship and marriage
162:as the second wife of
2093:Adelaide of Maurienne
2053:Adelaide of Aquitaine
1984:Ermentrude of Orléans
1974:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
1606:Bianca Maria of Milan
1424:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
1369:Ermentrude of Orléans
1329:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
730:
710:Bernard of Septimania
640:, the palace clerics
594:
541:
478:
470:
424:
300:
245:, mother of his sons
176:Ermentrude of Orléans
75:19 April 843 (Age 46)
2508:French queen mothers
2478:Holy Roman Empresses
2267:Elisabeth of Austria
2257:Catherine de' Medici
2158:Clementia of Hungary
2153:Margaret of Burgundy
2133:Margaret of Provence
2113:Isabella of Hainault
2103:Constance of Castile
2098:Eleanor of Aquitaine
2088:Bertrade of Montfort
1989:Richilde of Provence
1705:Empresses of Austria
1611:Isabella of Portugal
1541:Richenza of Northeim
1444:Richilde of Provence
1408:Holy Roman Empresses
1269:The Adulterous Queen
702:Paschasius Radbertus
406:Capitulare de villis
368:Capitulare de villis
353:Capitulare de villis
2483:Elder House of Welf
2473:Carolingian dynasty
2173:Marie of Luxembourg
2168:Blanche of Burgundy
2118:Ingeborg of Denmark
2004:Théodrate of Troyes
1906:Balthild of Chelles
1631:Maria Anna of Spain
1601:Eleanor of Portugal
1576:Isabella of England
1566:Constance of Aragon
1439:Engelberga of Parma
1434:Ermengarde of Tours
1355:Queen of the Franks
1346:Ermengarde of Tours
1336:Carolingian empress
1300:Elder House of Welf
1286:The Regesta Imperii
1260:Ermoldus Nigellus,
1219:Depreux, Philippe.
1102:Ermoldus Nigellus,
921:Stafford, Pauline.
381:Abgabe der Vasallen
160:Carolingian empress
128:Elder House of Welf
39:Carolingian Empress
2431:Eugénie de Montijo
2422:House of Bonaparte
2351:House of Bonaparte
2316:Margaret of Valois
2283:House of Lancaster
2272:Louise of Lorraine
2252:Eleanor of Austria
2227:Charlotte of Savoy
2217:Isabeau of Bavaria
2202:Blanche of Navarre
2138:Isabella of Aragon
2128:Blanche of Castile
2108:Adela of Champagne
2068:Constance of Arles
2063:Bertha of Burgundy
2029:Gerberga of Saxony
1641:Eleonora of Mantua
1626:Eleonora of Mantua
1556:Beatrice of Swabia
1536:Matilda of England
1416:Carolingian Empire
838:Judith of Flanders
748:Disgrace and exile
638:Lupus of Ferrières
607:, Agobard of Lyons
505:respectively (the
481:
473:
435:Eberhard of Friuli
427:
390:Freculf of Lisieux
320:(in the region of
303:
211:Reichsaristokratie
2450:
2449:
2353:(1804–1814; 1815)
2336:Marie Leszczyńska
2296:Margaret of Anjou
2212:Joanna of Bourbon
2148:Joan I of Navarre
2083:Bertha of Holland
2073:Matilda of Frisia
2014:Eadgifu of Wessex
1994:Adelaide of Paris
1979:Judith of Bavaria
1727:
1726:
1686:Ludovica of Spain
1501:Adelaide of Italy
1493:Holy Roman Empire
1429:Judith of Bavaria
1375:
1374:
1362:Succeeded by
1343:Succeeded by
1273:La reine adultère
1254:Regesta Imperii:
1240:Nelson, Janet L.
1210:Stafford, Pauline
1171:Patrologia Latina
605:Ermoldus Nigellus
586:Ermoldus Nigellus
528:ordinatio imperii
520:ordinatio imperii
494:ordinatio imperii
490:ordinatio Imperii
456:ordinatio imperii
451:Ordinatio Imperii
372:De ordine palatii
359:De ordine palatii
271:Ermoldus Nigellus
156:Judith of Bavaria
153:
152:
48:819 - 20 June 840
24:Judith of Bavaria
2535:
2403:House of Orléans
2375:House of Bourbon
2341:Marie Antoinette
2321:Marie de' Medici
2307:House of Bourbon
2247:Claude of France
2232:Anne of Brittany
2197:Joan of Burgundy
2143:Marie of Brabant
2123:Agnes of Merania
1944:Bertrada of Laon
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1596:Barbara of Cilli
1586:Anna of Ĺšwidnica
1561:Maria of Brabant
1531:Eupraxia of Kiev
1516:Gisela of Swabia
1486:
1485:
1474:Anna of Provence
1469:Bertila of Parma
1401:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1326:Preceded by
1316:
1309:
1291:
1290:
1242:Charles the Bald
1226:Elizabeth Ward:
1187:Nelson, Janet L.
1177:Agobard of Lyons
1150:
1149:
1138:
1121:
1118:
1107:
1106:, Sean Gilsdorf.
1100:
1094:
1089:Elizabeth Ward:
1087:
1081:
1078:Charles the Bald
1075:Nelson, Janet L.
1072:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
986:
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979:
977:
975:
964:
958:
951:
942:
935:
926:
919:
902:
895:
743:
677:Andreas Agnellus
608:
554:
552:Agobard of Lyons
536:Agobard of Lyons
516:Bernard of Italy
364:Hincmar of Reims
348:Charles The Bald
275:Walahfrid Strabo
267:Edlen Geschlecht
247:Louis the German
172:Charles the Bald
74:
72:
33:
21:
20:
2543:
2542:
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2534:
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2532:
2453:
2452:
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2446:
2435:
2416:
2397:
2369:
2345:
2326:Anne of Austria
2301:
2276:
2188:House of Valois
2182:
2058:Rozala of Italy
2038:
1929:
1920:
1781:
1780:
1761:
1758:
1728:
1723:
1695:
1526:Bertha of Savoy
1521:Agnes of Poitou
1487:
1478:
1459:Ota of Neustria
1410:
1405:
1371:
1367:
1365:Emma of Altdorf
1358:
1348:
1339:
1331:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1282:
1264:, Sean Gilsdorf
1163:Hrabanus Maurus
1159:
1154:
1153:
1139:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1073:
1056:
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1039:
1038:
1031:
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896:
855:
850:
774:
750:
744:
741:Hrabanus Maurus
739:
717:Hrabanus Maurus
689:
609:
603:
568:Pope Nicholas I
563:
555:
550:
486:
465:
419:
343:
263:Regesta Imperii
243:Queen Ermengard
239:
231:Louis the Pious
192:Welf of Bavaria
188:
164:Louis the Pious
114:
100:Louis the Pious
91:
76:
70:
68:
17:
12:
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5:
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2289:
2278:
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2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Joan of France
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:Marie of Anjou
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2183:
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2180:
2178:Joan of Évreux
2175:
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2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2044:House of Capet
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:Emma of France
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
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1938:
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1918:
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1623:
1618:
1616:Maria of Spain
1613:
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2365:Marie Louise
2294:
2286:
2281:
2078:Anne of Kiev
1978:
1926:Carolingians
1901:Bertechildis
1787:Merovingians
1428:
1353:
1334:
1315:19 April 843
1312:
1305:
1298:
1272:
1268:
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962:
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835:
828:
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722:Queen Esther
714:
707:
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533:
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405:
402:Merovingians
398:
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327:
304:
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204:
189:
155:
154:
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2424:(1852–1870)
2405:(1830–1848)
2309:(1589–1792)
2287:(1422–1453)
2262:Mary Stuart
2190:(1328–1589)
1916:Chrothildis
1896:Wulfefundis
1891:Ragintrudis
1846:Austregilde
1841:Theudechild
1169:(in Migne,
1043:(in German)
992:(in German)
970:(in German)
807:Austrasians
576:milkbrother
225:(duke) and
205:Though the
198:noblewoman
2468:843 deaths
2463:797 births
2457:Categories
2242:Mary Tudor
2046:(987–1328)
1931:Robertians
1881:Gomentrude
1856:Galswintha
1801:Ultragotha
1308:795 or 805
848:References
772:Later life
652:, and the
642:Prudentius
583:court poet
439:Berengar I
186:Early life
2009:Frederuna
1999:Richardis
1959:Hildegard
1937:(751–987)
1911:Bilichild
1861:Fredegund
1836:Marcovefa
1831:Merofleda
1826:Ingoberga
1789:(509–751)
1011:Freculf.
831:Ingelheim
803:Bavarians
799:Aquitaine
654:seneschal
634:Walahfrid
499:Aquitaine
463:Civil war
341:Queenship
331:Ermengard
311:monastery
292:Alemannia
215:Alemannia
71:843-04-19
1969:Luitgard
1964:Fastrada
1949:Gerberga
1935:Bosonids
1886:Nanthild
1876:Sichilde
1871:Bertrude
1851:Audovera
1811:Radegund
1806:Guntheuc
1796:Clotilde
1719:Category
1359:819–840
1340:819–840
1144:(1991).
817:and the
762:Nijmegen
738:—
726:Xerxes I
687:Scandals
602:—
549:—
417:Children
385:Kämmerer
377:Kämmerer
370:and the
356:and the
322:Lombardy
233:in 819.
219:Hochadel
2443:italics
1821:Aregund
1165:(856),
1157:Sources
1022:25 June
815:Alemans
791:Tortona
787:civitas
785:at the
734:kingdom
657:Adalard
621:Matfrid
503:Bavaria
446:Charles
410:Bretons
318:Brescia
288:Bavaria
227:comital
116:Charles
1816:Ingund
1311:
1183:c. 830
1047:15 May
996:15 May
974:15 May
819:Franks
811:Saxons
795:Aachen
646:Wenilo
431:Gisela
307:Aachen
279:Thegan
259:Aachen
255:Lothar
251:Peppin
200:Hedwig
168:Gisela
144:Mother
134:Father
112:Gisela
96:Spouse
84:Burial
1313:Died:
1306:Born:
650:Berno
508:regna
284:Rhine
223:ducal
207:Welfs
196:Saxon
180:Tours
123:House
107:Issue
78:Tours
45:Reign
1933:and
1707:and
1049:2014
1024:2021
998:2014
976:2014
779:coup
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648:and
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523:818
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194:and
170:and
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