213:
the cost of appointing a temporary replacement. In 1907 the High Court held that the imposition of an income tax payable by all taxpayers was not a reduction in the judge's salary. One identified risk is that in real terms the remuneration may be continually cut by inflation. In 1954 the Judges of the
Supreme Court of Victoria protested against what they said was the inadequacy of the increases proposed to be made to their salaries, under which the post-war inflation reduced the real value of their salaries. The High Court recognised the risk in 2004 stating that "There is no more effective means of depleting the substance of remuneration to an officeholder than by inattention on the part of the legislative or executive branch of government".
57:
to the evidence and arguments presented". This carries with it the requirement that the judge is free from improper influences, whether from the parliament, executive or other powerful interest groups such as the media. The need for impartiality is reflected in the judicial oath “to do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill will”. The need for public confidence in the impartiality of the judiciary, that "justice must be done and be seen to be done", gives rise to the rule disqualifying a judge where "a fair-minded lay observer might reasonably apprehend that the judge might not bring an impartial and unprejudiced mind to the resolution of the question the judge is required to decide".
475:. Former Chief Justice Anthony Mason stated that judges highly value judicial independence and impartial decision making on the assumption that they are associated with public confidence in the judicial system generally, a value reflecting the judges' consciousness of the need to protect the authority of the courts and the spirit of obedience to the law. Mason questioned whether the public appreciates and values judicial independence as highly as judges do. The need to maintain public confidence in the judicial system has been stated as the foundation for a range of different rules and procedures, such as punishment for
630:
to cover a circuit of 10 courts and in each town the same judge would sit as the Local Court and the Youth
Justice Court. Thus the only ways to avoid Judge Borchers sitting in the Youth Justice Court in those towns were either he did not go on circuit, increasing the workload on the other 3 judges or 2 of the 4 judges would need to travel to each town so that the other judge could hear youth matters. Chief Judge Lowndes decided that Judge Borchers would continue to sit on youth matters on circuit, including in Tennant Creek where the complaint arose.
643:
reflecting his personal experiences, to be more judicial and to allow matters to run their course without interfering”, matters similar to the complaints dealt with in 2011. The concern in
Magistrate Maloney's case was not that he would be unfit while he was undergoing treatment, but rather what happened if he stopped. Similarly the issues with Magistrate Betts appears to have arisen in the times in which she stopped taking her medication. The difficulty with supervision of judicial officers was highlighted by the judgment of
455:. Whilst he was Attorney-General, McClelland had implemented a process intended to achieve greater transparency that federal judges were appointed on merit, however these were never formalised through legislation and were abandoned by the new government in 2013. As of December 2015 there were significant variations in Australia regarding the use of stated criteria, advertising, consultation and formal interviews in the appointment process.
44:
example public confidence in the judiciary necessarily impacts on security of tenure in that it requires the ability to remove judges who are unfit for office. Similarly there may be tension between tenure of existing judges and the appointment of the best available candidate to a judicial position. The principle of judicial independence was not always observed in
267:
federal judicial power, (1) only a judge can exercise federal judicial power, and (2) a federal court or judge cannot exercise executive or legislative power. In this way the separation of powers prevents the courts from exercising legislative or executive power, by reference to issues that are non-justiciable. The High Court acknowledged in the 2014 decision of
418:. Evatt was open about the policy considerations in his judgments. While Latham asserted the separation between law and politics, whether his decisions were consistent with that separation was open to question. Two prominent examples of the relevance of a judge having a centralist view are the appointment of
288:, speaking in 2013, argued that courts in Australia do not operate entirely independently of the executive and parliament, noting that (1) the role of the courts is to apply the laws made by parliament, (2) judges are appointed and can be removed by the executive; and (3) courts are funded by the executive.
629:
to have engaged in inappropriate judicial conduct when sentencing a 13-year-old boy in
Tennant Creek. Chief Judge Lowndes decided that the appropriate response was that Borchers should not be allocated to the Youth Justice Court in Alice Springs. There were however only 4 magistrates in Alice Springs
43:
Aspects of judicial independence can be seen as complementary, such as appeals serving to ensure that decisions are made on the facts and law, but which also serves to enhance public confidence in the judiciary. This however is not always the case as there are other elements that require balance, for
676:
asserted that judicial independence required that the judges must control the premises, facilities, staff and budget of their court. A contrary view was expressed by Church and
Sallman who noted that executive administration of the courts had not prevented the judiciary in Australia from maintaining
483:
questioned whether public confidence is a theoretical construct used to objectify judicial reasoning, stating that the foundational aspects of judicial independence are not matters of wide interest. Gleeson suggests that public confidence may consist of taking things for granted rather than reasoned
276:
The separation of powers is not a part of the constitutions of the States. Despite this the High Court has held that under the federal constitution state courts are repositories of federal judicial power, this gives rise to a requirement to maintain the institutional independence of state courts and
56:
The underlying principle is that a judge is an impartial decision maker, whether the parties are individuals, government or other corporate bodies, such that it is the "judge sitting on a case, who has heard the evidence and arguments, who makes the decision on the basis of an application of the law
39:
described judicial independence as existing "to serve and protect not the governors but the governed", albeit one that "rests on the calibre and the character of the judges themselves". Despite general agreement as to its importance and common acceptance of some elements, there is no agreement as to
689:
as a measure of the performance of courts and judges is controversial. In 2013 Chief
Justice Bathurst identified the way in which this performance is measured as one of the most substantial risks to the separation of powers. In 1994 the Federal Court rejected an attempt to argue that the relatively
667:
More controversial is the proposition that reliance on funding from government for the operation of the courts is itself a threat to the independence of the judiciary. The United
Nations basic principles only goes so far as the duty to "provide adequate resources to enable the judiciary to properly
612:
Richard
Pithouse was charged with failing to stop after an accident. Whilst he was awaiting charges he was removed from hearing traffic matters and criminal cases. While Pithouse acknowledged his wrongdoing, no conviction was recorded as he was placed on the Court's diversion program for first-time
266:
The drafters of the
Australian constitution adopted the separation of federal judicial power, whilst maintaining the approach of the Australian colonies that Ministers of State are required to be members of parliament. The High Court has consistently maintained two requirements of the separation of
638:
In relation to NSW Local Court
Magistrate Jennifer Betts, the Judicial Commission held that incapacity extended beyond physical or mental incapacity caused by an identifiable disorder, referring to examples of alcoholism, drug dependency, senility or debilitating illness, to include "incapacity to
405:
argued that politics should not play a positive or negative part in the selection of judges. Thirteen of the first thirty appointments to the High Court were serving or former politicians at the time of their appointment and appointments from either side of politics have been criticised as overtly
212:
held that a statutory requirement that a judge's salary could not be reduced required the payment of the full salary, even when the judge had failed to perform duties, in that case attending court in various towns in the northern district. It also prevented the executive from claiming repayment of
139:
can, generally, only be removed from office as a result of an address passed by the relevant houses of parliament, however the details vary. Some constitutions provide that a judge can only be removed on an address by parliament on specific grounds, being proved misbehaviour or incapacity. Similar
654:
120. ... An undertaking not to engage in loquaciousness etc (the 1999 undertaking) or to provide judgments on time (Justice Bruce) are very different to a commitment to work under supervision by another judicial officer, the terms of which were never identified and which of its nature seems to be
642:
One of the features of Magistrate Maloney's case was that it was revealed in 2011 that he had previously been the subject of complaints before the Conduct Division in 1999, which resulted in him giving an undertaking “not to be too loquacious, not to interrupt solicitors, not to introduce matters
501:
the difficult cases were those in which the misconduct would not justify removal of the judge, noting that the Chief Justice or head of jurisdiction had the capacity to advise, warn and take appropriate administrative steps, but beyond that were unable to penalise another judge. One option was to
433:
was looking to appoint judges to the High Court who took a broad view of federal powers and was accused of attempting to stack the High Court by increasing the number of judges from five to seven. Piddington was offered appointment after he had confirmed that he was "In sympathy with supremacy of
311:
for the opening of the first session of Parliament and the appointment of state judges, typically the Chief Justice, as Lieutenant-Governor or Acting Governor. The conferral of non-judicial functions on judges in their personal capacity, as opposed to their judicial capacity is referred to as the
147:
There have been occasions in which judges have been removed by the abolition of their court. In 1878 the Governor of Victoria dismissed all judges of County Courts, Mines and Insolvency and all Chairman of General Sessions, as well as a large number of public servants. and only some, not all were
651:
119. ... it is inherent in the judicial function that the sort of supervisory constraints which the evidence identified as appropriate to those in the medical profession with a bipolar 2 condition, could not be applied to judicial officers. The principle of judicial independence would simply not
100:
for any act within jurisdiction, even if the judge acted maliciously or corruptly. The courts have denied that rule exists for the protection of the malicious or corrupt judge, and justified it on the grounds of the public interest in the independence of the judiciary as being necessary for the
387:
There are three ways in which the appointment process has been thought to threaten judicial independence: political appointments, stacking the court with new appointments, and not appointing a sufficient number of judges for the workload. The power to appoint a judge lies exclusively at the
152:
held that County Court judges held office at pleasure and the Governor in council could remove them without cause. More recent examples of courts being abolished without protecting the tenure of the judges are the abolition of the Court of Petty Sessions (NSW) and its replacement by the
438:
described as a tragedy, hinting that it may have been due to his "queer views about federalism", a reference to Jordan's strenuous support for the power and rights of the States as against the Commonwealth. The appointment of a former politician is not always partisan, for example
71:
which made relevantly two provisions, that a judge's salary was required to be fixed on appointment and that the judge could only be removed by the crown on upon the address of both Houses of Parliament. These provisions did not apply to colonial judges, covered by the
639:
discharge the duties of judicial office in a manner that accords with recognised standards of judicial propriety". Thus incapacity requires knowledge of what the judicial officer is required to do and the circumstances under which those duties must be performed.
593:, she was driving after consuming alcohol when she hit and injured a cyclist at Glenside. Bampton pleaded guilty to driving with excess blood alcohol and driving without due care. Bampton did not resign nor did the Parliament seek her removal. The Chief Justice
243:, although Blackstone only went so far as to state the necessity for some degree of separation of the administration of justice from both parliament and the executive. Despite the theory, historically there was no formal separation of the English judiciary: the
582:, with the same rank and status as a Federal Court judge. Staples was isolated within the commission and the duties he was allocated were significantly reduced from 1979. He was not allocated any duties between 1985 and the abolition of the commission in 1988.
549:
thought that removal was too harsh a penalty and decided to admonish and reprimand Meymott, with the controversy being limited to the unsuccessful attempt to reduce his salary by the amount of additional expense incurred to replace him. 70 years later in 1952
604:
judge, was found by the Judicial Commission of NSW to have made comments that undermined confidence in the judiciary, and amounted to inappropriate judicial conduct. The Commission recommended that Neilson not be allocated to sit on cases involving sexual
2589:
2160:
320:
122:
the protection required an address passed by the relevant houses of parliament. In Adelaide in 1897 the power to remove was limited to cases of "misbehaviour or incapacity", while in 1898 in Melbourne the convention added the requirement for proof, which
1981:
131:
writing in 1901, said was to ensure that the judge should be heard in defence and that the charge had to be alleged in the address. In 1918 the High Court held that tenure must be for life to that particular court, not merely for a term of years.
157:
in which all but six magistrates were appointed to the new court, and the abolition of the Victorian Accident Compensation Tribunal in 1992 by the Victorian government which by-passed the legislative removal mechanism and removed all judges.
2973:
434:
Commonwealth powers", Piddington resigned from the High Court one month after his appointment following a strong media campaign against him. Jordan was considered a brilliant lawyer but was never appointed to the High Court, which Sir
558:
was sent a written rebuke for his remarks that he "would not punish people trying to live decent lives in the degradation of emergency housing camps if the State did not want to do anything to help them", referring to the camp in
938:
273:, that the evolution of the common law involves a law making function, however the courts are constrained by deciding the particular case and complex policy considerations are matters more appropriate for parliament.
101:
administration of justice. The history of development of this immunity is complex, and the High Court held in 2006 that it is "ultimately, although not solely, founded in considerations of the finality of judgments".
690:
high number of appeals against decisions of a particular person as a measure of apprehended bias. In 2016 the Full Court of the Federal Court rejected, as irrelevant to an apprehension of bias, evidence that Judge
479:, disqualification of a judge for the reasonable apprehension of bias, the process by which cases are allocated to a particular judge, and the need for judges to behave courteously in court. Former Chief Justice
466:
is reported to have said "The Court’s authority, consisting of neither the purse nor the sword, rests ultimately on substantial public confidence in its moral sanction", reflecting earlier comments in the essay
2255:"it is for the courts to judge of the existence in either House of Parliament of a privilege, but, given an undoubted privilege, it is for the House to judge of the occasion and of the manner of its exercise".
2226:
397:
is required to consult with the Attorneys-General of the States in relation to the appointment of a judge to the High Court, however there is no requirement that consultation is reflected in who is appointed.
392:
argued that because High Court judges were appointed by the federal government, appointments were more likely to be made from lawyers who were sympathetic to a centralist point of view. Since 1979 the federal
388:
discretion of the executive. This unfettered discretion gives rise to concerns expressed by Professor Blackshield that judicial appointments are political and made for political gain. Constitutional scholar
1172:
2977:
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73:
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The principle that judicial salaries should be known, fixed at the time of appointment and cannot be reduced during tenure is well established at all levels in Australia. In 1877 the
3376:
3306:
1270:
535:
110:
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The Judicial Commission of NSW thought, in relation to Magistrates Betts and Maloney, that there was no alternative to their removal. The Legislative Council however disagreed.
307:
to the National Debt Commission. Similarly numerous judges have been appointed to vice-regal roles, including the tradition of appointing High Court judges as deputies to the
140:
provisions are found in legislation. Legislation in the other states and territories, provide that a judge can only be removed on an address by parliament, but it is only by
339:. There have been various occasions in which a Governor-General or state Governor have sought the advice of a judge in relation to their powers, including Chief Justice Sir
2706:
2459:
118:, leaving a judge free from influence resulting from the threat of removal, is generally said to be justified as an important feature of judicial independence. In the
3350:
538:. There was no less conflict in Melbourne, where Willis clashed with the press, the legal fraternity, and members of the public and he was removed by Governor Gipps.
3749:
2124:
1902:
1365:
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argued that the only power was to remove a judge for misconduct and the independence of the judiciary meant it was improper for the executive to admonish a judge.
3424:
704:
the Liberal Party campaigned on a platform that they would publish data on court performance including sentencing records, sitting times and successful appeals.
80:. c. 75 (Imp)), known as Burke's Act, which provided a judge could be removed by the governor and council of the colony, subject to the right of appeal to the
597:
decided that for twelve months Bampton would not be allocated to cases involving a driving offence nor where an offender was "materially affected by alcohol".
296:
1016:
652:
allow it. Most particularly a performance assessment and oversight by other medical practitioners would not be possible in the case of a judicial officer.
3540:
3723:
579:
3687:
32:
held in 2004 that a court capable of exercising federal judicial power must be, and must appear to be, an independent and impartial tribunal. Former
3602:
2265:
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The separation of powers has not been thought to prevent the appointment of High Court judges to executive roles, such as the appointment of Sir
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2553:
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published a series of articles comparing the time Federal Court judges took to deliver judgments and the number of paragraphs per day. In the
622:
3324:
2615:
141:
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There are limits to the extent to which administrative measures can address inappropriate judicial conduct. Greg Borchers, a judge of the
173:
in 1908 and was forced to retire in 1920. More controversial was the similar action of the Queensland parliament in 1921 in passing the
368:
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352:
236:
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government and the judges, playing out through a series of cases challenging government actions and legislation. The effect of the
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785:
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Twice sitting judges have been removed as a result of the introduction of a retirement age. In 1918 the NSW Parliament passed the
119:
3024:
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1791:
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81:
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165:, which introduced a compulsory retirement age of 70 which was applied to existing judges. The first judge to be affected was
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1934:
907:
618:
336:
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546:
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1920:
1383:
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1914:
1611:
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609:
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542:
227:
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found in favour of the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection in 99.21% of matters he decided. In 2018 the
590:
209:
197:
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3562:
3482:
3100:
2289:"the Governer could not be commanded to do an act which he can only do with the advice of the Executive Council".
1032:
232:
The theory that the legislative, executive and judicial powers should be separated is attributed to both French
3180:
2925:
2864:
2690:
Blackshield, A (1990). "The Appointment and Removal of Federal Judges". In Opeskin, B & Wheeler, F (eds.).
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1836:
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An administrative measure that has been taken is in relation to the allocation of work. Examples include:
545:
in 1876. Over a number of years Meymott had failed to attend various courts in the northern district. The
1749:
1480:
1335:
696:
186:
1432:
1400:
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1968:
1464:
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1303:
300:
33:
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1675:
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448:
149:
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1416:
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890:
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379:, in the 1950s. Dixon also gave discreet advice to the US Consul and influential public servants.
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1998:
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1287:
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1060:
771:
124:
29:
3000:
1857:
1808:
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1634:
868:
65:
The independence of the English judiciary is traditionally said to have been established by the
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389:
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67:
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2502:
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3105:
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1554:
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332:
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that the concept of good behaviour is limited to the grounds of incapacity or misbehaviour.
24:
3619:
2651:
1601:
990:
812:
3780:
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2464:
2425:
2368:
2307:
2270:
2231:
2195:
2166:
2130:
2098:
2070:
1986:
1940:
1898:
1873:
1579:
1275:
1243:
1177:
1052:
753:
376:
281:
170:
2388:
2235:
2134:
2042:
2014:
28:
is regarded as one of the foundation values of the Australian legal system, such that the
8:
3170:
2274:
2074:
1990:
1944:
1877:
1757:
1715:
1279:
1133:
961:
511:
415:
136:
2046:
2018:
3596:
3060:
2671:
1493:
1099:
560:
519:
472:
240:
115:
45:
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1910:
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1607:
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1022:
903:
503:
476:
468:
463:
452:
419:
314:
97:
2652:"Tales of the Overt and the Covert: Judges and Politics in Early Cold War Australia"
1234:
3616:
Vietnam Veterans’ Association of Australia (New South Wales Branch Inc) v Gallagher
3377:"Magistrate Richard Pithouse spared criminal punishment for leaving accident scene"
2663:
2190:
1654:
669:
423:
407:
324:
that the non-judicial function in that case was incompatible with judicial office.
304:
260:
3478:
3092:
2616:"Mason Disputes Details But Largely Confirms Kerr's Account Of Their Discussions"
364:
340:
244:
200:
were compulsorily retired, which permitted the government to appoint new judges.
3750:"Victorian Bar slams judiciary 'performance' data proposal for lacking context"
3140:
2667:
644:
594:
523:
480:
248:
36:
3774:
3425:"Judge removed from Alice Springs court over series of 'gratuitous' comments"
3351:"NSW Judicial Commission finds Judge Garry Neilson should not hear sex cases"
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3249:
3198:
2943:
2882:
2286:
1670:
1103:
527:
372:
344:
128:
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before accepting a post to NSW. In Sydney Willis clashed with Chief Justice
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More controversial was the advice being given to the Governor-General Sir
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360:
166:
2974:"Appointment to the Family Court of Australia—The Hon Robert McClelland"
2252:
435:
292:
93:
662:
541:
A different approach was taken with Frederick Meymott, a judge of the
2737:
Consultation with State Attorneys-General on appointment of Justices.
2590:
Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Affairs
2161:
Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Affairs
884:
882:
252:
77:
2971:
2342:(5th ed.). University of Queensland Press. pp. 132, 137.
1982:
Victorian Stevedoring & General Contracting Co Pty Ltd v Dignan
3684:"Justice delayed: Federal Court judgments can take years to write"
879:
447:
and former Attorney-General, was nominated for appointment to the
111:
List of Australian judges whose security of tenure was challenged
2752:"Appointing Australia's highest judges deserves proper scrutiny"
939:"Abolition of Courts and Non-reappointment of Judicial Officers"
185:
was that immediately upon proclamation three out of six judges,
3493:
3491:
3661:"Dyson Heydon was right: 12 months is too long for a judgment"
3581:. Australian Institute of Judicial Administration. p. 8.
2011:
British Imperial Oil Co Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation
1658:
The Foundations of Judicial Independence in a Modern Democracy
1271:
Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia v J W Alexander Ltd
735:(2002 Winter) Bar News: Journal of the NSW Bar Association 30.
497:
Gleeson has stated that in his experience as President of the
3448:
3446:
2395:
501 at 544 per Gummow, Hayne, Heydon, Crennan and Kiefel JJ
3570:
3488:
3325:"Drink driving judge banned from sentencing drunk offenders"
1073:
1071:
1069:
750:
North Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service Inc v Bradley
534:
appointed Willis to the position of Resident judge for the
318:. The doctrine does have limits and the High Court held in
3443:
1927:
1903:"Judicial Independence - Its History in England and Wales"
647:
J in the Supreme Court in relation to Magistrate Maloney:
502:
move the judge to other duties or another location. After
1236:
The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth
1232:
1066:
3499:"Report of an Inquiry in relation to Magistrate Maloney"
2805:
The High Court, the Constitution and Australian Politics
2707:"The High Court and the Founders: an Unfaithful Servant"
3563:"Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary"
3229:"John Walpole Willis: First Resident Judge in Victoria"
3179:. Vol. 1. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
2039:
Silk Bros Pty Ltd v State Electricity Commission (Vict)
1850:
1848:
1809:"Politics, Law and the Constitution in McCawley's Case"
3724:"Radical Liberal plan puts judges under the spotlight"
3640:
ALA15 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection
3454:"Report of an Inquiry in relation to Magistrate Betts"
2125:
R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers' Society of Australia
1008:
247:
was a member of cabinet, the presiding officer of the
2547:
2503:"Separation of Powers: Reality or Desirable Fiction?"
1470:
1228:
1226:
1213:"Judicial accountability - An Australian perspective"
888:
820:(2005) 2(1) University of New England Law Journal 75.
1845:
1077:
1044:
1042:
492:
135:
Since the 20th century Australian judges accused of
3032:. Judicial Conference of Australia. December 2015.
2297:
2295:
2185:
2183:
1494:"Judicial Accountability and Judicial Independence"
1338:
Removal from office for misbehaviour or incapacity.
876:(2003) 6(2) The Flinders Journal of Law Reform 169.
806:
804:
802:
663:
Financial and administrative autonomy of the courts
2638:The judiciousness of advising the Governor-General
2493:
2491:
1705:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1223:
580:Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission
18:Foundational principle of Australia's legal system
3694:
3391:
3017:
1817:(2006) 30(3) Melbourne University Law Review 605.
1366:"Constitutional Aspects of Judicial Independence"
1039:
991:"Judicial independence: a collection of material"
3772:
3417:
3236:(1972) 8(4) Melbourne University Law Review 703.
2292:
2276:
2266:R v Governor of South Australia; Ex parte Vardon
2237:
2180:
2136:
2076:
2048:
2020:
1992:
1946:
1879:
1831:. Butterworths. pp. 287–291 & 299–305.
1820:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1743:
1511:
1281:
1206:
1204:
984:
982:
980:
799:
668:perform its functions". Writing in 1991 Justice
506:was removed as a judge in NSW, he was appointed
3220:
2775:
2745:
2743:
2488:
2364:Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions for NSW
2088:
1641:
1483:Judges removable only on address by Parliament.
1422:
40:each of the elements of judicial independence.
3675:
3652:
3560:
3314:(1989) 31 Journal of Industrial Relations 334.
2965:
2846:
2807:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–1.
2797:"Ch 9 The Latham Court: Law, war and politics"
2521:Judiciary (Diplomatic Representation) Act 1942
1660:(1991) 1 Journal of Judicial Administration 3.
1306:Judges' appointment, tenure, and remuneration.
932:
930:
928:
926:
828:
826:
3468:
3244:
3242:
2909:
2907:
2698:
2385:K-Generation Pty Ltd v Liquor Licensing Court
2227:R v Richards; Ex parte Fitzpatrick and Browne
2153:
1891:
1797:
1663:
1477:Supreme Court (Judges' Independence) Act 1857
1201:
977:
745:
743:
741:
725:
3601:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3548:New South Wales Legislative Council Practice
3520:Maloney v The Honourable Michael Campbell QC
3369:
3298:
3168:
3133:
2992:
2788:
2769:
2740:
2683:
2219:
1897:
1775:
1606:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1499:. Law Reform Commission of Western Australia
721:
719:
717:
578:James Staples was a deputy president of the
3456:. Judicial Commission of NSW. 21 April 2011
3317:
3001:"New transparency in judicial appointments"
2916:"Jordan, Sir Frederick Richard (1881–1949)"
2855:"Piddington, Albert Bathurst (1862 - 1945)"
2832:. Century Hutchison Australia. p. 80.
2689:
2258:
2060:
1671:"Mr Justice Sly: Retirement from the bench"
1599:
1569:
1567:
1390:
1357:
1341:
1325:
1265:
1263:
923:
862:
860:
858:
823:
777:
3294:– via National Library of Australia.
3266:– via National Library of Australia.
3239:
2972:Senator the Honourable George Brandis QC.
2924:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
2904:
2863:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
2794:
2454:
2452:
2340:The Constitutions of the Australian States
2004:
1687:– via National Library of Australia.
1454:
1438:
1406:
1165:
1014:
738:
514:had previously been removed as a judge in
369:1932 New South Wales constitutional crisis
216:
96:of England has long held that a judge had
3576:
3278:"Judge Stretton rebuked by state cabinet"
2998:
2538:(Cth) s 6 constitution of the Commission.
2032:
1870:Cooper v Commissioner of Income Tax (Qld)
1829:The Supreme Court of Queensland 1859-1960
1826:
1806:
1233:Quick, John & Garran, Robert (1901).
949:
714:
680:
3501:. Judicial Commission of NSW. 6 May 2011
3162:
3120:Director of Public Prosecutions v Rugari
3059:
2510:New South Wales Judicial Scholarship 39.
2315:
1733:
1564:
1363:
1260:
988:
958:"The struggle for judicial independence"
896:Judicial independence from the executive
855:
655:inconsistent with judicial independence.
297:Australian Minister to the United States
3681:
3399:"13 year old denied bail after rampage"
3139:
2778:"The Appointment and removal of judges"
2749:
2449:
2303:Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Barker
1958:
1309:
1293:
832:
813:"A definition of judicial independence"
783:
487:
270:Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Barker
221:
3773:
3226:
2827:
2704:
2692:The Australian Federal Judicial System
2413:
1486:
1098:(1868) 3 Law Reports (Exchequer) 220,
810:
677:independence for a considerable time.
613:offenders and returned to full duties.
406:political, such as the appointment of
3658:
2649:
2640:" (2012) 23(4) Public Law Review 241.
2378:
2356:
1467:Tenure of judges and oaths of office.
1086:(1953) 26 Australian Law Journal 462.
337:1975 Australian constitutional crisis
104:
87:
60:
3541:"Ch 20 Relations with the judiciary"
3250:"Judge blasts state on housing camp"
3145:"Public Confidence in the judiciary"
2680:(1993) 21(2) Federal Law Review 151.
2561:. Judicial Conference of Australia.
2497:
2337:
1210:
1173:D'Orta-Ekenaike v Victoria Legal Aid
946:(1995) 12 Australian Bar Review 181.
902:. Judicial Conference of Australia.
458:
3702:"Statement by Chief Justice Allsop"
2913:
2535:National Debt Sinking Fund Act 1966
1220:Queensland Judicial Scholarship 20.
784:Brennan, Gerard (2 November 1996).
625:(NT) had been found by Chief Judge
259:and some serving judges sat in the
251:and the head of the judiciary, the
13:
3682:Patrick, Aaron (26 October 2018).
3659:Pelly, Michael (25 October 2018).
3176:Australian Dictionary of Biography
3171:"Bent, Jeffery Hart (1781 - 1852)"
2921:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2860:Australian Dictionary of Biography
996:. Judicial Conference of Australia
177:. There was animosity between the
74:Colonial Leave of Absence Act 1782
14:
3822:
3304:
955:
936:
835:"Public Confidence in the Courts"
493:Misconduct not warranting removal
228:Separation of powers in Australia
3742:
3716:
3633:
3609:
3554:
3533:
3513:
3307:"The removal of Justice Staples"
2731:High Court of Australia Act 1979
2242:
2141:
1772: (on appeal from Australia).
1730: (on appeal from Australia).
1600:Campbell, Enid; Lee, HP (2012).
866:
331:by Sir Garfield Barwick and Sir
3343:
3270:
3113:
3082:
3053:
2852:
2821:
2724:
2643:
2630:
2608:
2582:
2541:
2527:
2513:
2331:
2117:
1974:
1863:
1813:Melbourne University Law Review
1782:Taylor v Attorney-General (Qld)
1691:
1627:
1593:
1540:
1451:Removal from office of Judges .
1332:Constitution of Queensland 2001
1139:
1112:
1089:
728:"The courts and public opinion"
422:and the non-appointment of Sir
203:
3577:Church, T, Sallman, P (1991).
3181:Australian National University
2926:Australian National University
2865:Australian National University
2750:Appleby, G (9 December 2014).
2705:Craven, Greg (11 April 1997).
2163:(Hindmarsh Island Bridge case)
1935:New South Wales v Commonwealth
1909:. Judicial Commission of NSW.
1679:. 20 December 1919. p. 12
1372:. Judicial Commission of NSW.
1021:. Judicial Commission of NSW.
989:Debeljak, Julie (April 2001).
833:Gleeson, M (9 February 2007).
382:
371:; Sir Owen Dixon advising Sir
169:who had been appointed to the
148:subsequently reappointed. The
120:1891 constitutional convention
1:
3786:Australian constitutional law
2785:17(3) Federal Law Review 141.
1575:Attorney General (NSW) v Quin
1397:Judicial Commissions Act 1994
1354:Removal from judicial office.
1322:Removal from judicial office.
707:
702:2018 Victorian state election
633:
3579:Governing Australia's Courts
2999:McLelland, R (18 May 2010).
1937:(Interstate Commission case)
1403:Removal of judicial officer.
974:12 Macquarie Law Journal 21.
321:Hindmarsh Island Bridge case
51:
7:
2711:Papers on Parliament No. 30
1551:[1878] VicLawRp 156
1526:Victoria Government Gazette
1015:Cunningham, H, ed. (1997).
697:Australian Financial Review
453:Liberal–National government
255:in the House of Lords were
10:
3827:
3648:Federal Court (Full Court)
3286:. 26 March 1952. p. 1
3258:. 20 March 1952. p. 3
2668:10.1177/0067205X9302100201
2555:Judges in vice-regal roles
1905:. In Cunningham, H (ed.).
1750:Supreme Court (Full Court)
1699:Judges Retirement Act 1921
1635:Judges Retirement Act 1918
1559:Supreme Court (Full Court)
1547:R v Rogers, Ex Parte Lewis
1429:Magistrates Court Act 1987
1368:. In Cunningham, H (ed.).
1083:The independence of judges
685:The use of statistics and
499:Judicial Commission of NSW
225:
108:
3686:. AFR.com. Archived from
2460:Wainohu v New South Wales
1676:The Sydney Morning Herald
674:Supreme Court of Victoria
299:, and the appointment of
257:the final court of appeal
3524:[2011] NSWSC 470
3379:. The Age. 28 March 2018
3124:[2016] NSWSC 630
2830:Judges of the High Court
2776:Sir Harry Gibbs (1987).
2650:Maher, Lawrence (1993).
2421:South Australia v Totani
1603:The Australian Judiciary
1155:(England and Wales) per
1129:(England and Wales) per
552:County Court of Victoria
536:District of Port Phillip
508:Chief Justice of Grenada
98:immunity from being sued
3644:[2016] FCAFC 30
3561:United Nations (1985).
2828:Fricke, Graham (1986).
786:"Judicial Independence"
585:In 2013, shortly after
518:following a clash with
217:Subsequent developments
3811:Judiciary of Australia
3620:[1994] FCA 489
2618:. whitlamdismissal.com
1827:McPherson, BH (1989).
1758:[1920] UKPC 22
1716:[1919] UKPC 34
1461:Supreme Court Act 1935
1102:(United Kingdom), per
1055: at -, (2000) 201
687:performance indicators
681:Performance indicators
657:
589:'s appointment to the
520:Sir Peregrine Maitland
239:and English judge Sir
68:Act of Settlement 1701
3283:The Argus (Melbourne)
3169:C. H. Currey (1966).
3026:Judicial Appointments
2595:[1996] HCA 18
2552:(26 September 2014).
2465:[2011] HCA 24
2426:[2010] HCA 39
2369:[1996] HCA 24
2308:[2014] HCA 32
2271:[1907] HCA 31
2232:[1955] HCA 36
2196:[2007] HCA 33
2167:[1996] HCA 18
2131:[1956] HCA 10
2099:[2018] HCA 15
2071:[1954] HCA 46
1987:[1931] HCA 34
1941:[1915] HCA 17
1874:[1907] HCA 27
1752:(Qld). overturned by
1580:[1990] HCA 21
1519:"Judges of Court etc"
1445:Constitution Act 1934
1348:Constitution Act 1975
1276:[1918] HCA 56
1244:Angus & Robertson
1180: at , (2005) 223
1178:[2005] HCA 12
1053:[2000] HCA 48
754:[2004] HCA 31
649:
543:District Court of NSW
401:Former Chief Justice
353:Ronald Munro Ferguson
234:political philosopher
183:Judges Retirement Act
175:Judges Retirement Act
163:Judges Retirement Act
25:Judicial independence
3796:Separation of powers
2548:Ananian-Welsh &
2389:[2009] HCA 4
2127:(Boilermakers' case)
2043:[1943] HCA 2
2015:[1925] HCA 4
1855:Meymott v Piddington
1419:Removal from office.
889:Ananian-Welsh &
811:Richardson, Kristy.
610:Victorian Magistrate
488:Other considerations
377:Governor of Victoria
282:Chief Justice of NSW
237:Baron de Montesquieu
222:Separation of Powers
210:Supreme Court of NSW
171:Supreme Court of NSW
3806:Judicial misconduct
3754:Australasian Lawyer
3690:on 26 October 2018.
3357:. 24 September 2015
3065:"Federalist No. 78"
3061:Hamilton, Alexander
2980:on 28 February 2017
2795:Wheeler, F (2015).
2474:"Judgement summary"
2435:"Judgement summary"
1971:Ministers of State.
1754:McCawley v The King
869:"Removal of Judges"
726:Sir Anthony Mason.
623:Youth Justice Court
522:. He spent time in
137:judicial misconduct
3730:. 18 November 2018
3403:Alice Springs News
2656:Federal Law Review
1858:Knox's Reports 306
1807:Aroney, N (2006).
1211:Atkinson, Roslyn.
1100:Court of Exchequer
1096:Scott v Stansfield
602:NSW District Court
473:Alexander Hamilton
241:William Blackstone
116:Security of tenure
105:Security of tenure
88:Immunity from suit
61:Initial principles
46:colonial Australia
3801:Philosophy of law
3431:. 8 December 2017
3331:. 15 January 2014
3227:Keon-Cohen, B A.
3190:978-0-522-84459-7
3143:(27 April 2002).
3039:978-0-9941739-2-8
2935:978-0-522-84459-7
2874:978-0-522-84459-7
2694:. pp. 427–8.
2568:978-0-9941739-1-1
2338:Lumb, RD (1991).
2318:Judgement summary
1712:Theodore v Duncan
1435:Tenure of office.
1413:Supreme Court Act
1364:Lane, PH (1997).
1188:Judgement summary
1119:Anderson v Gorrie
1049:Johnson v Johnson
909:978-0-9941739-0-4
600:Garry Neilson, a
547:Executive Council
528:Sir James Dowling
477:contempt of court
469:Federalist No. 78
464:Felix Frankfurter
459:Public confidence
441:Robert McClelland
420:Albert Piddington
315:persona designata
3818:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3656:
3650:
3637:
3631:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3592:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3545:
3537:
3531:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3495:
3486:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3305:Kirby, Michael.
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3246:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3137:
3131:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3095:512 at 519, per
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3031:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2976:. Archived from
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2756:The Conversation
2747:
2738:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2612:
2606:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2531:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2399:Judgment summary
2382:
2376:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2299:
2290:
2278:
2262:
2256:
2246:
2239:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:Judgment summary
2191:Thomas v Mowbray
2187:
2178:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:Judgment summary
2092:
2086:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1978:
1972:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1923:on 15 June 2016.
1919:. Archived from
1895:
1889:
1881:
1867:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1804:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1597:
1591:
1571:
1562:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:. 8 January 1878
1523:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1452:
1442:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1410:
1404:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1386:on 15 June 2016.
1382:. Archived from
1361:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1316:Constitution Act
1313:
1307:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1241:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1169:
1163:
1143:
1137:
1116:
1110:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1075:
1064:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1035:on 15 June 2016.
1031:. Archived from
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
995:
986:
975:
973:
971:
969:
960:. Archived from
953:
947:
945:
943:
937:Kirby, Michael.
934:
921:
920:
918:
916:
901:
886:
877:
875:
873:
864:
853:
852:
850:
848:
839:
830:
821:
819:
817:
808:
797:
796:
794:
792:
781:
775:
774:
769:
764:Judgment summary
747:
736:
734:
732:
723:
443:a member of the
428:Attorney-General
424:Frederick Jordan
395:Attorney-General
309:Governor-General
305:Garfield Barwick
261:House of Commons
3826:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3704:. Federal Court
3700:
3699:
3695:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3657:
3653:
3638:
3634:
3614:
3610:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3575:
3571:
3559:
3555:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3483:Court of Appeal
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3191:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3141:Gleeson, Murray
3138:
3134:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3101:Court of Appeal
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3063:(28 May 1788).
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2936:
2912:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2875:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2799:. In Dixon, R;
2793:
2789:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2748:
2741:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2703:
2699:
2688:
2684:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2489:
2476:
2472:
2457:
2450:
2437:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2402:
2396:
2383:
2379:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2336:
2332:
2321:
2300:
2293:
2263:
2259:
2224:
2220:
2209:
2203:
2188:
2181:
2158:
2154:
2122:
2118:
2107:
2101:
2095:Burns v Corbett
2093:
2089:
2065:
2061:
2037:
2033:
2009:
2005:
1979:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1932:
1928:
1917:
1907:Fragile Bastion
1896:
1892:
1868:
1864:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1825:
1821:
1805:
1798:
1780:
1776:
1764:691; (1920) 28
1738:
1734:
1722:696; (1919) 26
1710:
1706:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1653:
1642:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1598:
1594:
1572:
1565:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1459:
1455:
1443:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1407:
1395:
1391:
1380:
1370:Fragile Bastion
1362:
1358:
1346:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1298:
1294:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1239:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1191:
1185:
1170:
1166:
1153:Court of Appeal
1144:
1140:
1127:Court of Appeal
1117:
1113:
1094:
1090:
1081:; Derham, D P,
1076:
1067:
1047:
1040:
1029:
1018:Fragile Bastion
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
987:
978:
967:
965:
964:on 5 March 2016
954:
950:
941:
935:
924:
914:
912:
910:
899:
887:
880:
871:
865:
856:
846:
844:
837:
831:
824:
815:
809:
800:
790:
788:
782:
778:
767:
761:
748:
739:
730:
724:
715:
710:
683:
665:
653:
636:
495:
490:
461:
385:
365:Governor of NSW
341:Samuel Griffith
245:Lord Chancellor
230:
224:
219:
206:
113:
107:
90:
63:
54:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3824:
3814:
3813:
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3803:
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3791:Accountability
3788:
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3766:
3741:
3715:
3693:
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3651:
3632:
3608:
3587:
3569:
3553:
3532:
3512:
3487:
3467:
3442:
3416:
3405:. 21 June 2017
3390:
3368:
3342:
3316:
3297:
3269:
3238:
3219:
3189:
3161:
3132:
3112:
3107:LawCite Search
3081:
3052:
3038:
3016:
2991:
2964:
2934:
2914:Bennett, J.M.
2903:
2873:
2853:Roe, Michael.
2845:
2838:
2820:
2813:
2787:
2768:
2739:
2723:
2697:
2682:
2662:(2): 151–201.
2642:
2629:
2607:
2581:
2567:
2540:
2526:
2512:
2487:
2448:
2412:
2377:
2355:
2348:
2330:
2291:
2257:
2218:
2179:
2152:
2116:
2087:
2059:
2031:
2003:
1973:
1957:
1926:
1915:
1890:
1862:
1844:
1837:
1819:
1796:
1774:
1740:In re McCawley
1732:
1704:
1690:
1662:
1640:
1626:
1612:
1592:
1563:
1539:
1510:
1485:
1469:
1453:
1437:
1421:
1405:
1389:
1378:
1356:
1340:
1324:
1308:
1292:
1259:
1252:
1222:
1200:
1164:
1146:Sirros v Moore
1138:
1111:
1088:
1065:
1059:488 at 492-3,
1038:
1027:
1007:
976:
948:
922:
908:
878:
854:
822:
798:
776:
737:
712:
711:
709:
706:
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679:
664:
661:
635:
632:
615:
614:
606:
598:
595:Chris Kourakis
583:
532:Governor Gipps
524:British Guiana
494:
491:
489:
486:
481:Murray Gleeson
460:
457:
384:
381:
349:Lord Northcote
347:advising both
249:House of Lords
226:Main article:
223:
220:
218:
215:
205:
202:
106:
103:
89:
86:
62:
59:
53:
50:
37:Gerard Brennan
17:
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3728:TheAge.com.au
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3628:Federal Court
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3588:9781875527038
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3528:Supreme Court
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3128:Supreme Court
3125:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:Rajski v Wood
3085:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3002:
2995:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2953:
2949:
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2941:
2937:
2931:
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2861:
2856:
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2839:0-09-157150-2
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2831:
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2814:9781107043664
2810:
2806:
2802:
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2736:
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2693:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2636:Twoomey, A ""
2633:
2617:
2611:
2604:
2600:
2597:, (1996) 189
2596:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2504:
2500:
2499:Bathurst, T F
2494:
2492:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2467:, (2011) 243
2466:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2443:
2436:
2431:
2428:, (2010) 242
2427:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2391:, (2009) 237
2390:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2371:, (1996) 189
2370:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2310:, (2014) 253
2309:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2198:, (2007) 233
2197:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2169:, (1996) 189
2168:
2164:
2162:
2156:
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2126:
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2016:
2012:
2007:
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1996:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1916:0-7313-0281-8
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1908:
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1900:
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1792:Privy Council
1789:
1783:
1778:
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1770:Privy Council
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1728:Privy Council
1725:
1721:
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1613:9781107310582
1609:
1605:
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1589:
1585:
1582:, (1990) 170
1581:
1577:
1576:
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1074:
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1028:0-7313-0281-8
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898:
897:
893:(July 2014).
892:
885:
883:
870:
863:
861:
859:
843:
836:
829:
827:
814:
807:
805:
803:
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780:
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765:
759:
756:, (2004) 218
755:
751:
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744:
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722:
720:
718:
713:
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703:
699:
698:
693:
688:
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671:
660:
656:
648:
646:
640:
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624:
620:
611:
607:
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592:
591:Supreme Court
588:
584:
581:
577:
576:
575:
572:
570:
566:
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399:
396:
391:
380:
378:
374:
373:Dallas Brooks
370:
367:, during the
366:
362:
359:advising Sir
358:
357:Philip Street
354:
350:
346:
345:Edmund Barton
342:
338:
334:
333:Anthony Mason
330:
325:
323:
322:
317:
316:
310:
306:
302:
301:Chief Justice
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
278:
274:
272:
271:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
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214:
211:
201:
199:
195:
192:and Justices
191:
188:
187:Chief Justice
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
156:
151:
150:Supreme Court
145:
143:
138:
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130:
126:
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112:
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79:
75:
70:
69:
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49:
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38:
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34:Chief Justice
31:
27:
26:
21:
16:
3757:. Retrieved
3753:
3744:
3732:. Retrieved
3727:
3718:
3706:. Retrieved
3696:
3688:the original
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3654:
3639:
3635:
3622:, (1994) 52
3615:
3611:
3578:
3572:
3567:Principle 7.
3556:
3547:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3481:163 at 195,
3475:Bruce v Cole
3474:
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3433:. Retrieved
3429:The Guardian
3428:
3419:
3407:. Retrieved
3402:
3393:
3381:. Retrieved
3371:
3359:. Retrieved
3354:
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3329:The Guardian
3328:
3319:
3300:
3288:. Retrieved
3281:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3253:
3222:
3210:. Retrieved
3174:
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3148:
3135:
3119:
3115:
3106:
3088:
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3069:Congress.gov
3068:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3025:
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2978:the original
2967:
2955:. Retrieved
2919:
2894:. Retrieved
2858:
2848:
2829:
2823:
2804:
2790:
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2755:
2730:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2610:
2605:(Australia).
2588:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2554:
2543:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2515:
2458:
2419:
2415:
2398:
2384:
2380:
2362:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2317:
2301:
2264:
2260:
2225:
2221:
2205:
2189:
2159:
2155:
2123:
2119:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2066:
2062:
2038:
2034:
2010:
2006:
1980:
1976:
1965:Constitution
1964:
1960:
1933:
1929:
1921:the original
1906:
1899:Henry Brooke
1893:
1869:
1865:
1854:
1828:
1822:
1812:
1781:
1777:
1753:
1739:
1735:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1674:
1665:
1657:
1633:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1602:
1595:
1573:
1546:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1525:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1488:
1476:
1472:
1460:
1456:
1444:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1396:
1392:
1384:the original
1369:
1359:
1352:s 87AAB
1347:
1343:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1311:
1300:Constitution
1299:
1295:
1269:
1235:
1187:
1171:
1167:
1145:
1141:
1118:
1114:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1048:
1033:the original
1017:
1010:
998:. Retrieved
966:. Retrieved
962:the original
951:
913:. Retrieved
895:
845:. Retrieved
841:
789:. Retrieved
779:
763:
749:
695:
692:Sandy Street
684:
666:
658:
650:
641:
637:
616:
587:Anne Bampton
573:
556:Len Stretton
540:
516:Upper Canada
510:. Similarly
504:Jeffrey Bent
496:
462:
449:Family Court
431:Billy Hughes
400:
386:
326:
319:
313:
312:doctrine of
290:
286:Tom Bathurst
279:
275:
268:
265:
231:
207:
204:Remuneration
182:
174:
162:
160:
146:
134:
114:
91:
66:
64:
55:
42:
23:
22:
20:
15:
3781:Judiciaries
3759:21 November
3734:21 November
3708:28 November
3667:28 November
3335:28 November
3290:21 November
3262:21 November
3154:28 November
3074:28 November
3045:14 November
3009:14 November
2957:14 November
2896:14 November
2801:Williams, G
2761:14 November
2716:14 November
2622:26 November
2574:11 November
2067:R v Davison
1991:(1931) 467
1683:13 November
1553:, (1878) 4
1000:11 November
915:11 November
847:13 November
791:11 November
619:Local Court
512:John Willis
445:Labor Party
403:Harry Gibbs
390:Greg Craven
383:Appointment
361:Philip Game
335:during the
167:Richard Sly
155:Local Court
3775:Categories
3505:28 October
3477:(1998) 45
3460:28 October
3435:1 November
3409:1 November
3355:SMH.com.au
3149:High Court
3091:(1989) 18
2603:High Court
2481:High Court
2442:High Court
2407:High Court
2349:0702222186
2326:High Court
2283:High Court
2249:High Court
2236:(1955) 92
2214:High Court
2175:High Court
2148:High Court
2135:(1956) 94
2112:High Court
2083:High Court
2075:(1954) 90
2055:High Court
2047:(1943) 37
2027:High Court
2019:(1925) 35
1999:High Court
1953:High Court
1945:(1915) 20
1886:High Court
1838:0409494445
1588:High Court
1532:1 November
1503:18 October
1288:High Court
1280:(1918) 25
1242:. Sydney:
1196:High Court
1131:Lord Esher
1061:High Court
956:Clark, D.
867:King, LJ.
842:High Court
772:High Court
708:References
634:Incapacity
436:Owen Dixon
426:. In 1913
295:to be the
293:Owen Dixon
142:convention
109:See also:
94:common law
30:High Court
3663:. AFR.com
3597:cite book
3383:4 January
3255:The Argus
3212:4 October
3199:1833-7538
2984:7 January
2944:1833-7538
2883:1833-7538
2676:159263781
2275:(1907) 4
1969:s 64
1878:(1907) 4
1619:4 October
1449:s 75
1417:s 40
1336:s 61
1320:s 53
1304:s 72
1162:at p 145.
1136:at p 670.
968:7 January
621:(NT) and
605:offences.
484:opinion.
408:McTiernan
329:John Kerr
253:Law Lords
78:22 Geo. 3
52:Impartial
3207:70677943
2952:70677943
2891:70677943
2803:(eds.).
2735:s 6
2550:Williams
2287:Barton J
2253:Dixon CJ
1901:(1997).
1655:McGarvie
1481:s 1
1465:s 9
1433:s 9
1401:s 5
891:Williams
670:McGarvie
608:In 2018
561:Watsonia
351:and Sir
343:and Sir
277:judges.
3361:4 March
3103:(NSW).
3097:Kirby P
1786:St R Qd
1744:St R Qd
672:of the
627:Lowndes
451:by the
3585:
3530:(NSW).
3485:(NSW).
3205:
3197:
3187:
3130:(NSW).
3036:
2950:
2942:
2932:
2889:
2881:
2871:
2836:
2811:
2733:(Cth)
2674:
2565:
2346:
2251:, per
1967:(Cth)
1913:
1835:
1702:(Qld).
1638:(NSW).
1610:
1561:(Vic).
1479:(Tas)
1431:(Tas)
1399:(ACT)
1376:
1350:(Vic)
1334:(Qld)
1318:(NSW)
1302:(Cth)
1250:
1157:Ormrod
1025:
906:
645:Hoeben
569:Derham
554:judge
416:Latham
375:, the
363:, the
355:; Sir
190:Cooper
129:Garran
3642:
3618:
3544:(PDF)
3522:
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