652:
824:
392:
593:
961:
40:
495:
1819:
627:, arrived in Syria. Declaring himself the rightful king, he captured and killed Lysias and Antiochus Eupator, taking the throne. It was thus Demetrius to whom the delegation led by Alcimus, complained of the persecution of the Hellenist party in Judea. Demetrius granted Alcimus's request to be appointed High Priest under the protection of the king's army and sent to Judea an army led by
451:. By a forced night march, Judah succeeded in eluding Gorgias, who had intended to attack and destroy the Jewish forces in their camp with his cavalry. While Gorgias was searching for him in the mountains, Judah made a surprise attack upon the Seleucid camp and defeated the Seleucids at the Battle of Emmaus. The Seleucid commander had no alternative but to withdraw to the coast.
519:
campaign in
Transjordan, taking with him his brother Jonathan. After fierce fighting, he defeated the Transjordanian tribes and rescued the Jews concentrated in fortified towns in Gilead. The Jewish population of the areas taken by the Maccabees was evacuated to Judea. At the conclusion of the fighting in Transjordan, Judah turned against the
566:, the Seleucids achieved their first major victory over the Maccabees, and Judah was forced to withdraw to Jerusalem. Beth-Zur was compelled to surrender and Lysias reached Jerusalem, laying siege to the city. The defenders found themselves in a precarious situation because their provisions were exhausted, it being a
575:
and seize power. Lysias decided to propose a peaceful settlement, which was concluded at the end of 163 BCE. The terms of peace were based on the restoration of religious freedom, the permission for the Jews to live in accordance with their own laws, and the official return of the Temple to the Jews.
997:
painted Judah
Maccabee praying for the dead; the painting illustrates an episode from 2 Maccabees 12:39–48 in which Judah's troops find stolen idolatrous charms on the corpses of Jewish warriors slain on the battlefield. He therefore offers prayers and an expiatory sacrifice for these warriors who
689:
The agreement with Rome failed to have any effect on
Demetrius' policy. On receipt of the news of Nicanor's defeat, he dispatched a new army, again commanded by Bacchides. This time the Seleucid forces of 20,000 men were numerically so superior that most of Judah's men left the field of battle and
518:
cities, Judah immediately went to their aid. Judah sent his brother, Simeon, to
Galilee at the head of 3,000 men; Simeon was successful, achieving numerous victories. He transplanted a substantial portion of the Jewish settlements, including women and children, to Judea. Judah personally led the
570:
during which the fields were left uncultivated. However, just as capitulation seemed imminent, Lysias and
Eupator had to withdraw when Antiochus Epiphanes's commander-in-chief Philip, whom the late ruler appointed regent before his death, rebelled against Lysias and was about to enter
701:. The death of Judah Maccabee (d. 160 BCE) stirred the Jews to renewed resistance. After several additional years of war under the leadership of two of Mattathias' other sons (Jonathan and Simon), the Jews finally achieved independence and the liberty to worship freely.
318:
In the early days of the rebellion, Judah received the surname
Maccabee. It is not known whether this surname should be understood in Greek, Hebrew or Aramaic. Several explanations have been put forward for this surname. One suggestion is that the name derives from the
383:, "to mark, to designate"), meaning "the one designated by Yahweh." Although originally the surname Maccabee was exclusive to Judah (his brothers had different surnames), at a later date it came to signify all the Hasmoneans who fought during the Maccabean revolt.
600:
When war against the external enemy came to an end, an internal struggle broke out between the party led by Judah and the
Hellenist party. The influence of the Hellenizers all but collapsed in the wake of the Seleucid defeat. The Hellenizing
584:; returned from years as a hostage in Rome. Demetrius appointed Alcimus (Jakim), a Hellenist Jew, as high priest, a choice the Hasidim (Pietists) might have accepted since he was of priestly descent.
612:. When Alcimus executed sixty priests who were opposed to him, he found himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus fled from Jerusalem and went to the Seleucid king, asking for help.
631:. The weaker Jewish army could not oppose the enemy and withdrew from Jerusalem, so Judah returned to wage guerrilla warfare. Soon after, it was necessary for the Seleucid Army to return to
416:, who was killed. Judah took possession of Apollonius's sword and used it until his death as a symbol of vengeance. After Nahal el-Haramiah, recruits flocked to the Jewish cause.
759:
554:
campaign. Lysias together with
Eupator set out for a new campaign in Judea. Lysias skirted Judea as he had done in his first campaign, entering it from the south, and besieged
1218:
862:
404:
Mindful of the superiority of
Seleucid forces during the first two years of the revolt, Judah's strategy was to avoid any engagement with their regular army, and to resort to
1373:
909:'s historical novel "Lions of Judea – The miraculous story of the Maccabees" (2014). Many children's plays have also been written on the theme by various Jewish authors.
882:
1383:
1627:
1662:
1345:
306:
religious practices. After
Mattathias's death in 166 BC, Judah assumed leadership of the revolt in accordance with the deathbed disposition of his father. The
785:
697:, Judah and those who remained faithful to him were killed. His body was taken by his brothers from the battlefield and buried in the family sepulchre at
635:
because of the turbulent political situation. Judah's forces returned to Jerusalem and the Seleucids dispatched another army, again led by Nicanor. In a
762:
details its history in his critical edition: the play was performed in the 1620s in different versions and finally published as part of an anthology by
1288:
890:
1634:
1620:
793:
2018:
2033:
763:
458:
convinced Lysias that he must prepare for a serious and prolonged war. He accordingly assembled a new and larger army and marched with it on
2028:
906:
643:
161 BCE, the Seleucid army was destroyed and Nicanor was killed. The annual "Day of Nicanor" was instituted to commemorate this victory.
338:, the 8th century Frankish leader), in recognition of his ferocity in battle. Others believe it is in reference to his weapon of choice.
2063:
2023:
486:
in 70 CE. Hanukkah is still celebrated annually. The liberation of Jerusalem was the first step on the road to ultimate independence.
1222:
1370:
1067:
in 1746. The oratorio's most famous chorus is "See, the conqu'ring hero comes". The tune of this chorus was later adopted as a
478:(December 14, 164 BCE) restored the service in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple became a permanent Jewish holiday,
714:
As a warrior hero and national liberator, Judah Maccabee has inspired many writers, and several artists and composers. In the
310:
praises Judah's valor and military talent, suggesting that those qualities made Judah a natural choice for the new commander.
1135:
249:
in Jerusalem in 164 BC, after Judah Maccabee removed all of the statues depicting Greek gods and goddesses and purified it.
690:
advised their leader to do likewise and to await a more favorable opportunity. However, Judah decided to stand his ground.
1350:
1734:
1487:
1053:
857:. A Hebrew version of Longfellow's play was published in 1900. Two later 19th-century interpretations of the story are
1030:
In music, almost all the compositions inspired by the Hasmonean rebellion revolve around Judah. In 1746, the composer
466:. After several years of conflict, Judah drove out his foes from Jerusalem, except for the garrison in the citadel of
1333:
1319:
1243:
Galilee, however, does not seem to have been evacuated of its Jewish population, since two generations later, when
937:(1943), the subtitle of which suggests that Swiss democrats then drew a parallel between their own national hero,
408:, in order to give them a feeling of insecurity. The strategy enabled Judah to win a string of victories. At the
881:
Several 20th-century Jewish authors have also written works devoted to Judah Maccabee and the Maccabean Revolt.
2058:
1393:
1118:
671:
420:
49:
2043:
1953:
1799:
885:(1855–1930) wrote the poem, "Alilot Gibbor ha-Yehudim Yehudah ha-Makkabi le-Veit ha-Hashmona'im" (1922); the
831:
651:
755:
1968:
1513:
531:. He then marched on the coast of the Mediterranean, destroyed the altars and statues of the pagan gods in
397:
1948:
1886:
1039:
927:
1022:
executed an engraving of Judah Maccabee victoriously pursuing the shattered troops of the Syrian enemy.
742:. Most significant works dedicated solely to him date from the 17th century onwards. William Houghton's
1763:
854:
746:, performed in about 1601 but now lost, is thought to have been the first drama on the theme; however,
730:
440:
432:
542:, the Seleucid citadel of Jerusalem. The besieged, who included not only Syrian-Greek troops but also
809:
698:
275:
117:
20:
1355:
993:
painted an illustration of Judah triumphing over his enemies for his famous manuscript of Josephus.
2008:
1973:
1714:
823:
559:
515:
391:
2048:
1641:
1270:
Smeets, Jean-Robert; Ries, Pierre du; Belleperche, Gautier de; Belleperche), Gautier (de (1955).
1045:
663:
592:
483:
307:
24:
412:(wadi haramia), he defeated a small Seleucid force under the command of Apollonius, governor of
2013:
1932:
1725:
1480:
1189:
1031:
805:
620:
605:
581:
409:
299:
206:
1681:
1306:
371:, "Who among the gods is like you, O Adonai?", the Maccabean battle-cry to motivate troops. (
938:
922:
1019:
45:
8:
1881:
1849:
1167:
999:
725:
628:
547:
507:
471:
2038:
1963:
1875:
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1707:
1700:
1675:
1457:
1064:
917:
546:
Jews, appealed for help to Lysias, who effectively became the regent of the young king
1859:
1655:
1473:
1329:
1315:
1130:
968:
960:
616:
577:
436:
405:
130:
1166:= כ), while overlooking the more ancient spelling of this name found in the Aramaic
724:
sees his spirit in the Heaven of Mars with the other "heroes of the true faith". In
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1827:
1668:
1528:
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428:
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231:
157:
2053:
1983:
1978:
1927:
1844:
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1083:
721:
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636:
623:
and nephew of the late Antiochus IV Epiphanes, fled from Rome in defiance of the
539:
467:
448:
342:
327:
291:
235:
197:
106:
102:
86:
1365:
1158:
The modern Hebrew spelling for Maccabaeus follows a reconstruction based on the
1922:
1794:
1779:
1604:
1543:
1387:
949:
739:
667:
375:
15:11). Some scholars maintain that the name is a shortened form of the Hebrew
372:
363:
335:
279:
2002:
1789:
1691:
1613:
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1244:
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246:
1818:
933:
During World War II the Swiss-German writer Karl Boxler published his novel
1912:
1068:
990:
978:
842:
683:
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608:
was removed from office and executed. His successor was another Hellenizer
283:
1804:
1648:
1003:
975:
913:
602:
1162:
name Μακκαβαῖος (the double "kk" being rendered as the Hebrew character
550:
after the death of Antiochus Epiphanes at the end of 164 BCE during the
39:
1907:
1902:
1589:
1440:
1311:
1105:
1060:
424:
287:
263:
227:
140:
76:
1594:
1014:. Accordingly, Rubens painted the scene for the Chapel of the Dead in
1854:
1559:
1447:
1409:
1188:
Virtually all that is known about Judah Maccabee is contained in the
1095:
1011:
797:
563:
558:. Judah raised the siege of the Acra and went to meet Lysias. In the
267:
245:("Dedication") commemorates the restoration of Jewish worship at the
58:
1758:
1496:
1465:
1193:
1091:
1057:
1035:
846:
779:
675:
555:
520:
494:
479:
295:
242:
1108:
refers to Judas Maccabeus in his song "Hanukkah in Santa Monica".
941:, and the leader of the Maccabean revolt against foreign tyranny.
1564:
1533:
1431:
1269:
1015:
886:
782:
632:
609:
572:
551:
528:
511:
444:
413:
346:
303:
125:
431:, Judah proceeded to defeat the Seleucid forces led by generals
1784:
1289:"Theater 61 Press Presents Playing Dreidel with Judah Maccabee"
1087:
1071:
994:
901:'s "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" is one of the heroic tales included in
771:
679:
567:
532:
524:
503:
475:
463:
427:, largely thanks to a good choice of battlefield. Then in the
178:
1584:
1574:
1111:
981:
art, Judah Maccabee was regarded as one of the heroes of the
952:
is about a contemporary boy who meets the historical figure.
459:
271:
222:
935:
Judas Makkabaeus; ein Kleinvolk kaempft um Glaube und Heimat
313:
640:
596:
Judas Maccabeus before the army of Nicanor, by Gustave Doré
181:
169:
331:
217:
163:
1663:
Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah
1098:
composed a set of theme and variations 12 Variations on
873:(1890), a book by Alfred J. Church and Richmond Seeley.
1371:"Under the Influence: Hellenism in Ancient Jewish Life"
985:. He figures in a tenth-century illustrated manuscript
849:. One of the best-known literary works on the theme is
1052:, had been written for the celebrations following the
538:
Judah then laid siege to the Seleucid garrison at the
278:. In 167 BC Mattathias, together with his sons Judah,
666:
was an agreement made between Judah Maccabee and the
502:
Upon hearing the news that the Jewish communities in
302:, who since 169/8 BC had issued decrees that forbade
184:
166:
1247:
conquered it, he found it largely inhabited by Jews.
211:
175:
1351:
Judas Maccabeus on the Web (pictures and directory)
837:There has been interest in Judah in every century.
172:
160:
1121:Mixtape", a parody song is named "Judah Macabee".
1114:refers to Judah Maccabee in her song "Jerusalem".
893:wrote the dramatic poem, "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" (in
1044:putting the biblical story in the context of the
678:. It was the first recorded contract between the
576:Lysias defeated Philip, only to be overthrown by
2000:
1326:The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World
646:
1090:with the motif of "conqu'ring hero" becoming a
44:An imaginary depiction of Judas Maccabeus from
1481:
1170:, and where the name is rendered as מַקבֵּי.
839:Giuda Macabeo, ossia la morte di Nicanore...
1304:Schalit, Abraham (1997). "Judah Maccabee".
1488:
1474:
926:, which was published in 1948, during the
535:, and returned to Judea with much spoils.
447:after departing on a campaign against the
38:
16:Jewish priest who led the Maccabean Revolt
1076:Thine Be The Glory, Risen Conquering Son
998:have died in a state of sin. During the
959:
845:" based on which Vallicella composed an
822:
650:
591:
493:
390:
2019:2nd-century BCE high priests of Israel
2001:
738:, but heckled for sharing a name with
23:. For the First Comics character, see
1469:
1136:List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers
734:, he is enacted along with the other
523:in the south, captured and destroyed
50:Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum (1553)
2034:People in the deuterocanonical books
1495:
1010:in order to justify the doctrine of
853:(1872), a five-act verse tragedy by
587:
2029:Military personnel killed in action
1196:, largely dependent on this source.
1078:. A Hebrew translation of Handel's
946:Playing Dreidel with Judah Maccabee
788:. Two other 17th-century works are
766:in 1637. Following on its heels is
709:
201:
13:
1735:The One with the Holiday Armadillo
1310:(CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed.
1298:
1286:
1221:. 27 February 2018. Archived from
989:. The late medieval French artist
489:
386:
14:
2075:
2064:Military personnel from Jerusalem
2024:2nd-century BC Hasmonean monarchs
1339:
912:In addition, the American writer
861:, a novella by the German writer
514:were under attack by neighboring
482:, which continued even after the
1817:
1018:cathedral. In the 19th century,
423:under the command of Seron near
156:
1100:'See the conqu'ring hero comes'
876:
818:
439:. This force was dispatched by
330:), "hammer" or "sledgehammer" (
314:Origin of the name "The Hammer"
294:, started a revolt against the
1280:
1263:
1260:Book 12 Chapter 8 paragraph 6.
1250:
1237:
1211:
1208:, second edition, vol. 9, p. 9
1199:
1182:
1173:
1152:
1048:. This work, with libretto by
965:The Triumph of Judas Maccabeus
955:
754:by crucial Spanish playwright
704:
1:
1273:La Chevalerie de Judas Macabé
1146:
1102:for Cello and Piano, WoO 45.
832:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
790:La chevalerie de Judas Macabé
647:Agreement with Rome and death
421:routed a larger Seleucid army
257:
1380:Biblical Archaeology Society
863:Josef Eduard Konrad Bischoff
7:
1887:Miracle of the cruse of oil
1397:, novel series by Amit Arad
1124:
410:battle of Nahal el-Haramiah
262:Judah was the third son of
212:
19:For Handel's oratorio, see
10:
2080:
1314:. Keter Publishing House.
1082:was prepared for the 1932
867:Der Gefangene von Kuestrin
855:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
760:Fernando Rodríguez-Gallego
756:Pedro Calderón de la Barca
498:Judea under Judah Maccabee
470:. He purified the defiled
419:Shortly thereafter, Judah
345:, the name Maccabee is an
226:) and a son of the priest
18:
1941:
1895:
1868:
1837:
1826:
1815:
1772:
1751:
1724:
1690:
1603:
1552:
1521:
1512:
1454:
1445:
1437:
1430:
1403:
1346:The Hasmoneans on the web
1206:New Catholic Encyclopedia
883:Jacob Benjamin Katznelson
443:, whom Antiochus left as
136:
124:
112:
96:
92:
82:
72:
64:
57:
37:
32:
21:Judas Maccabaeus (Handel)
1276:(in French). Van Gorcum.
1025:
1002:the passage was used by
828:Vision of Judas Maccabee
670:in 161 BCE according to
658:by José Teófilo de Jesus
656:Death of Judas Maccabeus
560:Battle of Beth-zechariah
1642:I Have a Little Dreidel
1637:(Eat Fattened Animals)"
1628:Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta
1448:Leader of the Maccabees
1384:Who Was Judah Maccabee?
1324:Schäfer, Peter (2003).
1258:Antiquities of the Jews
1046:Jacobite rising of 1745
928:1947–1949 Palestine war
815:(1746) on the subject.
308:First Book of Maccabees
252:
59:Leader of the Maccabees
25:Judah Maccabee (comics)
1933:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
1764:Latke–Hamantash Debate
1190:Books of the Maccabees
1086:and is now popular in
1032:George Frideric Handel
971:
841:(1839) is an Italian "
834:
659:
621:Seleucus IV Philopator
597:
582:Seleucus IV Philopator
499:
401:
300:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
241:The Jewish holiday of
2059:2nd-century BC rebels
1682:The Hanukkah Sessions
1361:Catholic Encyclopedia
1307:Encyclopaedia Judaica
963:
826:
654:
595:
497:
394:
326:("makebet" in modern
2044:2nd-century BCE Jews
1192:and in the works of
1056:'s victory over the
923:My Glorious Brothers
895:A Layter tsu der Zun
865:, which appeared in
796:, and the anonymous
731:Love's Labour's Lost
484:Temple was destroyed
398:Die Bibel in Bildern
274:from the village of
1969:Campaigns of 163 BC
1882:The War of the Jews
1869:Historical accounts
1850:Temple in Jerusalem
1630:(I will Thank You)"
1356:Jewish Encyclopedia
1287:Sierra, Gabrielle.
1168:Scroll of Antiochus
1000:Counter-Reformation
672:1 Maccabees 8:17–20
664:Roman–Jewish Treaty
548:Antiochus V Eupator
474:and on the 25th of
472:Temple of Jerusalem
462:from the south via
46:Guillaume Rouillé's
1876:Books of Maccabees
1742:A Rugrats Chanukah
1708:Full-Court Miracle
1701:Eight Crazy Nights
1676:Puppy for Hanukkah
1458:Jonathan Maccabeus
1452:167 BCE – 160 BCE
1410:House of Asamoneus
1388:Dr. Henry Abramson
1376:2012-02-29 at the
1225:on 1 December 2021
1065:Battle of Culloden
1054:Duke of Cumberland
987:Libri Maccabaeorum
972:
835:
830:, 1860 woodcut by
786:Miguel de Silveyra
660:
598:
580:, son of the late
500:
402:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1860:Hasmonean Kingdom
1813:
1812:
1800:Mensch on a Bench
1715:The Hebrew Hammer
1656:The Chanukah Song
1534:Dreidel (Sevivon)
1464:
1463:
1455:Succeeded by
1256:Josephus Flavius
1179:2 Maccabees 5:1–1
1131:Jewish leadership
1020:Paul Gustave Doré
903:Sippurim le-Mofet
792:, by French poet
637:battle near Adasa
617:Demetrius I Soter
588:Internal conflict
406:guerrilla warfare
210:
146:
145:
2071:
1835:
1834:
1821:
1669:Light One Candle
1529:Hanukkah menorah
1519:
1518:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1438:Preceded by
1426:
1419:
1405:Judas Maccabeus
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1400:
1293:
1292:
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1278:
1277:
1267:
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1254:
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1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1156:
944:The modern play
918:historical novel
891:Moses Schulstein
859:Judas Makkabaeus
851:Judas Maccabaeus
811:Judas Maccabaeus
802:Judas Machabaeus
744:Judas Maccabaeus
710:Pre-19th century
429:Battle of Emmaus
334:the cognomen of
232:Maccabean Revolt
215:
213:Yehudah HaMakabi
205:
203:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
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153:Judas Maccabaeus
42:
30:
29:
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2078:
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2009:Judas Maccabeus
1999:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1937:
1891:
1864:
1845:Seleucid Empire
1829:
1822:
1809:
1768:
1747:
1720:
1686:
1635:Ichlu Mashmanim
1623:(These lights)"
1621:Haneirot Halalu
1616:(Rock of Ages)"
1599:
1570:Fritas de prasa
1548:
1508:
1506:
1494:
1460:
1451:
1443:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1378:Wayback Machine
1342:
1301:
1299:Further reading
1296:
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1200:
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1174:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1127:
1084:Maccabiah Games
1040:Judas Maccabeus
1028:
958:
879:
821:
712:
707:
695:Battle of Elasa
682:people and the
649:
590:
568:sabbatical year
492:
490:After Jerusalem
389:
387:Early victories
362:a'elim Adonai (
343:Jewish folklore
316:
260:
255:
238:(167–160 BCE).
236:Seleucid Empire
192:, also spelled
159:
155:
120:
107:Seleucid Empire
101:
87:Jonathan Apphus
53:
33:Judas Maccabeus
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2067:
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2049:Jewish priests
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2016:
2011:
1994:
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1990:
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1366:Judah Maccabee
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1340:External links
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1080:Judas Maccabee
1063:rebels at the
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950:Edward Einhorn
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804:(Rome, 1695).
794:Pierre Du Ries
740:Judas Iscariot
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639:, on the 13th
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2014:160 BC deaths
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1328:. Routledge.
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1141:Nine Worthies
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983:Old Testament
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748:Judas Macabeo
745:
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349:of the verse
348:
344:
341:According to
339:
337:
333:
329:
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277:
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272:Jewish priest
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247:Second Temple
244:
239:
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233:
230:. He led the
229:
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100:April 160 BCE
99:
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63:
60:
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52:
51:
47:
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36:
31:
26:
22:
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1713:
1706:
1699:
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1415:
1408:
1392:
1325:
1305:
1282:
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1257:
1252:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1213:
1205:
1201:
1184:
1175:
1163:
1154:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1079:
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1038:
1029:
991:Jean Fouquet
986:
973:
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939:William Tell
934:
932:
921:
911:
902:
894:
880:
877:20th century
870:
869:(1885), and
866:
858:
850:
843:azione sacra
838:
836:
827:
819:19th century
810:
801:
789:
778:epic by the
767:
751:
747:
743:
729:
715:
713:
692:
688:
661:
655:
625:Roman Senate
614:
599:
537:
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418:
403:
396:
380:
376:
364:
359:
355:
351:
350:
340:
323:
317:
261:
240:
234:against the
221:
193:
152:
148:
147:
48:
1805:Chrismukkah
1649:Oh Chanukah
1008:Protestants
956:Visual arts
916:penned the
914:Howard Fast
774:, 1638), a
764:Vera Tassis
750:, an early
726:Shakespeare
705:In the arts
615:Meanwhile,
603:High Priest
562:, south of
544:Hellenistic
508:Transjordan
395:Judah from
377:maqqab-Yahu
202:יהודה המכבי
73:Predecessor
68:167–160 BCE
2003:Categories
1954:Beth Horon
1903:Mattathias
1828:Maccabean
1752:Activities
1614:Ma'oz Tzur
1590:Sufganiyah
1514:Traditions
1441:Mattathias
1312:Cecil Roth
1229:1 December
1219:"חשמונאים"
1147:References
1106:Tom Lehrer
1074:hymn tune
871:The Hammer
808:wrote his
780:Portuguese
768:El Macabeo
425:Beth-Horon
264:Mattathias
258:Early life
228:Mattathias
141:Mattathias
77:Mattathias
2039:Maccabees
1878:(1 and 2)
1855:Maccabees
1560:Biscochos
1096:Beethoven
1069:Christian
1012:purgatory
1004:Catholics
979:Christian
907:Amit Arad
897:, 1954);
798:Neo-Latin
776:Castilian
629:Bacchides
619:, son of
578:Demetrius
564:Bethlehem
449:Parthians
268:Hasmonean
207:romanized
194:Maccabeus
131:Hasmonean
83:Successor
1964:Beth Zur
1928:Jonathan
1759:Festigal
1595:Buñuelos
1503:חֲנֻכָּה
1500:Hanukkah
1374:Archived
1194:Josephus
1125:See also
1092:Hanukkah
1061:Jacobite
1058:Scottish
1036:oratorio
1006:against
976:medieval
905:(1954).
847:oratorio
813:oratorio
676:Josephus
606:Menelaus
556:Beth-Zur
552:Parthian
521:Edomites
480:Hanukkah
296:Seleucid
292:Jonathan
243:Hanukkah
220:priest (
216:) was a
1942:Battles
1923:Eleazar
1565:Syrniki
1522:Symbols
1425:160 BCE
1418:190 BCE
1016:Tournai
974:In the
889:writer
887:Yiddish
783:Marrano
752:comedia
693:In the
633:Antioch
610:Alcimus
573:Antioch
529:Maresha
512:Galilee
445:viceroy
437:Gorgias
433:Nicanor
414:Samaria
358:amokha
347:acronym
324:maqqaba
321:Aramaic
280:Eleazar
276:Modi'in
209::
126:Dynasty
118:Modi'in
2054:Gilead
1959:Emmaus
1896:People
1838:Events
1830:Revolt
1785:Hallel
1421:
1332:
1318:
1094:song.
1088:Israel
1072:Easter
995:Rubens
969:Rubens
806:Handel
772:Naples
699:Modiin
684:Romans
680:Jewish
533:Ashdod
525:Hebron
510:, and
504:Gilead
476:Kislev
464:Idumea
456:Emmaus
441:Lysias
379:(from
373:Exodus
328:Hebrew
304:Jewish
298:ruler
290:, and
218:Jewish
198:Hebrew
137:Father
113:Burial
65:Tenure
1984:Elasa
1979:Adasa
1918:Judas
1913:Simon
1773:Other
1692:Films
1605:Music
1585:Sfenj
1575:Latke
1553:Foods
1423:Died:
1416:Born:
1112:Mirah
1026:Music
800:work
722:Dante
516:Greek
460:Judea
381:naqab
284:Simon
223:kohen
103:Elasa
1908:John
1539:Gelt
1330:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1231:2021
1164:kaph
1117:In "
674:and
662:The
641:Adar
540:Acra
527:and
468:Acra
435:and
288:John
270:, a
266:the
253:Life
151:(or
97:Died
1386:by
948:by
728:'s
367:HWH
332:cf.
2005::
967:,
930:.
920:,
720:,
686:.
506:,
354:i
286:,
282:,
204:,
200::
196:;
179:iː
105:,
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1740:"
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1733:"
1678:"
1674:"
1671:"
1667:"
1661:"
1658:"
1654:"
1651:"
1647:"
1644:"
1640:"
1633:"
1626:"
1619:"
1612:"
1489:e
1482:t
1475:v
1291:.
1233:.
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770:(
369:)
365:Y
360:b
356:k
352:M
188:/
185:s
182:ə
176:b
173:ˈ
170:ə
167:k
164:æ
161:m
158:/
27:.
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