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96:(legal representative) for the towns of Hispaniola and sent to Spain to request relief from the heavy tax on gold mining as well as better terms on trade of imported goods. The king agreed to reduce the royal tax on gold production from one-third to one-fifth of the output and put an end to the royal monopoly on trade with the islands.
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Ferdinand was unhappy with the leadership in
Jamaica. He acknowledged that ColĂłn spoke highly of Esquivel but he suspected that the lack of gold was the result of some sort of fraud. He also complained that Esquivel had failed "in the conversion of the Indians and pacification of the island as well
143:(audit) be taken for Esquivel's term in office, an action that typically coincided with an official's dismissal. The subsequent timing is not clear but by the end of 1513, Esquivel was dead and a royal decree granted his widow 300 pesos of gold. In November 1514, Esquivel had been replaced by
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The island was quickly subjugated and
Esquivel founded the towns of Sevilla la Nueva on the north coast and Santa Gloria. No gold was discovered on Jamaica but the soil was fertile and the Spaniards were instructed to use native labor to grow food crops for the mainland and the other islands.
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was part of the
Spanish force and later wrote about the violence he witnessed. Las Casas claimed that Esquivel led a second expedition against the Tainos, wiping out the population and taking thousands as prisoners in 1504, but Esquivel had returned to Spain during this period.
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instructed ColĂłn to treat the
Jamaican natives with care so that "they may increase and not diminish as has been the case in Espaniola." Without gold, the colony was not as prosperous as hoped and in early 1512 it was even suggested that the colonists relocate to Cuba where
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Colección de los viages y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los españoles desde fines del siglo XV: con varios documentos inéditos concernientes á la historia de la marina castellana y de los establecimientos españoles en
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of lands discovered by his father. ColĂłn returned to
Hispaniola in 1509 and learned that Jamaica had been partitioned between two Spaniards unfriendly to his regime. He sent Esquivel to subdue the island with seventy men.
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Juan de
Esquivel was a native of Seville, the son of Pedro de Esquivel and Constanza Fernandez de Arauz. His grandfather, Gabriel Sánchez, had been a controller of customs in Seville. Juan de Esquivel accompanied
68:, sent Esquivel with 400 men to subjugate the Tainos on the eastern end of the island. The region was depopulated and many of the defeated natives were made slaves. As a young man,
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was attempting to establish
Spanish control of the island. The relocation never took place but Esquivel did send Narváez and thirty crossbowmen to Cuba to assist Velázquez.
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served as second-in-command. Esquivel apparently brought along his wife and daughters; in 1513 the family was given permission to import three slaves.
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Williams, Cynric R. 1827. A Tour
Through the Island of Jamaica: From the Western to the Eastern End in the Year 1823. Hunt and Clarke. pp. 207–209.
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According to Bryan
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An
Abridgment of Mr. Edwards's Civil and Commercial History of the British West Indies: In Two Volumes
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Among the prisoners taken was the cacique Cotubanamá who was taken to the city of
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The Statesman's Yearbook 2017: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World
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Rivers of Gold : the Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan
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in 1499, he called it the Dulce River, which means sweet river in Spanish.
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30:(c. 1480 – c. 1513) was a Spanish colonist and first governor of the
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Jamaica under the Spaniards, abstracted from the archives of Seville
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414:(First ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
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made the first explorations of the estuary at the mouth of the
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Contact of the Antilles aborigines with the Spanish conquerors
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as in the increase of our royal revenues." He ordered that a
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Howgego, Raymond John, ed. (2003). "Esquivel, Juan de".
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16th-century people from the Colony of Santo Domingo
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388:Cundall, Frank; Pietersz, Joseph Luckert. (1919).
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412:The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526
502:The History of Jamaica : from 1494 to 1838
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469:(1st U.S. ed.). New York: Random House.
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377:"Juan de Esquivel"
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