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substantially modify the traditional relations of property and production. At the same time that it considers promotional measures for the development of the economic companies as such, the revolutionary legislation guarantees the gradual but sure access of all the workers to the profits, the direction and the property of the companies. In this way we promote the economic development of the country and, at the same time, we reform the traditional capitalist company, according to the principles and postulates of the
Revolution that the Armed Forces promised the country in its Manifesto of October 3, 1968. Without However, here have arisen, as in the case of the Agrarian Reform, the understandable difficulties of understanding inherent to all truly creative work. That is why it is also my responsibility, as head of the Revolutionary Government, to specify our position clearly in this regard. First of all, we have never hidden our intention to start building a non-capitalist society. Consequently, no one should be surprised that our economic policy is aimed at overcoming capitalism as a system in Peru and, therefore, at reforming the structure of Peruvian capitalist companies as profoundly as necessary.
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on some elements that have distorted and confused the true nature of the
Revolution, both with regard to our position against capitalism and communism, as well as with regard to our relations with traditional political groups and parties who defend both systems. Both are important issues. And to them I must refer clearly. I reiterate once again that our Revolution seeks to build a social, economic and political order essentially different from the one proposed by the capitalist and communist models. Apart from this fundamental difference in purpose, there are decisive differences in political strategy, method and behavior with those who maintain the validity of these systems. In short, we have nothing essential in common, from the theoretical-ideological point of view, neither with capitalism nor with communism. Politically, this means that within the Peruvian Revolution we cannot adopt any attitude that directly or indirectly favors, in the present, or in the future, the maintenance or triumph of the systems that it challenges. In other words, by rejecting capitalism, we reject all possible pro-capitalisms. And by rejecting communism, we reject all possible pro-communisms.
540:. Velasco's rule was characterized by broadly social democratic, developmentalist, and independent nationalist policies, which aimed to create a strong national industry to increase the international independence of Peru. To that end, he nationalised entire industries, expropriated companies in a wide range of activities from fisheries to mining to telecommunications to power production and consolidated them into single industry-centric government-run entities, and increased government control over economic activity by enforcing those entities as monopolies and disincentivized private activity in those sectors. Most reforms were planned by leftist intellectuals of the time.
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603:, after Cuba. The former landlords who opposed this program believed that they did not receive adequate compensation for their confiscated assets and lamented that the state officials and peasant beneficiaries mismanaged their properties after the expropriation. The owners who opposed his program also claimed that the expropriation was more akin to confiscation, as they were paid in
887:, countryside 20 kilometers east of Lima. He immediately called for a meeting with his council of ministers, at Government Palace in downtown Lima, where he discovered that there was little or nothing to do. He made a last speech to the nation on the evening of August 29, 1975, announcing his decision not to resist the coup because "Peruvians cannot fight against each other".
503:, and Guillermo Lobatón, tried to instigate a revolution, being unsuccessful. Nevertheless, these conflicts led several military officers to the most impoverished parts of the country, and after witnessing the reality of the country-side and studying the reasons which led to the uprisings, they began to consider social inequality and poverty as a danger to national security.
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931:("The Peruvian National Revolution"). The cadets also noted Velasco's perceived close relationship with both the Peruvian masses and the rank and file of the Peruvian military. Chávez became attached to this book and would study its contents and constantly carry it on his person. However, Chávez later lost it after his arrest for leading the
520:, fearing that this scandal might lead to another uprising or a takeover from the APRA party, seized absolute power and close down Congress, almost all of whose members were briefly incarcerated. General Velasco seized power on October 3, 1968, in a bloodless military coup, deposing the democratically elected administration of
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reform, urbanization began occurring across the country, as people moved into Lima and other coastal cities. The
Velasco government's failure to adequately manage the influx of people, as well as the indifference of subsequent governments to the issue, contributed to the creation of slums around Peru's cities.
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there is marked confusionism in the public treatment of fundamental ideological problems. This confusion originates from the mistaken statements of those who do not understand what our
Revolution really means. But all his adversaries take advantage of him. Central responsibility for all of this falls
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Economic difficulties such as inflation, unemployment, food shortages and increased political opposition after the 1974 crackdown on the press ultimately increased pressures on the
Velasco administration and led to its downfall. On August 29, 1975, a number of prominent military commanders initiated
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US–Peru disagreements continued over a broad range of issues including even Peru's claim to a 200-mile fishing limit that resulted in the seizure of several US commercial fishing boats and the expropriation of the
American copper mining company Cerro de Pasco Corporation. However, in spite of these
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was appointed special
Ambassador to negotiate a solution and recommended against formal application of sanctions required by U.S. law. Eventually, the dispute was resolved in the context of a broader claims agreement so formulated as to permit Peru to maintain the position that it had not agreed to
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The various laws that create Labor
Communities constitute, as a whole, the reform of the traditional capitalist company. Its frame of reference is, therefore, the existing production system in the country, that is, the totality of economic companies. In this field, the revolutionary reforms tend to
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opposed a preventive war and responded that "I can guarantee that the
Peruvians would destroy the Chilean Air Force in the first five minutes of the war". Some analysts believe the fear of attack by Chilean and US officials as largely unjustified but logical for them to experience, considering the
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Velasco had a confrontational foreign policy towards the United States, as he pushed for renegotiation of treaties and criticized what he perceived as a pernicious dependence of Latin
American states on the United States. While he strengthened Peruvian relations with the Soviet Union, Velasco was
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Due to the international market moving away from Peruvian exports in the 1970s, efforts by Velasco to solidify industries of typical exports were fruitless and resulted with a debt burden. Furthermore, his government is partly responsible for the centralization of the country. After the agrarian
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Prior to being deposed, Velasco had been seriously ill for at least a year. He had lost a leg to an embolism, and his cognitive abilities and personality were rumoured to have been affected by related circulatory problems. At the time of the coup, he was convalescing in the presidential winter
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Just five days after Velasco seized power in 1968, the General began the nationalization of the Peruvian economy with the expropriation and nationalization of the American International Petroleum Company (IPC) oil fields located in the northern Peruvian oil port and refinery of
638:, which also affected Peru and made it impossible for the Velasco administration to fund some of its most ambitious reforms. Economic growth under the administration was steady if unremarkable - real per capita GDP (constant 2000 US$ ) increased 3.2% per year from 1968 to 1975.
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Another main goal of the Velasco administration, besides the nationalization of the main areas of the Peruvian economy and the agrarian reforms, was a military strengthening of Peru. Despite Chilean fears that Velasco planned on reconquering the lands lost by Peru to
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were tense and even hostile, as soon as General Velasco and his junta took power. This was due to the government's socialist-leaning policies, but also because of a belief on the part of the Peruvian public that the U.S. generally favored other nations first, such as
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The success of the Velasco administration's economic policies is still debated today. As the Peruvian military government ran deeper into debt, it was forced to devalue the currency and run inflationary policies. This however, was in part due to the
774:, such claims have been since disputed. It is estimated that from 1970 to 1975 Peru spent up to US$ 2 billion (roughly US$ 25 billion in 2021 dollars) on Soviet armament. According to various sources Velasco's government bought between 600 and 1200
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A root and branch education reform was implemented, seeking to promote inclusivity among all Peruvians and move them towards to a new national way of thinking and feeling; the poor and the most excluded were prioritized in this system. The
524:, under which he served as Commander of the Armed Forces. President Belaúnde was sent into exile. Initial reaction against the coup evaporated after five days when on October 8, 1968, the oil fields in dispute were taken over by the Army.
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General Velasco kept a low profile in Peruvian politics until his death in 1977. His funeral was attended by a large amount of sympathizers to the point where the government had to release a communiqué requesting order during the event.
835:. According to sources, the alleged invasion scheme could be seen from the Chilean's military regime perspective as a plan for some kind of leftist counterattack. While acknowledging the Peruvian plans were revisionistic, scholar
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The military commanders of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th military regions declared that Velasco had not achieved most of what the "Peruvian Revolution" had stood for and was unable to continue in his functions. Prime Minister
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claim more important issues behind were the "ideological incompatibility" between the regimes of Velasco Alvarado and Pinochet and that Peru would have been concerned about Pinochet's geopolitical views on Chile's need of naval
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on Peru's north coast. He was the son of Manuel José Velasco, a medical assistant, and Clara Luz Alvarado, who had 11 children. Velasco described his youth as one of "dignified poverty, working as a shoeshine boy in Piura."
1239: : 11 April 2020), Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado and Maria Consuelo González Posada, ; citing Marriage Registration, 123, 123, Archivo General de la Nación (General Archives of the Nation), Lima; FHL microfilm .
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program to expropriate farms and diversify land ownership. In its first ten years in power, the Revolutionary Government expropriated 15,000 properties (totaling nine million hectares) and benefited some 300,000 families.
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in 1976. In 1999, Pinochet claimed that if Peru had attacked Chile during 1973 or even 1978, Peruvian forces could have penetrated deep south into Chilean territory, possibly militarily taking the Chilean city of
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The deposed Belaúnde administration had attempted to implement a milder agrarian reform program, but it was defeated in Congress by the APRA-UNO coalition with support of the major
2001:
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MENSAJE A LA NACIÓN DEL PRESIDENTE DEL PERÚ, GENERAL DE DIVISIÓN JUAN VELASCO ALVARADO, CON MOTIVO DEL SESQUICENTENARIO DE LA INDEPENDENCIA NACIONAL, EL 28 DE JULIO DE 1971, P.6
466:'s administration (1963–1968), political disputes became a norm as he held no majority in Congress. Serious arguments between President Belaúnde and Congress, dominated by the
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being the region where Velasco was born. The IPC expropriation was one of the first foreign policy crises for the new American administration of President Richard Nixon.
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Walter, Richard J. Peru and the United States, 1960–1975: How Their Ambassadors Managed Foreign Relations in a Turbulent Era. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010.
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Also, between 1964 and 1965 the army had been sent to deal with two military uprisings inspired by the Cuban Revolution. Through the use of guerrilla tactics, both the
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In foreign policy, in contrast with his 1970s Latin American contemporaries, which were mostly right-wing military dictatorships, he pursued a partnership with the
480:(Popular Action) party were common. Congress went on to censure several cabinets of the Belaunde administration, and a general political instability was perceived.
536:, with Velasco at its helm as President. Velasco's administration articulated a desire to give justice to the poor through a regime of nationalization known as
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435:. However, he arrived late to the exam, so he joined as a private on April 5, 1929. A year later, he took a competitive exam for entrance into the
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in the late 1980s, leaving the current value of the bonds up for debate and resulting in a decade-long lawsuit against the Peruvian government.
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people of the Andes and the Amazon, which consisted nearly half of the population. In 1975, the Velasco government enacted a law making
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oil fields in northern Peru sparked a national scandal when a key page of a contract (the 11th) was found missing. The
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Cotler, Julio (1998). "De Velasco a Belaúnde: el problema de la construcción nacional y la democracia en Perú". En:
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an official language of Peru equal to Spanish. However, this law was never enforced and ceased to be valid when the
441:, and got the highest score of all applicants. In 1934, he graduated with high honors and at the head of his class.
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935:. Twenty-five years later, as president, Chávez ordered the printing of millions of copies of his government's new
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In a 1975 speech Velasco described his revolution as one that rejected both capitalism and communism, stating that
1406:"World Development Indicators, GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$ ) for Peru, Latin America & Caribbean region"
927:. There, they were personally greeted by General Velasco. Velasco gave each of them a miniature pocket edition of
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MENSAJE A LA NACIÓN DEL PRESIDENTE DEL PERÚ, GENERAL DE DIVISIÓN EP JUAN VELASCO ALVARADO, EL 28 DE JULIO DE 1975
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In 1971, Velasco described the economic policy as one aimed at overcoming capitalism in Peru, stating that
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The enormous amount of weaponry purchased by Peru caused a meeting between former US Secretary of State
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1833:(1990). "9. The Agrarian Reform in Cajamarca: State Intervention, Capital, Land, and the Peasantry".
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Las Relaciones Entre el Perú y Rusia: Revisión e interpretación desde las Relaciones Internacionales
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A cornerstone of Velasco's political and economic strategy was the implementation by dictate of an
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Enrique Mayer, Ugly Stories of the Peruvian Agrarian Reform. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
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Enrique Mayer, Ugly Stories of the Peruvian Agrarian Reform. Durham:Duke University Press, 2009.
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This holiday fell on June 24, a traditional holiday of the land, since it was the day of winter
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Pinochet dictatorship had come into power with a coup against democratically elected president
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are official only where they predominate, as mandated by law – a law that was never enacted.
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El gobierno del general Juan Velasco Alvarado: Estudio de un caso histórico de Cesarismo
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President of Peru (1st President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces)
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Between reform & revolution: political struggles in the Peruvian Andes, 1969–1991
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Militarism and politics in Latin America: Peru from Sánchez Cerro to Sendero Luminoso
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Militarism and politics in Latin America: Peru from Sánchez Cerro to Sendero Luminoso
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Chileans should stop with the bullshit or tomorrow I shall eat breakfast in Santiago.
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warplanes, 500,000 assault rifles, and even considered the purchase of the British
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only in the form of miniature blue booklets, a partial tribute to Velasco's gift.
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Mark Feldman Oral History, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training p. 55
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provocations, the U.S. responded immediately with humanitarian aid in 1970, when
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474:(Unión Nacional Odríista) coalition, and even between the President and his own
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was then appointed president, by unanimous decision of the new military junta.
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1763:"Chapter 3. Unionism under the Reformist Military Regime of General Velasco"
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Hugo Chávez: The Definitive Biography of Venezuela's Controversial President
626:. Within this framework, the Velasco administration engaged in a program of
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1303:"A 50 años del golpe de Velasco Alvarado, las secuelas persisten en Perú"
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and around one dozen fellow cadets and soldiers, all youths, traveled to
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Household and class relations: peasants and landlords in northern Peru
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1574:"Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum. KISSINGER, HENRY"
1084:"State reform, coalitions, and the neoliberal 'autogolpe' in Peru"
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716:, in the context of the United States' mediation in favor of the
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firmly anti-communist. His foreign policy has been described as "
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to defend itself. However, Pinochet's Chilean Air Force General
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Quechua Education in Peru. The Theory-Context Mergence Approach
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1388:. Dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2015. See Tony Wood,
431:, falsified his age, and tried to enlist as an officer in the
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and undertaking major purchases of Soviet military hardware.
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1632:. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. p. 158.
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killed about 50,000 people and left over 600,000 homeless.
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Representations of the Peruvian Agrarian Reform, 1968–1975
1694:"Manifestación popular en el sepelio de Velasco Alvarado"
1527:"Terremoto de 1970: la solidaridad que levantó a un país"
1132:"The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975"
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were adopted. These policies were reversed after another
1813:
State Under Siege: Development and Policy Making in Peru
1177:
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1173:
630:, imposing tight foreign exchange and trade controls.
1599:"La veces que Pinochet casi Ataca al Perú de Sorpresa"
1551:"La veces que Pinochet casi Ataca al Perú de Sorpresa"
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Sistema de Información Ambiental Regional de Cajamarca
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of which the government defaulted payment due to the
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Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru
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Marcano, Christina; Tyszka, Alberto Barrera (2007).
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https://adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Feldman.Mark.pdf?swcfpc=1
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720:in order to compensate the country for its loss of
359:(June 16, 1910 – December 24, 1977) was a Peruvian
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1761:Robert Jackson Alexander; Eldon M. Parker (2007).
822:. The Chilean Armed Forces considered launching a
383:, as well as left-leaning policies that addressed
1286:The United States and Peru: cooperation at a cost
1237:https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QGXQ-SWXR
583:became effective, according to which Quechua and
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1767:A history of organized labor in Peru and Ecuador
1188:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 228–229.
659:
532:The coup leaders named their administration the
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1544:
1542:
452:Coup d'etat against President Fernando Belaunde
419:Juan Velasco was born in Castilla, a city near
49: and the second or maternal family name is
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1714:El Estado en América Latina, teoría y práctica
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1941:
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534:Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces
448:in 1940, with whom he had several children.
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1215:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 248.
1948:
1934:
1841:. University of California Press. p.
1809:"2. The Military and Popular Mobilization"
1461:Adins, Sebastien; Rooney, Mildred (2019).
1256:Sucedió en el Perú - Juan Velasco Alvarado
923:to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the
708:(in spite of its support of Peru over the
567:The education reform of 1972 provided for
109:October 3, 1968 – August 30, 1975
68:
27:Left-wing Peruvian general turned dictator
1644:"12 de julio: ¿Qué pasó un día como hoy?"
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30:For other people named Juan Velasco, see
1786:"Chapter 2: The Agrarian Reform Project"
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809:and Chilean US-backed dictator General
668:General Velasco meeting with President
14:
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1955:
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1488:
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1390:"Peruvian Agrarian Reform, 1968–1975,"
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159:General Commander of the Peruvian Army
1929:
628:import substitution industrialization
601:Land reform in Latin American history
599:under Velasco was the second-largest
427:In 1929, he stowed away on a ship to
1525:Batalla, Carlos (December 4, 2014).
1500:Nuevo Compendio de Historia del Perú
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1732:. New York: Random House. pp.
1630:The State, War and the State of War
911:In 1974, a then relatively unknown
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399:in 1975 led by his Prime Minister,
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25:
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2507:Chorrillos Military School alumni
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528:Military dictatorship (1968–1975)
497:Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR)
375:'s presidency in 1968. Under his
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1349:. pp. 13–14. Archived from
972:A few examples were as follows:
736:, near the Peruvian border with
327:
309:
1875:Commander-in-Chief of the Army
1719:
1706:
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1669:Marutián, Juan Ignacio (2003).
1662:
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1502:. Editorial Lumen. p. 330.
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1420:
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1378:
1369:
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1315:
1082:Mauceri, Philip (Winter 1995).
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861:a coup in the southern city of
818:located half way on the way to
508:International Petroleum Company
357:Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado
279:
219:Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado
18:Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado
2517:Leaders who took power by coup
1883:Gral. Ernesto Montagne Sánchez
1878:September 1967 – October 1968
1769:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
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1279:
1267:
1229:
1089:Latin American Research Review
929:La Revolución Nacional Peruana
485:National Liberation Army (ELN)
95:Government of the Armed Forces
93:President of the Revolutionary
13:
1:
1792:. Stanford University Press.
1209:Masterson, Daniel M. (1991).
1182:Masterson, Daniel M. (1991).
1065:
1040:Compañía Peruana de Teléfonos
844:in the Southeastern Pacific.
660:Foreign and military policies
438:Escuela Militar de Chorrillos
414:
32:Juan Velasco (disambiguation)
1678:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires:
1560:. caretas.com. June 3, 2004.
1148:10.1080/09592296.2010.508418
933:1992 Venezuelan coup attempt
855:
680:, tightening relations with
41:, the first or paternal
7:
1912:October 1968 – August 1975
1784:Linda J. Seligmann (1995).
942:
499:, led by an APRA militant,
124:Luis Edgardo Mercado Jarrín
10:
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1918:Francisco Morales Bermúdez
1716:. México: Siglo Veintiuno.
1136:Diplomacy & Statecraft
877:Francisco Morales Bermúdez
455:
401:Francisco Morales Bermúdez
152:Francisco Morales Bermúdez
128:Francisco Morales Bermúdez
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29:
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1967:
1914:
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1604:December 2, 2008, at the
1556:December 2, 2008, at the
1274:La Revolución por Decreto
1103:10.1017/S0023879100017155
899:Grave of General Velasco.
609:sovereign debt obligation
458:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
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2522:People from Piura Region
2512:Leaders ousted by a coup
1870:Gral. Julio Doig Sánchez
1680:Universidad del Salvador
1472:Konrad Adenauer Stiftung
959:
760:
704:in the context of their
446:Consuelo Gonzales Posada
268:Consuelo Gonzales Posada
201:Ernesto Montagne Sánchez
120:Ernesto Montagne Sánchez
1807:Philip Mauceri (1998).
1340:Brisson, David (2009).
949:Land reforms by country
937:Bolivarian Constitution
558:Peruvian Peasant's day.
501:Luis de la Puente Uceda
180:Fernando Belaúnde Terry
2027:Gutiérrez de la Fuente
900:
852:—Juan Velasco Alvarado
850:
691:Relations between the
673:
657:
648:
597:Peru's agrarian reform
2532:Peruvian nationalists
1580:on September 24, 2015
898:
846:
718:Salomon-Lozano Treaty
667:
652:
643:
615:period that affected
605:agrarian reform bonds
550:Peruvian Indian's day
510:over licenses to the
62:Juan Velasco Alvarado
1702:. December 26, 1977.
1496:Tamayo Herrera, José
1393:Dissertation Reviews
1276:. Dirk Krujit, 1991.
1130:Brands, Hal (2010).
672:of Romania, in 1973.
385:indigenous Peruvians
2552:Left-wing populists
2537:Peruvian socialists
2357:Bustamante y Rivero
2017:Salazar y Baquíjano
1416:– via Google.
1356:on October 3, 2011.
1323:"Día del Campesino"
1263:. October 17, 2016.
794:light fleet carrier
778:Main Battle Tanks,
706:territorial dispute
636:1970s energy crisis
569:bilingual education
506:A dispute with the
367:after a successful
2542:Presidents of Peru
1889:Political offices
1831:Carmen Diana Deere
1815:. Westview Press.
1311:. October 3, 2018.
1290:Cynthia McClintock
901:
772:War of the Pacific
674:
363:who served as the
191:Julio Doig Sánchez
2527:Peruvian generals
2484:
2483:
2002:Bernardo de Tagle
1987:Bernardo de Tagle
1924:
1923:
1915:Succeeded by
1897:Fernando Belaúnde
1881:Succeeded by
1863:Military offices
1852:978-0-520-06675-5
1822:978-0-8133-3607-7
1799:978-0-8047-2443-2
1776:978-0-275-97741-2
1743:978-0-679-45666-7
1626:Holsti, Kalevi J.
1481:978-9972-671-59-3
1395:, April 18, 2016.
1222:978-0-313-27213-4
1195:978-0-313-27213-4
670:Nicolae Ceaușescu
613:hyperinflationary
581:1979 constitution
554:Día del Campesino
522:Fernando Belaúnde
513:La Brea y Pariñas
464:Fernando Belaúnde
373:Fernando Belaúnde
365:President of Peru
354:
353:
245:December 24, 1977
140:Fernando Belaúnde
83:President of Peru
16:(Redirected from
2559:
2479:
2402:Morales-Bermúdez
2247:Morales Bermúdez
1950:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1894:Preceded by
1868:Preceded by
1860:
1859:
1856:
1840:
1826:
1803:
1780:
1748:
1747:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1576:. Archived from
1570:
1561:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1469:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1329:. June 24, 2019.
1319:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1293:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1251:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1179:
1168:
1167:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1079:
1059:
1054:Correos del Peru
970:
925:eponymous battle
891:Death and legacy
865:, nicknamed the
837:Kalevi J. Holsti
833:Salvador Allende
828:Fernando Matthei
811:Augusto Pinochet
749:compensate IPC.
746:John N. Irwin II
333:
331:
330:
315:
313:
312:
300:Military service
294:Military officer
283:
281:
248:
228:
226:
210:Personal details
198:
188:
169:
148:
136:
116:
107:
72:
58:
57:
21:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2471:
2377:Prado Ugarteche
2352:Prado Ugarteche
2307:Pardo y Barreda
2287:Pardo y Barreda
2217:García Calderón
2192:F. Diez Canseco
2177:P. Diez Canseco
2167:P. Diez Canseco
2147:P. Diez Canseco
1963:
1954:
1920:
1911:
1899:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1853:
1823:
1800:
1777:
1757:
1755:Further reading
1752:
1751:
1744:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1650:. July 12, 2016
1642:
1641:
1637:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1612:, June 3, 2004
1606:Wayback Machine
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1558:Wayback Machine
1549:
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1361:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1292:, 2003, pg. 25.
1284:
1280:
1272:
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1253:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1180:
1171:
1128:
1119:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
971:
967:
962:
945:
893:
858:
853:
807:Henry Kissinger
763:
662:
592:agrarian reform
530:
460:
454:
417:
393:agrarian reform
389:nationalization
328:
326:
310:
308:
285:
282: 1940)
277:
273:
270:
250:
246:
230:
224:
222:
221:
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196:
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134:
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35:
28:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Belaúnde Terry
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Belaúnde Terry
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Samanez Ocampo
2334:
2329:
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2319:
2314:
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2124:
2119:
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2074:
2069:
2064:
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2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1858:
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1827:
1821:
1804:
1798:
1781:
1775:
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1705:
1685:
1661:
1635:
1617:
1591:
1562:
1538:
1517:
1505:
1487:
1480:
1474:. p. 40.
1450:
1441:
1430:
1419:
1397:
1377:
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1332:
1314:
1294:
1278:
1266:
1241:
1228:
1221:
1201:
1194:
1169:
1142:(3): 471–490.
1117:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
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1008:
1005:Centromin Peru
1001:
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944:
941:
892:
889:
857:
854:
851:
824:preventive war
762:
759:
661:
658:
617:Peru's economy
529:
526:
477:Acción Popular
456:Main article:
453:
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342:
338:
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323:Branch/service
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286:
275:
271:
266:
265:
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259:
258:
249:(aged 67)
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155:
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117:
115:Prime Minister
111:
110:
100:
99:
89:
86:
85:
78:
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73:
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61:
26:
9:
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2:
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2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
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2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Sánchez Cerro
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Sánchez Cerro
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
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2305:
2303:
2300:
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2255:
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2200:
2198:
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2180:
2178:
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2168:
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2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
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2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
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2023:
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2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
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1995:
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1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
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1973:
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1962:
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1944:
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1919:
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1739:
1735:
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1730:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1654:September 13,
1649:
1645:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1579:
1575:
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1137:
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1113:
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1085:
1078:
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1071:
1056:
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1051:
1049:
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1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
992:
988:
986:
985:
981:
979:
978:
974:
973:
969:
965:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
905:
897:
888:
886:
883:residence at
880:
878:
872:
870:
869:
864:
849:
845:
843:
838:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
808:
803:
801:
800:
795:
792:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
758:
756:
755:an earthquake
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
725:
723:
719:
715:
712:dispute), or
711:
707:
703:
698:
694:
693:United States
689:
687:
683:
679:
671:
666:
656:
651:
647:
642:
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637:
631:
629:
625:
620:
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614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Día del Indio
541:
539:
535:
525:
523:
519:
515:
514:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
493:Javier Heraud
490:
487:commanded by
486:
481:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
459:
449:
447:
442:
440:
439:
434:
433:Peruvian Army
430:
425:
422:
412:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
349:
346:
343:
339:
336:
335:Peruvian Army
325:
321:
318:
307:
303:
298:
295:
292:
288:
269:
264:
260:
257:
253:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:June 16, 1910
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
194:
190:
184:
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156:
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84:
79:
75:
71:
66:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2396:
2297:Billinghurst
2037:Luna Pizarro
1977:Luna Pizarro
1902:
1874:
1836:
1812:
1789:
1766:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1697:
1688:
1671:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1614:(in Spanish)
1609:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1578:the original
1530:
1520:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1463:
1444:
1433:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1408:. World Bank
1400:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1351:the original
1342:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:RPP Noticias
1306:
1297:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1255:
1231:
1211:
1204:
1184:
1139:
1135:
1093:
1087:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
928:
910:
906:
902:
881:
873:
866:
859:
847:
804:
798:
788:
764:
751:
726:
690:
686:Fidel Castro
675:
653:
649:
644:
640:
632:
621:
589:
566:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
537:
531:
518:Armed Forces
511:
505:
489:Héctor Béjar
482:
475:
461:
443:
436:
426:
418:
405:
356:
355:
247:(1977-12-24)
197:Succeeded by
166:
147:Succeeded by
104:
90:
55:
50:
46:
39:Spanish name
2502:1977 deaths
2497:1910 births
2382:Pérez Godoy
2327:Elías Arias
2282:S. Calderón
1992:Riva Agüero
1648:El Comercio
1584:October 21,
1532:El Comercio
1384:Anna Cant,
1096:(1): 7–37.
1012:ElectroPeru
913:Hugo Chávez
782:, 60 to 90
678:Soviet bloc
462:During the
444:He married
397:coup d'état
381:nationalism
369:coup d'état
187:Preceded by
135:Preceded by
2491:Categories
2057:Santa Cruz
2012:Santa Cruz
1972:San Martín
1957:Presidents
1066:References
1026:EnatruPeru
984:MineroPeru
885:Chaclacayo
624:landowners
573:indigenous
538:Peruanismo
495:, and the
429:Lima, Peru
415:Early life
387:, such as
377:presidency
305:Allegiance
290:Profession
225:1910-06-16
2442:Kuczynski
2347:Benavides
2302:Benavides
2187:Gutiérrez
2137:San Román
2127:Echenique
2112:Figuerola
2082:Figuerola
2052:Salaverry
1164:154119414
1156:0959-2296
1112:252749746
1047:EntelPeru
998:SiderPeru
991:Petroperú
977:PescaPeru
954:Plan Inca
856:Overthrow
797:HMS
784:Sukhoi 22
409:third way
176:President
171:1967–1968
167:In office
105:In office
2467:Boluarte
2462:Castillo
2447:Vizcarra
2422:Paniagua
2417:Fujimori
2232:Iglesias
2197:Zevallos
2142:Castilla
2132:Castilla
2122:Castilla
2117:Menéndez
2107:Menéndez
2097:Castilla
2067:Menéndez
2047:Bermúdez
2042:Orbegoso
1628:(1996).
1602:Archived
1554:Archived
1498:(1985).
1412:March 1,
943:See also
917:Ayacucho
842:hegemony
820:Santiago
714:Colombia
571:for the
562:solstice
371:against
232:Castilla
51:Alvarado
37:In this
2457:Sagasti
2397:Velasco
2387:Lindley
2367:Noriega
2332:Jiménez
2277:Candamo
2267:Piérola
2262:Candamo
2257:Cáceres
2252:Borgoño
2242:Cáceres
2227:Cáceres
2222:Montero
2212:Piérola
2087:Vivanco
2072:Torrico
2062:Gamarra
2032:Gamarra
2007:Bolívar
1699:El País
1610:Caretas
1261:TV Perú
868:Tacnazo
816:Copiapó
799:Bulwark
789:Centaur
770:in the
738:Ecuador
577:Quechua
552:became
361:general
345:General
284:
276:
272:
47:Velasco
43:surname
2452:Merino
2437:Humala
2432:García
2427:Toledo
2412:García
2312:Leguía
2292:Leguía
2272:Romaña
2237:Arenas
2022:La Mar
1982:La Mar
1849:
1819:
1796:
1773:
1740:
1478:
1219:
1192:
1162:
1154:
1110:
1033:Enafer
791:-class
730:Talara
722:Panama
710:Tarata
585:Aymara
332:
314:
262:Spouse
2372:Odría
2362:Odría
2317:Ponce
2207:Prado
2202:Pardo
2182:Balta
2172:Prado
2162:Pezet
2157:Prado
2152:Pezet
2102:Elías
2092:Nieto
2077:Vidal
1997:Sucre
1734:71–72
1676:(PDF)
1468:(PDF)
1354:(PDF)
1347:(PDF)
1160:S2CID
1108:S2CID
1019:Enapu
960:Notes
863:Tacna
768:Chile
761:Chile
742:Piura
734:Piura
702:Chile
421:Piura
278:(
274:
81:50th
1961:Peru
1908:Peru
1847:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1656:2020
1586:2008
1476:ISBN
1414:2019
1217:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1152:ISSN
921:Peru
780:APCs
776:T-55
697:Peru
695:and
684:and
682:Cuba
607:, a
491:and
468:APRA
341:Rank
317:Peru
256:Peru
252:Lima
242:Died
236:Peru
215:Born
91:1st
1959:of
1906:of
1843:230
1144:doi
1098:doi
556:or
548:or
472:UNO
411:."
391:or
45:is
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1172:^
1158:.
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1138:.
1134:.
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1106:.
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740:,
732:,
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379:,
280:m.
254:,
234:,
1949:e
1942:t
1935:v
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20:)
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