1217:. This mathematical operation converts each frame/field of the video source from the spatial (2D) domain into the frequency domain (a.k.a. transform domain). A perceptual model based loosely on the human psychovisual system discards high-frequency information, i.e. sharp transitions in intensity, and color hue. In the transform domain, the process of reducing information is called quantization. In simpler terms, quantization is a method for optimally reducing a large number scale (with different occurrences of each number) into a smaller one, and the transform-domain is a convenient representation of the image because the high-frequency coefficients, which contribute less to the overall picture than other coefficients, are characteristically small-values with high compressibility. The quantized coefficients are then sequenced and losslessly packed into the output bitstream. Nearly all software implementations of JPEG permit user control over the compression ratio (as well as other optional parameters), allowing the user to trade off picture-quality for smaller file size. In embedded applications (such as miniDV, which uses a similar DCT-compression scheme), the parameters are pre-selected and fixed for the application.
1082:. Princeton claims that the JPEG image compression standard infringes the '056 patent and has sued large numbers of websites, retailers, camera and device manufacturers and resellers. The patent was originally owned and assigned to General Electric. The patent expired in December 2007, but Princeton has sued large numbers of companies for "past infringement" of this patent. (Under U.S. patent laws, a patent owner can sue for "past infringement" up to six years before the filing of a lawsuit, so Princeton could theoretically have continued suing companies until December 2013.) As of March 2013, Princeton had suits pending in New York and Delaware against more than 55 companies. General Electric's involvement in the suit is unknown, although court records indicate that it assigned the patent to Princeton in 2009 and retains certain rights in the patent.
10236:. For highest quality images (Q=100), about 8.25 bits per color pixel is required. On grayscale images, a minimum of 6.5 bits per pixel is enough (a comparable Q=100 quality color information requires about 25% more encoded bits). The highest quality image below (Q=100) is encoded at nine bits per color pixel, the medium quality image (Q=25) uses one bit per color pixel. For most applications, the quality factor should not go below 0.75 bit per pixel (Q=12.5), as demonstrated by the low quality image. The image at lowest quality uses only 0.13 bit per pixel, and displays very poor color. This is useful when the image will be displayed in a significantly scaled-down size. A method for creating better quantization matrices for a given image quality using
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defines both required implementation precisions for the encoding and the decoding process of a JPEG codec by means of a maximal tolerable error of the forwards and inverse DCT in the DCT domain as determined by reference test streams. For example, the output of a decoder implementation must not exceed an error of one quantization unit in the DCT domain when applied to the reference testing codestreams provided as part of the above standard. While unusual, and unlike many other and more modern standards, ITU.T T.83 | ISO/IEC 10918-2 does not formulate error bounds in the image domain.
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1890:. Human vision is much more sensitive to small variations in color or brightness over large areas than to the strength of high-frequency brightness variations. Therefore, the magnitudes of the high-frequency components are stored with a lower accuracy than the low-frequency components. The quality setting of the encoder (for example 50 or 95 on a scale of 0–100 in the Independent JPEG Group's library) affects to what extent the resolution of each frequency component is reduced. If an excessively low quality setting is used, the high-frequency components are discarded altogether.
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very high compression ratio severely affects the quality of the image, although the overall colors and image form are still recognizable. However, the precision of colors suffer less (for a human eye) than the precision of contours (based on luminance). This justifies the fact that images should be first transformed in a color model separating the luminance from the chromatic information, before subsampling the chromatic planes (which may also use lower quality quantization) in order to preserve the precision of the luminance plane with more information bits.
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990:) issued in 1993, is infringed by the downloading of JPEG images on either a website or through e-mail. If not invalidated, this patent could apply to any website that displays JPEG images. The patent was under reexamination by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office from 2000 to 2007; in July 2007, the Patent Office revoked all of the original claims of the patent but found that an additional claim proposed by Global Patent Holdings (claim 17) was valid. Global Patent Holdings then filed a number of lawsuits based on claim 17 of its patent.
10665:(DWT) and was designed to completely replace the original JPEG standard and exceed it in every way. It allows up to 38 bits per colour channel and 16384 channels, more than any other format, with a multitude of colour spaces, and thus high dynamic range (HDR). Furthermore, it supports alpha transparency coding, billions-by-billions pixel images, which is also more than any other format, and lossless compression. It has significantly improved lossy compression ratio with significantly less visible artefacts at strong compression levels.
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significantly different distribution). Modern methods have improved on these techniques by reordering coefficients to group coefficients of larger magnitude together; using adjacent coefficients and blocks to predict new coefficient values; dividing blocks or coefficients up among a small number of independently coded models based on their statistics and adjacent values; and most recently, by decoding blocks, predicting subsequent blocks in the spatial domain, and then encoding these to generate predictions for DCT coefficients.
4737:{\displaystyle Q={\begin{bmatrix}16&11&10&16&24&40&51&61\\12&12&14&19&26&58&60&55\\14&13&16&24&40&57&69&56\\14&17&22&29&51&87&80&62\\18&22&37&56&68&109&103&77\\24&35&55&64&81&104&113&92\\49&64&78&87&103&121&120&101\\72&92&95&98&112&100&103&99\end{bmatrix}}.}
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suspend (stay) their cases until completion of the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office's review of the '341 patent. On April 23, 2008, a judge presiding over the two lawsuits in Chicago, Illinois granted the motions in those cases. On July 22, 2008, the Patent Office issued the first "Office Action" of the second reexamination, finding the claim invalid based on nineteen separate grounds. On Nov. 24, 2009, a Reexamination Certificate was issued cancelling all claims.
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constant for that component, and then rounding to the nearest integer. This rounding operation is the only lossy operation in the whole process (other than chroma subsampling) if the DCT computation is performed with sufficiently high precision. As a result of this, it is typically the case that many of the higher frequency components are rounded to zero, and many of the rest become small positive or negative numbers, which take many fewer bits to represent.
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1529:(see JPEG specification section F.1.2.3), is only applied to the entropy-coded data, not to marker payload data. Note however that entropy-coded data has a few markers of its own; specifically the Reset markers (0xD0 through 0xD7), which are used to isolate independent chunks of entropy-coded data to allow parallel decoding, and encoders are free to insert these Reset markers at regular intervals (although not all encoders do this).
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of the image representation at this point; these values are typically reduced back to 8-bit values by the quantization step. The temporary increase in size at this stage is not a performance concern for most JPEG implementations, since typically only a very small part of the image is stored in full DCT form at any given time during the image encoding or decoding process.
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format and 8-bit lossy compressed image. JPEG XT uses an extensible file format based on JFIF. Extension layers are used to modify the JPEG 8-bit base layer and restore the high-resolution image. Existing software is forward compatible and can read the JPEG XT binary stream, though it would only decode the base 8-bit layer.
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The required implementation precision of a JPEG codec is implicitly defined through the requirements formulated for compliance to the JPEG standard. These requirements are specified in ITU.T Recommendation T.83 | ISO/IEC 10918-2. Unlike MPEG standards and many later JPEG standards, the above document
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programs have noticeable blocky shapes on the terrain. Certain low-intensity compression artifacts might be acceptable when simply viewing the images, but can be emphasized if the image is subsequently processed, usually resulting in unacceptable quality. Consider the example below, demonstrating the
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Due to the densities of color- and brightness-sensitive receptors in the human eye, humans can see considerably more fine detail in the brightness of an image (the Y' component) than in the hue and color saturation of an image (the Cb and Cr components). Using this knowledge, encoders can be designed
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JPEG File
Interchange Format is a minimal file format which enables JPEG bitstreams to be exchanged between a wide variety of platforms and applications. This minimal format does not include any of the advanced features found in the TIFF JPEG specification or any application specific file format. Nor
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On March 5, 2008, the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office agreed to reexamine the '341 patent, finding that the new prior art raised substantial new questions regarding the patent's validity. In light of the reexamination, the accused infringers in four of the five pending lawsuits have filed motions to
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Originating in 1993 and published as ISO-14495-1/ITU-T.87, JPEG LS offers a low-complexity lossless file format which was more efficient than JPEG's original lossless implementation. It also features a lossy mode close to lossless. Its functionality is largely limited to that, and largely shares the
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From 2004 to 2008, new research emerged on ways to further compress the data contained in JPEG images without modifying the represented image. This has applications in scenarios where the original image is only available in JPEG format, and its size needs to be reduced for archiving or transmission.
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The resulting compression ratio can be varied according to need by being more or less aggressive in the divisors used in the quantization phase. Ten to one compression usually results in an image that cannot be distinguished by eye from the original. A compression ratio of 100:1 is usually possible,
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Left: a final image is built up from a series of basis functions. Right: each of the DCT basis functions that comprise the image, and the corresponding weighting coefficient. Middle: the basis function, after multiplication by the coefficient: this component is added to the final image. For clarity,
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The DCT temporarily increases the bit-depth of the data, since the DCT coefficients of an 8-bit/component image take up to 11 or more bits (depending on fidelity of the DCT calculation) to store. This may force the codec to temporarily use 16-bit numbers to hold these coefficients, doubling the size
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coefficient (also called the constant component), which defines the basic hue for the entire block. The remaining 63 coefficients are the AC coefficients (also called the alternating components). The advantage of the DCT is its tendency to aggregate most of the signal in one corner of the result, as
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At a restart marker, block-to-block predictor variables are reset, and the bitstream is synchronized to a byte boundary. Restart markers provide means for recovery after bitstream error, such as transmission over an unreliable network or file corruption. Since the runs of macroblocks between restart
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purposes, although this fill byte padding should only ever take place for markers immediately following entropy-coded scan data (see JPEG specification section B.1.1.2 and E.1.2 for details; specifically "In all cases where markers are appended after the compressed data, optional 0xFF fill bytes may
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Strictly speaking, the JFIF and Exif standards are incompatible, because each specifies that its marker segment (APP0 or APP1, respectively) appear first. In practice, most JPEG files contain a JFIF marker segment that precedes the Exif header. This allows older readers to correctly handle the older
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JPEG format, in which data is compressed in multiple passes of progressively higher detail. This is ideal for large images that will be displayed while downloading over a slow connection, allowing a reasonable preview after receiving only a portion of the data. However, support for progressive JPEGs
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agreed to re-examine
Forgent's JPEG patent at the request of the Public Patent Foundation. On May 26, 2006, the USPTO found the patent invalid based on prior art. The USPTO also found that Forgent knew about the prior art, yet it intentionally avoided telling the Patent Office. This makes any appeal
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JPEG XT (ISO/IEC 18477) was published in June 2015; it extends base JPEG format with support for higher integer bit depths (up to 16 bit), high dynamic range imaging and floating-point coding, lossless coding, and alpha channel coding. Extensions are backward compatible with the base JPEG/JFIF file
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being only able store information regarding the first 15 zeroes preceding the non-zero AC coefficient. However, JPEG defines two special
Huffman code words. One is for ending the sequence prematurely when the remaining coefficients are zero (called "End-of-Block" or "EOB"), and another when the run
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color space conversion allows greater compression without a significant effect on perceptual image quality (or greater perceptual image quality for the same compression). The compression is more efficient because the brightness information, which is more important to the eventual perceptual quality
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When using lossless cropping, if the bottom or right side of the crop region is not on a block boundary, then the rest of the data from the partially used blocks will still be present in the cropped file and can be recovered. It is also possible to transform between baseline and progressive formats
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Between 2002 and 2004, Forgent was able to obtain about US$ 105 million by licensing their patent to some 30 companies. In April 2004, Forgent sued 31 other companies to enforce further license payments. In July of the same year, a consortium of 21 large computer companies filed a countersuit, with
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JPEG compression artifacts blend well into photographs with detailed non-uniform textures, allowing higher compression ratios. Notice how a higher compression ratio first affects the high-frequency textures in the upper-left corner of the image, and how the contrasting lines become more fuzzy. The
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Many of the options in the JPEG standard are not commonly used, and as mentioned above, most image software uses the simpler JFIF format when creating a JPEG file, which among other things specifies the encoding method. Here is a brief description of one of the more common methods of encoding when
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The JPEG compression algorithm operates at its best on photographs and paintings of realistic scenes with smooth variations of tone and color. For web usage, where reducing the amount of data used for an image is important for responsive presentation, JPEG's compression benefits make JPEG popular.
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Rhatushnyak, Alexander; Wassenberg, Jan; Sneyers, Jon; Alakuijala, Jyrki; Vandevenne, Lode; Versari, Luca; Obryk, Robert; Szabadka, Zoltan; Kliuchnikov, Evgenii; Comsa, Iulia-Maria; Potempa, Krzysztof; Bruse, Martin; Firsching, Moritz; Khasanova, Renata; Ruud van
Asseldonk; Boukortt, Sami; Gomez,
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images. It has a range of configurations stored in the JPEG APP3 marker field, but usually contains one image of double width, representing two images of identical size in cross-eyed (i.e. left frame on the right half of the image and vice versa) side-by-side arrangement. This file format can be
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Some standard but rarely used options already exist in JPEG to improve the efficiency of coding DCT coefficients: the arithmetic coding option, and the progressive coding option (which produces lower bitrates because values for each coefficient are coded independently, and each coefficient has a
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Alakuijala, Jyrki; van
Asseldonk, Ruud; Boukortt, Sami; Bruse, Martin; Comșa, Iulia-Maria; Firsching, Moritz; Fischbacher, Thomas; Kliuchnikov, Evgenii; Gomez, Sebastian; Obryk, Robert; Potempa, Krzysztof; Rhatushnyak, Alexander; Sneyers, Jon; Szabadka, Zoltan; Vandervenne, Lode; Versari, Luca;
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that appear in JPEG images, which may take the form of noise around contrasting edges (especially curves and corners), or "blocky" images. These are due to the quantization step of the JPEG algorithm. They are especially noticeable around sharp corners between contrasting colors (text is a good
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Thus, in some ways, JFIF is a cut-down version of the JIF standard in that it specifies certain constraints (such as not allowing all the different encoding modes), while in other ways, it is an extension of JIF due to the added metadata. The documentation for the original JFIF standard states:
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known as "JPEG Interchange Format" (JIF) is specified in Annex B of the standard. However, this "pure" file format is rarely used, primarily because of the difficulty of programming encoders and decoders that fully implement all aspects of the standard and because of certain shortcomings of the
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There are also many medical imaging, traffic and camera applications that create and process 12-bit JPEG images both grayscale and color. 12-bit JPEG format is included in an
Extended part of the JPEG specification. The libjpeg codec supports 12-bit JPEG and there even exists a high-performance
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over a relatively large area, but not so good at distinguishing the exact strength of a high frequency brightness variation. This allows one to greatly reduce the amount of information in the high frequency components. This is done by simply dividing each component in the frequency domain by a
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is specified in the JFIF standard, and should be performed for the resulting JPEG file to have maximum compatibility. However, some JPEG implementations in "highest quality" mode do not apply this step and instead keep the color information in the RGB color model, where the image is stored in
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The medium quality photo uses only 4.3% of the storage space required for the uncompressed image, but has little noticeable loss of detail or visible artifacts. However, once a certain threshold of compression is passed, compressed images show increasingly visible defects. See the article on
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JPEG Multi-Picture Format (MPO, extension .mpo) is a JPEG-based format for storing multiple images in a single file. It contains two or more JPEG files concatenated together. It also defines a JPEG APP2 marker segment for image description. Various devices use it to store 3D images, such as
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From here, frequency calculations are made based on occurrences of the coefficients. In our example block, most of the quantized coefficients are small numbers that are not preceded immediately by a zero coefficient. These more-frequent cases will be represented by shorter code words.
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JPS is a stereoscopic JPEG image used for creating 3D effects from 2D images. It contains two static images, one for the left eye and one for the right eye; encoded as two side-by-side images in a single JPG file. JPEG Stereoscopic (JPS, extension .jps) is a JPEG-based format for
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Begins a top-to-bottom scan of the image. In baseline DCT JPEG images, there is generally a single scan. Progressive DCT JPEG images usually contain multiple scans. This marker specifies which slice of data it will contain, and is immediately followed by entropy-coded data.
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A freely available tool called packJPG is based on the 2007 paper "Improved
Redundancy Reduction for JPEG Files." As of version 2.5k of 2016, it reports a typical 20% reduction by transcoding. JPEG XL (ISO/IEC 18181) of 2018 reports a similar reduction in its transcoding.
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In order to encode the above generated coefficient pattern, JPEG uses
Huffman encoding. The JPEG standard provides general-purpose Huffman tables; encoders may also choose to generate Huffman tables optimized for the actual frequency distributions in images being encoded.
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Within the entropy-coded data, after any 0xFF byte, a 0x00 byte is inserted by the encoder before the next byte, so that there does not appear to be a marker where none is intended, preventing framing errors. Decoders must skip this 0x00 byte. This technique, called
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The previous quantized DC coefficient is used to predict the current quantized DC coefficient. The difference between the two is encoded rather than the actual value. The encoding of the 63 quantized AC coefficients does not use such prediction differencing.
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Some programs allow the user to vary the amount by which individual blocks are compressed. Stronger compression is applied to areas of the image that show fewer artifacts. This way it is possible to manually reduce JPEG file size with less loss of quality.
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This image shows the pixels that are different between a non-compressed image and the same image JPEG compressed with a quality setting of 50. Darker means a larger difference. Note especially the changes occurring near sharp edges and having a block-like
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Several alterations to a JPEG image can be performed losslessly (that is, without recompression and the associated quality loss) as long as the image size is a multiple of 1 MCU block (Minimum Coded Unit) (usually 16 pixels in both directions, for 4:2:0
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operations, and prevents flips and rotations of an image whose bottom or right edge does not lie on a block boundary for all channels (because the edge would end up on top or left, where – as aforementioned – a block boundary is obligatory).
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The DC coefficients when taken together resemble a downscale version of the original image multiplied by a scaling factor. Well-known schemes for lossless coding of continuous-tone images can be applied, achieving somewhat better compression than the
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of the Independent JPEG Group. It was first published in 1991 and was key for the success of the standard. This library was used in countless applications. The development went quiet in 1998; when libjpeg resurfaced with the 2009 version 7, it broke
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If the data for a channel does not represent an integer number of blocks then the encoder must fill the remaining area of the incomplete blocks with some form of dummy data. Filling the edges with a fixed color (for example, black) can create
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N. Ponomarenko, K. Egiazarian, V. Lukin and J. Astola. Additional Lossless Compression of JPEG Images, Proc. of the 4th Intl. Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis (ISPA 2005), Zagreb, Croatia, pp. 117–120, September 15–17,
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JPEG is also not well suited to files that will undergo multiple edits, as some image quality is lost each time the image is recompressed, particularly if the image is cropped or shifted, or if encoding parameters are changed – see
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For information, the uncompressed 24-bit RGB bitmap image below (73,242 pixels) would require 219,726 bytes (excluding all other information headers). The filesizes indicated below include the internal JPEG information headers and some
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representation, using a normalized, two-dimensional type-II discrete cosine transform (DCT), see Citation 1 in discrete cosine transform. The DCT is sometimes referred to as "type-II DCT" in the context of a family of transforms as in
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Form of edge busyness distortion sometimes associated with movement, characterized by moving artifacts and/or blotchy noise patterns superimposed over the objects (resembling a mosquito flying around a person's head and shoulders)."
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Image files that employ JPEG compression are commonly called "JPEG files", and are stored in variants of the JIF image format. Most image capture devices (such as digital cameras) that output JPEG are actually creating files in the
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may be seen above. The quantization step to follow accentuates this effect while simultaneously reducing the overall size of the DCT coefficients, resulting in a signal that is easy to compress efficiently in the entropy stage.
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optimizations. Originally seen as a maintained fork of libjpeg, it has become more popular after the incompatible changes of 2009. In 2019, it became the ITU|ISO/IEC reference implementation as ISO/IEC 10918-7 and ITU-T T.873.
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for details. To prevent image information loss during sequential and repetitive editing, the first edit can be saved in a lossless format, subsequently edited in that format, then finally published as JPEG for distribution.
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along the visible part of the border; repeating the edge pixels is a common technique that reduces (but does not necessarily eliminate) such artifacts, and more sophisticated border filling techniques can also be applied.
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The JPEG committee has as one of its explicit goals that their standards (in particular their baseline methods) be implementable without payment of license fees, and they have secured appropriate license rights for their
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exhibit a more graceful degradation of quality as the bit usage decreases – by using transforms with a larger spatial extent for the lower frequency coefficients and by using overlapping transform basis functions.
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JPEG due to the ability to use different Huffman tables (see below) tailored for different frequencies on each "scan" or "pass" (which includes similar-positioned coefficients), though the difference is not too large.
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Rotations where the image is not a multiple of 8 or 16, which value depends upon the chroma subsampling, are not lossless. Rotating such an image causes the blocks to be recomputed which results in loss of quality.
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The top and left edge of a JPEG image must lie on an 8 × 8 pixel block boundary (or 16 × 16 pixel for larger MCU sizes), but the bottom and right edge need not do so. This limits the possible
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encoding. While sequential encoding encodes coefficients of a single block at a time (in a zigzag manner), progressive encoding encodes similar-positioned batch of coefficients of all blocks in one go (called a
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Ichiro Matsuda, Yukio Nomoto, Kei Wakabayashi and Susumu Itoh. Lossless Re-encoding of JPEG images using block-adaptive intra prediction. Proceedings of the 16th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO
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rest on the same byte, meaning that each only contains four bits of information. The higher bits deal with the number of zeroes, while the lower bits denote the number of bits necessary to encode the value of
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results in a loss of information, JPEG standard is always a lossy compression codec. (Information is lost both in quantizing and rounding of the floating-point numbers.) Even if the quantization matrix is a
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format, the format that the camera industry has standardized on for metadata interchange. On the other hand, since the Exif standard does not allow color profiles, most image editing software stores JPEG in
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Blocks can be rotated in 90-degree increments, flipped in the horizontal, vertical and diagonal axes and moved about in the image. Not all blocks from the original image need to be used in the modified one.
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However, JPEG is not well suited for line drawings and other textual or iconic graphics, where the sharp contrasts between adjacent pixels can cause noticeable artifacts. Such images are better saved in a
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Global Patent Holdings had also used the '341 patent to sue or threaten outspoken critics of broad software patents, including Gregory Aharonian and the anonymous operator of a website blog known as the
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must be split into 8×8 blocks. Depending on chroma subsampling, this yields Minimum Coded Unit (MCU) blocks of size 8×8 (4:4:4 – no subsampling), 16×8 (4:2:2), or most commonly 16×16 (4:2:0). In
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Once all similar-positioned coefficients have been encoded, the next position to be encoded is the one occurring next in the zigzag traversal as indicated in the figure above. It has been found that
1069:." On December 21, 2007, patent lawyer Vernon Francissen of Chicago asked the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to reexamine the sole remaining claim of the '341 patent on the basis of new prior art.
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A popular format which has been the de facto file format for images encoded by the JPEG standard. In 2009, the JPEG Committee formally established an Ad Hoc Group to standardize JFIF as JPEG Part 5.
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of the image, is confined to a single channel. This more closely corresponds to the perception of color in the human visual system. The color transformation also improves compression by statistical
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Beginning in 2011 and continuing as of early 2013, an entity known as Princeton Digital Image Corporation, based in Eastern Texas, began suing large numbers of companies for alleged infringement of
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control the compression ratio, with larger values producing greater compression. A typical quantization matrix (for a quality of 50% as specified in the original JPEG Standard), is as follows:
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10624:, a new JPEG coding library that offers enhanced capabilities and a 35% compression ratio improvement at high quality compression settings, while the coding speed is comparable with MozJPEG.
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As of October 27, 2006, the U.S. patent's 20-year term appears to have expired, and in November 2006, Forgent agreed to abandon enforcement of patent claims against use of the JPEG standard.
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The decompressed subimage can be compared to the original subimage (also see images to the right) by taking the difference (original − uncompressed) results in the following error values:
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2050:(reduction by a factor of 2 in both the horizontal and vertical directions). For the rest of the compression process, Y', Cb and Cr are processed separately and in a very similar manner.
1370:: JFIF uses APP0, while Exif uses APP1. Within these segments of the file that were left for future use in the JIF standard and are not read by it, these standards add specific metadata.
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for a mathematical explanation of this threshold effect. A particular limitation of JPEG in this regard is its non-overlapped 8×8 block transform structure. More modern designs such as
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Before computing the DCT of the 8×8 block, its values are shifted from a positive range to one centered on zero. For an 8-bit image, each entry in the original block falls in the range
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The resolution of the chroma data is reduced, usually by a factor of 2 or 3. This reflects the fact that the eye is less sensitive to fine color details than to fine brightness details.
9618:. If this occurs, the decoder needs to clip the output values so as to keep them within that range to prevent overflow when storing the decompressed image with the original bit depth.
633:. On the ITU-T side, ITU-T SG16 is the respective body. The original JPEG Group was organized in 1986, issuing the first JPEG standard in 1992, which was approved in September 1992 as
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In the last few years, due to the growing use of stereoscopic images, much effort has been spent by the scientific community to develop algorithms for stereoscopic image compression.
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method, which reduces the image fidelity, it is inappropriate for exact reproduction of imaging data (such as some scientific and medical imaging applications and certain technical
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separate channels for red, green and blue brightness components. This results in less efficient compression, and would not likely be used when file size is especially important.
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format and allows efficient transcoding as a storage option for traditional JPEG images. The new format is designed to exceed the still image compression performance shown by
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asserted that it owned and would enforce patent rights on the JPEG technology, arising from a patent that had been filed on October 27, 1986, and granted on October 6, 1987:
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Typically, such methods can compress existing JPEG files between 15 and 25 percent, and for JPEGs compressed at low-quality settings, can produce improvements of up to 65%.
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939:' Wen-Hsiung Chen and Daniel J. Klenke. While Forgent did not own Compression Labs at the time, Chen later sold Compression Labs to Forgent, before Chen went on to work for
585:' Wen-Hsiung Chen and Daniel J. Klenke in October 1986. The patent describes a DCT-based image compression algorithm, and would later be a cause of controversy in 2002 (see
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requiring royalty-bearing licenses, and because it is slower to encode and decode compared to Huffman coding. Arithmetic coding typically makes files about 5–7% smaller.
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6205:
6163:
6121:
6079:
6033:
8584:
8509:
3781:
3709:
2517:. The midpoint of the range (in this case, the value 128) is subtracted from each entry to produce a data range that is centered on zero, so that the modified range is
13148:
8547:
5406:
3819:
11735:
11066:
8619:
3744:
9581:
2480:
11493:
10086:
9207:
8049:
7641:
5891:
5859:
3830:
2561:
11853:
13126:
12566:
I. Bauermann and E. Steinbacj. Further Lossless Compression of JPEG Images. Proc. of Picture Coding Symposium (PCS 2004), San Francisco, US, December 15–17, 2004.
8367:
8307:
3532:
3468:
1669:
markers, in Minimum Coded Units (MCUs). This marker is followed by two bytes indicating the fixed size so it can be treated like any other variable size segment.
1393:
format, and includes the APP1 segment from the Exif file to include the metadata in an almost-compliant way; the JFIF standard is interpreted somewhat flexibly.
4984:
4964:
4944:
3207:
3187:
9616:
2550:
2515:
15855:
11148:
376:. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality. Since its introduction in 1992, JPEG has been the most widely used
12595:
M. Stirner and G. Seelmann. Improved Redundancy Reduction for JPEG Files. Proc. of Picture Coding Symposium (PCS 2007), Lisbon, Portugal, November 7–9, 2007
11690:
11199:
7035:
of zeroes goes beyond 15 before reaching a non-zero AC coefficient. In such a case where 16 zeroes are encountered before a given non-zero AC coefficient,
1320:
Furthermore, several JPEG images can be losslessly joined, as long as they were saved with the same quality and the edges coincide with block boundaries.
10632:
The Joint Photographic Experts Group has developed several newer standards meant to complement or replace the functionality of the original JPEG format.
7149:; they may be completely avoided by saving an image using a lossless file format, though this will result in a larger file size. The images created with
11713:
10982:
14883:
13653:
11090:
1061:, Inc., which was allegedly threatened by Global Patent Holdings, and sought a judicial declaration that the '341 patent is invalid and not infringed.
552:
535:
13096:
12911:
12539:
11223:
7098:
but will look distinctly artifacted compared to the original. The appropriate level of compression depends on the use to which the image will be put.
11584:
10249:
1610:
Indicates that this is a progressive DCT-based JPEG, and specifies the width, height, number of components, and component subsampling (e.g., 4:2:0).
1727:
is the restart interval set by a DRI marker. Not used if there was no DRI marker. The low three bits of the marker code cycle in value from 0 to 7.
12771:
12066:
8652:
Slight differences are noticeable between the original (top) and decompressed image (bottom), which is most readily seen in the bottom-left corner.
11523:
10094:
1826:
Although a JPEG file can be encoded in various ways, most commonly it is done with JFIF encoding. The encoding process consists of several steps:
1591:
Indicates that this is a baseline DCT-based JPEG, and specifies the width, height, number of components, and component subsampling (e.g., 4:2:0).
15928:
15297:
11933:
11356:
11312:
1814:
marker type, application-specific markers often begin with a standard or vendor name (e.g., "Exif" or "Adobe") or some other identifying string.
15933:
14767:
14558:
13954:
13484:
642:
615:
11462:
10923:
The JPEG still-image-compression levels, even with the large range of 5:1 to 120:1 in this study, yielded equally high levels of acceptability
14305:
13448:
958:
the goal of invalidating the patent. In addition, Microsoft launched a separate lawsuit against Forgent in April 2005. In February 2006, the
12966:"ISO/IEC 10918-7: 2019 Information technology — Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images — Part 7: Reference software"
12127:
12100:
11263:
10722:), patch encoding of synthetic images such as bitmap fonts and gradients, animated images, alpha channel coding, and a choice of RGB/YCbCr/
12948:
10422:
Typically, such schemes take advantage of improvements to the naive scheme for coding DCT coefficients, which fails to take into account:
8624:
Rounding the output to integer values (since the original had integer values) results in an image with values (still shifted down by 128)
3824:
If we perform this transformation on our matrix above, we get the following (rounded to the nearest two digits beyond the decimal point):
878:
Specifies a subset of features and application tools for the interchange of images encoded according to the ISO/IEC 10918-1 for printing.
15643:
15177:
14739:
14196:
12016:
10572:
with previous versions. Version 8 of 2010 introduced non-standard extensions, a decision criticized by the original IJG leader Tom Lane.
10197:
The error is most noticeable in the bottom-left corner where the bottom-left pixel becomes darker than the pixel to its immediate right.
14593:
11775:
10609:
from libjpeg-turbo, a slower but higher-quality encoder intended for web images. In March 2017, Google released the open source project
5583:
The zigzag sequence for the above quantized coefficients are shown below. (The format shown is just for ease of understanding/viewing.)
12422:
11984:
11872:
11428:"T.81: Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images – Requirements and guidelines"
1516:
data; the length of such a marker does not include the entropy-coded data. Note that consecutive 0xFF bytes are used as fill bytes for
1397:
format JFIF segment, while newer readers also decode the following Exif segment, being less strict about requiring it to appear first.
614:
In 1987, ISO TC 97 became ISO/IEC JTC 1 and, in 1992, CCITT became ITU-T. Currently on the JTC1 side, JPEG is one of two sub-groups of
10881:
1224:, meaning that some original image information is lost and cannot be restored, possibly affecting image quality. There is an optional
14771:
14554:
13958:
13488:
12709:
959:
646:
619:
611:
SGVIII. Founded in 1986, the group developed the JPEG standard during the late 1980s. The group published the JPEG standard in 1992.
5572:, which is mathematically superior to Huffman coding. However, this feature has rarely been used, as it was historically covered by
15113:
14341:
13567:
6590:, in first scan. This is followed by the second scan which encoding a few more components (assuming four more components, they are
14411:
12365:
11910:
10601:
There is persistent interest in encoding JPEG in unconventional ways that maximize image quality for a given file size. In 2014,
12149:
9586:
This is the decompressed subimage. In general, the decompression process may produce values outside the original input range of
4916:{\displaystyle B_{j,k}=\mathrm {round} \left({\frac {G_{j,k}}{Q_{j,k}}}\right){\mbox{ for }}j=0,1,2,\ldots ,7;k=0,1,2,\ldots ,7}
1905:
because it is irreversible. In the remainder of this section, the encoding and decoding processes are described in more detail.
561:) – February 26, 1990 – Tomohiro Kimura, Shigenori Kino, Fumitaka Ono, and Masayuki Yoshida – Coding apparatus and coding method
15832:
14416:
12929:
6402:), followed by the next batch of coefficients of all blocks, and so on. For example, if the image is divided into N 8×8 blocks
15432:
14598:
13329:
11616:
11330:
11286:
15968:
15958:
13998:
13260:
13064:
12995:
12398:
11743:
11472:
11218:
591:
below). However, the JPEG specification did cite two earlier research papers by Wen-Hsiung Chen, published in 1977 and 1984.
13152:
12988:"T.873 (05/19): Information technology - Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: Reference software"
12334:
11033:
7142:
as the resulting "edge busyness" and spurious dots, which change over time, resemble mosquitoes swarming around the object.
14479:
11056:
3663:{\displaystyle \alpha (u)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}},&{\mbox{if }}u=0\\1,&{\mbox{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}
1277:
using "JPG Lossless Crop (PlugIn)" and "JPG Lossless Rotation (PlugIn)", which require installing the JPG_TRANSFORM plugin.
603:, the name of the committee that created the JPEG standard and other still picture coding standards. The "Joint" stood for
15901:
15290:
13421:
12731:
12475:
12450:
12275:
11489:
10846:
10752:
6987:
and determining how many zeroes came before the previous AC coefficient. With this information, two symbols are created:
11857:
993:
In its first two lawsuits following the reexamination, both filed in Chicago, Illinois, Global Patent Holdings sued the
15754:
15239:
15204:
15182:
14381:
14356:
13118:
12829:
12186:
11831:
11797:
10763:
10598:(ISO/IEC 14495). In 2016, "JPEG on steroids" was introduced as an option for the ISO JPEG XT reference implementation.
12857:
12308:
12216:
1317:
without any loss of quality, since the only difference is the order in which the coefficients are placed in the file.
943:. This led to Forgent acquiring ownership over the patent. Forgent's 2002 announcement created a furor reminiscent of
14979:
14030:
13441:
12973:
10785:
3434:{\displaystyle \ G_{u,v}={\frac {1}{4}}\alpha (u)\alpha (v)\sum _{x=0}^{7}\sum _{y=0}^{7}g_{x,y}\cos \left\cos \left}
1166:
1143:
438:
of "jpg" or "jpeg". JPEG/JFIF supports a maximum image size of 65,535×65,535 pixels, hence up to 4 gigapixels for an
348:
12654:
9636:
9227:
8670:
7665:
7257:
5019:
3863:
2594:
2126:
1125:
15372:
15021:
14575:
14474:
14264:
13666:
13025:
12493:"JPEG standard uniform quantization error modeling with applications to sequential and progressive operation modes"
8274:{\displaystyle f_{x,y}={\frac {1}{4}}\sum _{u=0}^{7}\sum _{v=0}^{7}\alpha (u)\alpha (v)F_{u,v}\cos \left\cos \left}
6405:
600:
388:
192:
11903:"A Bounty of $ 5,000 to Name Troll Tracker: Ray Niro Wants To Know Who Is saying All Those Nasty Things About Him"
15524:
15128:
14855:
14719:
14562:
14186:
14140:
14040:
13047:
Richter, Thomas (September 2016). "JPEG on STEROIDS: Common optimization techniques for JPEG image compression".
11405:
11174:
1887:
1347:
Several additional standards have evolved to address these issues. The first of these, released in 1992, was the
12631:
11546:
1239:
is not universal. When progressive JPEGs are received by programs that do not support them (such as versions of
950:
The JPEG committee investigated the patent claims in 2002 and were of the opinion that they were invalidated by
567:
The JPEG specification also cites three other patents from IBM. Other companies cited as patent holders include
94:
15953:
15889:
15283:
15118:
14801:
14206:
14035:
11638:
11435:
1356:
1352:
1121:
478:
The JPEG specification cites patents from several companies. The following patents provided the basis for its
15265:
14927:
14313:
14299:
13752:
12239:
12039:
11705:
10996:
10944:
7089:
The compressed 8×8 squares are visible in the scaled-up picture, together with other visual artifacts of the
6946:
The process of encoding the zig-zag quantized data begins with a run-length encoding explained below, where:
1379:
should it, for the only purpose of this simplified format is to allow the exchange of JPEG compressed images.
14293:
13746:
7042:
The overall process continues until "EOB" – denoted by (0, 0) – is reached.
6939:
In the rest of the article, it is assumed that the coefficient pattern generated is due to sequential mode.
2105:
2030:
enables the next usual step, which is to reduce the spatial resolution of the Cb and Cr components (called "
15860:
15261:
14863:
14784:
14494:
14201:
14191:
14100:
13963:
13638:
13560:
13493:
13464:
13434:
13088:
12908:
12492:
11213:
10789:
10694:
JPEG XL (ISO/IEC 18181) was published in 2021–2022. It replaces the JPEG format with a new DCT-based
10569:
6917:{\displaystyle B_{0}(0,1),B_{0}(1,0),B_{0}(2,0),B_{0}(1,1),B_{1}(0,1),B_{1}(1,0),...,B_{N}(2,0),B_{N}(1,1)}
5509:{\displaystyle \mathrm {round} \left({\frac {-415.37}{16}}\right)=\mathrm {round} \left(-25.96\right)=-26.}
1348:
434:
versions, which provide a MIME type of "image/pjpeg" when uploading JPEG images. JPEG files usually have a
11572:
7049:(0, 2)(-3);(1, 2)(-3);(0, 2)(-2);(0, 3)(-6);(0, 2)(2);(0, 3)(-4);(0, 1)(1);(0, 2)(-3);(0, 1)(1);(0, 1)(1);
14371:
12070:
10523:
10257:
7647:
1174:
1054:
13175:
12763:
10586:
ISO/IEC Joint Photography Experts Group maintains the other reference software implementation under the
7056:(The first value in the matrix, −26, is the DC coefficient; it is not encoded the same way. See above.)
5561:(RLE) algorithm that groups similar frequencies together, inserting length coding zeros, and then using
1295:
supports lossless rotation (but not lossless cropping) with its "Force lossless JPEG operations" option.
548:
531:
15943:
15792:
15719:
15412:
15244:
15219:
14709:
14346:
14153:
13605:
11515:
10876:
10662:
10398:
544:) – January 21, 1989 – Toshihiro Kimura, Shigenori Kino, Fumitaka Ono, Masayuki Yoshida – Coding system
391:
created the standard in 1992. JPEG was largely responsible for the proliferation of digital images and
15784:
13356:
ISO/IEC 18181-1:2022 Information technology — JPEG XL image coding system — Part 1: Core coding system
13208:
1185:. The JPEG standard includes a lossless coding mode, but that mode is not supported in most products.
15709:
15631:
15559:
15194:
14724:
14648:
14567:
13802:
10836:"T.81 – DIGITAL COMPRESSION AND CODING OF CONTINUOUS-TONE STILL IMAGES – REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES"
10757:
7052:(0, 3)(5);(0, 1)(1);(0, 2)(2);(0, 1)(-1);(0, 1)(1);(0, 1)(-1);(0, 2)(2);(5, 1)(-1);(0, 1)(-1);(0, 0);
6531:
5550:
1876:
1585:
1240:
1214:
1178:
917:/98 specifies the JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF); the first edition was published in June 2009.
372:. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and
38:
12886:
12685:
10906:
The effects of video compression on acceptability of images for monitoring life sciences experiments
8441:
8372:
8312:
3598:
3537:
3477:
1893:
The resulting data for all 8×8 blocks is further compressed with a lossless algorithm, a variant of
520:– June 19, 1990 – W. B. Pennebaker and J. L. Mitchell – Probability adaptation for arithmetic coders
15759:
15744:
15686:
15529:
15452:
15387:
15352:
15155:
15108:
14942:
14896:
14758:
14694:
14431:
13832:
11547:"JPEG XR enters FDIS status: JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) to be standardized as JPEG Part 5"
10780:
10740:
10543:
10539:
10535:
10223:
1106:
42:
8409:
15802:
15564:
15442:
15362:
15101:
15068:
14984:
14922:
14891:
14451:
14211:
12804:, SPIE - Three-Dimensional Image Processing, Measurement (3DIPM), and Applications 2015: 93930K,
12123:
12092:
10510:
10482:
viewed as a JPEG without any special software, or can be processed for rendering in other modes.
8057:
The next step is to take the two-dimensional inverse DCT (a 2D type-III DCT), which is given by:
5946:
5896:
2063:
1201:
1110:
167:
13700:
12945:
11253:
10938:
Hudson, Graham; Léger, Alain; Niss, Birger; Sebestyén, István; Vaaben, Jørgen (31 August 2018).
6635:
6593:
6489:
6336:
6294:
6252:
6210:
6168:
6126:
6084:
6042:
5996:
1057:. A fifth lawsuit was filed against Global Patent Holdings in Nevada. That lawsuit was filed by
984:
Beginning in August 2007, another company, Global Patent Holdings, LLC claimed that its patent (
15948:
15938:
15764:
15611:
15534:
15199:
14932:
14779:
14406:
13643:
13584:
13572:
13426:
13372:
ISO/IEC 18181-2:2021 Information technology — JPEG XL image coding system — Part 2: File format
12849:
10365:
Severe high frequency loss leads to obvious artifacts on subimage boundaries ("macroblocking")
8553:
8478:
7150:
3750:
3678:
1923:
1280:
967:
936:
582:
259:
12701:
8514:
7242:
Taking the DCT coefficient matrix (after adding the difference of the DC coefficient back in)
5004:
4328:{\displaystyle G={\begin{array}{c}u\\\longrightarrow \\\left\end{array}}{\Bigg \downarrow }v.}
3786:
3143:{\displaystyle g={\begin{array}{c}x\\\longrightarrow \\\left\end{array}}{\Bigg \downarrow }y.}
662:
and decompressed back into an image, but not the file format used to contain that stream. The
15963:
15621:
15472:
15337:
15162:
15006:
14796:
14015:
13993:
13971:
13633:
11976:
11765:
8589:
7114:
3714:
2552:. This step reduces the dynamic range requirements in the DCT processing stage that follows.
1474:
1434:
1117:
1046:
1030:
63:
12414:
11880:
11089:
10871:
9218:
2117:
675:
Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images
459:
The original JPEG specification published in 1992 implements processes from various earlier
15897:
15135:
14822:
13983:
13914:
13782:
13240:
12805:
12507:
10719:
10715:
9627:
8661:
7656:
7248:
7127:
5864:
5837:
1927:
1433:
are also used. It is also possible for JPEG data to be embedded in other file types –
1228:
mode defined in the JPEG standard. However, this mode is not widely supported in products.
1066:
670:
standards define the commonly used file formats for interchange of JPEG-compressed images.
439:
70:
17:
12006:
1756:
JPEG file uses an APP1 marker to store metadata, laid out in a structure based closely on
8:
15123:
14791:
14583:
14489:
14436:
14148:
13943:
13919:
13867:
13623:
13526:
13473:
13415:
13297:
Sebastian; Fischbacher, Thomas (2019). "Committee Draft of JPEG XL Image Coding System".
11519:
10261:
8349:
8289:
7196:
5558:
4364:
3514:
3450:
1232:
626:
525:
427:
369:
200:
13244:
12809:
12511:
10550:
DSC-HX7V. Other devices use it to store "preview images" that can be displayed on a TV.
5519:
Notice that most of the higher-frequency elements of the sub-block (i.e., those with an
1973:(split into blue and red components). This is basically the same color space as used by
512:, W. B. Pennebaker, and Jorma J. Rissanen – Arithmetic coding encoder and decoder system
15584:
15437:
15427:
15407:
15382:
15214:
14729:
14714:
14254:
14226:
13909:
13872:
13319:"N79010 Final Call for Proposals for a Next-Generation Image Coding Standard (JPEG XL)"
13298:
13266:
13070:
12821:
12531:
11580:
10963:
10795:
10711:
10496:
4969:
4949:
4929:
3192:
3172:
3158:
2059:
2035:
1974:
1406:
1261:
1029:
as defendants. A third lawsuit was filed on December 5, 2007, in South Florida against
911:
435:
416:
400:
109:
15172:
14073:
12357:
11902:
11123:
10613:, which trades off a much longer encoding time for smaller file size (similar to what
9589:
8054:
which closely resembles the original DCT coefficient matrix for the top-left portion.
4989:
Using this quantization matrix with the DCT coefficient matrix from above results in:
2520:
2488:
177:
15729:
15714:
15658:
15638:
15599:
15574:
15482:
15447:
15392:
15377:
15322:
15306:
15140:
15091:
14543:
14386:
13976:
13827:
13501:
13397:
13270:
13256:
13060:
12792:
Alessandro Ortis; Sebastiano Battiato (2015), Sitnik, Robert; Puech, William (eds.),
12394:
11684:
11468:
11350:
11306:
11193:
10419:
Standard general-purpose compression tools cannot significantly compress JPEG files.
7146:
7090:
5569:
3471:
2067:
1880:
1221:
1189:
994:
479:
431:
377:
361:
284:
239:
236:
13074:
12926:
12825:
12535:
11490:"JTC 1/SC 29 – Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information"
11372:"JTC 1/SC 29 – Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information"
10967:
10432:
Correlations between magnitudes of the same coefficient/block in different channels;
5568:
The JPEG standard also allows, but does not require, decoders to support the use of
4997:
the 8×8 macroblock in this example is magnified by 10x using bilinear interpolation.
558:
15769:
15691:
15678:
15544:
15189:
15086:
15078:
14964:
14917:
14845:
14812:
14025:
13691:
13543:
13511:
13460:
13318:
13248:
13052:
12813:
12523:
12515:
11606:
11458:
11334:
11290:
10953:
7077:
5536:
2100:
2079:
1894:
1513:
1470:
1193:
1182:
1042:
1018:
926:
509:
322:
100:
12987:
12800:, Three-Dimensional Image Processing, Measurement (3DIPM), and Applications 2015,
12738:
8643:
1867:
The image is split into blocks of 8×8 pixels, and for each block, each of the Y, C
1496:), the color space is assumed to be sRGB for the purposes of display on webpages.
423:. These format variations are often not distinguished and are simply called JPEG.
15701:
15347:
15314:
15167:
14959:
14068:
14045:
12952:
12933:
12915:
12689:
12479:
12454:
12330:
11938:
11287:"ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1 – Coding of Still Pictures (SC 29/WG 1 Structure)"
11061:
11019:
10904:
10775:
10227:
Visual impact of a jpeg compression on Photoshop on a picture of 4480x4480 pixels
5411:
For example, using −415 (the DC coefficient) and rounding to the nearest integer
1919:
1831:
1366:, but in addition, employ one of the JIF standard's extension points, namely the
1038:
681:
Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images – Parts
541:
446:, but it was unable to replace the original JPEG as the dominant image standard.
14529:
10561:
A very important implementation of a JPEG codec is the free programming library
2038:"). The ratios at which the downsampling is ordinarily done for JPEG images are
1362:. Both of these formats use the actual JIF byte layout, consisting of different
1247:) the software displays the image only after it has been completely downloaded.
442:
of 1:1. In 2000, the JPEG group introduced a format intended to be a successor,
15774:
15616:
15249:
15096:
14937:
14806:
13899:
13403:
10835:
7228:
7155:
7137:
7123:
7068:
5562:
4314:
3129:
1915:
497:
460:
420:
408:
103:
with the compression rate, and associated losses, decreasing from left to right
13056:
12473:
ITU-T Rec. P.930 (08/96) Principles of a reference impairment system for video
12472:
12447:
12267:
10958:
10939:
3161:
of these 64 patterns. The patterns are referred to as the two-dimensional DCT
1078:
986:
931:
577:
516:
504:
492:
15923:
15917:
15870:
15739:
15579:
15145:
14952:
14446:
14244:
14010:
13894:
13538:
13409:
6924:), followed by all the remained coefficients of all blocks in the last scan.
2046:(reduction by a factor of 2 in the horizontal direction), or (most commonly)
1991:
1943:
1818:
markers may be independently decoded, these runs may be decoded in parallel.
1526:
1478:
1225:
622:
392:
373:
365:
14509:
12794:"A new fast matching method for adaptive compression of stereoscopic images"
12793:
12179:
11827:
11805:
10661:
JPEG 2000 was published as ISO/IEC 15444 in December 2000. It is based on a
10187:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{64}}\sum _{x=0}^{7}\sum _{y=0}^{7}|e(x,y)|=4.8750}
6674:, still in a zigzag manner) coefficients of all blocks (so the sequence is:
4338:
Note the top-left corner entry with the rather large magnitude. This is the
15589:
14969:
14734:
14524:
14519:
14376:
14351:
13847:
12851:
12850:
Alessandro Ortis; Francesco Rundo; Giuseppe Di Giore; Sebastiano Battiato,
12300:
12212:
12011:
11096:
10940:"JPEG-1 standard 25 years: past, present, and future reasons for a success"
10695:
10531:
10437:
10429:
Correlations between magnitudes of the same coefficient in adjacent blocks;
10426:
Correlations between magnitudes of adjacent coefficients in the same block;
10371:
10350:
10329:
10308:
10287:
2031:
1846:
1517:
1050:
396:
381:
242:
13370:
13354:
12965:
12856:, International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP) 2013,
11669:"JPEG and JPEG2000 – Between Patent Quarrel and Change of Technology"
10710:. It supports billion-by-billion pixel images, up to 32-bit-per-component
7239:
Decoding to display the image consists of doing all the above in reverse.
1938:
First, the image should be converted from RGB (by default sRGB, but other
886:
858:
830:
802:
767:
739:
712:
15724:
15604:
15033:
14974:
14912:
14514:
14277:
14272:
13857:
13777:
13506:
13233:"JPEG XL next-generation image compression architecture and coding tools"
12665:
12007:"JPEG Patent's Single Claim Rejected (And Smacked Down For Good Measure)"
11770:
11611:
10801:
10798:, the traditional standard image used to test image processing algorithms
10478:
3671:
1970:
1939:
1850:
1486:
1466:
1462:
1359:
1329:
947:' attempts to assert its rights over the GIF image compression standard.
15275:
13017:
12043:
10590:
heading. It can encode both base JPEG (ISO/IEC 10918-1 and 18477–1) and
10386:
Extreme loss of color and detail; the leaves are nearly unrecognizable.
7202:
6983:
The run-length encoding works by examining each non-zero AC coefficient
2091:
1053:, and a fourth lawsuit on January 8, 2008, in South Florida against the
15822:
15594:
15539:
14947:
14840:
14249:
14020:
13889:
13852:
13787:
13671:
13548:
13457:
13416:
Example images over the full range of quantization levels from 1 to 100
13252:
12817:
10527:
10240:
instead of the Q factor is described in Minguillón & Pujol (2001).
7131:
example, as it contains many such corners). The analogous artifacts in
4356:
2071:
1058:
1034:
1006:
572:
208:
143:
13422:
JPEG decoder open source code, copyright (C) 1995–1997, Thomas G. Lane
13295:
12527:
12519:
12457:. Video Imaging DesignLine. February 24, 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
11766:"USPTO: Broadest Claims Forgent Asserts Against JPEG Standard Invalid"
11401:
6959:
is the number of zeroes that came before this non-zero AC coefficient.
15487:
15016:
14618:
14421:
14401:
14221:
14216:
13879:
13837:
12621:
11709:
11550:
11456:
10656:
10402:
8632:
7209:
3213:
The next step is to take the two-dimensional DCT, which is given by:
2108:, and the corresponding inverse (IDCT) is denoted as "type-III DCT".
2099:
Next, each 8×8 block of each component (Y, Cb, Cr) is converted to a
2047:
2043:
2039:
1978:
1446:
1438:
1274:
1244:
1014:
978:
951:
891:
863:
835:
443:
307:
252:
155:
15856:
International Press Telecommunications Council § Photo metadata
13229:
11646:
11427:
1095:
807:
772:
744:
717:
306:
Continuously varied JPEG compression (between Q=100 and Q=1) for an
15842:
15663:
15653:
15512:
15417:
14994:
14873:
14504:
14396:
13822:
13676:
13303:
13176:"It's High Time to Replace JPEG With a Next-Generation Image Codec"
12791:
11024:
10992:
10233:
10091:
with an average absolute error of about 5 values per pixels (i.e.,
7085:
6035:. Thus, in the above scheme, the order of encoding pixels (for the
1883:
in the sense that it produces a kind of spatial frequency spectrum.
1482:
1286:
1268:
1002:
822:
methods for registering some of the parameters used to extend JPEG
85:
15865:
12909:
jpeg-9, API/ABI compatibility, and the future role of this project
12067:"Article on Princeton Court Ruling Regarding GE License Agreement"
11854:"Ex Parte Reexamination Certificate for U.S. Patent No. 5,253,341"
11180:. 3 September 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014
8438:
is the normalizing scale factor defined earlier, for the integers
7179:
5527:
spatial frequency greater than 4) are quantized into zero values.
1961:: the Y' component represents the brightness of a pixel, and the C
1477:. Because these color spaces use a non-linear transformation, the
905:
Provides reference implementations of the JPEG core coding system
384:, with several billion JPEG images produced every day as of 2015.
15626:
15507:
15502:
15497:
15492:
15397:
15209:
15150:
15063:
14817:
14704:
14663:
14658:
14643:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14623:
14484:
14426:
14366:
14130:
14110:
14095:
13884:
13812:
13792:
10689:
10674:
10641:
10610:
10602:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10563:
10406:
4992:
4339:
568:
310:
204:
13456:
11965:
U.S. Patent Office – Granting Reexamination on 5,253,341 C1
1830:
The representation of the colors in the image is converted from
59:
Lossy compression method for reducing the size of digital images
15549:
15367:
15011:
14469:
14163:
14003:
13924:
13904:
13842:
13579:
13555:
13533:
13521:
13516:
12626:
10987:
10769:
10746:
10614:
7186:
6378:
5573:
5554:
1292:
1026:
1010:
944:
464:
13404:
JPEG Standard (JPEG ISO/IEC 10918-1 ITU-T Recommendation T.81)
12150:"Why You Should Always Rotate Original JPEG Photos Losslessly"
6931:
JPEG encoding usually gives better compression as compared to
5993:, then any coefficient in the DCT image can be represented as
5541:
411:
and other photographic image capture devices; along with JPEG/
15807:
15734:
15519:
15467:
15357:
15058:
14989:
14832:
14608:
14571:
14456:
14158:
14125:
14120:
14115:
14105:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14063:
14055:
13817:
13797:
13628:
13618:
13613:
13601:
13589:
13049:
2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)
12946:
Issue 48789 – chromium – Use libjpeg-turbo instead of libjpeg
12764:"MPO2Stereo: Convert Fujifilm MPO files to JPEG stereo pairs"
12490:
11934:"Hunting trolls: USPTO asked to reexamine broad image patent"
10842:
10723:
10703:
10468:
10253:
2019:
1835:
1450:
1022:
940:
655:
635:
608:
472:
468:
264:
ISO/IEC 10918, ITU-T T.81, ITU-T T.83, ITU-T T.84, ITU-T T.86
10578:, forked from the 1998 libjpeg 6b, improves on libjpeg with
7145:
These artifacts can be reduced by choosing a lower level of
658:, which defines how an image is compressed into a stream of
415:, it is the most common format for storing and transmitting
15850:
15817:
15797:
15749:
15648:
15462:
15457:
15402:
15342:
15332:
15327:
14999:
14744:
14699:
14689:
14679:
14653:
14603:
14499:
14441:
14361:
14324:
14319:
14236:
14178:
14168:
13929:
13807:
13681:
13661:
13200:
11258:
10910:
10806:
10735:
10707:
10699:
10579:
10547:
10440:
10264:, and the encoder settings are not specified or available.
10237:
7132:
6486:, then a 3-scan progressive encoding encodes DC component,
3656:
1757:
1753:
1390:
1385:
1170:
1158:
667:
663:
659:
412:
404:
337:
331:
3153:
328:
15827:
15812:
15668:
15569:
15554:
15422:
15038:
15026:
14868:
14684:
14588:
14391:
13988:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13705:
13391:
12682:
11029:
10760:, the similar deblocking methods could be applied to JPEG
3670:
is a normalizing scale factor to make the transformation
1442:
1283:
using "Lossless Crop to File" and "JPEG Lossless Rotate".
1161:
is also the most common format saved by digital cameras.
998:
868:
840:
812:
782:
777:
749:
722:
604:
486:
340:
273:
196:
12268:"A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - sRGB"
11091:"What Is a JPEG? The Invisible Object You See Every Day"
10937:
10647:
same limitations of the original JPEG in other aspects.
1492:
If the image doesn't specify color profile information (
380:
standard in the world, and the most widely used digital
13151:. Google Open Source Blog. 3 April 2024. Archived from
12878:
10594:
extensions (ISO/IEC 18477 Parts 2 and 6–9), as well as
10344:
Stronger artifacts; loss of high frequency information
7231:, information will still be lost in the rounding step.
966:
Forgent also possesses a similar patent granted by the
790:
Set of extensions to improve the Part 1, including the
759:
Rules and checks for software conformance (to Part 1).
12652:
12240:"Everything you need to know about JPEG files | Adobe"
11873:"Rozmanith: Using Software Patents to Silence Critics"
10458:
7045:
With this in mind, the sequence from earlier becomes:
4838:
4388:
3841:
3647:
3619:
2572:
1953:(or, informally, YCbCr). It has three components Y', C
1901:
The decoding process reverses these steps, except the
1861:), representing color. This step is sometimes skipped.
1807:
markers that introduce other kinds of JPEG encodings.
13289:
10903:
Haines, Richard F.; Chuang, Sherry L. (1 July 1992).
10097:
9630:
9592:
9221:
8664:
8592:
8556:
8517:
8481:
8444:
8412:
8375:
8352:
8315:
8292:
8065:
7659:
7251:
6680:
6638:
6596:
6534:
6492:
6408:
6339:
6297:
6255:
6213:
6171:
6129:
6087:
6045:
5999:
5949:
5899:
5867:
5840:
5420:
5007:
4972:
4952:
4932:
4756:
4376:
4355:
The human eye is good at seeing small differences in
3833:
3789:
3753:
3717:
3681:
3577:
3540:
3517:
3480:
3453:
3222:
3195:
3175:
3157:
The DCT transforms an 8×8 block of input values to a
2564:
2523:
2491:
2120:
2111:
As an example, one such 8×8 8-bit subimage might be:
970:
in 1994, though it is unclear how enforceable it is.
496:– February 4, 1986 – Kottappuram M. A. Mohiuddin and
349:
13119:"Announcing Guetzli: A New Open Source JPEG Encoder"
12448:
Video compression artifacts and MPEG noise reduction
12358:"Advanced Features: Compression parameter selection"
10743:, a format based on intra-frame encoding of the HEVC
3534:
is the vertical spatial frequency, for the integers
963:
to reinstate the patent highly unlikely to succeed.
500:– Multiplication-free multi-alphabet arithmetic code
334:
12229:(q. 14: "Why all the argument about file formats?")
11284:
8511:is the approximated DCT coefficient at coordinates
7650:with the quantization matrix from above results in
5861:and positions within each block are represented by
5553:. It involves arranging the image components in a "
1213:JPEG uses a lossy form of compression based on the
325:
13235:. In Tescher, Andrew G; Ebrahimi, Touradj (eds.).
12301:"IEC 61966-2-1:1999/AMD1:2003 | IEC Webstore"
11736:"Trademark Office Re-examines Forgent JPEG Patent"
11059:[JPEG: 25 years (old) and not a bit old].
10186:
10080:
9610:
9575:
9201:
8613:
8578:
8541:
8503:
8465:
8430:
8396:
8361:
8336:
8301:
8273:
8043:
7635:
7063:
6916:
6666:
6624:
6582:
6520:
6478:
6367:
6325:
6283:
6241:
6199:
6157:
6115:
6073:
6027:
5985:
5935:
5885:
5853:
5508:
5400:
4978:
4958:
4938:
4915:
4736:
4327:
3813:
3775:
3738:
3703:
3662:
3561:
3526:
3501:
3462:
3433:
3201:
3181:
3142:
2544:
2509:
2474:
1942:are possible) into a different color space called
11402:"Joint Photographic Experts Group, JPEG Homepage"
7126:may be familiar with the irregularities known as
4747:The quantized DCT coefficients are computed with
1849:component (Y'), representing brightness, and two
677:. ISO/IEC 10918 consists of the following parts:
15915:
11689:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
11538:
11198:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
8586:is the reconstructed pixel value at coordinates
13149:"Introducing Jpegli: A New JPEG Coding Library"
12040:"Princeton Digital Image Corporation Home Page"
11328:
10617:does for PNG and other lossless data formats).
10413:
1886:The amplitudes of the frequency components are
12920:
12655:"General Purpose Stereoscopic Data Descriptor"
12574:
12572:
11706:"Graphics patent suit fires back at Microsoft"
11671:. Archived from the original on 17 August 2004
11516:"SPIFF, Still Picture Interchange File Format"
11331:"Programme of Work, (Allocated to SC 29/WG 1)"
10530:, JVC GY-HMZ1U AVCHD/MVC extension camcorder,
10209:
15291:
13442:
13237:Applications of Digital Image Processing XLII
12901:
12871:
12415:"DC / AC Frequency Questions - Doom9's Forum"
11830:. Public Patent Foundation. 2 November 2006.
6479:{\displaystyle B_{0},B_{1},B_{2},...,B_{n-1}}
1933:
12927:Software That Uses or Provides libjpeg-turbo
12562:
12560:
12491:Julià Minguillón, Jaume Pujol (April 2001).
12442:
12440:
11395:
11393:
11324:
11322:
10902:
10485:
6965:is the number of bits required to represent
2086:
1810:Since several vendors might use the same APP
1437:encoded files often embed a JPEG image as a
368:, particularly for those images produced by
13223:
12853:Adaptive Compression of Stereoscopic Images
12569:
12390:E - Learning Modules: Dlr Associates Series
12355:
11820:
11355:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
11311:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
11054:
10749:, an early implementer of JPEG in chip form
3165:, and the output values are referred to as
2555:This step results in the following values:
1648:Specifies one or more quantization tables.
1400:
1124:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
981:standard from over 20 large organizations.
23:
15298:
15284:
13449:
13435:
13396:
13311:
12605:
12603:
12601:
12591:
12589:
12587:
12585:
12058:
11464:JPEG still image data compression standard
11149:"MIME Type Detection in Internet Explorer"
6953:is the non-zero, quantized AC coefficient.
2095:The 8×8 sub-image shown in 8-bit grayscale
1264:). Utilities that implement this include:
430:for JPEG is "image/jpeg", except in older
399:. JPEG compression is used in a number of
283:
69:"JPG" redirects here. For other uses, see
24:
15305:
13302:
12557:
12437:
12121:
12064:
12031:
11390:
11319:
10957:
10714:with the appropriate transfer functions (
1409:for files employing JPEG compression are
1144:Learn how and when to remove this message
960:United States Patent and Trademark Office
12939:
12295:
12293:
12210:
11999:
11969:
11958:
11790:
11703:
11508:
11278:
11017:
10933:
10931:
10467:
10222:
7084:
7076:
7067:
6377:
5545:Zigzag ordering of JPEG image components
5540:
4991:
3152:
2090:
1469:). Commonly used color profiles include
914:
475:) and Joint Photographic Experts Group.
407:is the most common image format used by
292:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
13173:
13046:
12958:
12619:
12598:
12582:
12262:
12260:
11925:
11895:
11864:
11846:
11798:"Coding System for Reducing Redundancy"
11467:(3rd ed.). Springer. p. 291.
11247:
11245:
11243:
11241:
11081:
10980:
7039:is encoded "specially" as: (15, 0)(0).
1504:A JPEG image consists of a sequence of
1499:
1351:(or JFIF), followed in recent years by
587:
14:
15929:Computer-related introductions in 1992
15916:
12620:Stirner, Matthias (19 February 2023).
11931:
11728:
11408:from the original on 27 September 2009
11087:
11057:"JPEG: 25 Jahre und kein bisschen alt"
11055:Trinkwalder, Andrea (7 October 2016).
11020:"Copy Protections Could Come to JPEGs"
10913:. NASA-TP-3239, A-92040, NAS 1.60:3239
10884:from the original on 21 September 2013
10472:An example of a stereoscopic .JPS file
8369:is the pixel column, for the integers
7030:This has the immediate implication of
6393:encoding. Baseline JPEG also supports
6389:This encoding mode is called baseline
4966:is the quantization matrix above; and
3783:is the DCT coefficient at coordinates
1629:Specifies one or more Huffman tables.
1289:using "JPEG lossless transformations".
15934:Discovery and invention controversies
15851:Exchangeable image file format (Exif)
15279:
13430:
13326:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1 (ITU-T SG16)
13277:from the original on 26 December 2021
12712:from the original on 30 December 2020
12368:from the original on 26 November 2001
12311:from the original on 18 February 2022
12290:
12278:from the original on 18 February 2022
12219:from the original on 10 November 2010
12103:from the original on 19 November 2012
12037:
12019:from the original on 28 November 2019
11987:from the original on 14 November 2011
11913:from the original on 21 November 2010
11870:
11573:"JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF)"
11251:
11226:from the original on 16 December 2018
11219:American National Standards Institute
11069:from the original on 5 September 2019
10928:
10852:from the original on 30 December 2019
10830:
10828:
10826:
10824:
10822:
10218:
10200:
4946:is the unquantized DCT coefficients;
2015:to compress images more efficiently.
1821:
920:
792:Still Picture Interchange File Format
673:JPEG standards are formally named as
13335:from the original on 31 October 2022
13231:Wassenberg, Jan (6 September 2019).
12889:from the original on 21 October 2017
12446:Phuc-Tue Le Dinh and Jacques Patry.
12425:from the original on 17 October 2017
12386:
12257:
12192:from the original on 13 January 2021
12160:from the original on 17 October 2017
11946:from the original on 8 December 2008
11716:from the original on 20 January 2023
11587:from the original on 14 January 2021
11544:
11438:from the original on 6 November 2012
11254:"Finding patent truth in JPEG claim"
11238:
11155:from the original on 30 October 2022
11048:
10463:
10323:Initial signs of subimage artifacts
10293:Highest quality (Q = 100)
6385:JPEG encoding and decoding processes
5549:Entropy coding is a special form of
1122:adding citations to reliable sources
1089:
954:, a view shared by various experts.
847:JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF)
625:, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 1 (
13129:from the original on 6 October 2017
13089:"Introducing the 'mozjpeg' Project"
11834:from the original on 2 January 2007
11104:from the original on 9 October 2019
11036:from the original on 9 October 2019
11018:Baraniuk, Chris (15 October 2015).
10753:Comparison of graphics file formats
10459:Derived formats for stereoscopic 3D
8309:is the pixel row, for the integers
4986:is the quantized DCT coefficients.
1977:as well as digital video including
1340:Component sub-sampling registration
1254:
1208:
56:
15861:Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)
15240:Comparison of audio coding formats
12798:Three-Dimensional Image Processing
12662:VRex, Inc., Elmsford, New York, US
12545:from the original on 3 August 2020
12337:from the original on 1 August 2011
11932:Reimer, Jeremy (5 February 2008).
11285:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (7 May 2009).
11124:"HTTP Archive – Interesting Stats"
11088:Caplan, Paul (24 September 2013).
10819:
10764:Design rule for Camera File system
10556:
10511:Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)
10335:Medium quality (Q = 25)
7154:effect of lossy compression on an
5477:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
3711:is the pixel value at coordinates
2053:
1665:Specifies the interval between RST
1481:of an 8-bit JPEG file is about 11
1220:The compression method is usually
508:– February 27, 1990 – G. Langdon,
168:Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)
57:
15980:
13383:
13211:from the original on 4 March 2018
13174:Sneyers, Jon (22 February 2021).
13099:from the original on 1 March 2023
13028:from the original on 4 March 2018
12860:from the original on 3 March 2016
12832:from the original on 3 March 2016
12653:J. Siragusa; D. C. Swift (1997).
12634:from the original on 2 March 2023
11742:. 3 February 2006. Archived from
11639:"Concerning recent patent claims"
11526:from the original on 31 July 2018
11266:from the original on 13 July 2019
10983:"The JPEG Image Format Explained"
10786:High Efficiency Image File Format
10620:In April 2024, Google introduced
10377:Lowest quality (Q = 1)
10247:
5530:
1607:Start Of Frame (progressive DCT)
15896:
15885:
15884:
12998:from the original on 2 June 2022
12774:from the original on 31 May 2010
11778:from the original on 16 May 2019
11704:Kawamoto, Dawn (22 April 2005).
11619:from the original on 13 May 2019
11496:from the original on 3 July 2010
11399:
11378:from the original on 3 July 2010
10370:
10349:
10328:
10314:High quality (Q = 50)
10307:
10286:
8642:
8631:
7208:
7201:
7185:
7178:
7109:
1926:method. They are represented in
1914:applied to an input that has 24
1456:
1188:As the typical use of JPEG is a
1094:
875:Application to printing systems
654:The JPEG standard specifies the
601:Joint Photographic Experts Group
594:
389:Joint Photographic Experts Group
358:Joint Photographic Experts Group
321:
193:Joint Photographic Experts Group
93:
84:
13363:
13347:
13239:. Vol. 11137. p. 20.
13193:
13167:
13141:
13111:
13081:
13040:
13010:
12976:from the original on 7 May 2022
12843:
12785:
12756:
12724:
12694:
12675:
12646:
12613:
12484:
12460:
12407:
12380:
12349:
12331:"ISO/IEC 10918-1: 1993(E) p.36"
12323:
12232:
12204:
12172:
12142:
12130:from the original on 6 May 2019
12115:
12093:"Progressive Decoding Overview"
12085:
11977:"Judge Puts JPEG Patent On Ice"
11828:"JPEG Patent Claim Surrendered"
11758:
11697:
11661:
11631:
11599:
11565:
11549:(Press release). Archived from
11487:
11481:
11450:
11420:
11369:
11363:
11206:
11167:
11141:
10356:Low quality (Q = 10)
10248:Note: The above images are not
7064:Compression ratio and artifacts
6583:{\displaystyle i=0,1,2,...,N-1}
4350:
2009:
1922:). This particular option is a
1215:discrete cosine transform (DCT)
360:) is a commonly used method of
182:
160:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
14802:ISO/IEC base media file format
12702:"CGImageSource.SupportedTypes"
11645:. 19 July 2002. Archived from
11252:Lemos, Robert (23 July 2002).
11214:"Why JPEG 2000 Never Took Off"
11175:"JPEG File Interchange Format"
11116:
11011:
10974:
10896:
10864:
10792:and other image coding formats
10174:
10170:
10158:
10151:
9605:
9593:
8608:
8596:
8533:
8521:
8466:{\displaystyle \ 0\leq u<8}
8425:
8419:
8397:{\displaystyle \ 0\leq y<8}
8337:{\displaystyle \ 0\leq x<8}
8252:
8237:
8205:
8190:
8158:
8152:
8146:
8140:
6911:
6899:
6883:
6871:
6843:
6831:
6815:
6803:
6787:
6775:
6759:
6747:
6731:
6719:
6703:
6691:
6661:
6649:
6619:
6607:
6528:for all blocks, i.e., for all
6515:
6503:
6362:
6350:
6320:
6308:
6278:
6266:
6236:
6224:
6194:
6182:
6152:
6140:
6110:
6098:
6068:
6056:
6022:
6010:
5880:
5868:
3851:
3805:
3793:
3733:
3721:
3587:
3581:
3562:{\displaystyle \ 0\leq v<8}
3502:{\displaystyle \ 0\leq u<8}
3412:
3397:
3365:
3350:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
2582:
2539:
2524:
2504:
2492:
1997:A particular conversion to Y′C
1353:Exchangeable image file format
1343:Pixel aspect ratio definition.
1085:
395:across the Internet and later
13:
1:
10945:Journal of Electronic Imaging
10812:
10788:, image container format for
10627:
9212:and adding 128 to each entry
7222:Since the quantization stage
7115:Illustration of edge busyness
6975:is the bit-representation of
1879:(DCT). A DCT is similar to a
1645:Define Quantization Table(s)
1323:
454:
15969:Raster graphics file formats
15959:Lossy compression algorithms
12907:Tom Lane, January 16, 2013:
12706:Claris FileMaker MBS Plug-in
12213:"JPEG image compression FAQ"
12124:"12-bit JPEG encoder on GPU"
10981:Svetlik, Joe (31 May 2018).
10650:
10414:Lossless further compression
8431:{\displaystyle \ \alpha (u)}
5834:-th block is represented by
2018:The transformation into the
1445:files can contain a JPEG of
1349:JPEG File Interchange Format
1055:Boca Raton Resort & Club
729:Requirements and guidelines
7:
12097:Microsoft Developer Network
11151:. Microsoft. 13 July 2016.
10729:
10524:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D W1
10210:Effects of JPEG compression
7234:
5986:{\displaystyle q=0,1,...,7}
5936:{\displaystyle p=0,1,...,7}
1908:
623:Joint Technical Committee 1
10:
15985:
15245:Comparison of video codecs
13755:(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1)
12387:Ryan, Dan (20 June 2012).
12362:Using the IJG JPEG Library
12211:Tom Lane (29 March 1999).
12065:Workgroup (3 April 2013).
10877:Collins English Dictionary
10687:
10683:
10672:
10668:
10663:discrete wavelet transform
10654:
10639:
10635:
10302:Extremely minor artifacts
6667:{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,1)}
6625:{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,1)}
6521:{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,0)}
6368:{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,2)}
6326:{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,3)}
6284:{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,2)}
6242:{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,1)}
6200:{\displaystyle B_{i}(2,0)}
6158:{\displaystyle B_{i}(1,0)}
6116:{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,1)}
6074:{\displaystyle B_{i}(0,0)}
6028:{\displaystyle B_{i}(p,q)}
5534:
3189:and the vertical index is
3169:. The horizontal index is
1934:Color space transformation
695:First public release date
449:
68:
61:
15879:
15841:
15783:
15700:
15677:
15313:
15258:
15232:
15077:
15051:
14905:
14882:
14854:
14831:
14766:
14757:
14672:
14553:
14542:
14334:
14286:
14263:
14235:
14177:
14139:
14054:
13953:
13942:
13770:
13739:
13690:
13652:
13600:
13483:
13472:
13057:10.1109/ICIP.2016.7532319
12180:"JFIF File Format as PDF"
10959:10.1117/1.JEI.27.4.040901
10758:Deblocking filter (video)
10509:
10495:
10486:JPEG Multi-Picture Format
8579:{\displaystyle \ f_{x,y}}
8504:{\displaystyle \ F_{u,v}}
7135:video are referred to as
7108:
7103:
5551:lossless data compression
3776:{\displaystyle \ G_{u,v}}
3704:{\displaystyle \ g_{x,y}}
2106:discrete cosine transform
2087:Discrete cosine transform
1969:components represent the
1877:discrete cosine transform
1779:Contains a text comment.
1584:Start Of Frame (baseline
1461:Many JPEG files embed an
268:
258:
248:
232:
214:
188:
176:
166:
154:
142:
108:
92:
83:
12708:. MonkeyBread Software.
10781:Graphics editing program
10772:, a lossless image codec
10741:Better Portable Graphics
10536:Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ20
8542:{\displaystyle \ (u,v).}
5401:{\displaystyle B=\left.}
3814:{\displaystyle \ (u,v).}
1975:digital color television
1662:Define Restart Interval
1626:Define Huffman Table(s)
1508:, each beginning with a
1401:JPEG filename extensions
1167:lossless graphics format
631:Coding of still pictures
629:/WG 1) – titled as
575:Absent from the list is
144:Internet media type
39:latest accepted revision
15069:Alliance for Open Media
13123:Research.googleblog.com
11607:"Forgent's JPEG Patent"
11457:William B. Pennebaker;
8614:{\displaystyle \ (x,y)}
7648:entry-for-entry product
3739:{\displaystyle \ (x,y)}
1441:of the main image; and
1202:digital generation loss
218:September 18, 1992
13989:MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
12737:. 2009. Archived from
12732:"Multi-Picture Format"
12122:Fastvideo (May 2019).
11545:JPEG (24 April 2009).
10872:"Definition of "JPEG""
10473:
10399:rate–distortion theory
10228:
10188:
10149:
10128:
10082:
9612:
9577:
9576:{\displaystyle \left.}
9203:
8615:
8580:
8543:
8505:
8467:
8432:
8398:
8363:
8338:
8303:
8275:
8136:
8115:
8045:
7637:
7094:
7082:
7074:
6918:
6668:
6626:
6584:
6522:
6480:
6386:
6369:
6327:
6285:
6243:
6201:
6159:
6117:
6075:
6029:
5987:
5937:
5887:
5855:
5546:
5510:
5402:
4998:
4980:
4960:
4940:
4917:
4738:
4329:
3815:
3777:
3740:
3705:
3664:
3563:
3528:
3503:
3464:
3435:
3320:
3299:
3210:
3203:
3183:
3167:transform coefficients
3144:
2546:
2511:
2476:
2475:{\displaystyle \left.}
2096:
1924:lossy data compression
1521:precede the marker").
1381:
1337:Color space definition
1281:FastStone Image Viewer
1271:and its GUI, Jpegcrop.
968:European Patent Office
313:
220:; 32 years ago
15954:ITU-T recommendations
15550:PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM
15307:Graphics file formats
15007:QuickTime File Format
11329:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29.
10546:, DMC-TS4 (FT4), and
10471:
10226:
10189:
10129:
10108:
10083:
10081:{\displaystyle \left}
9613:
9578:
9204:
9202:{\displaystyle \left}
8616:
8581:
8544:
8506:
8468:
8433:
8399:
8364:
8339:
8304:
8276:
8116:
8095:
8046:
8044:{\displaystyle \left}
7638:
7636:{\displaystyle \left}
7128:compression artifacts
7088:
7080:
7071:
6919:
6669:
6627:
6585:
6523:
6481:
6381:
6370:
6328:
6286:
6244:
6202:
6160:
6118:
6076:
6030:
5988:
5938:
5888:
5886:{\displaystyle (p,q)}
5856:
5854:{\displaystyle B_{i}}
5544:
5511:
5403:
4995:
4981:
4961:
4941:
4918:
4739:
4330:
3816:
3778:
3741:
3706:
3665:
3564:
3529:
3504:
3465:
3436:
3300:
3279:
3204:
3184:
3156:
3145:
2547:
2512:
2477:
2094:
1749:Application-specific
1376:
1079:U.S. patent 4,813,056
1047:Ocwen Financial Corp.
1031:ADT Security Services
987:U.S. patent 5,253,341
932:U.S. patent 4,698,672
578:U.S. patent 4,698,672
517:U.S. patent 4,935,882
505:U.S. patent 4,905,297
493:U.S. patent 4,652,856
305:
64:JPEG (disambiguation)
15266:Compression software
14823:MPEG media transport
13900:Sorenson Video/Spark
10909:(Technical report).
10095:
9628:
9590:
9219:
8662:
8590:
8554:
8515:
8479:
8442:
8410:
8373:
8350:
8313:
8290:
8063:
7657:
7249:
7167:Lossless compression
6929:baseline progressive
6678:
6636:
6594:
6532:
6490:
6406:
6337:
6295:
6253:
6211:
6169:
6127:
6085:
6043:
5997:
5947:
5897:
5865:
5838:
5418:
5005:
4970:
4950:
4930:
4754:
4374:
4363:The elements in the
3831:
3787:
3751:
3715:
3679:
3575:
3538:
3515:
3478:
3451:
3220:
3193:
3173:
2562:
2521:
2489:
2118:
1920:red, green, and blue
1845:, consisting of one
1533:Common JPEG markers
1500:Syntax and structure
1118:improve this section
1067:Patent Troll Tracker
887:ISO/IEC 10918-7:2023
859:ISO/IEC 10918-6:2013
831:ISO/IEC 10918-5:2013
803:ISO/IEC 10918-4:2024
768:ISO/IEC 10918-3:1997
740:ISO/IEC 10918-2:1995
713:ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994
71:JPG (disambiguation)
62:For other uses, see
15866:GIF § Metadata
15264:for techniques and
15262:Compression methods
13758:HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)
13245:2019SPIE11137E..0KA
12936:. February 9, 2012.
12810:2015SPIE.9393E..0KO
12671:on 30 October 2011.
12512:2001JEI....10..475M
12468:3.9 mosquito noise:
11522:. 30 January 2012.
11520:Library of Congress
11337:on 31 December 2013
11293:on 31 December 2013
10492:
10265:
8362:{\displaystyle \ y}
8302:{\displaystyle \ x}
7197:Canny edge detector
6933:baseline sequential
6383:Baseline sequential
5559:run-length encoding
4365:quantization matrix
3527:{\displaystyle \ v}
3474:, for the integers
3463:{\displaystyle \ u}
2042:(no downsampling),
1875:data undergoes the
1723:macroblocks, where
1534:
1407:filename extensions
1368:application markers
902:Reference Software
756:Compliance testing
682:
638:Recommendation T.81
627:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
526:Mitsubishi Electric
417:photographic images
370:digital photography
201:Mitsubishi Electric
80:
29:Page version status
13253:10.1117/12.2529237
13051:. pp. 61–65.
12951:2015-08-01 at the
12932:2017-03-18 at the
12914:2018-12-04 at the
12879:"Overview of JPEG"
12818:10.1117/12.2086372
12688:2009-01-18 at the
12500:Electronic Imaging
12478:2010-02-16 at the
12453:2006-03-14 at the
12156:. 14 August 2012.
11581:Ecma International
10845:. September 1992.
10796:Lenna (test image)
10712:high dynamic range
10497:Filename extension
10491:JPEG Multi-Picture
10490:
10474:
10229:
10219:Sample photographs
10201:Required precision
10184:
10078:
10072:
9608:
9573:
9564:
9199:
9193:
8611:
8576:
8539:
8501:
8463:
8428:
8394:
8359:
8334:
8299:
8271:
8041:
8035:
7633:
7627:
7170:Lossy compression
7122:Those who use the
7095:
7083:
7081:The original image
7075:
6914:
6664:
6622:
6580:
6518:
6476:
6387:
6365:
6323:
6281:
6239:
6197:
6155:
6113:
6071:
6025:
5983:
5933:
5883:
5851:
5557:" order employing
5547:
5506:
5398:
5389:
4999:
4976:
4956:
4936:
4913:
4842:
4734:
4725:
4325:
4310:
4302:
3811:
3773:
3736:
3701:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3623:
3559:
3524:
3499:
3470:is the horizontal
3460:
3431:
3211:
3199:
3179:
3159:linear combination
3140:
3125:
3117:
2542:
2507:
2472:
2463:
2097:
2036:chroma subsampling
1822:JPEG codec example
1532:
1262:chroma subsampling
921:Patent controversy
912:Ecma International
680:
599:"JPEG" stands for
588:Patent controversy
571:(two patents) and
436:filename extension
401:image file formats
314:
110:Filename extension
78:
35:
15944:Image compression
15911:
15910:
15273:
15272:
15047:
15046:
14965:DivX Media Format
14753:
14752:
14538:
14537:
13938:
13937:
13828:Microsoft Video 1
13763:AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)
13749:(GB/T 20090.2/16)
13262:978-1-5106-2967-7
13125:. 16 March 2017.
13066:978-1-4673-9961-6
12955:. April 14, 2011.
12622:"packjpg/packJPG"
12520:10.1117/1.1344592
12400:978-1-4685-7520-0
12015:. 1 August 2008.
11983:. 30 April 2008.
11577:ECMA TR/98 1st ed
11553:on 8 October 2009
11474:978-0-442-01272-4
10570:ABI compatibility
10519:
10518:
10464:JPEG Stereoscopic
10390:
10389:
10278:Compression ratio
10106:
8595:
8559:
8520:
8484:
8447:
8415:
8378:
8355:
8318:
8295:
8265:
8218:
8093:
7216:
7215:
7158:processing step.
7120:
7119:
7091:lossy compression
7010:
7009:
7003:(RUNLENGTH, SIZE)
5826:
5825:
5570:arithmetic coding
5565:on what is left.
5455:
4979:{\displaystyle B}
4959:{\displaystyle Q}
4939:{\displaystyle G}
4841:
4831:
3792:
3756:
3720:
3684:
3650:
3622:
3611:
3610:
3543:
3520:
3483:
3472:spatial frequency
3456:
3425:
3378:
3253:
3225:
3202:{\displaystyle v}
3182:{\displaystyle u}
2080:ringing artifacts
2068:video compression
1881:Fourier transform
1801:
1800:
1463:ICC color profile
1241:Internet Explorer
1231:There is also an
1190:lossy compression
1154:
1153:
1146:
995:Green Bay Packers
909:
908:
698:Latest amendment
689:ISO/IEC standard
640:and, in 1994, as
498:Jorma J. Rissanen
480:arithmetic coding
432:Internet Explorer
378:image compression
362:lossy compression
303:
291:
290:
240:image compression
189:Developed by
47:17 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
15976:
15900:
15888:
15887:
15300:
15293:
15286:
15277:
15276:
15039:VOB, IFO and BUP
14813:Motion JPEG 2000
14764:
14763:
14551:
14550:
14510:aptX Low Latency
14287:Chinese Standard
13951:
13950:
13740:Chinese Standard
13512:Motion JPEG 2000
13481:
13480:
13451:
13444:
13437:
13428:
13427:
13410:JFIF File Format
13400:
13395:
13394:
13392:Official website
13377:
13376:
13367:
13361:
13360:
13351:
13345:
13344:
13342:
13340:
13334:
13323:
13315:
13309:
13308:
13306:
13293:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13282:
13227:
13221:
13220:
13218:
13216:
13201:"JPEG - JPEG XT"
13197:
13191:
13190:
13188:
13186:
13171:
13165:
13164:
13162:
13160:
13145:
13139:
13138:
13136:
13134:
13115:
13109:
13108:
13106:
13104:
13095:. 5 March 2014.
13093:Mozilla Research
13085:
13079:
13078:
13044:
13038:
13037:
13035:
13033:
13018:"JPEG - JPEG XT"
13014:
13008:
13007:
13005:
13003:
12985:
12983:
12981:
12962:
12956:
12943:
12937:
12924:
12918:
12905:
12899:
12898:
12896:
12894:
12875:
12869:
12868:
12867:
12865:
12847:
12841:
12840:
12839:
12837:
12789:
12783:
12782:
12781:
12779:
12760:
12754:
12753:
12751:
12749:
12743:
12736:
12728:
12722:
12721:
12719:
12717:
12698:
12692:
12679:
12673:
12672:
12670:
12664:. Archived from
12659:
12650:
12644:
12643:
12641:
12639:
12617:
12611:
12607:
12596:
12593:
12580:
12576:
12567:
12564:
12555:
12554:
12552:
12550:
12544:
12497:
12488:
12482:
12464:
12458:
12444:
12435:
12434:
12432:
12430:
12411:
12405:
12404:
12384:
12378:
12377:
12375:
12373:
12356:Thomas G. Lane.
12353:
12347:
12346:
12344:
12342:
12327:
12321:
12320:
12318:
12316:
12297:
12288:
12287:
12285:
12283:
12264:
12255:
12254:
12252:
12250:
12236:
12230:
12228:
12226:
12224:
12208:
12202:
12201:
12199:
12197:
12191:
12184:
12176:
12170:
12169:
12167:
12165:
12146:
12140:
12139:
12137:
12135:
12119:
12113:
12112:
12110:
12108:
12089:
12083:
12082:
12080:
12078:
12069:. Archived from
12062:
12056:
12055:
12053:
12051:
12046:on 11 April 2013
12042:. Archived from
12035:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12024:
12003:
11997:
11996:
11994:
11992:
11973:
11967:
11962:
11956:
11955:
11953:
11951:
11929:
11923:
11922:
11920:
11918:
11899:
11893:
11892:
11890:
11888:
11879:. Archived from
11868:
11862:
11861:
11856:. Archived from
11850:
11844:
11843:
11841:
11839:
11824:
11818:
11817:
11815:
11813:
11804:. Archived from
11794:
11788:
11787:
11785:
11783:
11762:
11756:
11755:
11753:
11751:
11732:
11726:
11725:
11723:
11721:
11701:
11695:
11694:
11688:
11680:
11678:
11676:
11665:
11659:
11658:
11656:
11654:
11635:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11624:
11603:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11592:
11569:
11563:
11562:
11560:
11558:
11542:
11536:
11535:
11533:
11531:
11512:
11506:
11505:
11503:
11501:
11485:
11479:
11478:
11459:Joan L. Mitchell
11454:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11443:
11424:
11418:
11417:
11415:
11413:
11397:
11388:
11387:
11385:
11383:
11367:
11361:
11360:
11354:
11346:
11344:
11342:
11333:. Archived from
11326:
11317:
11316:
11310:
11302:
11300:
11298:
11289:. Archived from
11282:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11271:
11249:
11236:
11235:
11233:
11231:
11222:. 10 July 2018.
11210:
11204:
11203:
11197:
11189:
11187:
11185:
11179:
11171:
11165:
11164:
11162:
11160:
11145:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11109:
11093:
11085:
11079:
11078:
11076:
11074:
11052:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11041:
11015:
11009:
11008:
11006:
11004:
10999:on 5 August 2019
10995:. Archived from
10978:
10972:
10971:
10961:
10935:
10926:
10925:
10920:
10918:
10900:
10894:
10893:
10891:
10889:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10857:
10851:
10840:
10832:
10726:color encoding.
10515:public.mpo-image
10504:
10493:
10489:
10374:
10353:
10332:
10311:
10290:
10266:
10246:
10193:
10191:
10190:
10185:
10177:
10154:
10148:
10143:
10127:
10122:
10107:
10099:
10087:
10085:
10084:
10079:
10077:
10073:
9617:
9615:
9614:
9611:{\displaystyle }
9609:
9582:
9580:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9565:
9208:
9206:
9205:
9200:
9198:
9194:
8646:
8635:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8612:
8593:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8575:
8574:
8557:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8518:
8510:
8508:
8507:
8502:
8500:
8499:
8482:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8464:
8445:
8437:
8435:
8434:
8429:
8413:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8376:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8353:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8316:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8293:
8280:
8278:
8277:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8261:
8235:
8223:
8219:
8214:
8188:
8176:
8175:
8135:
8130:
8114:
8109:
8094:
8086:
8081:
8080:
8050:
8048:
8047:
8042:
8040:
8036:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7212:
7205:
7189:
7182:
7161:
7160:
7113:
7112:
7101:
7100:
7026:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6978:
6968:
6952:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6898:
6897:
6870:
6869:
6830:
6829:
6802:
6801:
6774:
6773:
6746:
6745:
6718:
6717:
6690:
6689:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6648:
6647:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6606:
6605:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6502:
6501:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6444:
6443:
6431:
6430:
6418:
6417:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6349:
6348:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6307:
6306:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6265:
6264:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6223:
6222:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6181:
6180:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6139:
6138:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6097:
6096:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6055:
6054:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6009:
6008:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5588:
5587:
5537:Entropy encoding
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5496:
5492:
5480:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5443:
5437:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5390:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4814:
4813:
4798:
4792:
4772:
4771:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4307:
4303:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3790:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3718:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3682:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3541:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3481:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3454:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3395:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3319:
3314:
3298:
3293:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3223:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3118:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2545:{\displaystyle }
2543:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2510:{\displaystyle }
2508:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2101:frequency-domain
2070:MCUs are called
1895:Huffman encoding
1803:There are other
1752:For example, an
1535:
1531:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1405:The most common
1255:Lossless editing
1209:JPEG compression
1194:image processing
1183:raw image format
1149:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1098:
1090:
1081:
1043:MovieTickets.com
1041:Corp., HearUSA,
1039:Florida Crystals
989:
937:Compression Labs
934:
927:Forgent Networks
916:
870:
842:
814:
784:
779:
751:
724:
683:
679:
583:Compression Labs
580:
556:
555:
551:
539:
538:
534:
519:
507:
495:
352:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
304:
287:
282:
279:
277:
275:
249:Extended to
228:
226:
221:
184:
162:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
101:European wildcat
97:
88:
81:
77:
21:
15984:
15983:
15979:
15978:
15977:
15975:
15974:
15973:
15914:
15913:
15912:
15907:
15875:
15837:
15779:
15696:
15673:
15309:
15304:
15274:
15269:
15254:
15228:
15073:
15043:
14901:
14878:
14850:
14827:
14749:
14668:
14566:
14545:
14534:
14330:
14302:(GB/T 33475.3)
14296:(GB/T 20090.10)
14282:
14259:
14231:
14173:
14135:
14050:
14046:MPEG-H 3D Audio
13972:MPEG-1 Layer II
13962:
13945:
13934:
13766:
13735:
13686:
13648:
13596:
13492:
13475:
13468:
13455:
13390:
13389:
13386:
13381:
13380:
13369:
13368:
13364:
13353:
13352:
13348:
13338:
13336:
13332:
13321:
13317:
13316:
13312:
13294:
13290:
13280:
13278:
13263:
13228:
13224:
13214:
13212:
13199:
13198:
13194:
13184:
13182:
13172:
13168:
13158:
13156:
13155:on 3 April 2024
13147:
13146:
13142:
13132:
13130:
13117:
13116:
13112:
13102:
13100:
13087:
13086:
13082:
13067:
13045:
13041:
13031:
13029:
13016:
13015:
13011:
13001:
12999:
12986:
12979:
12977:
12964:
12963:
12959:
12953:Wayback Machine
12944:
12940:
12934:Wayback Machine
12925:
12921:
12916:Wayback Machine
12906:
12902:
12892:
12890:
12877:
12876:
12872:
12863:
12861:
12848:
12844:
12835:
12833:
12790:
12786:
12777:
12775:
12762:
12761:
12757:
12747:
12745:
12744:on 5 April 2016
12741:
12734:
12730:
12729:
12725:
12715:
12713:
12700:
12699:
12695:
12690:Wayback Machine
12680:
12676:
12668:
12657:
12651:
12647:
12637:
12635:
12618:
12614:
12608:
12599:
12594:
12583:
12577:
12570:
12565:
12558:
12548:
12546:
12542:
12495:
12489:
12485:
12480:Wayback Machine
12465:
12461:
12455:Wayback Machine
12445:
12438:
12428:
12426:
12419:forum.doom9.org
12413:
12412:
12408:
12401:
12393:. AuthorHouse.
12385:
12381:
12371:
12369:
12354:
12350:
12340:
12338:
12329:
12328:
12324:
12314:
12312:
12305:webstore.iec.ch
12299:
12298:
12291:
12281:
12279:
12266:
12265:
12258:
12248:
12246:
12238:
12237:
12233:
12222:
12220:
12209:
12205:
12195:
12193:
12189:
12182:
12178:
12177:
12173:
12163:
12161:
12148:
12147:
12143:
12133:
12131:
12120:
12116:
12106:
12104:
12091:
12090:
12086:
12076:
12074:
12073:on 9 March 2016
12063:
12059:
12049:
12047:
12036:
12032:
12022:
12020:
12005:
12004:
12000:
11990:
11988:
11975:
11974:
11970:
11963:
11959:
11949:
11947:
11939:Arstechnica.com
11930:
11926:
11916:
11914:
11901:
11900:
11896:
11886:
11884:
11883:on 16 July 2011
11869:
11865:
11860:on 2 June 2008.
11852:
11851:
11847:
11837:
11835:
11826:
11825:
11821:
11811:
11809:
11808:on 12 June 2011
11796:
11795:
11791:
11781:
11779:
11774:. 26 May 2006.
11764:
11763:
11759:
11749:
11747:
11734:
11733:
11729:
11719:
11717:
11702:
11698:
11682:
11681:
11674:
11672:
11667:
11666:
11662:
11652:
11650:
11649:on 14 July 2007
11637:
11636:
11632:
11622:
11620:
11605:
11604:
11600:
11590:
11588:
11571:
11570:
11566:
11556:
11554:
11543:
11539:
11529:
11527:
11514:
11513:
11509:
11499:
11497:
11486:
11482:
11475:
11455:
11451:
11441:
11439:
11426:
11425:
11421:
11411:
11409:
11398:
11391:
11381:
11379:
11368:
11364:
11348:
11347:
11340:
11338:
11327:
11320:
11304:
11303:
11296:
11294:
11283:
11279:
11269:
11267:
11250:
11239:
11229:
11227:
11212:
11211:
11207:
11191:
11190:
11183:
11181:
11177:
11173:
11172:
11168:
11158:
11156:
11147:
11146:
11142:
11132:
11130:
11128:httparchive.org
11122:
11121:
11117:
11107:
11105:
11086:
11082:
11072:
11070:
11062:de:Heise online
11053:
11049:
11039:
11037:
11016:
11012:
11002:
11000:
10979:
10975:
10936:
10929:
10916:
10914:
10901:
10897:
10887:
10885:
10870:
10869:
10865:
10855:
10853:
10849:
10838:
10834:
10833:
10820:
10815:
10776:File extensions
10732:
10692:
10686:
10677:
10671:
10659:
10653:
10644:
10638:
10630:
10559:
10557:Implementations
10505:
10502:
10488:
10466:
10461:
10416:
10221:
10212:
10203:
10173:
10150:
10144:
10133:
10123:
10112:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10071:
10070:
10065:
10057:
10049:
10041:
10036:
10028:
10020:
10014:
10013:
10005:
9997:
9989:
9981:
9976:
9968:
9960:
9954:
9953:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9927:
9919:
9911:
9903:
9897:
9896:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9855:
9846:
9845:
9837:
9832:
9824:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9792:
9791:
9786:
9778:
9770:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9741:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9704:
9699:
9693:
9692:
9684:
9679:
9671:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9645:
9635:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9625:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9563:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9521:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9479:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9437:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9395:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9226:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9192:
9191:
9183:
9175:
9167:
9159:
9151:
9143:
9135:
9126:
9125:
9117:
9109:
9101:
9093:
9085:
9077:
9069:
9060:
9059:
9051:
9043:
9035:
9027:
9019:
9011:
9003:
8994:
8993:
8985:
8977:
8969:
8961:
8953:
8945:
8937:
8928:
8927:
8919:
8911:
8903:
8898:
8890:
8882:
8874:
8865:
8864:
8856:
8848:
8840:
8835:
8827:
8819:
8811:
8802:
8801:
8793:
8785:
8777:
8769:
8761:
8753:
8745:
8736:
8735:
8727:
8719:
8711:
8703:
8695:
8687:
8679:
8669:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8656:
8655:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8638:
8637:
8636:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8564:
8560:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8516:
8513:
8512:
8489:
8485:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8165:
8161:
8131:
8120:
8110:
8099:
8085:
8070:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7818:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7794:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7767:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7733:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7682:
7674:
7664:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7646:and taking the
7626:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7386:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7325:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7274:
7266:
7256:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7237:
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3163:basis functions
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3116:
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2147:
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2137:
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2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2089:
2056:
2054:Block splitting
2027:
2023:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1988:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1936:
1918:(eight each of
1911:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1856:
1843:
1839:
1824:
1719:Inserted every
1566:Start Of Image
1502:
1459:
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1426:
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1326:
1257:
1211:
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553:
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515:
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491:
461:research papers
457:
452:
428:MIME media type
409:digital cameras
350:
324:
320:
293:
272:
224:
222:
219:
215:Initial release
150:
138:
126:
104:
74:
67:
60:
55:
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22:
15:
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5:
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15250:List of codecs
15247:
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15052:Collaborations
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14818:MPEG-21 Part 9
14815:
14810:
14807:MPEG-4 Part 14
14804:
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14439:
14434:
14429:
14424:
14419:
14414:
14409:
14404:
14399:
14394:
14389:
14387:Monkey's Audio
14384:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14364:
14359:
14354:
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14327:(SJ/T 11299.4)
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13991:
13986:
13984:MPEG-1 Layer I
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13597:
13595:
13594:
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13592:
13590:Part 2 / LCEVC
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13418:at visengi.com
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13384:External links
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12506:(2): 475–485.
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11877:Eupat.ffii.org
11863:
11845:
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11802:Gauss.ffii.org
11789:
11757:
11746:on 15 May 2016
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7505:
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7498:
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7493:
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7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7451:
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7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7255:
7236:
7233:
7229:matrix of ones
7214:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7191:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7156:edge detection
7138:mosquito noise
7124:World Wide Web
7118:
7117:
7106:
7105:
7104:External image
7065:
7062:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7012:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6981:
6980:
6970:
6960:
6954:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6688:
6684:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6646:
6642:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6604:
6600:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6500:
6496:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6305:
6301:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6263:
6259:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6221:
6217:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6137:
6133:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6095:
6091:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6039:-th block) is
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5848:
5844:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5563:Huffman coding
5535:Main article:
5532:
5531:Entropy coding
5529:
5517:
5516:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5441:
5436:
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5427:
5424:
5409:
5408:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5383:
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5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
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5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
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5078:
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5074:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
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5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
4975:
4955:
4935:
4924:
4923:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4835:
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4822:
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4802:
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4779:
4775:
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4767:
4764:
4760:
4745:
4744:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
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4641:
4638:
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4608:
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4410:
4408:
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4403:
4400:
4398:
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4390:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4379:
4352:
4349:
4336:
4335:
4324:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
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1360:color profiles
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1134:September 2023
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510:J. L. Mitchell
501:
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421:World Wide Web
393:digital photos
366:digital images
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14584:CCITT Group 4
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14265:Bluetooth SIG
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14011:MPEG Surround
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13561:Part 2 / HEVC
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13549:Part 33 / IVC
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13544:Part 10 / AVC
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12244:www.adobe.com
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12099:. Microsoft.
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11065:(in German).
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10576:libjpeg-turbo
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10443:used in JPEG.
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2016:
2007:
1995:
1993:
1992:decorrelation
1980:
1976:
1972:
1952:
1941:
1931:
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1797:
1795:End Of Image
1794:
1792:
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1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:variable size
1770:
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1764:
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1681:variable size
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1527:byte stuffing
1522:
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1514:entropy-coded
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
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1484:
1480:
1479:dynamic range
1476:
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1457:Color profile
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1306:lossless crop
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1123:
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1108:
1103:This section
1101:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
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1020:
1016:
1012:
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982:
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964:
961:
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953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
933:
928:
918:
913:
904:
901:
898:
895:
893:
892:T.873 (06/21)
890:
888:
885:
882:
881:
877:
874:
872:
867:
865:
864:T.872 (06/12)
862:
860:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
844:
839:
837:
836:T.871 (05/11)
834:
832:
829:
826:
825:
821:
819:Appn Markers
818:
816:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
789:
786:
781:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
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748:
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697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
678:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
648:
644:
639:
637:
632:
628:
624:
621:
617:
612:
610:
607:TC97 WG8 and
606:
602:
595:JPEG standard
592:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
570:
560:
550:
546:
543:
533:
529:
528:
527:
524:
518:
514:
511:
506:
502:
499:
494:
490:
489:
488:
485:
484:
483:
481:
476:
474:
470:
467:cited by the
466:
462:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
374:image quality
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:
345:
318:
312:
309:
286:
281:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
231:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
181:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
159:
157:
153:
147:
145:
141:
113:
111:
107:
102:
99:A photo of a
96:
91:
87:
82:
76:
72:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
15964:Open formats
15895:
15883:
15477:
14613:
14316:(GB/T 22726)
13977:Multichannel
13833:MSU Lossless
13747:AVS1 P2/AVS+
13701:TrueMotion S
13639:H.265 / HEVC
13585:Part 1 / EVC
13573:Part 3 / VVC
13539:Part 2 / ASP
13371:
13365:
13355:
13349:
13337:. Retrieved
13325:
13313:
13291:
13279:. Retrieved
13236:
13225:
13213:. Retrieved
13204:
13195:
13183:. Retrieved
13179:
13169:
13157:. Retrieved
13153:the original
13143:
13131:. Retrieved
13122:
13113:
13101:. Retrieved
13092:
13083:
13048:
13042:
13030:. Retrieved
13021:
13012:
13000:. Retrieved
12991:
12978:. Retrieved
12969:
12960:
12941:
12922:
12903:
12891:. Retrieved
12882:
12873:
12862:, retrieved
12852:
12845:
12834:, retrieved
12801:
12797:
12787:
12776:, retrieved
12767:
12758:
12746:. Retrieved
12739:the original
12726:
12714:. Retrieved
12705:
12696:
12677:
12666:the original
12661:
12648:
12636:. Retrieved
12625:
12615:
12549:23 September
12547:. Retrieved
12503:
12499:
12486:
12467:
12462:
12427:. Retrieved
12418:
12409:
12389:
12382:
12370:. Retrieved
12361:
12351:
12339:. Retrieved
12325:
12313:. Retrieved
12304:
12280:. Retrieved
12271:
12247:. Retrieved
12243:
12234:
12223:11 September
12221:. Retrieved
12206:
12194:. Retrieved
12174:
12162:. Retrieved
12153:
12144:
12132:. Retrieved
12117:
12105:. Retrieved
12096:
12087:
12075:. Retrieved
12071:the original
12060:
12048:. Retrieved
12044:the original
12033:
12021:. Retrieved
12012:Techdirt.com
12010:
12001:
11989:. Retrieved
11981:Techdirt.com
11980:
11971:
11960:
11948:. Retrieved
11937:
11927:
11915:. Retrieved
11906:
11897:
11885:. Retrieved
11881:the original
11876:
11866:
11858:the original
11848:
11836:. Retrieved
11822:
11810:. Retrieved
11806:the original
11801:
11792:
11780:. Retrieved
11769:
11760:
11748:. Retrieved
11744:the original
11739:
11730:
11718:. Retrieved
11699:
11673:. Retrieved
11663:
11651:. Retrieved
11647:the original
11642:
11633:
11621:. Retrieved
11610:
11601:
11589:. Retrieved
11576:
11567:
11555:. Retrieved
11551:the original
11540:
11528:. Retrieved
11510:
11498:. Retrieved
11483:
11463:
11452:
11440:. Retrieved
11431:
11422:
11410:. Retrieved
11380:. Retrieved
11365:
11339:. Retrieved
11335:the original
11295:. Retrieved
11291:the original
11280:
11268:. Retrieved
11257:
11230:13 September
11228:. Retrieved
11217:
11208:
11182:. Retrieved
11169:
11157:. Retrieved
11143:
11131:. Retrieved
11127:
11118:
11108:13 September
11106:. Retrieved
11097:The Atlantic
11095:
11083:
11071:. Retrieved
11060:
11050:
11040:13 September
11038:. Retrieved
11023:
11013:
11001:. Retrieved
10997:the original
10986:
10976:
10949:
10943:
10922:
10915:. Retrieved
10905:
10898:
10886:. Retrieved
10875:
10866:
10854:. Retrieved
10696:royalty-free
10693:
10678:
10660:
10645:
10631:
10621:
10619:
10606:
10600:
10585:
10575:
10574:
10562:
10560:
10552:
10532:Nintendo 3DS
10520:
10479:stereoscopic
10475:
10453:
10450:
10446:
10421:
10417:
10395:
10275:Size (bytes)
10230:
10213:
10204:
10196:
10090:
9620:
9585:
9211:
8623:
8282:
8059:
8056:
8053:
7645:
7241:
7238:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7194:Processed by
7144:
7136:
7121:
7096:
7058:
7055:
7044:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7029:
7019:
7015:
7013:
7006:(AMPLITUDE)
6982:
6972:
6962:
6956:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6399:
6394:
6390:
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5578:
5567:
5548:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5410:
4988:
4925:
4746:
4362:
4354:
4351:Quantization
4345:
4337:
3823:
3443:
3212:
3166:
3162:
2554:
2484:
2110:
2098:
2076:
2057:
2032:downsampling
2017:
2013:
2010:Downsampling
1996:
1940:color spaces
1937:
1912:
1903:quantization
1902:
1900:
1825:
1816:
1811:
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1404:
1395:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1346:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1258:
1249:
1235:
1230:
1219:
1212:
1198:
1187:
1163:
1155:
1140:
1131:
1116:Please help
1104:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1051:Tire Kingdom
992:
983:
975:
972:
965:
956:
949:
924:
910:
841:May 14, 2011
813:Jun 18, 1998
808:T.86 (06/98)
791:
773:T.84 (07/96)
750:Nov 11, 1994
745:T.83 (11/94)
723:Sep 18, 1992
718:T.81 (09/92)
704:Description
674:
672:
653:
641:
634:
630:
613:
598:
586:
566:
549:JP H03247123
532:JP H02202267
477:
458:
440:aspect ratio
425:
397:social media
386:
382:image format
357:
356:, short for
316:
315:
178:Magic number
75:
46:
37:This is the
31:
15605:Logluv TIFF
15034:MOD and TOD
14975:Flash Video
14913:3GP and 3G2
14594:HEIC / HEIF
14546:compression
14306:Audio Vivid
14041:MPEG-D USAC
14036:MPEG-4 CELP
14031:MPEG-4 HVXC
13946:compression
13778:Apple Video
13694:and AOMedia
13644:H.266 / VVC
13634:H.264 / AVC
13476:compression
13461:compression
13281:26 December
13185:14 November
12992:www.itu.int
12748:30 December
12341:30 November
12315:18 February
12282:18 February
12038:Workgroup.
11871:Workgroup.
11771:Groklaw.net
11740:Publish.com
11612:SourceForge
11382:11 November
11297:11 November
11073:5 September
10802:Motion JPEG
10262:test images
7151:ray-tracing
7147:compression
6395:progressive
6375:and so on.
3672:orthonormal
2072:macroblocks
2060:subsampling
2028:color model
1971:chrominance
1538:Short name
1487:gamma curve
1467:color space
1355:(Exif) and
1330:file format
1236:progressive
1086:Typical use
1019:Caterpillar
787:Extensions
783:Apr 1, 1999
778:Jul 3, 1996
692:ITU-T Rec.
581:, filed by
482:algorithm.
172:public.jpeg
15918:Categories
15902:Comparison
15268:for codecs
15215:Daubechies
15190:Transforms
15092:Arithmetic
14759:Containers
14464:True Audio
14308:(GY/T 363)
14026:MPEG-4 DST
14021:MPEG-4 SLS
14016:MPEG-4 ALS
13890:SheerVideo
13864:QuickTime
13692:TrueMotion
13458:Multimedia
13304:1908.03565
13180:Cloudinary
13133:16 October
12893:16 October
12778:12 January
12768:Mtbs3d.com
12681:Tim Kemp,
12528:10609/6263
12429:16 October
12272:www.w3.org
12164:16 October
11838:3 November
11750:28 January
11720:20 January
11557:9 November
11500:7 November
11442:7 November
11412:8 November
11341:7 November
11184:16 October
11159:2 November
10813:References
10628:Successors
10528:HTC Evo 3D
6391:sequential
4357:brightness
1979:video DVDs
1787:0xFF, 0xD9
1768:0xFF, 0xFE
1677:0xFF, 0xDA
1656:0xFF, 0xDD
1637:0xFF, 0xDB
1618:0xFF, 0xC4
1599:0xFF, 0xC2
1576:0xFF, 0xC0
1558:0xFF, 0xD8
1333:standard:
1324:JPEG files
1233:interlaced
1059:Zappos.com
1035:AutoNation
573:Canon Inc.
455:Background
225:1992-09-18
209:Canon Inc.
149:image/jpeg
15639:UFO / UFP
15575:PSD / PSB
15488:JPEG 2000
15448:ICO / CUR
15017:RealMedia
14619:JPEG 2000
14422:RealAudio
14402:OptimFROG
13880:RealVideo
13868:Animation
13838:OMS Video
13465:container
13412:at W3.org
13406:at W3.org
13271:202785129
12683:JPS files
12372:8 October
12249:18 August
11710:CNET News
10657:JPEG 2000
10651:JPEG 2000
10403:JPEG 2000
10131:∑
10110:∑
10060:−
10052:−
10044:−
10031:−
10023:−
10008:−
10000:−
9992:−
9984:−
9971:−
9963:−
9948:−
9930:−
9922:−
9914:−
9906:−
9891:−
9858:−
9850:−
9840:−
9827:−
9819:−
9796:−
9781:−
9773:−
9765:−
9725:−
9707:−
9687:−
9674:−
9666:−
9648:−
9640:−
9186:−
9178:−
9170:−
9162:−
9154:−
9146:−
9138:−
9130:−
9120:−
9112:−
9104:−
9096:−
9088:−
9080:−
9072:−
9064:−
9054:−
9046:−
9038:−
9030:−
9022:−
9014:−
9006:−
8998:−
8988:−
8980:−
8972:−
8964:−
8956:−
8948:−
8940:−
8932:−
8922:−
8914:−
8906:−
8893:−
8885:−
8877:−
8869:−
8859:−
8851:−
8843:−
8830:−
8822:−
8814:−
8806:−
8796:−
8788:−
8780:−
8772:−
8764:−
8756:−
8748:−
8740:−
8730:−
8722:−
8714:−
8706:−
8698:−
8690:−
8682:−
8674:−
8452:≤
8417:α
8383:≤
8323:≤
8259:π
8228:
8212:π
8181:
8150:α
8138:α
8118:∑
8097:∑
7840:−
7822:−
7797:−
7789:−
7771:−
7736:−
7728:−
7703:−
7685:−
7677:−
7669:−
7432:−
7414:−
7389:−
7381:−
7363:−
7328:−
7320:−
7295:−
7277:−
7269:−
7261:−
7175:Original
7016:RUNLENGTH
6998:Symbol 2
6973:AMPLITUDE
6957:RUNLENGTH
6575:−
6469:−
5501:−
5487:−
5446:−
5194:−
5176:−
5151:−
5143:−
5125:−
5090:−
5082:−
5057:−
5039:−
5031:−
5023:−
4905:…
4869:…
4285:−
4277:−
4269:−
4261:−
4248:−
4238:−
4225:−
4217:−
4209:−
4191:−
4166:−
4158:−
4140:−
4125:−
4112:−
4104:−
4096:−
4088:−
4058:−
4050:−
4032:−
4022:−
4004:−
3996:−
3978:−
3963:−
3955:−
3937:−
3929:−
3909:−
3901:−
3883:−
3875:−
3867:−
3852:⟶
3649:otherwise
3579:α
3548:≤
3488:≤
3419:π
3388:
3372:π
3341:
3302:∑
3281:∑
3268:α
3256:α
3110:−
3102:−
3094:−
3086:−
3078:−
3070:−
3062:−
3054:−
3044:−
3036:−
3028:−
3020:−
3012:−
3004:−
2996:−
2988:−
2978:−
2970:−
2962:−
2954:−
2946:−
2938:−
2930:−
2922:−
2912:−
2904:−
2896:−
2888:−
2880:−
2872:−
2864:−
2856:−
2846:−
2838:−
2830:−
2817:−
2809:−
2801:−
2793:−
2783:−
2775:−
2767:−
2754:−
2746:−
2738:−
2730:−
2720:−
2712:−
2704:−
2696:−
2688:−
2680:−
2672:−
2664:−
2654:−
2646:−
2638:−
2630:−
2622:−
2614:−
2606:−
2598:−
2583:⟶
2528:−
1981:. The Y′C
1888:quantized
1738:0xFF, 0xE
1700:0xFF, 0xD
1550:Comments
1475:Adobe RGB
1447:cover art
1439:thumbnail
1421:, though
1275:IrfanView
1251:version.
1245:Windows 7
1105:does not
1015:Officemax
979:JPEG 2000
952:prior art
925:In 2002,
896:May 2019
794:(SPIFF).
444:JPEG 2000
308:abdominal
253:JPEG 2000
156:Type code
15890:Category
15843:Metadata
15785:Compound
15513:JPEG-HDR
15136:Lossless
15102:Modified
14995:Matroska
14874:Matroska
14785:MPEG-PES
14397:Musepack
14294:AVS1 P10
13873:Graphics
13823:Lagarith
13330:Archived
13275:Archived
13209:Archived
13205:jpeg.org
13127:Archived
13097:Archived
13075:14922251
13026:Archived
13022:jpeg.org
12996:Archived
12974:Archived
12949:Archived
12930:Archived
12912:Archived
12887:Archived
12883:jpeg.org
12864:30 April
12858:archived
12836:30 April
12830:archived
12826:18879942
12772:archived
12710:Archived
12686:Archived
12632:Archived
12540:Archived
12536:16629522
12476:Archived
12451:Archived
12423:Archived
12366:Archived
12335:Archived
12309:Archived
12276:Archived
12217:Archived
12187:Archived
12158:Archived
12128:Archived
12107:23 March
12101:Archived
12017:Archived
11985:Archived
11944:Archived
11911:Archived
11832:Archived
11776:Archived
11714:Archived
11685:cite web
11675:16 April
11643:Jpeg.org
11617:Archived
11615:. 2002.
11591:1 August
11585:Archived
11583:. 2009.
11524:Archived
11494:Archived
11461:(1993).
11436:Archived
11406:Archived
11376:Archived
11351:cite web
11307:cite web
11264:Archived
11224:Archived
11194:cite web
11153:Archived
11102:Archived
11067:Archived
11034:Archived
11025:BBC News
11003:5 August
10993:BT Group
10968:52164892
10952:(4): 1.
10917:13 March
10882:Archived
10847:Archived
10730:See also
10605:created
10544:DMC-TZ60
10540:DMC-TZ30
10281:Comment
10234:metadata
7235:Decoding
7037:Symbol 1
7032:Symbol 1
6995:Symbol 1
4315:↓
3621:if
3130:↓
1928:matrices
1909:Encoding
1776:Comment
1716:Restart
1544:Payload
1506:segments
1494:untagged
1287:XnViewMP
1269:jpegtran
1226:lossless
1169:such as
1003:Motorola
869:Jun 2012
569:AT&T
260:Standard
205:AT&T
183:ff d8 ff
43:reviewed
15632:TIFF/IT
15627:TIFF/EP
15508:JPEG XT
15503:JPEG XS
15498:JPEG XR
15493:JPEG XL
15483:JPEG-LS
15210:Wavelet
15151:DEFLATE
15097:Huffman
15087:Entropy
15079:Methods
15064:MPEG LA
14953:Smacker
14841:H.222.0
14797:MPEG-TS
14792:MPEG-PS
14780:MPEG-ES
14664:TIFF/IT
14659:TIFF/EP
14644:JPEG XT
14639:JPEG XS
14634:JPEG XR
14629:JPEG XL
14624:JPEG-LS
14505:aptX HD
14485:WavPack
14427:RTAudio
14367:Codec 2
14300:AVS2 P3
14227:GSM-EFR
14197:AMR-WB+
14131:G.729.1
14111:G.723.1
14101:G.722.2
14096:G.722.1
13895:Smacker
13885:RTVideo
13813:Huffyuv
13793:Cinepak
13753:AVS2 P2
13467:formats
13241:Bibcode
13215:3 March
13159:4 April
13103:1 March
13032:3 March
13002:1 March
12806:Bibcode
12638:2 March
12508:Bibcode
12196:19 June
11907:Law.com
11782:21 July
11623:13 July
11530:31 July
11432:Itu.int
11270:13 July
11133:6 April
10856:12 July
10690:JPEG XL
10684:JPEG XL
10675:JPEG XT
10669:JPEG XT
10642:JPEG LS
10636:JPEG LS
10611:Guetzli
10607:MozJPEG
10603:Mozilla
10596:JPEG-LS
10592:JPEG XT
10588:JPEG XT
10564:libjpeg
10407:JPEG XR
10317:14,679
10296:81,447
10272:Quality
5830:If the
5574:patents
2064:channel
2062:, each
1930:below.
1871:, and C
1659:4 bytes
1518:padding
1449:in the
1364:markers
1243:before
1196:work).
1181:, or a
1126:removed
1111:sources
883:Part 7
855:Part 6
827:Part 5
799:Part 4
764:Part 3
736:Part 2
709:Part 1
649:10918-1
559:2-46275
542:1021672
465:patents
450:History
419:on the
403:. JPEG/
311:CT scan
269:Website
223: (
15740:Gerber
15702:Vector
15565:PICtor
15315:Raster
15012:RatDVD
14906:Others
14673:Others
14475:VMR-WB
14470:TwinVQ
14335:Others
14222:GSM-FR
14217:GSM-HR
14207:EVRC-B
14192:AMR-WB
14164:Vorbis
14004:AAC-LD
13999:HE-AAC
13905:Theora
13848:ProRes
13843:Pixlet
13771:Others
13580:MPEG-5
13568:MPEG-I
13556:MPEG-H
13534:MPEG-4
13527:Part 2
13522:MPEG-2
13517:MPEG-1
13339:29 May
13269:
13259:
13073:
13063:
12824:
12716:21 May
12627:GitHub
12610:2008).
12534:
12397:
12023:29 May
11991:29 May
11950:29 May
11917:29 May
11887:29 May
11812:29 May
11653:29 May
11471:
11400:JPEG.
10988:BT.com
10966:
10888:23 May
10770:FELICS
10747:C-Cube
10622:Jpegli
10615:Zopfli
10383:144:1
10380:1,523
10359:4,787
10338:9,407
10299:2.7:1
10260:
10182:4.8750
8594:
8558:
8519:
8483:
8446:
8414:
8377:
8354:
8317:
8294:
8283:where
7224:always
7073:shape.
5893:where
5555:zigzag
5449:415.37
4926:where
3870:415.38
3791:
3755:
3719:
3683:
3542:
3519:
3482:
3455:
3444:where
3224:
2058:After
2034:" or "
1851:chroma
1708:=0..7)
1541:Bytes
1510:marker
1485:; see
1293:ACDSee
1027:Peapod
1011:Orbitz
945:Unisys
701:Title
554:
537:
243:format
15808:MODCA
15468:JBIG2
15358:BSAVE
15233:Lists
15178:ADPCM
15173:µ-law
15168:A-law
15141:Lossy
15114:ACELP
15059:NETVC
14884:SMPTE
14846:T.802
14833:ITU-T
14809:(MP4)
14609:JBIG2
14572:ITU-T
14544:Image
14480:VSELP
14457:SVOPC
14447:Siren
14417:RCELP
14412:QCELP
14357:ATRAC
14342:ACELP
14159:Speex
14126:G.729
14121:G.728
14116:G.726
14106:G.723
14091:G.722
14086:G.719
14081:G.718
14074:µ-law
14069:A-law
14064:G.711
14056:ITU-T
13944:Audio
13818:Indeo
13798:Daala
13654:SMPTE
13629:H.263
13624:H.262
13619:H.261
13614:H.120
13602:ITU-T
13507:MJPEG
13474:Video
13333:(PDF)
13322:(PDF)
13299:arXiv
13267:S2CID
13071:S2CID
12980:7 May
12822:S2CID
12742:(PDF)
12735:(PDF)
12669:(PDF)
12658:(PDF)
12579:2005.
12543:(PDF)
12532:S2CID
12496:(PDF)
12190:(PDF)
12183:(PDF)
12134:6 May
12077:1 May
12050:1 May
11488:ISO.
11370:ISO.
11178:(PDF)
10964:S2CID
10850:(PDF)
10843:CCITT
10839:(PDF)
10766:(DCF)
10724:ICtCp
10704:Daala
10362:46:1
10341:23:1
10320:15:1
10269:Image
7164:Image
7014:Both
5490:25.96
4099:13.20
4083:12.12
4061:10.24
4053:14.76
4045:34.10
4040:12.07
4035:48.53
4007:28.91
3999:24.56
3991:77.13
3981:46.83
3950:13.15
3945:10.25
3940:60.76
3932:21.86
3904:20.10
3896:56.12
3891:27.24
3886:61.20
3878:30.19
2048:4:2:0
2044:4:2:2
2040:4:4:4
1965:and C
1957:and C
1857:and C
1596:SOF2
1573:SOF0
1547:Name
1483:stops
1453:tag.
1451:ID3v2
1427:.jfif
1418:.jpeg
1222:lossy
1157:JPEG/
1023:Kraft
1007:Apple
941:Cisco
686:Part
660:bytes
656:codec
636:ITU-T
609:CCITT
473:ITU-T
471:(now
469:CCITT
278:/jpeg
237:Lossy
132:.jfif
120:.jpeg
15924:JPEG
15833:XAML
15818:PICT
15798:DjVu
15755:PGML
15750:IGES
15745:HVIF
15735:EMF+
15687:CIFF
15649:WebP
15644:WBMP
15622:TIFF
15600:RGBE
15590:QTVR
15535:NRRD
15530:MIFF
15478:JPEG
15463:JBIG
15458:ILBM
15443:ICNS
15438:ICER
15433:HEVC
15428:HDRi
15413:FLIF
15408:FLIC
15403:FITS
15343:AVIF
15333:APNG
15328:ANIM
15260:See
15205:MDCT
15183:DPCM
15129:WLPC
15119:CELP
15022:RIFF
15000:WebM
14990:M2TS
14980:HEIF
14948:Bink
14928:AIFF
14856:IETF
14745:WebP
14740:WBMP
14735:QTVR
14715:ICER
14710:FLIF
14700:DjVu
14690:AVIF
14680:APNG
14654:TIFF
14614:JPEG
14604:JBIG
14599:HEVC
14576:JPEG
14563:IETF
14530:LLAC
14525:LHDC
14520:LDAC
14500:aptX
14461:TTA
14442:SILK
14382:MELP
14377:Lyra
14372:iSAC
14362:CELT
14352:Asao
14347:ALAC
14325:ExAC
14320:L2HC
14250:AC-4
14245:AC-3
14237:ETSI
14202:EVRC
14179:3GPP
14169:FLAC
14154:iLBC
14149:Opus
14141:IETF
13964:MPEG
13930:YULS
13910:Thor
13858:4444
13808:FFV1
13788:Bink
13682:VC-6
13677:VC-5
13672:VC-3
13667:VC-2
13662:VC-1
13606:VCEG
13494:MPEG
13463:and
13341:2018
13283:2021
13257:ISBN
13217:2018
13187:2023
13161:2024
13135:2017
13105:2023
13061:ISBN
13034:2018
13004:2023
12982:2022
12895:2017
12866:2015
12838:2015
12802:9393
12780:2010
12750:2015
12718:2023
12640:2023
12551:2019
12431:2017
12395:ISBN
12374:2008
12343:2007
12317:2022
12284:2022
12251:2023
12225:2007
12198:2006
12166:2017
12136:2019
12109:2012
12079:2013
12052:2013
12025:2011
11993:2011
11952:2011
11919:2011
11889:2011
11840:2006
11814:2011
11784:2007
11752:2009
11722:2023
11691:link
11677:2017
11655:2011
11625:2019
11593:2011
11559:2009
11532:2018
11502:2009
11469:ISBN
11444:2009
11414:2009
11384:2009
11357:link
11343:2009
11313:link
11299:2009
11272:2019
11259:CNET
11232:2019
11200:link
11186:2017
11161:2022
11135:2016
11110:2019
11075:2019
11042:2019
11005:2019
10919:2016
10911:NASA
10890:2013
10858:2019
10807:WebP
10790:HEVC
10736:AVIF
10718:and
10708:WebP
10706:and
10702:HM,
10700:HEIF
10580:SIMD
10548:Sony
10503:.mpo
10441:DPCM
10405:and
10254:CCIR
10250:IEEE
10238:PSNR
8458:<
8389:<
8329:<
7133:MPEG
7020:SIZE
7018:and
6963:SIZE
6400:scan
5943:and
4298:1.68
4293:0.50
4288:0.10
4280:1.17
4272:4.19
4264:1.07
4256:0.14
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5814:0
5806:0
5803:0
5795:0
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5789:0
5781:0
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5772:0
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5744:0
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5669:2
5663:1
5652:1
5649:5
5646:1
5643:1
5635:1
5629:2
5525:y
5521:x
5498:=
5494:)
5483:(
5478:d
5475:n
5472:u
5469:o
5466:r
5462:=
5458:)
5440:(
5435:d
5432:n
5429:u
5426:o
5423:r
5396:.
5392:]
5385:0
5380:0
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5313:0
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5077:0
5070:0
5065:0
5060:1
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5042:6
5034:3
5016:[
5012:=
5009:B
4974:B
4954:Q
4934:G
4911:7
4908:,
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4899:2
4896:,
4893:1
4890:,
4887:0
4884:=
4881:k
4878:;
4875:7
4872:,
4866:,
4863:2
4860:,
4857:1
4854:,
4851:0
4848:=
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4834:)
4827:k
4824:,
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4817:Q
4811:k
4808:,
4805:j
4801:G
4795:(
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4732:.
4727:]
4386:[
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4323:.
4320:v
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3860:[
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3809:.
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3629:=
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3614:,
3608:2
3604:1
3596:{
3591:=
3588:)
3585:u
3582:(
3569:.
3557:8
3551:v
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3522:v
3509:.
3497:8
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3407:+
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3392:[
3381:]
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3357:x
3354:2
3351:(
3345:[
3333:y
3330:,
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3312:0
3309:=
3306:y
3296:7
3291:0
3288:=
3285:x
3277:)
3274:v
3271:(
3265:)
3262:u
3259:(
3251:4
3248:1
3243:=
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3228:G
3209:.
3197:v
3177:u
3138:.
3135:y
3120:]
2891:2
2820:6
2591:[
2576:x
2569:=
2566:g
2540:]
2534:,
2525:[
2505:]
2499:,
2496:0
2493:[
2470:.
2466:]
2123:[
2026:R
2024:C
2022:B
2003:R
2001:C
1999:B
1987:R
1985:C
1983:B
1967:R
1963:B
1959:R
1955:B
1950:R
1948:C
1946:B
1897:.
1873:R
1869:B
1859:R
1855:B
1842:R
1840:C
1838:B
1812:n
1740:n
1734:n
1725:r
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1702:n
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1147:)
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1136:)
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1128:.
1114:.
1065:"
645:/
618:/
557:(
540:(
344:/
341:ɡ
338:ɛ
335:p
326:ˈ
323:/
319:(
280:/
227:)
73:.
66:.
49:.
20:)
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