632:
223:
837:. As with Satakunta and Muhos in Finland, the sediments at Lake Ladoga are located in a graben of Late Proterozoic age. The graben structure that hosts the sediments is known as the "PashaâLadoga structure", which is also in part a syncline, thus being referred to as graben-syncline. The maximum thickness of the pile of sediments is no less than 800 metres. Jotnian sediments are exposed only as small outcrops on land but exposures are larger at the lake bottom.
911:
1213:
87:
751:
372:
310:
349:
783:
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671:
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262:
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333:
278:
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230:
719:
703:
1335:. These xenoliths have been interpreted as originating from Jotnian cover rocks lying above the dyke that have since been eroded. Once the dyke intruded, Jotnian rock fragments would have been incorporated into the dyke and then went down during a "reversal of magma ascent". The relationships of the dyke with Jotnian sediments suggest that magma intruded wet sediments as a sort of
608:
that has helped to preserve the sediments. This graben has seen a downward displacement of about 650 metres. The
Satakunta sandstone is not younger than 1400â1300 million years. The Satakunta sedimentary pile is at least 600 metres thick but might likely be as thick as much as 1800 metres. 1270â1250
980:
and minor amounts of conglomerate. The deposits are believed to be of fluvial origin. Argillites constitute about 10% of the outcrops while the sandstones and conglomerates make up the remaining 90% of outcrops. The sedimentary pile is at most not more than 1200 metres thick. The AlmesÄkra Group is
1150:
Onshore
Jotnian sediments at GĂ€vle (GĂ€vle sandstone) have an estimated maximum thickness of 900 metres. Along with the Dala sandstone the GĂ€vle sandstone has been subject to low grade burial metamorphism of the pumpellyite type, meaning they must once have been buried beneath several kilometres of
150:
that intrude the sediments. This means that
Jotnian sediments were deposited approximately 1600â1260 million years ago. Some Jotnian sediments are, however, younger than the diabases, meaning they can be younger than 1260 million years. Jotnian sediments are usually assigned to the
417:. The distribution of some Jotnian sediments is spatially associated with the occurrence of rapakivi granite. Korja and co-workers (1993) claim the Jotnian sedimentârapakivi granite coincidence at the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia is associated with the existence of thin
560:. The colour of the siltstones and shales vary from red and brown to grey to green. The siltstones and shales are intercalated with arkosic sandstone. The red arkosic sandstones of Muhos Graben are comparable to the ones of Satakunta. These sediments are of fluvial origin.
1039:
are interpreted as having been part of a conglomerate that was disintegrated by the diabase magma. The conglomerate which contained the rounded
Jotnian sedimentary rock clasts has only been deduced to exist and has not found in the proximity of the diabases in question.
2187:
Kuptosova, A.V.; Khudoley, A.K.; Davis, W.; Rainbird, R.H.; Kovach, V.P.; Zagornaya, N. Yu (2011). "Age and
Provenances of Sandstones from the Riphean Priozersk and Salmi Formations in the Eastern PashaâLadoga Basin (Southern Margin of the Baltic Shield)".
492:. Known Jotnian rocks at the Ă
land Sea are sandstones and belong to the Söderarm Formation (informal). Above these there are Upper riphean and Vendian sandstones and shales. Fully within Swedish waters there is a Jotnian sediment occurrence at the
433:(syncline) positions or in mixed graben-synclines. Most of the grabens hosting Jotnian sediments are northwest-southeast oriented. The largest occurrence of Jotnian sediments appear however to occur neither in a rift or a graben and lie in
1183:
and several small islands and islets: Midsommar, Pingst, GÄsholmen, GÄsholmsskÀret and GÄsholmshatten, the last three being part of a nature reserve. Jotnian sandstone also occurs at the bottom of BjörkjÀrden and studies of
902:. The Tersky Formation was deposited in the timespan between 1263 and 1080 million years ago (±40 million years of error). The neighboring Kerets Graben in the White Sea is filled with 2000â1500 metres of Jotnian sediments.
972:, in addition to this there is a small strip of these sediments running north from the main area. The AlmesÄkra Group extends over an area of about 380 km (150 sq mi). The AlmesÄkra Group consists of
2004:
Korja, A.; Korja, T.; Luosto, U.; Heikkinen, P. (1993). "Seismic and geoelectric evidence for collisional and extensional events in the
Fennoscandian Shield â implications for Precambrian crustal evolution".
1750:
Amantov, Alexey; Hagenfeldt, Stefan; Söderberg, Per (1995). "The
Mesoporterozoic to Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary bedrock sequence in the northern Baltic Proper, Ă
land Sea, Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga".
1083:
at the time of deposition of the Dala sandstone. The peneplain landscape formed after protracted periods of erosion. Sedimentation of the Dala sandstone happened between 1650 and 1200 million years ago.
2071:
Lundmark, Anders
Mattias; Lamminen, Jarkko (2016). "The provenance and setting of the Mesoproterozoic Dala Sandstone, western Sweden, and paleogeographic implications for southwestern Fennoscandia".
175:
the terms should be interpreted as more descriptive (i.e. the diabase usually cuts the sandstone) than temporal (all the
Jotnian sandstones not necessarily older than all the Postjotnian diabases).
1052:(Dala sandstone), with its 50 km x 150 km area, constitutes the largest region known to be covered at present with Jotnian sediments. The sandstone extends beyond Sweden's border into
2653:
2342:
Tullborg, Eva-Lena; Larson, Sven Ă
ke; Stiberg, Jan-Petter (1996). "Subsidence and uplift of the present land surface in the southeastern part of the
Fennoscandian Shield".
1172:
1134:, meaning they must once have been buried beneath several kilometres of sediments. It is possible that the Dala sandstone was once connected to the Gulf of Bothnia by an
183:
not being metamorphosed enough to be part of the "protoplatform" and not being undeformed enough to be part of the "cataplatform" category. By analogy to the established
1292:. The deposition environment for sandstones including the arkose was one of an embankment or a channel with little current. The environment was likely one of a river as
814:
in Russia. Among these are the "Salmi series" or "Salma suite" and the "Priosersk suite", which are Jotnian units. These rocks overlie the Salma rapakivi granite and
2478:
796:
631:
512:
shoal and yet in other places of the Bothnian Sea Jotnian sediments are absent. The Sub-Cambrian peneplain cuts across Jotnian rocks in the Bothnian Sea.
2547:
2893:
2660:
1217:
3050:
493:
1095:. Above this basal layer, sediments are mainly stratified red sandstone intercalated with shale and conglomerate. Among the sandstones there are
931:
316:
2873:
533:
946:
355:
405:
and were not restricted to a few localities like today. The limited geographical extent of Jotnian sediments at present is indebted to their
2520:
Flodén, Tom; Söderberg, Per; Wickman, Frans E. (1993). "Bjorko, a possible Middle Proterozoic impact structure west of Stockholm, Sweden".
1285:
508:
in Satakunta Jotnian sediments reaches a thickness of thousand metres, in other locations thickness is much less, for example 100 m at the
1188:
suggest there is unexposed Jotnian sandstone to north of the BjörkfjÀrden area, where the outcrops are vestiges of an eroded Precambrian
1120:
1347:
Jotnian sediments (mostly quartz sandstone and siltstone) exist at some locations beneath the Phanerozoic platform sediments of western
1233:
1304:. Similarly to the GÀvle sandstones, the outcrops at NordingrÄ are linked to the Satakunta outcrops in Finland. The sediments are both
1001:. Geologists Eva-Lena Tullborg and co-workers consider the AlmesÄkra Group as originating from first phases of erosion of the uplifted
1013:
2236:
Baluev, A.S. (2006). "Geodynamics of the Riphean stage in the evolution of the northern passive margin of the East European Craton".
2112:
1870:"Depositional History and Tectonic Regimes within and in the Margins of the Fennoscandian Shield During the Last 1300 Million Years"
1155:
the GĂ€vle sandstone share links with the Satakunta Jotnian rocks. Archaeological finds show that GĂ€vle sandstone has been used as
2190:
509:
136:(e.g. non-marine) conditions. Jotnian sediments are the oldest known sediments in the Baltic area that have not been subject to
1272:
lenses and beds. Siltstone beds are commonly 5 to 10 centimetres thick. Jotnian sediments in the NordingrÄ area display often
2047:
Kohonen, J.; Pihlaja, P.; Kujala, H.; Marmo, J. (1993). "Sedimentation of the jotnian Satakunta sandstone, western Finland".
853:
hosts Jotnian sedimentary rocks dated to have sedimented 1126±50 million years ago. These rocks are thrusted over by younger
2440:
Pulvertaft, T.C.R. (1985). "Aeolian dune and wet interdune sedimentation in the Middle Proterozoic Dala sandstone, Sweden".
3221:
1142:. Sedimentation at Dalarna happened apparently not in a graben or rift as is the case for most other Jotnian sediments.
2168:
3094:
1569:
1869:
1716:
1579:
580:
that are intercalated with lesser amounts of red or black shale. According to the sediments mineralogical as well as
388:
2317:
222:
2646:
1099:
sandstones and quartz-rich sandstones. A remarkable feature on the Dala sandstones is that delicate features like
3231:
2491:
2487:
536:
that has had a downward displacement of about one kilometre. The sediments in the Muhos Graben at the bottom are
3175:
1076:
994:
179:
At large scale, Jotnian sediments are classified as being part of a "quasiplatform" group of sediments of the
2785:
2760:
2735:
2442:
1482:
914:
Simplified geological map of Sweden displaying the Jotnian sandstone (Jonisk) provinces in GĂ€vle and Dalarna.
458:
2318:"Depositional environments and lithostratigraphy of the middle Proterozoic AlmesÄkra Group, southern Sweden"
1412:
in 1910. In 1932 Sederholm proposed independently the name "Hoglandian" for what Högbom called "Subjotnian".
2408:
2049:
1676:
1648:
1526:
143:
Their age is poorly constrained, but generally they are younger than the rapakivi granites and older than
3206:
2720:
2715:
1131:
1288:
the pile of Jotnian sediments is of 65 metres. Exposed sediment profiles show considerable variation in
3216:
3211:
3150:
3104:
3045:
2898:
2710:
1938:"Geochemistry and clay mineralogy of argillites in the Late Proterozoic Almesikra group, south Sweden"
830:, sandstone and conglomerate are the sedimentary components of the Salmi suite which further includes
2878:
532:
is a site of Jotnian sediment occurrence. At this location Jotnian sediments can be found within the
199:. This surface actually exists but its extent is very limited, represented as small valley plains at
43:
3124:
1809:
1769:
1714:
Nagornji, M.A.; Nikolaev, V.G. (2005). "The quasiplatform sediments of the East European Platform".
1079:
basement. The unconformity, believed to have been formed by subaerial erosion, was the surface of a
3226:
3160:
2412:
2379:
Berg-Lembke, Eva (1970). "A microscopic study of the AlmesÄkra quartzitic-doleritic conglomerate".
2007:
585:
1444:
437:, Sweden. It has been suggested that the sedimentary basins hosting Jotnian sediments at Dalarna,
3055:
3000:
1814:
1774:
1434:
That the Satakunta outcrop is in an ancient graben was first noticed by Jakob Sederholm in 1893.
3170:
3109:
2730:
2577:
2238:
1937:
1356:
1261:
1088:
1002:
997:. At least in some outcrops the lowermost sediments are arkoses, presumably of local origin as
537:
414:
184:
129:
2158:
1124:
3185:
3129:
3065:
1602:
1522:"Jotnian and Postjotnian: Sandstones and diabases in the surroundings of the Gulf of Finland"
870:
504:. Jotnian rocks found in the Landsort Basin are red sandstones. In the Bothnian Sea offshore
501:
42:), albeit some might be younger. Jotnian sediments include the oldest known sediments in the
3015:
1180:
1009:
3165:
2903:
2811:
2451:
2417:
2353:
2247:
2199:
2082:
2073:
2016:
1900:
Rodhe, Agnes (1988). "The dolerite breccia of TÀrnö, Late Proterozoic of southern Sweden".
1823:
1783:
1611:
1201:
1135:
192:
55:
2616:
Bergman, Göran (1980). "Quicksand structures in the Jotnian sandstone of central Sweden".
8:
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3005:
2826:
2705:
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1974:
1421:
Some geologists of the first half of the 20th century regarded the rapakivi granites as "
1127:
589:
204:
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2020:
1827:
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1615:
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The maximum thickness of the sediments at Dalarna is 800 m. The lowermost sediments are
2845:
2263:
2215:
1192:, filled with Jotnian sediments. At Rasta, the basement below the sediments is made of
1065:
884:
398:
180:
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2939:
2289:(1931). "NÄgra iakttagelser över stratigrafi och tektonik inom AlmesÄkraformationen".
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2974:
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1521:
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51:
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2113:"Structure and geological evolution of the bedrock of southern Satakunta SW Finland"
2094:
16:
Oldest known sediments in the Baltic area that have not been subject to metamorphism
3119:
3030:
2625:
2589:
2529:
2459:
2390:
2361:
2298:
2255:
2207:
2090:
2024:
1986:
1949:
1911:
1831:
1791:
1725:
1670:
Laitakari, I.; RÀmö, T.; Suominen, V.; Niin, M.; Stepanov, K.; Amantov, A. (1996).
1619:
1189:
823:
819:
577:
549:
132:. The characteristic red colour of Jotnian sediments is due to their deposition in
97:
67:
59:
936:
321:
3180:
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1452:
1384:
1185:
858:
850:
529:
477:
410:
156:
152:
39:
35:
3089:
2883:
2775:
1600:
Usaityte, Daiva (2000). "The geology of the southeastern Baltic Sea: a review".
1409:
1176:
951:
942:
800:
Selection of outcrop localities mentioned in the text. (G=GĂ€vle, M=Lake MĂ€laren)
725:
552:
is made of arkose. The bulk (90â80%) of the sequence of sediments is made up of
360:
339:
171:. Amantov and co-workers comments about the terms Jotnian and Postjotnian that:
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2924:
2888:
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2700:
2690:
1396:
1332:
1221:
1028:
998:
982:
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at these locations. At present Jotnian sedimentary rocks are commonly found in
168:
3060:
2831:
2629:
2593:
2533:
2394:
2365:
2302:
2259:
2211:
1990:
1953:
1915:
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hosts some Jotnian sediments known as Satakunta sandstone. This sediments are
540:
and arkoses whose contact with the underlying metamorphic rocks constitute an
3200:
3155:
2944:
2929:
2816:
2795:
2770:
2765:
2695:
2685:
2669:
2381:
2344:
1902:
1422:
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891:
834:
489:
3114:
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was the first to differentiate the rocks and use the term "Jotnian" in 1897.
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2677:
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are somewhat uniform. It is also possible that some beds were deposited in
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1241:
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481:
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63:
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The Lake MĂ€laren sandstone appeared in geological maps first in 1862 when
1152:
927:
661:
485:
252:
3099:
3040:
3020:
2964:
2954:
2790:
1729:
1277:
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1100:
1023:, there are diabase dykes hosting numerous rounded clasts of red Jotnian
969:
811:
741:
450:
422:
31:
1672:"Subjotnian: Rapakivi granites and related rocks in the Gulf of Finland"
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Sedimentary and volcanic rocks crop out on the eastern shores of the
677:
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268:
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133:
117:
113:
93:
71:
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1380:
1229:
1179:. Visible outcrops can be found in the locality of Rasta in western
1138:. The Dala sandstone constitute a part of broad north-south aligned
910:
604:
occurred under water. It is found in a northwest-southeast trending
1772:(1995). "Relief and saprolites through time on the Baltic Shield".
1448:
1336:
1325:
1212:
1139:
1108:
1036:
973:
430:
413:. Sedimentary rocks as old as the Jotnian sediments age have a low
397:
There is evidence suggesting that Jotnian cover rocks or a Jotnian
27:
1753:
Proceedings of the Third Marine Geological Conference "The Baltic"
1111:
have survived in the sediments. The sandstones in Dalarna are of
1064:
drilling has revealed that the Dala sandstone extends beneath the
923:
709:
438:
300:
90:
2949:
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614:
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75:
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2580:(1913). "Contributions to the Geology of the NordingrÄ Region".
86:
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1348:
1289:
1257:
1237:
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1032:
990:
887:, which is also filled with these sediments. The formation has
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Between Finland and Sweden Jotnian sediments are common in the
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125:
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200:
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1264:. The sandstone and arkose have black and violet coloured
2046:
2003:
1669:
964:
The Jotnian AlmesÄkra Group of sediments lie in northern
1812:(1996). "Long term morphotectonic evolution in Sweden".
1568:
Lehtinen, Martti; Nurmi, Pekka A.; RÀmö, Tapani (2005).
1519:
600:, it has been suggested that at least in that place the
2111:
PaulamÀki, Seppo; Paananen, Markku; Elo, Seppo (2004).
2519:
1425:" Jotnian sediments, an idea which is now discredited.
883:. These outcrops are an overfill of the neighbouring
392:
Selection of outcrop localities mentioned in the text.
2341:
596:
in the Jotnian rocks of the northwestern part of the
2110:
1646:
Simonen, Ahti (1980). "The Precambrian in Finland".
1151:
sediments. Together with the Jotnian sediments of
2066:
2064:
191:there have been suggestions of the existence of an
2042:
2040:
2038:
1977:(1939). "The Weathering of the NordingrÄ Gabbro".
1867:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1808:
1567:
1520:Amantov, A.; Laitakari, I.; Poroshin, Ye (1996).
875:The Jotnian Tersky Formation crops out along the
588:. The Satakunda sandstones is a fluvial sediment
3198:
2335:
2182:
2180:
2070:
2061:
1768:
1713:
1123:sediments. The Dala sandstone has an imprint of
1060:where it is known as the "Trysil sandstone". At
2382:Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar
2291:Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar
2035:
1979:Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar
1942:Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar
1903:Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar
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1471:
544:. The pebbles of the conglomerate are made of
159:. Jotnian sediments rests on what is known as
2654:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2231:
2229:
2177:
1997:
1973:
1967:
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1677:Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper
1665:
1663:
1546:
1527:Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper
1468:
1252:. Jotnian sediments consist of quartz-rich
981:tectonically disturbed, shows considerable
2661:
2647:
2508:
2439:
2433:
2226:
1868:PaulamÀki, Seppo; KuivamÀki, Aimo (2006).
1630:
1490:
968:in a triangle-shaped area centered around
568:Southern Satakunta near the shores of the
2572:
2570:
2568:
2101:
1922:
1842:
1764:
1762:
1236:, Jotnian sediments rest on a complex of
989:by diabase. AlmesÄkra Group overlies the
750:
371:
2372:
2156:
1895:
1893:
1660:
1599:
1211:
918:In Sweden Jotnian rocks can be found in
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309:
85:
2615:
2285:
2191:Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1645:
620:cuts through the Satakunta Sandstones.
584:characteristics they are classified as
464:, possibly corresponding to an ancient
348:
3199:
2576:
2565:
2235:
1759:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1437:
1428:
1415:
1399:coined the term "Postjotnian" in 1909.
2642:
2407:
2401:
2315:
2050:Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin
1935:
1899:
1890:
1802:
1649:Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin
1402:
1390:
1369:
1228:In the NordingrÄ area, spanning from
1220:. Note the black Postjotnian diabase
782:
2476:
1696:
1574:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 567.
1342:
840:
766:
2325:Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ca
1588:
1216:Red Jotnian sandstone at Trysunda,
1171:Jotnian sandstone crops out around
734:
576:sandstones of red colour and clear
13:
1447:showed it erroneously as being of
14:
3243:
2421:(in Swedish). Cydonia Development
1717:Russian Journal of Earth Sciences
864:
670:
654:
457:parallel to the area of inferred
261:
245:
2480:Kvarnstensfragment frÄn LejstaÄn
2331:: 1â80 – via PaleoArchive.
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260:
244:
228:
221:
3095:Central SkÄne Volcanic Province
2540:
2488:Swedish National Heritage Board
2470:
2309:
2163:. Academic Press. p. 374.
2095:10.1016/j.precamres.2016.01.003
1408:"Subjotnian" was first used by
1166:
686:
332:
277:
214:
3176:Transscandinavian Igneous Belt
1571:Precambrian Geology of Finland
1077:Transscandinavian Igneous Belt
995:Transscandinavian Igneous Belt
879:at the southern shores of the
805:
609:million years old Postjotnian
46:that have not been subject to
1:
1624:10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00002-7
1483:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1462:
1375:The term "Jotnian" comes the
638:
471:
293:
229:
2464:10.1016/0037-0738(85)90034-X
2029:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90292-r
1836:10.1016/0169-555X(95)00083-H
1796:10.1016/0169-555X(94)00076-4
1207:
959:
563:
187:that extends across much of
104:) a Jotnian sedimentary rock
7:
1383:" roughly meaning "giant".
81:
10:
3248:
3222:Geology of European Russia
3151:Blekinge-Bornholm Province
3105:Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm
3025:
2761:Billingen terminal moraine
2157:Goodwinn, Alan M. (1991).
1043:
868:
718:
702:
592:. Based on the finding of
515:
167:rapakivi granites and the
108:Jotnian sediments include
3138:
3078:
2993:
2912:
2899:Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone
2879:Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment
2853:
2844:
2804:
2751:
2744:
2736:Sub-Mesozoic hilly relief
2676:
2630:10.1080/11035898009450887
2594:10.1017/S0016756800138026
2534:10.1080/11035899309454826
2395:10.1080/11035897009451914
2366:10.1080/11035899609546246
2303:10.1080/11035893109447092
2260:10.1134/s0016852106030034
2212:10.1134/S0869593811020067
1991:10.1080/11035893909444616
1954:10.1080/11035898809452652
1916:10.1080/11035898809452652
905:
623:
3161:Scandinavian Caledonides
2904:South Finland Shear Zone
2822:Jotnian sedimentary rock
1810:Lidmar-Bergströrm, Karna
1362:
1315:
1280:. There are also fossil
1145:
520:
3171:Sveconorwegian Province
3001:Central Swedish lowland
2786:Skövde terminal moraine
2711:South SmÄland peneplain
2670:Geology of Fennoscandia
2552:LĂ€nsstyrensen Stockholm
1770:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna
459:Hallandian-Danopolonian
3232:Stratigraphy of Europe
3125:SĂ€rna Alkaline Complex
3110:Kola Alkaline Province
3046:Scandinavian Mountains
2731:Sub-Cambrian peneplain
1451:age in his map of the
1225:
1115:and represent ancient
915:
548:and granite while the
415:preservation potential
185:Sub-Cambrian peneplain
181:East European Platform
177:
105:
101:
34:rocks assigned to the
3186:Western Gneiss Region
3166:Svecofennian Province
3139:Provinces and orogens
3130:Satakunta dyke swarms
3066:White Sea Rift System
2316:Rodhe, Agnes (1987).
1936:Rodhe, Agnes (1986).
1603:Earth-Science Reviews
1445:Alfred Elis Törnebohm
1328:have been found in a
1215:
1071:. The Dala sandstone
1003:Sveconorwegian region
913:
871:White Sea Rift System
502:Stockholm archipelago
453:form an alignment of
401:once covered much of
173:
89:
3006:Gulf of Bothnia rift
2913:Large impact craters
2812:Alum Shale Formation
2497:on November 19, 2015
2418:Nationalencyklopedin
2129:on 24 September 2015
2074:Precambrian Research
1975:von Eckermann, Harry
1730:10.2205/2005ES000171
1202:Svecofennian orogeny
797:class=notpageimage|
528:in the northeastern
389:class=notpageimage|
163:rocks which include
54:, Jotnian sediments
3146:Belomorian Province
2706:Ostrobothnian Plain
2582:Geological Magazine
2456:1985SedG...44...93P
2443:Sedimentary Geology
2358:1996GFF...118..126T
2252:2006Geote..40..183B
2204:2011SGC....19..125K
2160:Precambrian Geology
2087:2016PreR..275..197L
2021:1993Tectp.219..129K
1828:1996Geomo..16...33L
1788:1995Geomo..12...45L
1616:2000ESRv...50..137U
1128:burial metamorphism
956:(AlmesÄkra Group).
894:within a matrix of
157:Mesoproterozoic Era
36:Mesoproterozoic Era
3207:Geology of Finland
3056:South Swedish Dome
3016:Lake Ladoga graben
2578:Sobral, JosĂ© MarĂa
1480:"Jotnian Series".
1324:Jotnian sandstone
1290:sedimentary facies
1226:
1173:Södra BjörkfjÀrden
1136:epicontinental sea
1048:The occurrence at
1010:Eksjö Municipality
976:-rich sandstones,
916:
885:Kandalaksha Graben
106:
19:In north European
3217:Geology of Sweden
3212:Geology of Norway
3194:
3193:
3120:Rapakivi granites
3074:
3073:
3011:Lake Inari graben
2935:Hummeln structure
2840:
2839:
2745:Sedimentary cover
2409:Lundqvist, Thomas
1755:. pp. 19â25.
1343:Other occurrences
1320:In the island of
1159:in LejstaÄn near
847:Rybachy Peninsula
841:Rybachy Peninsula
820:metamorphic rocks
758:Rybachy Peninsula
68:metamorphic rocks
60:rapakivi granites
52:Stratigraphically
3239:
3031:Norrland terrain
2851:
2850:
2827:Reusch's Moraine
2805:Sedimentary rock
2749:
2748:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2613:
2598:
2597:
2574:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2517:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2490:, archived from
2485:
2477:Ogenhall, Erik,
2474:
2468:
2467:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2154:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2122:. Archived from
2117:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2044:
2033:
2032:
2015:(1â3): 129â152.
2001:
1995:
1994:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1840:
1839:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1711:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1643:
1628:
1627:
1610:(3â4): 137â225.
1597:
1586:
1585:
1565:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1517:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1357:Baltic Syneclise
1190:meteorite crater
1186:glacial erratics
1132:pumpellyite type
1035:. These Jotnian
1022:
955:
940:
824:Paleoproterozoic
785:
784:
769:
768:
753:
752:
737:
736:
721:
720:
705:
704:
689:
688:
673:
672:
657:
656:
641:
640:
634:
606:graben structure
374:
373:
364:
351:
350:
335:
334:
325:
312:
311:
296:
295:
280:
279:
264:
263:
248:
247:
232:
231:
225:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3227:Mesoproterozoic
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3181:Timanide Orogen
3134:
3070:
2994:Morphostrucures
2989:
2908:
2836:
2800:
2781:Sevetti moraine
2740:
2721:200 m peneplain
2716:300 m peneplain
2672:
2667:
2637:
2614:
2601:
2575:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2450:(1â2): 93â111.
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2406:
2402:
2377:
2373:
2340:
2336:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2297:(II): 137â149.
2284:
2275:
2234:
2227:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2155:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2069:
2062:
2045:
2036:
2002:
1998:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1934:
1923:
1898:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1843:
1807:
1803:
1767:
1760:
1748:
1737:
1712:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1668:
1661:
1644:
1631:
1598:
1589:
1582:
1566:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1518:
1491:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1385:Jakob Sederholm
1374:
1370:
1365:
1345:
1318:
1308:and covered by
1218:Trysunda Island
1210:
1169:
1148:
1046:
1027:including both
1016:
1008:Near Brevik in
962:
949:
934:
908:
873:
867:
851:Murmansk Oblast
843:
808:
803:
802:
801:
799:
793:
792:
791:
790:
786:
778:
777:
776:
770:
762:
761:
760:
754:
746:
745:
744:
738:
730:
729:
728:
722:
714:
713:
712:
706:
698:
697:
696:
690:
682:
681:
680:
674:
666:
665:
664:
658:
650:
649:
648:
642:
626:
566:
530:Gulf of Bothnia
523:
518:
478:Gulf of Bothnia
474:
411:geological time
395:
394:
393:
391:
385:
384:
383:
382:
375:
367:
366:
365:
358:
352:
344:
343:
342:
336:
328:
327:
326:
319:
313:
305:
304:
303:
297:
289:
288:
287:
281:
273:
272:
271:
265:
257:
256:
255:
249:
241:
240:
239:
233:
217:
84:
30:are a group of
17:
12:
11:
5:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3061:VĂ€ttern graben
3058:
3053:
3051:Scanian horsts
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:Ritland crater
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Gardnos crater
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:Röjnoret Fault
2891:
2889:Protogine Zone
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:Iapetus Suture
2866:
2864:BurtrÀsk Fault
2860:
2858:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2832:Visingsö Group
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Paleic surface
2698:
2693:
2691:Hardangervidda
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2636:
2635:
2624:(2): 111â116.
2599:
2564:
2539:
2507:
2486:(in Swedish),
2469:
2432:
2413:"Dalasandsten"
2400:
2371:
2352:(2): 126â128.
2334:
2308:
2273:
2246:(3): 183â196.
2225:
2198:(2): 125â140.
2176:
2170:978-0122898709
2169:
2140:
2120:Working Report
2100:
2060:
2034:
2008:Tectonophysics
1996:
1985:(4): 490â496.
1966:
1948:(3): 175â182.
1921:
1910:(2): 131â142.
1889:
1877:Working Report
1841:
1801:
1758:
1735:
1695:
1659:
1629:
1587:
1580:
1545:
1489:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1436:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1397:Wilhelm Ramsay
1389:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1344:
1341:
1317:
1314:
1209:
1206:
1168:
1165:
1147:
1144:
1113:aeolian origin
1045:
1042:
1029:quartz arenite
961:
958:
907:
904:
881:Kola Peninsula
866:
865:White Sea area
863:
842:
839:
835:volcanic rocks
807:
804:
795:
794:
788:
787:
780:
779:
772:
771:
764:
763:
756:
755:
748:
747:
740:
739:
732:
731:
724:
723:
716:
715:
708:
707:
700:
699:
692:
691:
684:
683:
676:
675:
668:
667:
660:
659:
652:
651:
644:
643:
636:
635:
629:
628:
627:
625:
622:
578:stratification
565:
562:
522:
519:
517:
514:
494:Landsort Basin
473:
470:
466:back-arc basin
429:, in slightly
387:
386:
377:
376:
369:
368:
354:
353:
346:
345:
338:
337:
330:
329:
315:
314:
307:
306:
299:
298:
291:
290:
283:
282:
275:
274:
267:
266:
259:
258:
251:
250:
243:
242:
235:
234:
227:
226:
220:
219:
218:
216:
213:
205:VÀsterdalÀlven
203:and along the
169:Hogland Series
83:
80:
70:and are often
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3244:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Kola Province
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Lofoten horst
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Lockne crater
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Granby crater
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Hedmark Group
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2796:Veiki moraine
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Rogen moraine
2769:
2767:
2766:Pulju moraine
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Muddus plains
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Borsu surface
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2678:Paleosurfaces
2675:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2287:Gavelin, Sven
2282:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1815:Geomorphology
1811:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1775:Geomorphology
1771:
1765:
1763:
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1581:9780080457598
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1299:
1295:
1294:paleocurrents
1291:
1287:
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1275:
1274:cross-bedding
1271:
1267:
1263:
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1255:
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1199:
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1181:Ekerön island
1178:
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1143:
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1137:
1133:
1129:
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1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:conglomerates
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:overlies the
1074:
1073:unconformably
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:to the west.
1004:
1000:
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988:
984:
979:
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957:
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948:
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921:
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903:
901:
897:
893:
890:
886:
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862:
860:
859:Upper Riphean
856:
852:
848:
838:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
798:
789:Kerets Graben
775:
759:
743:
727:
711:
695:
679:
663:
647:
633:
621:
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547:
543:
539:
538:conglomerates
535:
531:
527:
513:
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499:
495:
491:
490:South Kvarken
487:
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153:Riphean Stage
149:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
130:conglomerates
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
103:
102:GĂ€vlesandsten
99:
95:
92:
88:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
26:
22:
3090:Alnö Complex
3036:Omberg horst
3026:Muhos Graben
2975:SöderfjÀrden
2884:PĂ€rvie Fault
2874:Lainio Fault
2821:
2776:SalpausselkÀ
2621:
2617:
2585:
2581:
2557:November 18,
2555:. Retrieved
2551:
2542:
2528:(1): 25â38.
2525:
2521:
2501:November 18,
2499:, retrieved
2492:the original
2479:
2472:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2416:
2403:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2311:
2294:
2290:
2243:
2239:Geotectonics
2237:
2195:
2189:
2159:
2131:. Retrieved
2124:the original
2119:
2078:
2072:
2054:
2048:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1945:
1941:
1907:
1901:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
1822:(1): 33â59.
1819:
1813:
1804:
1782:(1): 45â61.
1779:
1773:
1752:
1721:
1715:
1686:. Retrieved
1681:
1675:
1653:
1647:
1607:
1601:
1570:
1536:. Retrieved
1531:
1525:
1481:
1439:
1430:
1417:
1410:Arvid Högbom
1404:
1392:
1371:
1351:and western
1346:
1319:
1278:ripple marks
1262:conglomerate
1250:anorthosites
1242:monzogranite
1227:
1177:Lake MĂ€laren
1170:
1167:Lake MĂ€laren
1149:
1101:ripple marks
1086:
1047:
1007:
963:
943:Lake MĂ€laren
917:
877:Tersky Coast
874:
849:in northern
844:
809:
774:Tersky Coast
570:Bothnian Sea
567:
542:unconformity
534:Muhos Graben
524:
482:Bothnian Sea
475:
443:Bothnian Sea
423:half-grabens
403:Fennoscandia
396:
215:Distribution
189:Fennoscandia
178:
174:
160:
144:
142:
138:metamorphism
107:
48:metamorphism
24:
18:
3100:Fen Complex
3041:Oslo Graben
2965:Siljan Ring
2856:shear zones
2854:Faults and
2791:Trollgarden
2548:"GĂ„sholmen"
2081:: 197â208.
1724:(5): 1â12.
1455:quadrangle.
1355:within the
1302:aeolianites
1298:tidal flats
1017: [
950: [
935: [
812:Lake Ladoga
806:Lake Ladoga
742:Lake Ladoga
582:geochemical
451:Lake Ladoga
381:(xenoliths)
359: [
320: [
195:Subjotnian
145:Postjotnian
74:by younger
44:Baltic area
32:Precambrian
3201:Categories
3115:Norra KĂ€rr
2970:SÀÀksjÀrvi
2940:LappajÀrvi
2846:Structures
2726:Strandflat
1463:References
1453:SödertÀlje
1423:granitized
1286:Ringkallen
1198:pegmatites
1107:marks and
1066:Caledonian
978:argillites
932:SvartÀlven
869:See also:
602:diagenesis
594:glauconite
554:siltstones
488:including
472:Baltic Sea
462:subduction
455:subsidence
431:downfolded
317:SvartÀlven
161:Subjotnian
118:siltstones
114:sandstones
62:and other
3083:provinces
2980:Suvasvesi
2588:(2): 86.
2389:: 40â48.
2268:129043120
2220:128527997
1377:Old Norse
1353:Lithuania
1326:xenoliths
1266:siltstone
1254:sandstone
1208:NordingrÄ
1157:millstone
1153:NordingrÄ
1125:low grade
1121:interdune
1109:mudcracks
1105:rain drop
1097:greywacke
1081:peneplain
1037:xenoliths
1025:sandstone
960:AlmesÄkra
947:AlmesÄkra
928:NordingrÄ
828:Gritstone
678:Satakunta
662:NordingrÄ
613:-bearing
590:formation
564:Satakunta
486:Ă
land Sea
447:Satakunta
425:, narrow
356:AlmesÄkra
269:Satakunta
253:NordingrÄ
197:peneplain
165:weathered
134:subaerial
94:sandstone
28:sediments
2753:Moraines
2425:June 22,
1534:: 99â113
1449:Devonian
1337:peperite
1306:intruded
1246:granites
1194:granites
1140:syncline
1093:breccias
987:intruded
974:feldspar
586:immature
496:between
484:and the
399:platform
211:system.
209:DalÀlven
148:diabases
82:Overview
76:diabases
72:intruded
3081:igneous
3079:Lesser
2950:Lumparn
2452:Bibcode
2354:Bibcode
2248:Bibcode
2200:Bibcode
2133:27 July
2083:Bibcode
2017:Bibcode
1959:27 July
1882:27 July
1824:Bibcode
1784:Bibcode
1688:27 July
1684:: 59â97
1612:Bibcode
1538:27 July
1486:. 1979.
1330:diabase
1310:diabase
1238:gabbros
1200:of the
1161:Uppsala
1130:of the
1054:Hedmark
1050:Dalarna
1044:Dalarna
993:of the
991:plutons
985:and is
983:folding
966:SmÄland
920:Dalarna
861:rocks.
855:Vendian
816:igneous
694:Dalarna
615:diabase
611:olivine
598:outcrop
574:arkosic
516:Finland
498:Gotland
435:Dalarna
427:grabens
407:erosion
340:MĂ€laren
285:Dalarna
193:exhumed
155:of the
98:Swedish
64:igneous
56:overlie
40:Riphean
25:Jotnian
21:geology
2985:TvÀren
2920:Dellen
2266:
2218:
2167:
1578:
1381:Jötunn
1379:word "
1349:Latvia
1300:or as
1258:arkose
1234:Hernön
1230:Malmön
1069:nappes
1058:Norway
1033:arkose
970:NÀssjö
906:Sweden
624:Russia
558:shales
550:matrix
546:schist
480:, the
441:, the
122:arkose
112:-rich
110:quartz
2495:(PDF)
2484:(PDF)
2321:(PDF)
2264:S2CID
2216:S2CID
2127:(PDF)
2116:(PDF)
1873:(PDF)
1363:Notes
1322:TÀrnö
1316:TÀrnö
1284:. At
1282:dunes
1270:shale
1222:sills
1146:GĂ€vle
1117:dunes
1021:]
1014:Röjda
954:]
939:]
924:GĂ€vle
889:silty
832:mafic
826:age.
646:Muhos
618:dykes
526:Muhos
521:Muhos
510:Sylen
439:GĂ€vle
419:crust
409:over
379:TÀrnö
363:]
324:]
301:GĂ€vle
237:Muhos
126:shale
91:GĂ€vle
2955:Mien
2559:2015
2503:2015
2427:2015
2165:ISBN
2135:2015
1961:2015
1884:2015
1690:2015
1576:ISBN
1540:2015
1333:dyke
1276:and
1268:and
1260:and
1248:and
1196:and
1119:and
1091:and
1062:Idre
1031:and
1012:and
999:grus
945:and
900:clay
898:and
896:mica
892:beds
857:and
845:The
818:and
556:and
506:Pori
500:and
449:and
201:Sveg
128:and
66:and
58:the
2626:doi
2622:102
2618:GFF
2590:doi
2530:doi
2526:115
2522:GFF
2460:doi
2391:doi
2362:doi
2350:118
2345:GFF
2299:doi
2256:doi
2208:doi
2091:doi
2079:275
2055:369
2025:doi
2013:219
1987:doi
1950:doi
1946:107
1912:doi
1908:110
1832:doi
1792:doi
1726:doi
1654:304
1620:doi
1232:to
1175:in
1056:in
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1944:.
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1989::
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