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On
September 11, 1839, Nicollet returned to Washington, D.C. where he worked on consolidating the information collected into the Report to the Senate. He fully intended to return to Minnesota to continue his work, but failing health led to his death in Washington in 1843. He is buried at the
317:(who had helped found St. Louis and long had a fur trading monopoly with the Osage tribe based on contracts with former Spanish authorities and later status as U.S. Indian agent). From St. Louis, he took a boat up the river to
285:. Nicollet hoped to boost his reputation among European academics through his work in the US. He intended to make a "scientific tour" of the country and had a goal of using his expertise to accurately map the
598:
574:, and the ancient glacial valley that Nicollet mapped. The Interpretive Center houses 2,400 square feet of classroom space and exhibits, including Nicollet's map and a mural of Nicollet's meeting with
261:. While working at the observatory, Nicollet discovered a comet and built a reputation as an expert in astronomy and physical geography. During the 1820s, he worked as a mathematics professor at the
500:, was published. The maps in the book were highly accurate and covered a region more than half the size of Europe. Morever, Nicollet's maps were among the first in the world to depict elevation by
558:
near the path
Nicollet had taken from Devil's Lake back to Fort Snelling on his final expedition. A banker and Sisseton resident became fascinated with Nicollet's story and work after reading
195:. Political and academic changes in France led Nicollet to travel to the United States to do work that would bolster his reputation among academics in Europe. He was elected a member of the
297:, but due to a cholera outbreak, travel by steamboat was practically halted. Instead he spent the next three years traveling throughout the south, primarily between New Orleans and
353:
The first expedition took place in 1836–37 and was privately funded by
American Fur and the Choteaus. Nicollet departed Fort Snelling by canoe on July 29, 1836, accompanied by
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from Idaho with concrete pillars and steel bolts. From the top, six counties in three states (South Dakota, North Dakota, and
Minnesota) can be seen, including a view of the
437:
In his third and final expedition, guided by
Louison Freniere, Nicollet retained the assistance from Frémont and was joined for part of his journey by the Jesuit Missionary
477:, his gravestone noting "He will triumph who understands how to conciliate and combine with the greatest skill the benefits of the past with the demands of the future."
562:, a translation of Nicollet's journals, and raised $ 335,000 from seven local donors to build the monument. The 80-foot tall tower with 96 steps was primarily built of
449:
took extensive notes cataloging the area's native plants. This journey was also government funded and took
Nicollet northwest from Iowa along the Missouri River toward
504:
and are among the only sources for original Native
American place names in the region. Many of Nicollet's sketches and journals from his expeditions are housed at the
409:, who was appointed by the War Department to assist on the expedition in lieu of a military escort, Joseph Renville Jr., and Joseph LaFromboise, an agent for the
289:. He arrived in Washington, D.C., where he met with scientists and government officials, discussing scientific surveys of the country. He traveled to
1084:
1129:
1114:
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206:, and they provided the basis for all subsequent maps of the American interior. They were also among the first to depict elevation by
1124:
941:
1006:
Joseph N. Nicollet on the plains and prairies: the expeditions of 1838–39, with journals, letters, and notes on the Dakota
Indians
325:. Over the next 4 years Nicollet led three expeditions exploring the Upper Mississippi, mostly in the area that is now Minnesota,
1119:
792:
849:
Whittaker, William (2008). "Pierre-Jean De Smet's
Remarkable Map of the Missouri River Valley, 1839: What Did He See in Iowa?".
687:
370:
401:
Rivers in order to correct the western maps affected by Pike's mistake. The expedition party set out on June 18, 1838 from
273:
Nicollet encountered financial and professional difficulties resulting from political turbulence in France following the
361:
chief, his nine-year-old son, and a half-French guide named Brunia. Nicollet explored the
Mississippi to its source of
1015:
983:
881:
460:
carrying his supplies sank in April 1839. On July 11, 1839, the second leg of his trip set out from Fort Pierre for
871:
974:
The journals of Joseph N. Nicollet: a scientist on the Mississippi headwaters: with notes on indian life, 1836–37
394:
770:
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Upon his arrival 1835 in St. Louis, Nicollet gained support for his plan to map the Mississippi River from the
196:
461:
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Upon his return to Washington, D.C. to report his findings, Nicollet was appointed to head the newly formed
728:
253:. He began teaching mathematics at age 19. In 1817, he was appointed as a professor and astronomer at the
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as a laboratory science. Penniless, he emigrated to the United States in 1832, sailing from the port of
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417:, where the party members carved their initials on a rock. From there, the party proceeded along the
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basin during the 1830s. Nicollet led three expeditions in the region between the Mississippi and
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101:
1054:
Report Intended to Illustrate a Map of the Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River
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Report Intended to Illustrate of the Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River
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464:. From there, Nicollet travelled back across the Coteau des Prairies to Fort Snelling.
454:
402:
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Nicollet's own name is applied to several places in the region he explored, including
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as the furthest fur-trading post on the Upper Missouri River, in what became known as
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who was half French, half Native American. On July 4, 1838 the expedition arrived at
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Nicollet's maps were among the most accurate of the time, correcting errors made by
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Before emigrating to the United States, Nicollet was a professor of mathematics at
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In 1991, the Joseph N. Nicollet Tower and Interpretive Center was constructed in
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876:(reprint ed.). St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. p. 141.
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Joseph N. Nicollet on the plains and prairies: the expeditions of 1838–39
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290:
242:
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and the only maps to use regional Native American placenames. Nicollet's
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157:
761:
Bray, Martha (February 16, 1970). "Joseph Nicolas Nicollet, Geologist".
441:. De Smet used skills learned from Nicollet to make his own maps of the
250:
214:
was published in 1843, following his death. Nicollet Tower, located in
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149:
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39:
1002:
Nicollet, Joseph Nicolas; Bray, Edmund; Bray, Martha Coleman (1993).
366:
322:
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is a monument to Nicollet and his work and was constructed in 1991.
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898:
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/122128329#view-photo=104739713
629:
Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance
381:
too far to the west, rendering all maps of this area inaccurate.
278:
575:
397:-funded expedition to map the area between the Mississippi and
358:
341:
238:
67:
944:. Heritage Museums of the Coteau des Prairies. Archived from
690:. Heritage Museums of the Coteau des Prairies. Archived from
917:"History – Joseph N. Nicollet Tower and Interpretive Center"
797:
Nicollet's 1838 Expedition from Ft. Snelling to Pipestone
498:
Map of the Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi
212:
Map of the Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi
373:. The results of this expedition corrected an error in
249:
that earned him a scholarship to the Jesuit college in
445:
basin. On this and on his second expedition, botanist
829:
Re-imaging Joseph N. Nicollet's Mapmaking Expeditions
516:. In 1847, one of his expeditions' private sponsors,
144:(July 24, 1786 – September 11, 1843), also known as
496:Later in 1843, a book containing much of his work,
1003:
971:
345:Nicollet's map of the Hydrographical Basin of the
241:in Savoy. He was very bright, showing aptitude in
793:"Joseph N. Nicollet's Journal: June 18 – June 20"
763:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
301:. Nicollet finally arrived in St. Louis in 1835.
1061:
1052:—includes a discussion of Nicollet and his book
1001:
23:French geographer, astronomer, and mathematician
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919:. Heritage Museums of the Coteau des Prairies
560:Joseph N. Nicollet on the Plains and Prairies
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257:and worked with scientist and mathematician
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377:'s 1805 map, which placed the mouth of the
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1056:, and a downloadable pdf file of the book.
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38:
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688:"Joseph N. Nicollet Biographical Summary"
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632:. Minnesota Historical Society. p.
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187:, and a professor and astronomer at the
1085:Scientists from the Kingdom of Sardinia
293:, from where he intended to proceed to
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1050:John Cushman Abbott Exhibit Supplement
1010:. Minnesota Historical Society Press.
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16:For Jean Nicollet de Bellesborne, see
1130:Burials at the Congressional Cemetery
1115:History of United States expansionism
1100:French emigrants to the United States
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735:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2012
135:Cartography of the Mississippi River
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453:. His efforts were hampered as the
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1105:Pre-statehood history of Minnesota
963:
640:
44:Portrait and autograph of Nicollet
14:
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1090:French explorers of North America
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997:. American Philosophical Society.
970:Nicollet, Joseph Nicolas (1970).
978:. Minnesota Historical Society.
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391:Corps of Topographical Engineers
1125:Recipients of the Lalande Prize
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1120:Explorers of the United States
1040:. Retrieved May 29, 2009 from
842:
771:American Philosophical Society
591:
197:American Philosophical Society
156:, and mathematician known for
1:
993:Bray, Martha Coleman (1980).
585:
551:, all located in Minnesota.
405:. The party was composed of
277:and the rising dominance of
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995:Joseph Nicollet and his map
489:Nicollet Tower, located in
365:and the nearby Mississippi
10:
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852:Iowa Archeological Society
462:Devil's Lake, North Dakota
15:
942:"History of Construction"
870:Nicollet, Joseph (1976).
729:"Joseph Nicolas Nicollet"
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451:Fort Pierre, South Dakota
337:First expedition, 1836–37
231:Lettre sur les assurances
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1032:Nicollet Project Website
896:tombstone photograph at
825:"J. N. Nicollet Journal"
526:Chouteau County, Montana
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287:Mississippi River Valley
222:Early life and education
733:Encyclopædia Britannica
510:Smithsonian Institution
385:Second expedition, 1838
347:Upper Mississippi River
305:Mapping the Mississippi
162:Upper Mississippi River
142:Joseph Nicolas Nicollet
127:Explorer, mathematician
54:Joseph Nicolas Nicollet
626:Upham, Warren (1920).
556:Sisseton, South Dakota
493:
491:Sisseton, South Dakota
475:Congressional Cemetery
350:
275:July Revolution (1830)
263:Collège Louis-le-Grand
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216:Sisseton, South Dakota
185:Collège Louis-le-Grand
102:Congressional Cemetery
488:
344:
237:Nicollet was born at
229:
146:Jean-Nicolas Nicollet
119:Jean-Nicolas Nicollet
1034:at St. Olaf College.
603:search.amphilsoc.org
599:"APS Member History"
411:American Fur Company
311:American Fur Company
259:Pierre-Simon Laplace
193:Pierre-Simon Laplace
948:on October 10, 2008
572:Coteau des Prairies
518:Pierre Chouteau Jr.
506:Library of Congress
439:Pierre-Jean De Smet
295:St. Louis, Missouri
1110:American explorers
1095:French geographers
1080:People from Cluses
1043:Google Book Search
494:
403:Traverse des Sioux
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82:September 11, 1843
568:Laurentian Divide
514:National Archives
427:Spirit Lake, Iowa
423:Blue Earth Rivers
255:Paris Observatory
189:Paris Observatory
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547:and the city of
433:Third expedition
415:Pipestone Quarry
313:and the wealthy
269:Emigration, 1832
116:Other names
90:Washington, D.C.
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371:St. Croix River
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174:South Dakota
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84:(1843-09-11)
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18:Jean Nicolet
1075:1843 deaths
1070:1786 births
564:Douglas-fir
541:Minneapolis
522:Fort Benton
393:and lead a
363:Lake Itasca
291:New Orleans
243:mathematics
108:Nationality
1064:Categories
586:References
512:, and the
455:Steamboat
154:astronomer
150:geographer
60:1786-07-24
773:: 37–59.
608:April 12,
502:hachuring
419:Minnesota
367:tributary
323:Minnesota
299:Baltimore
247:astronomy
208:hachuring
199:in 1842.
170:Minnesota
70:, Savoy,
549:Nicollet
399:Missouri
355:Chagobay
251:Chambéry
859:: 1–13.
425:toward
349:, 1843.
279:physics
233:, 1818.
158:mapping
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779:985723
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576:Wanata
570:, the
508:, the
481:Legacy
457:Pirate
369:, the
359:Ojibwe
239:Cluses
176:, and
111:French
72:France
68:Cluses
775:JSTOR
769:(1).
468:Death
357:, an
283:Brest
191:with
1012:ISBN
980:ISBN
954:2012
925:2018
878:ISBN
836:2012
804:2012
741:2012
700:2012
610:2021
421:and
329:and
245:and
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79:Died
50:Born
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
