223:
470:
238:
253:
983:
363:
922:
25:
276:
643:. He served as director of the Office of Radio, Press, and Propaganda (1936-1937) on the Nationalist side and later (1937) was named head of the Corps of Wounded Veterans. It is said that he administered the press office like a military barracks, forcing journalists to fall in line in response to his whistle, and subjecting them to the same brutal harangues he had given as commander of the Legion.
881:(a Filipino nationalist and polymath during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines, executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after the Philippine Revolution). Millán Astray had fought in the Philippines and it was the reference to José Rizal that annoyed Millán Astray, who shouted "The traitoring intellectuals die".
803:. But unfortunately, Spain today has too many cripples. And, if God does not help us, soon it will have very many more. It torments me to think that General Millán Astray could dictate the norms of the psychology of the masses. A cripple, who lacks the spiritual greatness of Cervantes, hopes to find relief by adding to the number of cripples around him.
817:. In order to convince it is necessary to persuade, and to persuade you will need something that you lack: reason and right in the struggle. I see it is useless to ask you to think of Spain. I have spoken." Millán Astray, controlling himself, shouted "Take the lady's arm!" Unamuno took Carmen Polo by the arm and left under her protection.
868:
What
Portillo did was to come up with a kind of liturgical drama, where you have an angel and a devil confronting one another. What he wanted to do above all was symbolise evil—fascism, militarism, brutality—through Millán Astray, and set it against the democratic values of the republicans—liberalism
769:
You are waiting for my words. You know me well, and know I cannot remain silent for long. Sometimes, to remain silent is to lie, since silence can be interpreted as assent. I want to comment on the so-called speech of
Professor Maldonado, who is with us here. I will ignore the personal offence to the
1025:
For over 50 years a street in Madrid was named in his honour. In 2018, as part of a wider removal of street names linked to
Francoism, it was renamed Justa Freire in memory of a jailed opponent of Francoism. In August 2021, a Madrid court ruled that the previous name was not incompatible with the
1187:
En un devastador informe acerca del comportamiento de los oficiales del ejército moro, redactado tras el famoso desastre de Anual, el coronel
Domingo Batet escribió que el tan alabado valor de los oficiales de los Regulares y del Tercio se inspiraba en el alcohol, la cocaína y la morfina, y su
884:
As proof that the incident was nothing more than a crossroads of hard words, the photograph reproduced on the cover of his book shows Millán Astray and Miguel de
Unamuno calmly saying goodbye in the presence of Bishop Plà, with no tension between them. The photo was discovered in 2018 in the
676:
Unamuno had supported Franco's uprising because he believed it necessary to bring order to the anarchy created by the
Popular Front, and that day he was representing General Franco in the event. By then the Republican Government had removed Unamuno from his perpetual rectory at the Salamanca
860:
Delgado agrees that a "very fierce and violent verbal confrontation" between
Unamuno and Millán Astray definitely occurred, which led to Unamuno being removed from his rectorship, but he thinks that the famous speech attributed to Unamuno was invented and written by Luis Portillo."
798:
that have provoked the ire of those who do not understand what I have written, and being an expert in this matter, find this ridiculous paradox repellent. General Millán Astray is a cripple. There is no need for us to say this with whispered tones. He is a war cripple. So was
1319:
807:
Millán Astray responded: "Death to intelligence! Long live death!" provoking applause from the
Falangists. Pemán, in an effort to calm the crowd, exclaimed "No! Long live intelligence! Death to the bad intellectuals!"
623:
and rewarded for his heroic leadership of the Legion in the aftermath of the
Spanish military defeat at Annual, in 1924, he was promoted to full colonel. In 1927, he was promoted to brigadier general. In 1932, the
592:
in memory of the famed
Spanish infantry formations that had terrorized their opponents on the battlefields of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. Millán-Astray also revived the Spaniard's ancient feud with the
1030:
as it commemorated his military achievements which predated Francoism and the street was restored to its former name of General Millán Astray on 24 August 2021. Six days later, the street name was vandalised.
1814:
1230:
873:
Unamuno took the floor, not to confront Millán Astray, but to answer a previous speech by Professor of Literature Francisco Maldonado who had identified Catalonia and the Basque Country with the "
908:
officials. There is no conclusive evidence concerning the causes of these actions, which could be prompted by environmental conditioning, his alleged drug use, or undiagnosed medical conditions.
877:" (Antispain). Unamuno himself was Basque and was revolted with Francisco Maldonado's speech, but when addressing the audience, Unamuno used the example of what had happened with
1324:
152:
1353:
389:
Astray was notable for his disfigured body: during his time in the army, he lost both his left arm and right eye and was shot several times in the chest and legs.
450:
758:" This—Spain, one, great, and free—was a common Falangist cheer and would become a francoist motto thereafter. Later, a group of uniformed Falangists entered,
1722:
1604:
885:
National Library and was part of the chronicle of the act that the newspaper "The Advancement of Salamanca" published the following day, 13 October 1936.
1809:
904:
Millán-Astray was by all accounts prone to actions and general demeanor frequently described as impulsive and ruthless, even by the standards of most
1747:
1138:
857:, shows how the propaganda myth arose regarding the confrontation that took place that day between Miguel de Unamuno and the general Millán Astray.
1346:
723:, the healer of Spain, will know how to exterminate them, cutting into the live flesh, like a determined surgeon free from false sentimentalism."
1204:[Millán Astray returns to the Madrid street map: "I am delighted. I do not like arbitrariness, neither of one kind nor of the other"].
1120:
1849:
825:
In 2018, the details of Unamuno's speech were disputed by the historian Severiano Delgado, who argued that the account in a 1941 article by
89:
1339:
61:
661:, the writer and philosopher, on 12 October 1936. The celebration of 12 October had brought together a politically diverse crowd at the
497:
broke out, and he left his position to serve there as a volunteer second lieutenant. He would earn numerous decorations for his valor (
1048:
811:
Unamuno continued: "This is the temple of intelligence, and I am its high priest. You are profaning its sacred domain. You will win
68:
943:
42:
1300:
889:
640:
500:
1013:
After the affair, Millán-Astray was largely forgotten by the Spanish public. He eventually returned to Madrid, where he died of
75:
1006:. As a result, Millán-Astray separated from his wife Elvira. Franco, seeking to avoid a scandal, relocated Millán-Astray to
1824:
1641:
1399:
1291:
1202:"Millán Astray vuelve al callejero de Madrid: "Estoy encantado. No me gustan las arbitrariedades, ni de unos ni de otros""
57:
869:
and goodness—represented by Unamuno. Portillo had no intention of misleading anyone; it was simply a literary evocation.
1275:
652:
969:
108:
951:
1834:
1819:
541:("Glorious amputee"). He habitually wore an eyepatch and a white glove on his right hand when appearing in public.
1799:
1231:"Las placas de la calle del General Millán Astray en Madrid amanecen tachadas seis días después de su restitución"
1378:
905:
716:
528:
1373:
947:
46:
888:
According to Delgado, Portillo's account of the speech became famous when a then very young British historian
842:, asserts that Unamuno's words were put in his mouth by Luis Portillo, in 1941, possibly with some help from
1233:[The General Millán Astray street signs in Madrid are crossed out six days after their restoration].
1651:
734:" . As was his habit, Millán Astray, the founder and first commander of the Spanish Legion, responded with "
699:
520:, in which he fought off a rebel force of two thousand with only thirty men. He subsequently served in the
1594:
1146:
82:
1839:
1201:
1264:
Arqueología de un mito: el acto del 12 de octubre de 1936 en el paraninfo de la Universidad de Salamanca
1409:
1362:
1010:. Here, Rita gave birth to Millán-Astray's only child, a daughter named Peregrina, on 23 January 1942.
831:
442:
at the age of sixteen, and later served in the army in Madrid. On 1 September 1896 he enrolled in the
1844:
1829:
1804:
1460:
1445:
987:
1636:
1062:
1049:"Cuando ABC entrevistó a Millán Astray, el militar cojo, manco y tuerto que creó la Legión Española"
1737:
1712:
1414:
932:
583:
534:
He continued leading his men and a month later, he lost his right eye when it was hit by a bullet.
429:
was to be a noted writer. Though pressed to study law, Millán-Astray aspired to a military career.
708:
632:
placed him on the retirement list along with other generals regarded as hostile to the Republic.
1404:
1331:
1268:
Archeology of a myth: the act of 12 October 1936 in the auditorium of the University of Salamanca
936:
855:
Archeology of a Myth: The act of 12 October 1936 in the auditorium of the University of Salamanca
839:
662:
625:
469:
243:
35:
1003:
1666:
1513:
1508:
383:
1440:
426:
351:
1763:
1450:
1027:
826:
620:
545:
494:
321:
531:, he was wounded in the left arm during an ambush resulting in it needing to be amputated.
1794:
1789:
1727:
689:
666:
434:
8:
1589:
1523:
1394:
800:
517:
228:
190:
1656:
1646:
1470:
1465:
995:
561:
458:
1599:
1732:
1717:
1503:
1480:
1271:
982:
892:, aged 30, came across it in a Horizon anthology while researching his seminal book,
765:
Unamuno, who was presiding over the meeting, rose up slowly and addressed the crowd:
658:
636:
616:
439:
329:
301:
1306:
1676:
1538:
1475:
1206:
553:
1671:
493:
Upon graduation, he joined the General staff of the Spanish Army. Soon after, the
457:. From this point on, the couple would maintain (in Millán-Astray's own words) a "
1692:
1620:
1548:
1121:"Spanish civil war speech invented by father of Michael Portillo, says historian"
402:
258:
210:
1086:
629:
1584:
1579:
1455:
1170:
727:
611:
civilization; and later as the saviours of Spain warding off the twin evils of
579:
557:
410:
379:
375:
311:
1315:
362:
1783:
1768:
1742:
1563:
1533:
1014:
999:
998:, he fell in love with Rita Gasset, daughter of former public works minister
843:
544:
Interested in forming a corps of foreign volunteers after the fashion of the
449:
On 2 March 1906 he married Elvira Gutiérrez de la Torre, daughter of General
878:
578:
Millán-Astray gave the legion a powerful ideology intended to evoke Spain's
1528:
1518:
759:
281:
122:
586:
traditions. For instance, the legion adopted a regimental unit called the
1543:
1303:
discussing the parallels between José Millán Astray and Miguel de Unamumo
850:, entitled Unamuno's Last Lecture. Portillo had not witnessed the event.
787:
694:
670:
603:
418:
1553:
398:
186:
405:, his father was José Millán Astray, a lawyer, poet, librettist of the
1815:
Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
1235:
482:
1419:
783:
712:
704:
612:
474:
921:
24:
513:
454:
406:
1361:
657:
Millán-Astray is perhaps best remembered for a heated response to
1558:
1424:
814:, because you have enough brute force. But you will not convince
795:
720:
598:
549:
521:
486:
478:
325:
126:
453:. Only after the wedding did she reveal her intention to remain
1063:"Pilar Millán Astray y Terreros | Real Academia de la Historia"
1007:
771:
588:
422:
414:
206:
608:
594:
565:
703:(1961), the evening began with an impassioned speech by the
1188:
principal característica eran la jactancia y la pretensión.
829:(who was not present at Salamanca) in the British magazine
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
151:
770:
Basques and Catalans. I myself, as you know, was born in
653:
Miguel de Unamuno § Confrontation with Millán Astray
564:, served as its first commander. He would popularize the
835:
may not have been an accurate representation of events.
726:
From somewhere in the auditorium, someone cried out the
1093:
677:
University and the rebel government had restored him.
552:
to study its workings. With the support of then Major
1320:
Departament d'Educació de la Generalitat de Catalunya
1175:
Base documental d'Història Contemporània de Catalunya
719:
as "cancers on the body of the nation," adding that "
1171:"José Millán y Terreros (Millán Astray) (1879-1954)"
838:
Severiano Delgado, a historian and librarian at the
711:. After this, Professor Francisco Maldonado decried
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1139:"El colonialismo español en Marruecos (1860-1956)"
673:, the wife of Franco, and Millán-Astray himself.
438:("Infantry Academy of Toledo"). He graduated as a
778:Unamuno gestured to the Archbishop of Salamanca,
1781:
820:
782:whether you like it or not, is Catalan, born in
516:for his defence at the age of 18 of the city of
378:soldier, the founder and first commander of the
680:There are different versions of what occurred.
133: and the second or maternal family name is
1363:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)
896:, and mistakenly took it as a primary source.
762:the portrait of Franco that hung on the wall.
683:
1347:
646:
489:D. Agustín Sánchez Echevarría, September 1936
1261:
1106:
786:. But now I have heard this insensitive and
950:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
417:. His mother was Pilar Terreros Segade, an
1354:
1340:
150:
1810:Spanish military personnel of the Rif War
1141:[Spanish colonialism in Morocco]
970:Learn how and when to remove this message
750:" . A third time, Millán Astray shouted "
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1163:
986:Gravestone of José Millán-Astray in the
981:
468:
794:", and I, having spent my life writing
527:On 26 October 1924, while stationed in
1782:
1199:
846:, in a piece in the literary magazine
293:1936–1945 (in administrative capacity)
1335:
1228:
1118:
473:José Millán-Astray surrounded by the
374:(5 July 1879 – 1 January 1954) was a
156:José Millán-Astray as a young officer
1850:Burials at Cementerio de la Almudena
1410:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)
948:adding citations to reliable sources
915:
510:Cruz Primera Clase al Mérito Militar
477:Antonio Ortiz de Estringana and the
343:Cruz Primera Clase al Mérito Militar
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
688:According to the British historian
669:, the Archbishop of Salamanca, and
13:
1229:Peiró, Patricia (30 August 2021).
382:, and a major early figure of the
14:
1861:
1285:
853:Severiano Delgado's book, titled
432:On 30 August 1894 he entered the
1461:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)
1446:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
1395:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
1262:Delgado Cruz, Severiano (2019).
1200:Belver, Marta (28 August 2021).
920:
435:Academia de Infantería de Toledo
361:
274:
251:
236:
221:
23:
1379:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
597:and portrayed his men first as
34:needs additional citations for
1400:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)
1374:French protectorate in Morocco
1222:
1193:
1131:
1112:
1079:
1055:
1041:
537:This earned him the sobriquet
446:("Superior Military School").
1:
1296:Friends of the Spanish Legion
1034:
911:
899:
821:The Severiano Delgado version
392:
372:José Millán-Astray y Terreros
16:Spanish soldier and commander
1748:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)
1451:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)
1145:(in Spanish). Archived from
1002:, and cousin of philosopher
738:" ; the crowd replied with "
512:) and became something of a
125:, the first or paternal
7:
1825:People from Francoist Spain
1738:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)
1728:Algeciras Conference (1906)
1405:First Melilla War (1893–94)
1270:] (in Spanish). Sílex.
746:"; the crowd then replied "
684:The Portillo/Thomas version
671:Carmen Polo Martínez-Valdés
506:Cruz Roja al Mérito Militar
341:Cruz Roja al Mérito Militar
10:
1866:
1652:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
1441:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
1316:Detailed Spanish biography
1255:
1119:Jones, Sam (11 May 2018).
994:In 1941, during a game of
650:
647:Confrontation with Unamuno
444:Escuela Superior de Guerra
120:
1756:
1705:
1685:
1629:
1613:
1595:Joseph-François Poeymirau
1572:
1496:
1489:
1471:Battle of El Herri (1914)
1466:Battle of El Ksiba (1913)
1456:Bloody Days of Fes (1912)
1433:
1415:Second Melilla War (1909)
1387:
1369:
1020:
988:Cementerio de la Almudena
571:("Long live death!") and
464:
357:
347:
335:
317:
307:
297:
287:
267:
216:
196:
173:
161:
149:
142:
1764:Tangier Crisis (1905–06)
1733:Pact of Cartagena (1907)
1718:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)
1713:Treaty of Tangier (1844)
1481:Alhucemas Landing (1925)
754:"; the crowd responded "
575:("To me the legion!").
560:, and, with the rank of
165:"The glorious amputee" (
1835:Spanish anti-communists
1820:Spanish Roman Catholics
1642:Arsenio Martínez-Campos
1476:Battle of Annual (1921)
840:University of Salamanca
663:University of Salamanca
425:author and his sister,
1667:Miguel Primo de Rivera
1637:Juan García y Margallo
1514:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
1509:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
991:
871:
805:
776:
490:
459:fraternal relationship
384:Francoist dictatorship
339:Cruz de María Cristina
291:1894–1932 (officially)
1311:Spartacus Educational
1028:Historical Memory Law
985:
894:The Spanish Civil War
866:
827:Luis Gabriel Portillo
780:
767:
700:The Spanish Civil War
617:democratic liberalism
546:French Foreign Legion
495:Philippine Revolution
472:
322:Philippine Revolution
288:Years of service
1800:People from A Coruña
1769:Agadir Crisis (1911)
1743:Treaty of Fes (1912)
1723:Treaty of Fes (1894)
1307:Biographical article
1292:Biographical profile
1210:(in Spanish). Madrid
1004:José Ortega y Gasset
944:improve this section
667:Enrique Pla y Deniel
167:el glorioso mutilado
58:"José Millán-Astray"
43:improve this article
1590:Paul Prosper Henrys
1420:Zaian War (1914–21)
1239:(in Spanish). Spain
1017:on 1 January 1954.
864:Delgado says that:
427:Pilar Millán Astray
352:Pilar Millán Astray
1840:Shooting survivors
1662:José Millán-Astray
1605:Henry de Bournazel
1534:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba
992:
639:he sided with the
562:lieutenant colonel
491:
481:Lieutenant of the
144:José Millán-Astray
1777:
1776:
1701:
1700:
1504:Mohammed Ameziane
1425:Rif War (1921–26)
1107:Delgado Cruz 2019
980:
979:
972:
742:" . He repeated "
659:Miguel de Unamuno
637:Spanish Civil War
621:King Alfonso XIII
556:, he created the
548:, he traveled to
539:Glorioso mutilado
440:second lieutenant
369:
368:
330:Spanish Civil War
302:Brigadier General
119:
118:
111:
93:
1857:
1845:Eyepatch wearers
1830:Spanish amputees
1805:Spanish generals
1677:Francisco Franco
1657:Dámaso Berenguer
1647:José Marina Vega
1524:Mhand n'Ifrutant
1494:
1493:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1281:
1249:
1248:
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1244:
1226:
1220:
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1059:
1053:
1052:
1045:
975:
968:
964:
961:
955:
924:
916:
792:¡Viva la Muerte!
732:¡Viva la Muerte!
709:José María Pemán
573:¡A mí la Legión!
569:¡Viva la Muerte!
554:Francisco Franco
451:Gutiérrez Cámara
365:
280:
278:
277:
269:
263:
257:
255:
254:
248:
244:Spanish Republic
242:
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233:
229:Kingdom of Spain
227:
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191:Kingdom of Spain
183:
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154:
140:
139:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1865:
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1859:
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1856:
1855:
1854:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1752:
1697:
1693:Mohamed Meziane
1681:
1625:
1621:Thami El Glaoui
1609:
1600:Philippe Pétain
1568:
1549:Assou Oubasslam
1485:
1429:
1383:
1365:
1360:
1322:
1288:
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1094:
1087:"Millan Astray"
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1080:
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1047:
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1042:
1037:
1023:
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601:on an extended
529:Spanish Morocco
467:
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342:
340:
328:
324:
292:
275:
273:
261:
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237:
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222:
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211:Francoist Spain
205:
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157:
145:
138:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1863:
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1689:
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1686:Spanish allies
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1669:
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1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1585:Hubert Lyautey
1582:
1580:Charles Mangin
1576:
1574:
1570:
1569:
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
30:
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1529:Ali Amhaouch
1519:Moha ou Said
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1241:. Retrieved
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1177:(in Spanish)
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1147:the original
1133:
1125:The Guardian
1124:
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942:Please help
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202:(1954-01-01)
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123:Spanish name
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1795:1954 deaths
1790:1879 births
1544:Abd el-Krim
1323: [
960:August 2024
890:Hugh Thomas
695:magnum opus
690:Hugh Thomas
635:During the
604:Reconquista
419:illustrator
409:genre, and
262:(1936–1954)
247:(1931–1936)
232:(1894–1931)
184:5 July 1879
162:Nickname(s)
99:August 2024
1784:Categories
1490:Key people
1156:2008-07-16
1072:2020-01-24
1067:dbe.rah.es
1035:References
912:Later life
906:Africanist
900:Reputation
879:José Rizal
875:antiespaña
730:'s motto "
651:See also:
626:Republican
518:San Rafael
393:Early life
217:Allegiance
180:1879-07-05
69:newspapers
1630:Spaniards
1497:Moroccans
1318:from the
1294:from the
1243:30 August
1214:30 August
1181:24 August
931:does not
801:Cervantes
796:paradoxes
784:Barcelona
713:Catalonia
705:Falangist
613:Communism
599:crusaders
584:Christian
475:Falangist
358:Signature
348:Relations
1706:Treaties
1554:Aït Atta
1207:El Mundo
760:saluting
752:¡España!
748:¡Grande!
744:¡España!
736:¡España!
715:and the
580:Imperial
514:war hero
499:Cruz de
407:Zarzuela
399:A Coruña
397:Born in
308:Commands
268:Service/
187:A Coruña
135:Terreros
121:In this
1559:Zayanes
1434:Battles
1301:Article
1256:Sources
1236:El País
952:removed
937:sources
848:Horizon
832:Horizon
790:oath, "
721:Fascism
707:writer
692:in his
609:Islamic
550:Algeria
522:Rif War
487:Navarre
483:Requeté
479:Carlist
423:comedic
403:Galicia
376:Spanish
326:Rif War
127:surname
83:scholar
1757:Crises
1573:French
1274:
1021:Legacy
1008:Lisbon
996:bridge
772:Bilbao
756:Libre!
589:tercio
566:mottos
508:, and
465:Career
455:chaste
415:Madrid
336:Awards
279:
270:branch
256:
241:
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207:Madrid
85:
78:
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64:
56:
1327:]
1309:from
1266:[
1150:(PDF)
1143:(PDF)
740:¡Una!
630:Azaña
595:Moors
90:JSTOR
76:books
1388:Wars
1272:ISBN
1245:2021
1216:2021
1183:2021
935:any
933:cite
615:and
582:and
421:and
298:Rank
197:Died
174:Born
62:news
946:by
485:of
461:".
413:of
129:is
45:by
1786::
1325:ca
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1095:^
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39:.
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