179:
406:
298:
396:
heard a description of a brass standard scale made by Sisson under Graham's direction. The scale showed the length of the
British standard yard of 36 inches (910 mm) from the Tower of London, and the lengths of the Exchequer's yard and the French half-toise. When compared to the Royal Society's
420:
Sisson made large astronomical instruments that were used by several
European observatories. He made rigid wall-mounted brass quadrants with radii of 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 m). Graham employed Sisson to make the Royal Observatory's 8 feet (2.4 m)
293:
The components of the instrument arrived in New Jersey in 1745 and assembly began the next year. After being used to determine the boundary and settle the dispute, the quadrant continued to be used for surveys in New Jersey and New York for many years.
159:(1720–1783), also made instruments, and became one of the leading instrument makers in London. Sisson also employed John Bird, his co-worker under Graham, who became another leading supplier of instruments to the Royal Observatory. His brother-in-law,
514:, near the upper end of the axis, balanced by a weight on the other side. A similar arrangement is used in some telescopes today. His transit telescope used a hollow-cone design for its axis, a design adopted by later instrument makers such as
276:
accurate enough to fix the location of the parallel precisely, so a request was forwarded to the Royal
Society in London, and then to George Graham. Graham could not accept the commission due to other work, and recommended Sisson.
567:
An equatorial instrument is a device for measuring the position of a celestial object relative to a position on the earth's equator. With early designs the observer lined up sights on the object. Later instruments included a
377:, asked Sisson to prepare two substantial brass rods, well-planed and squared and each about 42 inches (1,100 mm) long, on which Graham very carefully laid off the length of the standard English yard held in the
970:
Sextants at
Greenwich:A Catalogue of the Mariner's Quadrants, Mariner's Astrolabes, Cross-staffs, Backstaffs, Octants, Sextants, Quintants, Reflecting Circles and Artificial Horizons in the National Maritime Museum,
381:. Graham also asked Sisson to prepare "2 excellent brass scales of 6 inches each, on both of which one inch is curiously divided by diagonal lines, and fine points, into 500 equal parts." These scales and other
225:(c. 1696–1748), land surveyor and civil engineer, obtained a precision level with telescopic sights from Sisson before 1734. The instrument was accurate to less than 1 inch (25 mm) in 1 mile (1.6 km).
486:
published in 1793 said that Sisson was the inventor of the modern version of that instrument, which had been incorrectly attributed to Mr. Short. Sisson made his first equatorial instrument of this design for
228:
Sisson initially built theodolites with plain sights, then made the key innovation of introducing a telescopic sight. Sisson's theodolites have some similarity to earlier instruments such as that built by
209:
was given to Sisson to repair, but he was unable to make it work. However, Sisson became renowned for his instruments for surveying, navigation, the measurement of lengths and astronomy.
397:
standard yard at a temperature of 65 °F (18 °C) it was found to be precisely the same length, while it was almost 0.007 inches (0.18 mm) longer than the
Exchequer yard.
170:
Jonathan Sisson died during the night on 13 June 1747. An old friend recording the fact in his diary described him as a man of extraordinary genius in making mathematical instruments.
147:
theodolites that he made to his own design. He became a well-known maker of optical and mathematical instruments. In 1729 Sisson was appointed mathematical instrument maker to
495:. The instrument was "very elegantly constructed", with an azimuth circle about 2 feet (0.61 m) across. Mr Short ordered Sisson's son Jeremiah to add
1304:"On the Proportions of the English and French Measures and Weights, from the Standards of the same, kept at the Royal Society. No 465, p.185. 1742"
221:(or Wye level), where a telescope rests in Y-shaped bearings and is removable. The level incorporates a bubble tube and a large magnetic compass.
1448:
178:
456:
1458:
499:
to the instruments and to use endless screws to move the circles, but this design proved inferior to
Jonathon Sisson's original.
488:
1411:
1383:
1334:
1286:
1258:
1210:
1182:
1096:
1065:
1009:
979:
245:, accurate to about 5 minutes of arc. The design of his 1737 theodolite is the basis for modern instruments of this type.
1453:
463:, the British ambassador in Rome, and of the Royal Society, Sisson was commissioned to supply a 3 feet (0.91 m)
362:
160:
373:
Sisson was well known for the exact division of his scales, for measuring lengths. In 1742 George Graham, who was a
460:
256:
was long a source of violent disputes. In 1743, it was agreed that the line would run from the west bank of the
1308:
The
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, from Their Commencement in 1665 to the Year 1800
151:. His apprentice John Dabney, junior, was an early instrument maker in the American colonies, who arrived in
120:(1673–1751), then became independent in 1722. He remained an associate of Graham and of the instrument maker
998:"Networks of Telescope Makers and the Evolution of Skill: Evidence from Observatory and Museum Collections"
430:
426:
1088:
Renaissance and
Revolution: Humanists, Scholars, Craftsmen and Natural Philosophers in Early Modern Europe
345:
made by Sisson that he took with him on his assignment as
Governor of the Dutch East Indian possession of
405:
374:
558:, who first made it work, then made crucial improvements to the design that ushered in the age of steam.
349:(1744–1750). The instrument would have had considerable value at the time. He may have acquired it via
261:
230:
148:
117:
438:
385:
and weights were exchanged in 1742 between the Royal
Society and the Royal Academy of Sciences in
350:
269:
128:
and received some funding from the state, which recognised the value of instruments both to the
253:
121:
1373:
1352:
1324:
1303:
1276:
1248:
1227:
1172:
1114:
1086:
1027:
997:
1401:
1200:
1153:
1055:
968:
483:
948:
Bedini, Silvio A. (1964). "Instruments of Metal – Pre-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers".
451:
arranged for astronomical instruments purchased from Jonathan Sisson to be installed in the
280:
The 30 inches (760 mm) radius quadrant built by Sisson was found to be accurate within
1443:
1438:
949:
850:
496:
249:
1326:
The Life of Governor Joan Gideon Loten (1710–1789): A Personal History of a Dutch Virtuoso
8:
413:
342:
318:
302:
143:, Sisson gained a reputation for making highly accurate arcs and circles, and for the
1407:
1379:
1330:
1282:
1254:
1206:
1178:
1092:
1061:
1035:
1005:
975:
464:
448:
434:
338:
273:
329:, even though weather conditions were poor, and was clearly an improvement over the
222:
144:
1132:
183:
1082:
378:
203:
156:
1057:
Drawing the Line: How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America
471:, and a 2 feet (0.61 m) portable quadrant, which were dispatched by sea to
1302:
856:
468:
442:
422:
409:
382:
265:
238:
233:, but in many ways are the same as modern devices. The base plate incorporates
136:
1432:
1039:
700:
515:
503:
393:
389:, so each society had copies of the standard measures for the other country.
361:, who was in contact with Sisson and with his Amsterdam-based brother-in-law
242:
125:
412:
by Jonathan Sisson. Brass, 1742. Classified as a Historic Monument. Used by
257:
234:
206:
113:
44:
96:(1690 – 1747) was an English instrument maker, the inventor of the modern
526:
476:
330:
322:
479:
frame of the mural quadrant were both of brass, the first of this type.
1202:
Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800): London's Leading Scientific Instrument Maker
555:
530:
511:
502:
Sisson's equatorial mounting design had first been proposed in 1741 by
475:
and installed in 1741 in the Institute's observatory. The arch and the
194:
with a compass in the base for use in aligning the instrument with the
129:
97:
358:
334:
326:
306:
199:
164:
101:
492:
346:
325:'s new design. The instrument proved reliable and easy to use in
724:
472:
297:
218:
191:
1375:
Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers. Volume 1 – 1500–1830
804:
802:
237:
and screws, so it can be leveled, and has a compass pointing to
135:
After striking out on his own in 1722 and opening a business in
1226:
862:
706:
416:
to measure the distance between the Earth and the Moon in 1751.
354:
152:
140:
59:
1002:
From Earth-Bound to Satellite: Telescopes, Skills and Networks
799:
386:
195:
787:
651:
649:
507:
1250:
Making Scientific Instruments in the Industrial Revolution
741:
739:
619:
609:
607:
605:
603:
1278:
Cosmos: An Illustrated History of Astronomy and Cosmology
1137:
Scientific Instrument Society 25th Anniversary Exhibition
901:
1152:
Hutton, Charles; Shaw, George; Pearson, Richard (1809).
925:
838:
646:
913:
763:
736:
600:
217:
Sisson designed an early type of surveyor's level, the
951:
Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers
879:
877:
661:
590:
588:
586:
584:
433:, where it was used to supplement observations at the
248:
The location of the boundary between the provinces of
967:
Bruyns, W.F.J. Mörzer; Dunn, Richard (25 June 2009).
690:
688:
673:
636:
634:
510:. The telescope was attached to one side of a square
1155:
Royal Society – Philosophical Transactions 1785-1790
889:
826:
814:
775:
751:
712:
874:
857:
On the Proportions of the English and French...1742
581:
163:, apprenticed under Sisson and then set up shop in
104:, and a leading maker of astronomical instruments.
1403:Scientific Instruments, 1500–1900: An Introduction
1112:
730:
685:
631:
290:of a degree, a very impressive level of accuracy.
1151:
1131:
868:
808:
1430:
124:(1709–1776). All three were recommended by the
1406:. University of California Press. p. 42.
554:The model Newcomen engine was later passed to
182:Sundial by Jonathan Sisson dated 1712 in the
1246:
793:
625:
425:. One of Sisson's instruments was loaned by
317:In 1732 Sisson was selected to make a brass
1113:Griffiths, Ralph; Griffiths, G. E. (1780).
1091:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
212:
1350:
1139:. Museum of the History of Science, Oxford
1085:; James, Frank A. J. L. (2 October 1997).
1081:
1034:. Reed Business Information. p. 404.
966:
907:
844:
655:
613:
1353:"An Account of the Equatorial Instrument"
1323:Raat, Alexander J. P. (1 December 2010).
1198:
931:
919:
667:
1371:
1253:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 136.
1116:The Monthly review, or, Literary journal
1025:
769:
745:
491:, and it was now held by the college at
457:Academy of Sciences of Bologna Institute
404:
368:
296:
177:
1232:The Publications of the Surtees Society
1205:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 78.
995:
679:
1431:
1399:
1158:. Printed by and for C. and R. Baldwin
1053:
947:
832:
820:
781:
757:
718:
594:
1274:
1228:"Miscellaneous Extracts from Diaries"
895:
309:is signed in the lower right corner:
56:June 13, 1747 (aged 56–57)
16:English instrument maker and inventor
1449:British scientific instrument makers
1322:
1234:. Surtees Society. 1883. p. 359
1170:
996:Clifton, Gloria (11 November 2011).
883:
694:
640:
1026:Crowther, J.G. (21 February 1963).
707:Miscellaneous Extracts from Diaries
116:around 1690. He was apprenticed to
13:
1400:Turner, Gerard L'Estrange (1980).
305:, which he patented in 1728. The
87:Invention of the modern theodolite
14:
1470:
341:, an amateur scientist, owned an
272:. There was no instrument in the
533:is named after Jonathan Sisson.
1351:Shuckburgh, Sir George (1793).
1281:. University of Chicago Press.
869:Hutton, Shaw & Pearson 1809
561:
548:
241:. The circles are read using a
1459:Astronomical instrument makers
1177:. Courier Dover Publications.
1054:Danson, Edwin (26 June 2001).
731:Griffiths & Griffiths 1780
173:
100:with a sighting telescope for
1:
536:
198:'s axis. He also constructed
1275:North, John (15 July 2008).
1247:Morrison-Low, A. D. (2007).
1174:The History of the Telescope
575:
400:
365:, also an instrument maker.
112:Jonathan Sisson was born in
7:
1028:"Newcomen's "fire machine""
974:. Oxford University Press.
375:Fellow of the Royal Society
301:A drawing by John Elton of
10:
1475:
940:
521:
149:Frederick, Prince of Wales
1199:McConnell, Anita (2007).
1060:. John Wiley & Sons.
954:. Smithsonian Institution
467:, a 3 feet (0.91 m)
439:Nicolas Louis de Lacaille
107:
83:
75:
67:
52:
30:
23:
1454:People from Lincolnshire
1372:Skempton, A. W. (2002).
541:
213:Surveying and navigation
1329:. Uitgeverij Verloren.
1171:King, Henry C. (1955).
1133:"Gun-Barrel Theodolite"
351:Gerard Arnout Hasselaer
270:Matamoras, Pennsylvania
155:in 1739. Sisson's son,
132:and to merchant ships.
1004:. BRILL. p. 131.
908:Field & James 1997
845:Bruyns & Dunn 2009
614:Bruyns & Dunn 2009
484:equatorial instruments
417:
314:
187:
1359:. F. and C. Rivington
809:Gun-Barrel Theodolite
497:reflecting telescopes
408:
369:Measurement of length
300:
190:Sisson made portable
181:
489:Archibald, Lord Ilay
313:(made by J. Sisson).
262:forty-first parallel
1310:. 1809. p. 605
459:. With the help of
455:observatory of the
264:to the bend of the
186:, Hannover, Germany
1378:. Thomas Telford.
1357:The British Critic
1119:. s.n. p. 498
418:
315:
188:
1413:978-0-520-21728-7
1385:978-0-7277-2939-2
1336:978-90-8704-151-9
1288:978-0-226-59441-5
1260:978-0-7546-5758-3
1212:978-0-7546-6136-8
1184:978-0-486-43265-6
1098:978-0-521-62754-2
1067:978-0-471-43704-8
1011:978-90-04-21150-6
981:978-0-19-160890-2
794:Morrison-Low 2007
626:Morrison-Low 2007
465:transit telescope
449:Pope Benedict XIV
435:Cape of Good Hope
339:Joan Gideon Loten
274:Thirteen Colonies
268:opposite today's
91:
90:
1466:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1368:
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1364:
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1128:
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1050:
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990:
988:
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961:
959:
935:
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923:
917:
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905:
899:
893:
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854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
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812:
806:
797:
791:
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779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
734:
728:
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710:
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683:
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659:
653:
644:
638:
629:
623:
617:
611:
598:
592:
569:
565:
559:
552:
482:A discussion of
427:Pierre Lemonnier
303:Elton's quadrant
289:
288:
284:
223:John Grundy, Sr.
79:Instrument maker
41:
39:
21:
20:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
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1465:
1464:
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1429:
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1418:
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1414:
1390:
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1293:
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1237:
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1217:
1215:
1213:
1189:
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1161:
1159:
1142:
1140:
1122:
1120:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1044:
1042:
1016:
1014:
1012:
986:
984:
982:
957:
955:
943:
938:
930:
926:
918:
914:
906:
902:
894:
890:
882:
875:
867:
863:
855:
851:
843:
839:
831:
827:
819:
815:
807:
800:
792:
788:
780:
776:
768:
764:
756:
752:
744:
737:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
701:
693:
686:
678:
674:
666:
662:
656:Shuckburgh 1793
654:
647:
639:
632:
624:
620:
612:
601:
593:
582:
578:
573:
572:
566:
562:
553:
549:
544:
539:
524:
403:
383:standard scales
379:Tower of London
371:
286:
282:
281:
215:
176:
157:Jeremiah Sisson
110:
94:Jonathan Sisson
63:
57:
48:
42:
37:
35:
26:
25:Jonathan Sisson
17:
12:
11:
5:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1426:
1425:
1412:
1397:
1384:
1369:
1348:
1335:
1320:
1300:
1287:
1272:
1259:
1244:
1224:
1211:
1196:
1183:
1168:
1149:
1129:
1110:
1097:
1079:
1066:
1051:
1023:
1010:
993:
980:
964:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:
934:, p. 131.
932:McConnell 2007
924:
920:McConnell 2007
912:
910:, p. 231.
900:
898:, p. 434.
888:
886:, p. 115.
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
813:
798:
796:, p. 262.
786:
774:
772:, p. 276.
762:
750:
748:, p. 404.
735:
733:, p. 498.
723:
711:
709:, p. 359.
699:
697:, p. 161.
684:
682:, p. 131.
672:
668:McConnell 2007
660:
658:, p. 188.
645:
643:, p. 114.
630:
628:, p. 136.
618:
599:
579:
577:
574:
571:
570:
560:
546:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
523:
520:
469:mural quadrant
443:lunar parallax
431:Berlin Academy
423:mural quadrant
414:Jérôme Lalande
410:Mural quadrant
402:
399:
370:
367:
363:Benjamin Ayres
311:fecit J.Sisson
266:Delaware River
239:magnetic north
231:Leonard Digges
214:
211:
175:
172:
161:Benjamin Ayres
109:
106:
89:
88:
85:
84:Known for
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
58:
54:
50:
49:
43:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1471:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1387:
1381:
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1370:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:New Scientist
1029:
1024:
1013:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
983:
977:
973:
972:
965:
953:
952:
946:
945:
933:
928:
922:, p. 78.
921:
916:
909:
904:
897:
892:
885:
880:
878:
871:, p. 25.
870:
865:
858:
853:
847:, p. 79.
846:
841:
835:, p. 42.
834:
829:
823:, p. 41.
822:
817:
810:
805:
803:
795:
790:
784:, p. 42.
783:
778:
771:
770:Skempton 2002
766:
760:, p. 41.
759:
754:
747:
746:Crowther 1963
742:
740:
732:
727:
721:, p. 20.
720:
715:
708:
703:
696:
691:
689:
681:
676:
670:, p. 14.
669:
664:
657:
652:
650:
642:
637:
635:
627:
622:
616:, p. 97.
615:
610:
608:
606:
604:
597:, p. 27.
596:
591:
589:
587:
585:
580:
564:
557:
551:
547:
534:
532:
528:
519:
518:(1735–1800).
517:
516:Jesse Ramsden
513:
509:
505:
504:Henry Hindley
500:
498:
494:
490:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:Thomas Derham
458:
454:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
415:
411:
407:
398:
395:
394:Royal Society
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
312:
308:
304:
299:
295:
291:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
243:vernier scale
240:
236:
235:spirit levels
232:
226:
224:
220:
210:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
184:Großer Garten
180:
171:
168:
166:
162:
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1439:1690 births
833:Danson 2001
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782:Turner 1980
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719:Turner 1980
595:Bedini 1964
527:Sisson Rock
477:latticework
331:cross-staff
323:John Hadley
174:Instruments
68:Nationality
1433:Categories
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958:18 January
896:North 2008
568:telescope.
556:James Watt
537:References
531:Antarctica
512:polar axis
327:sea trials
254:New Jersey
202:. A model
200:barometers
145:altazimuth
137:the Strand
130:Royal Navy
98:theodolite
76:Occupation
1040:0262-4079
971:Greenwich
884:King 1955
695:Raat 2010
641:King 1955
576:Citations
401:Astronomy
359:Amsterdam
335:backstaff
307:backstaff
167:in 1743.
165:Amsterdam
122:John Bird
102:surveying
62:, England
47:, England
493:Aberdeen
347:Makassar
250:New York
204:Newcomen
192:sundials
941:Sources
522:Honours
473:Leghorn
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108:Career
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196:Earth
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