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The
International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists defines joint mobilization as "a manual therapy technique comprising a continuum of skilled passive movements that are applied at varying speeds and amplitudes to joints, muscles or nerves with the intent to restore optimal
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Grade II – Relatively large amplitude, rhythmically oscillating joint glide that carries well into the available arthrokinematic joint play. Activates Type II mechanoreceptors that inhibit nociception and provide information about joint acceleration. They also have a low threshold and respond to a
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Grade I – Low amplitude, rhythmically oscillating joint glide near the resting position of the available arthrokinematic joint play. Activates Type I mechanoreceptors that inhibit nociception and provide information regarding joint position. They have a low threshold and respond to a few grams of
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The APTA Guide to
Physical Therapist Practice defines mobilization/manipulation as "a manual therapy technique comprised of a continuum of skilled passive movements that are applied at varying speeds and amplitudes, including a small amplitude/high velocity therapeutic movement."
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intervention, a type of straight-lined, passive movement of a skeletal joint that addresses arthrokinematic joint motion (joint gliding) rather than osteokinematic joint motion. It is usually aimed at a 'target'
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Activates Golgi tendon organ-like endings that inhibit muscle tone and monitor the direction of joint motion. They have a higher threshold and respond to forces on the order of kilograms –
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of the target joint during the procedure. They are generally divided into five grades. The different grades of manipulation are known to produce selective activation of different
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effect. These techniques are used by a variety of health care professionals with specific training in manual therapy assessment and treatment techniques.
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Joint mobilization is classified by the
Australian physiotherapist Geoffrey Douglas Maitland into five 'grades' of motion, each of which describes the
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Grade III – Relatively large amplitude, rhythmically oscillating joint glide that carries to the end of the available arthrokinematic joint play.
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Grade V – This grade refers to the use of a single high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust performed at the end of the available joint play.
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Grade IV – Low amplitude, rhythmically oscillating joint glide that is performed at the end of the available arthrokinematic joint play.
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Guide to
Physical Therapist Practice 3.0. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association; 2014.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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International
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Activates mechanoreceptors in the superficial layer of the joint capsule –
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Activates mechanoreceptors in the deep layer of the joint capsule –
204:"Educational Standards In Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy"
251:2nd ed. Butterworths, London, 1977. Maitland, G.D.
144:Designed to physically stretch the joint capsule.
134:Designed to physically stretch the joint capsule.
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184:Passive physiological intervertebral movements
16:Type of passive movement of a skeletal joint
179:Passive accessory intervertebral movements
75:motion, function, and/or to reduce pain."
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249:Peripheral Manipulation
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