28:
56:, a general and war strategist, on the basis of rumours. Although often depicted as the chief who initiated an armed resistance in the North in 1898, late 20th-century sources suggest he was unfairly identified by the colonial government as a primary instigator, with the government's hostile actions provoking the war. Later that year, resistance arose in the south by the leading
104:) sufficient time to harvest their crops. In response to the tax, 24 chiefs signed a petition addressed to Cardew, explaining the negative effects it was having on their societies and requesting that he rescind the tax; as noted by historian Arthur Abraham, many chiefs perceived the tax as an attack on their sovereignty.
95:
The tax immediately proved unpopular in Sierra Leone, as it was beyond the financial means of many of the colony's inhabitants. Another factor which provoked anti-colonial anger was the government's decision to tax unoccupied dwellings. Cardew also demanded that all chiefs in Sierra Leone implement a
269:
and an unknown number of casualties among the levies (which were not recorded). The defeat in the Hut Tax War ended large-scale organised armed opposition to colonialism in Sierra Leone. But resistance and opposition took other forms, particularly intermittent, wide-scale rioting and chaotic labour
47:
of 1884–1885. The tax constituted a major burden on residents of the
Protectorate; 24 indigenous chiefs had signed a petition against it, explaining its adverse effects on their societies, to no avail. The immediate catalyst for hostilities was an attempt by British colonial officials to arrest the
179:
policy in response, which stipulated that villages and farmlands in rebel-controlled territory would be burnt. This new policy severely impacted Bureh's war effort, sharply reducing the amount of provisions available to feed his rebels. Eventually, Cardew's scorched earth policy led to Bureh
168:. During the initial stages of the rebellion, Bureh's rebels were able to fight the British colonial forces to a standstill, with high casualties on both sides. The rebels also engaged in attacks on anyone suspected of collaborating with the British, murdering several including Creole trader
132:
issued by the colonial government, which was intended to serve as a show of force to preemptively discourage any potential rebellion. In
February 1898, Bureh initiated the revolt, launching attacks on British colonial officials and
232:
J. W. A. Marshall's command to attack the rebels, which managed to defeat most of them after numerous small-scale skirmishes. Most of the ninety-six rebels executed by hanging for murder nine months after the rebellion were Mende.
228:) who also opposed the hut tax. The rebels attacked colonial officials and Creole merchants, killing between 300 and 500 over the course of the rebellion. Cardew responded to the rebellion by dispatching a military force under
208:. In 1905, Bureh was allowed by the British to return to Sierra Leone, where he reassumed his chieftaincy at the settlement of Kasseh. Bureh later gave an oral account of his experiences during the rebellion to
175:
Cardew responded to the rebellion by dispatching all the forces available to him to attack the rebels. However, after several months, the rebels still had not been defeated, which led him to order a
500:
265:, the Sierra Leone Frontier Police and local African levies. These forces combined suffered 67 killed and 184 wounded during the rebellion, in addition to the deaths of 90 African
43:
to a new tax imposed by the colonial governor. The
British had established the Protectorate to demonstrate their dominion over the territory to other European powers following the
112:
In the same year as the tax was introduced by Cardew, two rebellions against
British colonial rule broke out in the hinterlands of Sierra Leone. One was led by 61-year old
137:
merchants with his rebels. Despite the ongoing rebellion, Bureh dispatched two peace overtures to the
British in April and June of that year, aided by the mediation of
180:
abandoning the rebellion, surrendering to the
British colonial government on 11 November 1898; the rebellion had lasted for approximately nine months. Despite
703:
351:
142:
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92:; the owner of a four-roomed hut was to be taxed ten shillings annually, while those with smaller huts would pay five shillings instead.
125:
17:
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200:. Nine months after the rebellion, the colonial government convicted and executed ninety-six rebels which had been found guilty of
189:
88:
on 1 January 1898, which stipulated that all residents of the colony would pay a tax to the government based on the size of their
510:
Despatches of
Frederic Cardew, Governor; and Colonel Edward Woodgate, commanding troops, on the 1898 operations in Sierra Leone.
708:
698:
1151:
943:
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rebels in open revolt in the northeast of the colony. The other rebellion was in the southeast, and was led by Mende chief
81:
40:
1110:
570:
229:
161:
933:
388:
in
Protest and Power in Black Africa, ed. Robert I. Rotberg and Ali A. Mazrui (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970)
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488:
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262:
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181:
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and Suluku, both of whom dispatched warriors and weaponry to Bureh's rebels, who were engaged in fighting against
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285:
882:
503:
Civil War and
Democracy in West Africa: Conflict Resolution, Elections and Justice in Sierra Leone and Liberia
288:
Civil War and
Democracy in West Africa: Conflict Resolution, Elections and Justice in Sierra Leone and Liberia
1284:
653:
462:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1966, p. 60. Also pp. 106, 107, 110, 111, 186–88 on other riots and strikes.
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530:
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197:
169:
138:
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disturbances. Riots in 1955 and 1956 involved "many tens of thousands" of natives in the protectorate.
220:
Occurring concurrently with the rebellion in the north, another uprising broke out, led by disaffected
134:
100:
to maintain the colony's infrastructure, which did not give most of the colonial population (who were
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835:
165:
1304:
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Allen Elba, who sent an account to Cardew, although historians have often ignored this material.
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250:
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Political Change in a West African State: A Study of the Modernization Process in Sierra Leone
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145:. Cardew rejected both offers, as Bureh would not agree to surrender unconditionally.
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44:
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chiefs and warriors from the Sierra Leonean hinterland (joined by a small number of
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612:
325:
266:
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For the British, the rebellion had been one of their larger colonial campaigns in
892:
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683:
369:
Educating Africans for Inferiority under British Rule: Bo School in Sierra Leone.
77:
148:
Bureh quickly gained the support of several prominent African chiefs, including
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recommending leniency to Bureh, Cardew had him (along with fellow rebels
121:
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371:
Comparative Education Review, vol. 34, no. 3, 1990, pp. 314–49. JSTOR,
316:
Abraham, Arthur (1974). "Bai Bureh, The British, and the Hut Tax War".
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372:
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205:
157:
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31:
Bai Bureh, leader of the Temne rebellion, under arrest in 1898.
164:
who had previously been engaged in enforcing the tax with the
738:
193:
414:(Freetown: Sierra Leone University Press, 1978), pp. 114-69.
257:, British colonial forces consisted of detachments from the
423:
89:
324:(1). Boston University African Studies Center: 99–106.
318:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
386:
Bai Bureh and the Sierra Leone Hut Tax War of 1898,
704:National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee
412:Mende Government and Politics under Colonial Rule
1271:
531:
512:London Gazette, 29 December 1899, pp 8650–54.
428:. p. 170. Published Spink, London. 1988.
352:"In Foreign Lands: The Sierra Leone Massacre"
561:Conscientious objection to military taxation
172:, who was hacked to death by rebel forces.
777:The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest
538:
524:
566:List of historical acts of tax resistance
311:
309:
307:
305:
303:
301:
299:
297:
438:
26:
475:BBC News: The Story of Africa: Tax Wars
315:
279:
14:
1272:
709:Northern California War Tax Resistance
699:National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund
294:
39:was a resistance in the newly annexed
1152:Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes
944:Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)
519:
417:
128:. Bureh was provoked to revolt by an
120:, who led a mixed force of Tenme and
107:
949:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
669:Association of Real Estate Taxpayers
659:All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation
571:Tax resistance in the United States
373:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1187988
68:The rebellion was sparked by a new
24:
934:No taxation without representation
545:
494:
384:LaRay Denzer and Michael Crowder,
84:'s expenses, Cardew implemented a
25:
1316:
1290:African resistance to colonialism
1132:Anti-austerity movement in Greece
448:. 29 December 1899. p. 8653.
1142:Edward and Elaine Brown standoff
1111:Women's poll tax repeal movement
679:Committee for Non-Violent Action
424:Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin.
452:
215:
1192:Potentially dangerous taxpayer
432:
404:
391:
378:
361:
344:
13:
1:
734:Women's Tax Resistance League
468:
63:
1243:history in the United States
236:
182:British government officials
166:Sierra Leone Frontier Police
41:Protectorate of Sierra Leone
7:
883:Revolt of the papier timbré
82:British colonial government
18:John Taylor (Creole trader)
10:
1321:
694:Irish National Land League
654:Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera
426:British Battles and Medals
291:, I.B. Tauris, 2012, p. 40
1179:
1124:
1033:
967:
908:
888:Revolt of the va-nu-pieds
870:
844:
836:Cornish Rebellion of 1497
828:
802:
793:
747:
641:
585:
553:
481:A History of Sierra Leone
483:(1962), Gregg Revivals,
375:. Accessed 10 Jul. 2022.
273:
74:governor of Sierra Leone
1162:Movimiento Pos Me Salto
399:History of Sierra Leone
80:. In order to fund the
1091:Poplar Rates Rebellion
939:Philadelphia Tea Party
32:
1167:Yellow vests protests
1157:Movimento Passe Livre
1137:Anti-Bin Tax Campaign
959:White Lotus Rebellion
862:Revolt of the Pitauds
633:Unreported employment
577:List of tax resisters
253:and a 280-man strong
162:district commissioner
30:
1285:1898 in Sierra Leone
1187:Income tax threshold
1066:Champaran Satyagraha
756:An Act of Conscience
689:I Don't Pay Movement
664:Anti-Poll Tax Unions
263:West Africa Regiment
259:West India Regiments
1300:Hut Tax War of 1898
1295:British West Africa
1254:Taxation as slavery
1215:Redemption movement
1211:Freeman on the land
1061:Bondelswarts affair
1025:Wallachian uprising
1015:Tancament de Caixes
990:Hut Tax War of 1898
852:Croquant rebellions
506:, I.B. Tauris, 2012
261:, the newly-formed
102:subsistence farmers
37:Hut Tax War of 1898
1197:Render unto Caesar
1051:Bardoli Satyagraha
1046:Bambatha Rebellion
763:Civil Disobedience
674:Catalunya Diu Prou
479:Christopher Fyfe,
445:The London Gazette
367:Corby, Richard A.
230:Lieutenant-Colonel
108:Bai Bureh's revolt
72:introduced by the
33:
1267:
1266:
1259:Taxation as theft
1230:Tax noncompliance
1207:Sovereign citizen
1175:
1174:
1010:Saminism Movement
954:Whiskey Rebellion
921:Fries's Rebellion
45:Berlin Conference
16:(Redirected from
1312:
1106:Vedaranyam March
1071:Kheda Satyagraha
985:House Tax Hartal
916:Boston Tea Party
820:Peasants' Revolt
800:
799:
784:Vyborg Manifesto
613:Self-sufficiency
540:
533:
526:
517:
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458:Martin Killson,
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410:Arthur Abraham,
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160:W. S. Sharpe, a
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495:Further reading
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70:taxation policy
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358:(29 May 1898).
356:New York Times
350:Edward Breck,
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330:10.2307/216556
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286:David Harris,
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177:scorched earth
130:arrest warrant
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623:Tax avoidance
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252:
251:support units
249:. Apart from
248:
247:Victorian era
244:
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170:Johnny Taylor
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143:Almamy Suluku
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19:
1202:Irwin Schiff
1081:Mau movement
1076:Johnson cult
1000:Mejba Revolt
989:
926:
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598:Gift economy
502:
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216:Mende revolt
192:) sent into
174:
147:
111:
94:
67:
36:
34:
1116:Women's War
1056:Beit Sahour
980:Dog Tax War
857:Rappenkrieg
724:Peacemakers
628:Tax evasion
440:"No. 27149"
245:during the
243:West Africa
186:Kpana Lewis
1274:Categories
1101:Salt March
796:by century
649:Addiopizzo
469:References
198:Gold Coast
96:system of
76:, Colonel
64:Background
1239:arguments
1220:Tax haven
1096:Turra Coo
1020:Tithe War
901:in Moscow
899:Salt Riot
794:Campaigns
729:Planka.nu
608:Rebellion
237:Aftermath
154:Kai Londo
126:Momoh Jah
118:Bai Bureh
54:Bai Bureh
1249:Tax riot
1041:Agbekoya
895:in Spain
878:Angelets
815:Harelle
586:Methods
267:porters
226:Sherbro
206:hanging
196:in the
158:Captain
86:hut tax
929:affair
927:Gaspee
593:Barter
554:Topics
487:
397:Fyfe,
338:216556
336:
202:murder
190:Nyagua
152:chief
141:chief
135:Creole
116:chief
98:corvée
52:chief
748:Media
739:Zuism
334:JSTOR
274:Notes
222:Mende
194:exile
150:Kissi
139:Limba
114:Temne
58:Mende
50:Temne
1125:21st
1034:20th
968:19th
909:18th
871:17th
845:16th
829:15th
803:14th
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