463:) was created to administer the Service. Woodworth began his service in the position on March 29, 1871, and he moved quickly to reform the system. He adopted a military model for his medical staff, instituting examinations for applicants instead of appointing physicians on the recommendation of the local Collector of Customs. Physicians, whom Woodworth placed in uniforms, were no longer appointed to serve in a particular facility, but appointed to the general Service. In this way, Woodworth created a cadre of mobile, career service physicians who could be assigned and moved as needed to the various marine hospitals. The uniformed services component of the Marine Hospital Service was formalized as the
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and financed through a monthly deduction from the wages of the seamen. Medical care was provided through contracts with existing hospitals and, increasingly as time went on, through the construction of new hospitals for this purpose. The earliest marine hospitals were located along the
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From the time of his appointment, Woodworth envisioned broader responsibilities for the Marine
Hospital Service, well beyond the care of merchant seamen. In 1873, his title was changed to Supervising Surgeon General. He issued publications on
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Woodworth also designed the seal of the
Service, which he first used on a publication that he authored in 1874 on Nomenclature of Diseases. The seal consisted of a fouled anchor, to represent the seamen cared for by the Service, and the
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authority on the Marine
Hospital Service, initiating a process whereby over the next half a century the Service progressively took over quarantine functions from the states. The Act also authorized the publication of
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of
Mercury. The latter symbol was particularly appropriate since it served as a symbol of commerce (which could represent the merchant marine) but was also used by the
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in
American ports, which was expanded to include military and others who made their living associated with seagoing. The marine hospital fund was administered by the
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Woodworth was one of the organizers of the
Chicago Academy of Science and in 1858 became curator of its museum. In this capacity, he made several trips west of the
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In 1872, Woodworth initiated the publication of annual reports of the Marine
Hospital Service. That same year he also served as one of the founders of the
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commissioned an extensive study of the marine hospitals, and the resulting critical report led to the passage of reform legislation in the following year.
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forces occupied the hospitals for their own use, and in 1864 only 8 of the 27 hospitals listed before the war were operational. In 1869, the
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as its symbol. With minor changes in design, this device has remained the seal of the Public Health
Service to the present day.
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Woodworth remained in the position of
Supervising Surgeon General until his death in Washington, DC, on March 14, 1879.
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The 1870 reorganization converted the loose network of locally controlled hospitals into a centrally controlled
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being the site of the first such facility, but later they were also established along inland waterways, the
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Almost immediately upon graduating from medical school, Woodworth was appointed
Assistant Surgeon in the
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over the next few years. He then decided to embark on medical studies, and graduated from the
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After the war, Woodworth became a companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the
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232:(August 15, 1837 – March 14, 1879) was an American physician and member of the
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to collect natural history specimens. He was appointed naturalist by the
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In 1871, Woodworth was appointed the first Supervising Surgeon of the
236:. He served as the first Supervising-Surgeon General under president
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574:"Office of the Surgeon General: John Maynard Woodworth (1871-1879)"
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576:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
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by legislation enacted in 1889 under Woodworth's successor,
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Surgeon General of the United States Marine Hospital Service
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369:. He was also appointed Surgeon of the Soldier's home of
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The marine hospitals hardly constituted a system in the
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Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
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Office of Public Health and Science (4 January 2007).
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365:. In 1866, he became demonstrator in anatomy at the
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396:The 1798 law created a fund to be used by the
323:and eventually became Medical Director of the
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547:Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.).
394:"for the relief of sick and disabled seamen."
19:For the New York State Attorney General, see
562:. Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.
459:The position of Supervising Surgeon (later
299:. Woodworth also spent time working at the
295:in 1859 and asked to establish a museum of
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505:(the forerunner of the Service's journal
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
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389:. The Service had its origins in a 1798
125:March 29, 1871 – March 14, 1879
39:This article includes a list of general
446:United States Secretary of the Treasury
398:Federal Government of the United States
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862:Surgeons General of the United States
623:Surgeons General of the United States
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268:, where Woodworth attended school in
113:Surgeon General of the United States
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872:Feinberg School of Medicine alumni
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476:American Public Health Association
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339:without the loss of a single man.
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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882:Marine Hospital Service personnel
327:. Woodworth served under General
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877:People from Big Flats, New York
550:"Woodworth, John Maynard"
492:National Quarantine Act of 1878
411:East Coast of the United States
400:to provide medical services to
502:Bulletins of the Public Health
373:and Sanitary Inspector of the
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867:University of Chicago alumni
557:American Medical Biographies
353:, Woodworth spent a year in
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264:. His family soon moved to
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852:Woodworth political family
333:Sherman's March to the Sea
319:. He was soon promoted to
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248:Early life and education
453:Marine Hospital Service
387:Marine Hospital Service
375:Chicago Board of Health
367:Chicago Medical College
305:Chicago Medical College
301:Smithsonian Institution
60:more precise citations.
21:John Woodworth (lawyer)
252:Woodworth was born at
230:John Maynard Woodworth
92:John Maynard Woodworth
513:Public Health Service
508:Public Health Reports
494:. This Act conferred
325:Army of the Tennessee
293:University of Chicago
278:University of Chicago
580:on 16 September 2008
150:Position established
857:Union Army surgeons
406:Treasury Department
377:in that same year.
244:from 1871 to 1879.
190:Big Flats, New York
138:Rutherford B. Hayes
525:Army Medical Corps
465:Commissioned Corps
240:, then changed to
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207:Washington, D.C.
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172:Personal details
162:John B. Hamilton
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66:February 2013
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582:. Retrieved
578:the original
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488:yellow fever
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284:for a time.
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202:(1879-03-14)
157:Succeeded by
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120:
72:
63:
44:
847:1879 deaths
842:1837 births
801:Trent-Adams
442:Confederate
419:Great Lakes
270:Warrenville
145:Preceded by
58:introducing
836:Categories
584:2008-01-17
534:References
496:quarantine
423:Gulf Coast
421:, and the
331:, and on "
317:Union Army
282:pharmacist
218:Republican
183:1837-08-15
41:references
767:Moritsugu
756:Moritsugu
684:Steinfeld
634:Woodworth
351:Civil War
307:in 1862.
254:Big Flats
130:President
121:In office
803:(acting)
792:(acting)
790:Lushniak
785:Benjamin
781:(acting)
775:(acting)
769:(acting)
758:(acting)
747:(acting)
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719:(acting)
708:(acting)
702:(acting)
695:Richmond
691:(acting)
639:Hamilton
521:caduceus
337:Savannah
274:pharmacy
266:Illinois
262:New York
111:1st
762:Carmona
751:Satcher
745:Clinton
728:Whitney
723:Novello
689:Ehrlich
679:Stewart
664:Scheele
654:Cumming
484:cholera
413:, with
371:Chicago
321:Surgeon
276:at the
54:improve
812:Murthy
796:Murthy
779:Weaver
773:Galson
739:Manley
734:Elders
706:Brandt
700:Greene
669:Burney
659:Parran
559:
415:Boston
363:Vienna
359:Berlin
355:Europe
311:Career
209:, U.S.
192:, U.S.
43:, but
807:Adams
717:Mason
674:Terry
644:Wyman
438:Union
712:Koop
649:Blue
486:and
440:and
425:and
361:and
197:Died
177:Born
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260:,
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
