6308:
2226:, alternates parts in which Lincoln is at center with discussions of contextual matters, such as legislative events or battles. The first serial installment, published in November 1886, received positive reviews. When the ten-volume set emerged in 1890, it was not sold in bookstores, but instead door-to-door, then a common practice. Despite a price of $ 50, and the fact that a good part of the work had been serialized, five thousand copies were quickly sold. The books helped forge the modern view of Lincoln as great war leader, against competing narratives that gave more credit to subordinates such as Seward. According to historian Joshua Zeitz, "it is easy to forget how widely underrated Lincoln the president and Lincoln the man were at the time of his death and how successful Hay and Nicolay were in elevating his place in the nation's collective historical memory."
1414:
papers, dated
December 26 (most likely 1896) reveals the former's suggestion that McKinley tell Reid that the editor's friends had insisted that Reid not endanger his health through office, especially in London's smoggy climes. The following month, in a letter, Hay set forth his own case for the ambassadorship, and urged McKinley to act quickly, as suitable accommodations in London would be difficult to secure. Hay gained his object (as did Hanna), and shifted his focus to appeasing Reid. Taliaferro states that Reid never blamed Hay, but Kushner and Sherrill recorded, "Reid was certain that he had been wronged" by Hay, and the announcement of Hay's appointment nearly ended their 26-year friendship.
2156:
1886:
commission was to be composed of "impartial jurists" and the
British and Canadians duly appointed notable judges. Roosevelt appointed politicians, including Secretary Root and Senator Lodge. Although Hay was supportive of the President's choices in public, in private he protested loudly to Roosevelt, complained by letter to his friends, and offered his resignation. Roosevelt declined it, but the incident confirmed him in his belief that Hay was too much of an Anglophile to be trusted where Britain was concerned. The American position on the boundary dispute was imposed on Canada by a 4–2 vote, with the one English judge joining the three Americans.
1770:(between the United States and Britain) forbade the United States from building a Central American canal that it exclusively controlled, and Hay, from early in his tenure, sought the removal of this restriction. But the Canadians, for whose foreign policy Britain was still available, saw the canal matter as their greatest leverage to get other disputes resolved in their favor, persuaded Salisbury not to resolve it independently. Shortly before Hay took office, Britain and the U.S. agreed to establish a Joint High Commission to adjudicate unsettled matters, which met in late 1898 but made slow progress, especially on the Canada-Alaska boundary.
1663:
July 3, 1900, suspecting that the powers were quietly making private arrangements to divide up China. Communication between the foreign legations and the outside world had been cut off, and the personnel there were falsely presumed slaughtered, but Hay realized that
Minister Wu could get a message in, and Hay was able to establish communication. Hay suggested to the Chinese government that it now cooperate for its own good. When the foreign relief force, principally Japanese but including 2,000 Americans, relieved the legations and sacked Peking, China was made to pay a huge indemnity but there was no cession of land.
1278:
6503:
1100:
1521:. One of McKinley's Canton cronies, with little experience of statecraft, Day was never intended as more than a temporary wartime replacement. With America about to splash her flag across the Pacific, McKinley needed a secretary with stronger credentials. On August 14, 1898, Hay received a telegram from McKinley that Day would head the American delegation to the peace talks with Spain, and that Hay would be the new Secretary of State. After some indecision, Hay, who did not think he could decline and still remain as ambassador, accepted. British response to Hay's promotion was generally positive, and
791:
1543:
8019:
7294:
51:
1890:
1732:
729:
1931:
664:
about "the story of
Lincoln's offhand appointment of Hay" as fitting well into Hay's self-image of never having been an office-seeker, but "poorly into the realities of Springfield politics of the 1860s"—Hay must have expected some reward for handling Lincoln's correspondence for months. Hay biographer John Taliaferro suggests that Lincoln engaged Nicolay and Hay to assist him, rather than more seasoned men, both "out of loyalty and surely because of the competence and compatibility that his two young aides had demonstrated". Historian
557:
1650:, did not learn of it until he read of it in the newspapers. Among those in China who opposed Western influence there was a movement in Shantung Province, in the north, that became known as the Fists of Righteous Harmony, or Boxers, after the martial arts they practiced. The Boxers were especially angered by missionaries and their converts. As late as June 1900, Rockhill dismissed the Boxers, contending that they would soon disband. By the middle of that month, the Boxers, joined by imperial troops, had cut the railroad between
2235:
2206:
1874 formally agreed to let Hay and
Nicolay use his father's papers; by 1875, they were engaged in research. Hay and Nicolay enjoyed exclusive access to Lincoln's papers, which were not opened to other researchers until 1947. They gathered documents written by others, as well as many of the Civil War books already being published. They at rare times relied on memory, such as Nicolay's recollection of the moment at the 1860 Republican convention when Lincoln was nominated, but for much of the rest relied on research.
875:, who had often discussed personal and political matters with him, and the close relationship between the two men was so well known that office-seekers cultivated Hay as a means of getting to Seward. The two men were also motivated to find new jobs by their deteriorating relationship with Mary Lincoln, who sought their ouster, and by Nicolay's desire to wed his intended—he could not bring a bride to his shared room at the White House. They remained at the White House pending the arrival and training of replacements.
1392:
1482:: McKinley had promised silver-leaning Republicans to seek an international agreement varying the price ratio between silver and gold to allow for free coinage of silver, and Hay was instructed to seek British participation. The British would only join if the Indian colonial government (on a silver standard until 1893) was willing; this did not occur, and coupled with an improving economic situation that decreased support for bimetallism in the United States, no agreement was reached.
6170:
2292:
2269:
1946:, its chair, read the first sentence of the cable—and only the first sentence—to the convention, electrifying what had been a humdrum coronation of Roosevelt. "The results were perfect. This was the fighting Teddy that America loved, and his frenzied supporters—and American chauvinists everywhere—roared in delight." In fact, by then the sultan had already agreed to the demands, and Perdicaris was released. What was seen as tough talk boosted Roosevelt's election chances.
1466:
these points, "The great body of people in the United States and
England are friends ... that intense respect and reverence for order, liberty, and law which is so profound a sentiment in both countries". Although Hay was not successful in resolving specific controversies in his year and a third as ambassador, both he and British policymakers regarded his tenure as a success, because of the advancement of good feelings and cooperation between the two nations.
1597:-for use as military bases or trading centers. Within those jurisdictions, the nation in possession often gave preference to its own citizens in trade or in developing infrastructure such as railroads. Although the United States did not claim any parts of China, a third of the China trade was carried in American ships, and having an outpost near there was a major factor in deciding to retain the former Spanish colony of the Philippines in the Treaty of Paris.
368:
1624:, a British Member of Parliament who gave a number of speeches to American businessmen, met with McKinley and Hay, and in a letter to the secretary stated that "it is imperative for American interests as well as our own that the policy of the 'open door' should be maintained". Assuring that all would play on an even playing field in China would give the foreign powers little incentive to dismember the Chinese Empire through territorial acquisition.
8031:
1917:
Carolina, and had accepted Greek naturalization, a fact not generally known until years later, but that decreased
Roosevelt's appetite for military action. The sultan was ineffective in dealing with the incident, and Roosevelt considered seizing the Tangier waterfront, source of much of Abdelaziz's income, as a means of motivating him. With Raisuli's demands escalating, Hay, with Roosevelt's approval, finally cabled the consul-general in Tangier,
852:, to meet with them and bring them to Washington. Greeley reported to Lincoln that the emissaries lacked accreditation by Davis, but were confident they could bring both sides together. Lincoln sent Hay to Ontario with what became known as the Niagara Manifesto: that if the South laid down its arms, freed the slaves, and reentered the Union, it could expect liberal terms on other points. The Southerners refused to come to Washington to negotiate.
1274:. The debts were beyond the governor's means to pay, and the possibility of insolvency threatened McKinley's promising political career. Hay was among those Hanna called upon to contribute, buying up $ 3,000 of the debt of over $ 100,000. Although others paid more, "Hay's checks were two of the first, and his touch was more personal, a kindness McKinley never forgot". The governor wrote, "How can I ever repay you & other dear friends?"
915:. The workload was not heavy, and Hay found time to enjoy the pleasures of Paris. When Bigelow resigned in mid-1866, Hay, as was customary, submitted his resignation, though he was asked to remain until Bigelow's successor was in place, and stayed until January 1867. He consulted with Secretary of State Seward, asking him for "anything worth having". Seward suggested the post of Minister to Sweden, but reckoned without the new president,
688:
6327:
2320:
1807:, who still had exclusive rights to the Panama route, lowered their price. Beginning in early 1902, President Roosevelt became a backer of the latter route, and Congress passed legislation for it, if it could be secured within a reasonable time. In June, Roosevelt told Hay to take personal charge of the negotiations with Colombia. Later that year, Hay began talks with Colombia's acting minister in Washington,
1877:, he persuaded the aging and infirm Hay to campaign for him, and Hay gave a speech linking the administration's policies with those of Lincoln: "there is not a principle avowed by the Republican party to-day which is out of harmony with his teaching or inconsistent with his character." Kushner and Sherrill suggested that the differences between Hay and Roosevelt were more style than ideological substance.
1628:
subsequently summarized the thinking of
Hippisley and others, that there should be "an open market through China for our trade on terms of equality with all other foreigners". Hay was in agreement, but feared Senate and popular opposition, and wanted to avoid Senate ratification of a treaty. Rockhill drafted the first Open Door note, calling for equality of commercial opportunity for foreigners in China.
7043:
1489:. He met with Lord Salisbury in October 1897 and gained assurances Britain would not intervene if the U.S. found it necessary to go to war against Spain. Hay's role was "to make friends and to pass along the English point of view to Washington". Hay spent much of early 1898 on an extended trip to the Middle East, and did not return to London until the last week of March, by which time the
1410:. Hay knew that with only eight cabinet positions, only one could go to an Ohioan, and so he had no chance for a cabinet post. Accordingly, Hay encouraged Reid to seek the State position, while firmly ruling himself out as a possible candidate for that post, and quietly seeking the inside track to be ambassador in London. Zeitz states that Hay "aggressively lobbied" for the position.
927:. The Vienna post was only temporary, until Johnson could appoint a chargé d'affaires and have him confirmed by the Senate, and the workload was light, allowing Hay, who was fluent in German, to spend much of his time traveling. It was not until July 1868 that Henry Watts became Hay's replacement. Hay resigned, spent the remainder of the summer in Europe, then went home to Warsaw.
1050:. Their marriage in 1874 made the salary attached to office a small consideration for the rest of his life. Amasa Stone needed someone to watch over his investments, and wanted Hay to move to Cleveland to fill the post. Although the Hays initially lived in John's New York apartment and later in a townhouse there, they moved in June 1875 to Stone's ornate home on Cleveland's
8043:
1207:, was $ 73,800, of which Adams paid a third for his lot. Hay budgeted the construction cost at $ 50,000; his ornate, 12,000 square feet (1,100 m) mansion eventually cost over twice that. Despite their possession of two lavish houses, the Hays spent less than half the year in Washington and only a few weeks a year in Cleveland. They also spent time at
1497:
that the
British were kept "in the loop" with regards to the U.S. invasion of Cuba, and in both reassuring the British that none of their interests in Cuba would be harmed by the invasion, while simultaneously communicating those interests to the McKinley administration (McKinley was himself keen on maintaining a good relationship with the British).
1826:. Hay predicted "an insurrection on the Isthmus against that regime of folly and graft ... at Bogotá". Bunau-Varilla gained meetings with both men, and assured them that a revolution, and a Panamanian government more friendly to a canal, was coming. In October, Roosevelt ordered Navy ships to be stationed near Panama. The Panamanians duly
1352:. Despite an invitation from the candidate, Hay was reluctant to visit McKinley at his home in Canton. "He has asked me to come, but I thought I would not struggle with the millions on his trampled lawn". In October, after basing himself at his Cleveland home and giving a speech for McKinley, Hay went to Canton at last, writing to Adams,
2139:
it, ther and then." Jim holds the burning steamboat against the riverbank until the last passenger gets ashore, at the cost of his life. Hay's narrator states that, "And Christ ain't a-going to be too hard/On a man that died for men." Hay's poem offended some clergymen, but was widely reprinted and even included in anthologies of verse.
1718:
officials also dispersed. Hay was about to return to New
Hampshire on the 13th, when word came that McKinley was dying. Hay remained at his office and the next morning, on the way to Buffalo, the former Rough Rider received from Hay his first communication as head of state, officially informing President Roosevelt of McKinley's death.
1713:, an anarchist, on September 6 in Buffalo. With Vice President Roosevelt and much of the cabinet hastening to the bedside of McKinley, who had been operated on (it was thought successfully) soon after the shooting, Hay planned to go to Washington to manage the communication with foreign governments, but presidential secretary
946:. Hay hoped to assist Sickles in gaining U.S. control over Cuba, then a Spanish colony. Sickles was unsuccessful and Hay resigned in May 1870, citing the low salary, but remaining in his post until September. Two legacies of Hay's time in Madrid were magazine articles he wrote that became the basis of his first book,
2337:
Hay's efforts to shape Lincoln's image increased his own prominence and reputation in making his association (and that of Nicolay) with the assassinated president ever more remarkable and noteworthy. According to Zeitz, "the greater Lincoln grew in death, the greater they grew for having known him so
1916:
in place of the military governor. Raisuli supposed Perdicaris to be a wealthy American, and hoped United States pressure would secure his demands. In fact, Perdicaris, though born in New Jersey, had renounced his citizenship during the Civil War to avoid Confederate confiscation of property in South
1872:
Privately, and in correspondence with others, they were less generous: Hay grumbled that while McKinley would give him his full attention, Roosevelt was always busy with others, and it would be "an hour's wait for a minute's talk". Roosevelt, after Hay's death in 1905, wrote to Senator Lodge that Hay
1791:
Despite the lack of agreement, Congress was enthusiastic about a canal, and was inclined to move forward, with or without a treaty. Authorizing legislation was slowed by discussion on whether to take the Nicaraguan or Panamanian route. Much of the negotiation of a revised treaty, allowing the U.S. to
1765:
in his efforts to interest the American government in investing in his canal company. President Hayes was only interested in the idea of a canal under American control, which de Lesseps's project would not be. By the time Hay became Secretary of State, de Lesseps's project in Panama (then a Colombian
1570:
By the time Hay took office, the war was effectively over and it had been decided to strip Spain of her overseas empire and transfer at least part of it to the United States. At the time of Hay's swearing-in, McKinley was still undecided whether to take the Philippines, but in October finally decided
1496:
had exploded in Havana harbor. During the war, he worked to ensure U.S.–British amity, and British acceptance of the U.S. occupation of the Philippines—Salisbury and his government preferred that the U.S. have the islands than have them fall into the hands of the Germans. Hay succeeded in making sure
1465:
to be constructed in British ports, which then preyed on US-flagged ships. In spite of these past differences, according to Taliaferro, "rapprochement made more sense than at any time in their respective histories". In his Thanksgiving Day address to the American Society in London in 1897, Hay echoed
870:
in March 1865, the two secretaries were appointed to the US delegation in Paris, Nicolay as consul and Hay as secretary of legation. Hay wrote to his brother Charles that the appointment was "entirely unsolicited and unexpected", a statement that Kushner and Sherrill found unconvincing given that Hay
750:
in French. Hay, still in his early 20s, spent time both in barrooms and at cultured get-togethers in the homes of Washington's elite. The two secretaries often clashed with Mary Lincoln, who resorted to various stratagems to get the dilapidated White House restored without depleting Lincoln's salary,
2205:
Early in his presidency, Hay and Nicolay requested and received permission from Lincoln to write his biography. By 1872, Hay was "convinced that we ought to be at work on our 'Lincoln.' I don't think the time for publication has come, but the time for preparation is slipping away." Robert Lincoln in
1958:
Although Hay gave speeches in support of Roosevelt, he spent much of the fall of 1904 at his New Hampshire house or with his younger brother Charles, who was ill in Boston. After the election, Roosevelt asked Hay to remain another four years. Hay asked for time to consider, but the President did not
1885:
in The Hague to step in. Hay supposedly said, as final details were being worked out, "I have it all arranged. If Teddy will keep his mouth shut until tomorrow noon!" Hay and Roosevelt also differed over the composition of the Joint High Commission that was to settle the Alaska boundary dispute. The
1868:
As President and Secretary of State, the two men took pains to cultivate a cordial relationship. Roosevelt read all ten volumes of the Lincoln biography and in mid-1903, wrote to Hay that by then "I have had a chance to know far more fully what a really great Secretary of State you are". Hay for his
1745:
By letter, Hay offered his resignation to Roosevelt while the new president was still in Buffalo, amid newspaper speculation that Hay would be replaced. When Hay met the funeral train in Washington, Roosevelt greeted him at the station and immediately told him he must stay on as secretary. According
1741:
Hay, again next in line to the presidency, remained in Washington as McKinley's body was transported to the capital by funeral train, and stayed there as the late president was taken to Canton for interment. He had admired McKinley, describing him as "awfully like Lincoln in many respects" and wrote
1631:
Hay formally issued his Open Door note on September 6, 1899. This was not a treaty, and did not require the approval of the Senate. Most of the powers had at least some caveats, and negotiations continued through the remainder of the year. On March 20, 1900, Hay announced that all powers had agreed,
930:
Unemployed again, in December 1868 Hay journeyed to the capital, writing to Nicolay that he "came to Washington in the peaceful pursuit of a fat office. But there is nothing just now available". Seward promised to "wrestle with Andy for anything that turns up", but nothing did prior to the departure
663:
After Lincoln was elected, Nicolay, who continued as Lincoln's private secretary, recommended that Hay be hired to assist him at the White House. Lincoln is reported to have said, "We can't take all Illinois with us down to Washington" but then "Well, let Hay come". Kushner and Sherrill were dubious
2174:
and old money. In writing it, Hay was influenced by the labor unrest of the 1870s, that affected him personally, as corporations belonging to Stone, his father-in-law, were among those struck, at a time when Hay had been left in charge in Stone's absence. According to historian Scott Dalrymple, "in
1379:
In the post-election speculation as to who would be given office under McKinley, Hay's name figured prominently, as did that of Whitelaw Reid; both men sought high office in the State Department, either as secretary or one of the major ambassadorial posts. Reid, in addition to his vice-presidential
720:
described Hay as "a nice young fellow, who unfortunately looks about seventeen and is oppressed with the necessity of behaving like seventy." Hay continued to write, anonymously, for newspapers, sending in columns calculated to make Lincoln appear a sorrowful man, religious and competent, giving of
2422:
One of the most entertaining and interesting letter writers who ever ran the State Department, the witty, dapper, and bearded Hay left behind an abundance of documentary evidence on his public career. His name is indelibly linked with that verity of the nation's Asian policy, the Open Door, and he
2255:
Gale pointed out that Hay "accomplished a great deal in the realm of international statesmanship, and the world may be a better place because of his efforts as secretary of state ... the man was a scintillating ambassador". Yet, Gale felt, any assessment of Hay must include negatives as well,
2190:
Although unusual among the many books inspired by the labor unrest of the late 1870s in taking the perspective of the wealthy, it was the most successful of them, and was a sensation, gaining many favorable reviews. It was also attacked as an anti-labor polemic with an upper-class bias. There were
2138:
and there has been debate as to which came first. The poem that brought the greatest immediate reaction was "Jim Bludso", about a boatman who is "no saint" with one wife in Mississippi and another in Illinois. Yet, when his steamboat catches fire, "He saw his duty, a dead-sure thing,—/And went for
1662:
As American troops were sent to China to relieve the nation's legation, Hay sent a letter to foreign powers (often called the Second Open Door note), stating while the United States wanted to see lives preserved and the guilty punished, it intended that China not be dismembered. Hay issued this on
1356:
I had been dreading it for a month, thinking it would be like talking in a boiler factory. But he met me at the station, gave me meat & took me upstairs and talked for two hours as calmly & serenely as if we were summer boarders in Bethlehem, at a loss for means to kill time. I was more
1183:
After 1881, Hay did not again hold public office until 1897. Amasa Stone committed suicide in 1883; his death left the Hays very wealthy. They spent several months in most years traveling in Europe. The Lincoln biography absorbed some of Hay's time, the hardest work being done with Nicolay in 1884
2245:
In 1902, Hay wrote that when he died, "I shall not be much missed except by my wife." Nevertheless, due to his premature death at age 66, he was survived by most of his friends. These included Adams, who although he blamed the pressures of Hay's office, where he was badgered by Roosevelt and many
1717:
urged him to come to Buffalo. He traveled to Buffalo on September 10; hearing on his arrival an account of the President's recovery, Hay responded that McKinley would die. He was more cheerful after visiting McKinley, giving a statement to the press, and went to Washington, as Roosevelt and other
1469:
An ongoing dispute between the U.S. and Britain was over the practice of pelagic sealing, that is, the capture of seals offshore of Alaska. The U.S. considered them American resources; the Canadians (Britain was still responsible for that dominion's foreign policy) contended that the mammals were
758:
in February 1862 (an event not mentioned in Hay's diary or correspondence), "it was Hay who became, if not a surrogate son, then a young man who stirred a higher form of parental nurturing that Lincoln, despite his best intentions, did not successfully bestow on either of his surviving children".
1608:
McKinley was of the view that equality of opportunity for American trade in China was key to success there, rather than colonial acquisitions; that Hay shared these views was one reason for his appointment as Secretary of State. Many influential Americans, seeing coastal China being divided into
627:
Hay enrolled at Brown in 1855. Although he enjoyed college life, he did not find it easy: his Western clothing and accent made him stand out; he was not well prepared academically and was often sick. Hay gained a reputation as a star student and became a part of Providence's literary circle that
1627:
In mid-1899, the British inspector of Chinese maritime customs, Alfred Hippisley, visited the United States. In a letter to Rockhill, a friend, he urged that the United States and other powers agree to uniform Chinese tariffs, including in the enclaves. Rockhill passed the letter on to Hay, and
1365:
that the Democrat "simply reiterates the unquestioned truths that every man with a clean shirt is a thief and ought to be hanged: that there is no goodness and wisdom except among the illiterate & criminal classes". Despite Bryan's strenuous efforts, McKinley won the election easily, with a
922:
Initially happy to be home, Hay quickly grew restive, and he was glad to hear, in early June 1867, that he had been appointed secretary of legation to act as chargé d'affaires at Vienna. He sailed for Europe the same month, and while in England visited the House of Commons, where he was greatly
1864:
came to know the adolescent "Teddy", twenty years younger than himself. Although before becoming president Roosevelt often wrote fulsome letters of praise to Secretary Hay, his letters to others then and later were less complimentary. Hay felt Roosevelt too impulsive, and privately opposed his
1554:
John Hay was sworn in as Secretary of State on September 30, 1898. He needed little introduction to Cabinet meetings, and sat at the President's right hand. Meetings were held in the Cabinet Room of the White House, where he found his old office and bedroom each occupied by several clerks. Now
1413:
According to Taliaferro, "only after the deed was accomplished and Hay was installed as the ambassador to the Court of St. James's would it be possible to detect just how subtly and completely he had finessed his ally and friend, Whitelaw Reid". A telegraph from Hay to McKinley in the latter's
715:
Hay and Nicolay divided their responsibilities, Nicolay tending to assist Lincoln in his office and in meetings, while Hay dealt with the correspondence, which was voluminous. Both men tried to shield Lincoln from office-seekers and others who wanted to meet with the President. Unlike the dour
1787:
added an amendment allowing the U.S. to fortify the canal, then in March postponed further consideration until after the 1900 election. Hay submitted his resignation, which McKinley refused. The treaty, as amended, was ratified by the Senate in December, but the British would not agree to the
1654:
and the coast, killed many missionaries and converts, and besieged the foreign legations. Hay faced a precarious situation; how to rescue the Americans trapped in Peking, and how to avoid giving the other powers an excuse to partition China, in an election year when there was already Democrat
898:
According to Kushner and Sherrill, "Lincoln's death was for Hay a personal loss, like the loss of a father ... Lincoln's assassination erased any remaining doubts Hay had about Lincoln's greatness." In 1866, in a personal letter, Hay deemed Lincoln, "the greatest character since Christ".
2392:
is named for him as well. Hay's New Hampshire estate has been conserved by various organizations. Although he and his family never lived there (Hay died while it was under construction), the Hay-McKinney House, home to the Cleveland History Center and thousands of artifacts, serves to remind
1512:
It has been a splendid little war, begun with the highest motives, carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit, favored by that Fortune that loves the brave. It is now to be concluded, I hope, with that fine good nature, which is, after all, the distinguishing trait of the American
1126:
left Hay an outsider as he sought a return to politics, and he was initially offered no place in the new administration. Nevertheless, Hay attempted to ingratiate himself with the new president by sending him a gold ring with a strand of George Washington's hair, a gesture that Hayes deeply
659:
Hay was not a supporter of Lincoln for president until after his nomination in 1860. Hay then made speeches and wrote newspaper articles boosting Lincoln's candidacy. When Nicolay, who had been made Lincoln's private secretary for the campaign, found he needed help with the huge amounts of
1839:
10 miles (16 km) wide, over which the U.S. would exercise full jurisdiction. This was less than satisfactory to the Panamanian diplomats who arrived in Washington shortly after the signing, but they did not dare renounce it. The treaty was approved by the two nations, and work on the
1298:—and later in the year wrote, "The summer wanes and I have done nothing for McKinley." He atoned with a $ 500 check to Hanna, the first of many. During the winter of 1895–96, Hay passed along what he heard from other Republicans influential in Washington, such as Massachusetts Senator
1558:
Hay believed that America's most valuable foreign relationship "by far" was its relationship with Great Britain. As Secretary of State he did everything he could to cultivate a positive relationship with London. Eventually this proved successful, one example of this success being the
1605:) to guard its interests there, whereas McKinley was not. In March 1898, Hay warned that Russia, Germany, and France were seeking to exclude Britain and America from the China trade, but he was disregarded by Sherman, who accepted assurances to the contrary from Russia and Germany.
2311:
Taliaferro suggests that "if Hay put any ... indelible stamp on history, perhaps it was that he demonstrated how the United States ought to comport itself. He, not Roosevelt, was the adult in charge when the nation and the State Department attained global maturity." He quotes
1954:
Hay never fully recovered from the death of his son Adelbert, writing in 1904 to his close friend Lizzie Cameron that "the death of our boy made my wife and me old, at once and for the rest of our lives". Gale described Hay in his final years as a "saddened, slowly dying old man".
1039:, naming Greeley as their candidate for president, a nomination soon joined in by the Democrats. Hay was unenthusiastic about the editor-turned-candidate, and in his editorials mostly took aim at Grant, who, despite the scandals, remained untarred, and who won a landslide victory
759:
According to Hay biographer Robert Gale, "Hay came to adore Lincoln for his goodness, patience, understanding, sense of humor, humility, magnanimity, sense of justice, healthy skepticism, resilience and power, love of the common man, and mystical patriotism". Speaker of the House
2170:, one of the first novels to take an anti-labor perspective, was published anonymously in 1883 (published editions did not bear Hay's name until 1916) and he may have tried to disguise his writing style. The book examines two conflicts: between capital and labor, and between the
1227:, "I have never been able to appreciate the logic that induces some excellent people every four years because they cannot nominate the candidate they prefer to vote for the party they don't prefer." In 1888, Hay had to follow his own advice as his favored candidate, Ohio Senator
1015:
was reaching its peak, and one colleague described it as "a liberal education in the delights of intellectual life to sit in intimate companionship with John Hay and watch the play of that well-stored and brilliant mind". In addition to writing, Hay was signed by the prestigious
1773:
The Alaska issue became less contentious in August 1899 when the Canadians accepted a provisional boundary pending final settlement. With Congress anxious to begin work on a canal bill, and increasingly likely to ignore the Clayton-Bulwer restriction, Hay and British Ambassador
711:
at $ 1,600 per year, seconded to service at the White House. They were available to Lincoln 24 hours a day. As Lincoln took no vacations as president and worked seven days a week, often until 11 pm (or later, during crucial battles) the burden on his secretaries was heavy.
2134:, a grouping of six poems published (with other Hay poetry) as a book in 1871, brought him great success. Written in the dialect of Pike County, Illinois, where Hay went to school as a child, they are approximately contemporaneous with pioneering poems in similar dialect by
1161:
on appointments and other matters, but offered Hay only the post of private secretary (though he promised to increase its pay and power), and Hay declined. Hay resigned as assistant secretary effective March 31, 1881, and spent the next seven months as acting editor of the
2089:
in 1870. It went through eight editions in Hay's lifetime. The Spanish are depicted as afflicted by the "triple curse of crown, crozier, and saber"—most kings and ecclesiastics are presented as useless—and Hay pins his hope in the republican movement in Spain. Gale deems
1007:, whose cow was said to have started the blaze, describing her as "a woman with a lamp to the barn behind the house, to milk the cow with the crumpled temper, that kicked the lamp, that spilled the kerosene, that fired the straw that burned Chicago". His work at the
1689:
that year. He allowed the convention to make its own choice of running mate, and it selected Roosevelt, by then governor of New York. Senator Hanna bitterly opposed that choice, but nevertheless raised millions for the McKinley/Roosevelt ticket, which was elected.
607:, who was at the time a 20-year-old newspaperman. Once John Hay completed his studies there, the 13-year-old was sent to live with his grandfather in Springfield and attend school there. His parents and uncle Milton (who financed the boy's education) sent him to
2256:
that after his marriage to the wealthy Clara Stone, Hay "allowed his deep-seated love of ease triumph over his Middle Western devotion to work and a fair shake for all." Despite his literary accomplishments, Hay "was often lazy. His first poetry was his best."
1478:, then both Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary, to agree to a conference to decide the matter, the British withdrew when the U.S. also invited Russia and Japan, rendering the conference ineffective. Another issue on which no agreement was reached was that of
1992:
succeeded in seeing him by showing up at his hotel, unannounced. Adams suggested that Hay retire while there was still enough life left in him to do so, and that Roosevelt would be delighted to act as his own Secretary of State. Hay jokingly wrote to sculptor
2070:
in progress: liberty cannot be truly present until "crosier and crown pass away", when there will be "One freedom, one faith without fetters,/One republic in Italy free!" His stay in Vienna yielded "The Curse of Hungary", in which Hay foresees the end of the
1693:
Hay accompanied McKinley on his nationwide train tour in mid-1901, during which both men visited California and saw the Pacific Ocean for the only times in their lives. The summer of 1901 was tragic for Hay; his older son Adelbert, who had been consul in
890:
where the stricken Lincoln had been taken. Hay remained by Lincoln's deathbed through the night and was present when he died. At the moment of Lincoln's death, Hay observed "a look of unspeakable peace came upon his worn features". He heard War Secretary
1337:. Hay reported to McKinley when he returned to Britain after a brief stay on the Continent during which Bryan was nominated in Chicago: "they were all scared out of their wits for fear Bryan would be elected, and very polite in their references to you."
1742:
to a friend, "what a strange and tragic fate it has been of mine—to stand by the bier of three of my dearest friends, Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley, three of the gentlest of men, all risen to be head of the State, and all done to death by assassins".
1077:. Ninety-two people died; it was the worst rail disaster in American history up to that point. Blame fell heavily on Stone, who departed for Europe to recuperate and left Hay in charge of his businesses. The summer of 1877 was marked by labor disputes;
1975:
issued a statement that Hay was suffering from overwork, but in letters the secretary hinted his conviction that he did not have long to live. An eminent physician in Italy prescribed medicinal baths for Hay's heart condition, and he duly journeyed to
1746:
to Zeitz, "Roosevelt's accidental ascendance to the presidency made John Hay an essential anachronism ... the wise elder statesman and senior member of the cabinet, he was indispensable to TR, who even today remains the youngest president ever".
829:, that if ten percent of the 1860 electorate in a state took oaths of loyalty and to support emancipation, they could form a government with federal protection. Lincoln considered Florida, with its small population, a good test case, and made Hay a
1632:
and he was not contradicted. Former secretary Day wrote to Hay, congratulating him, "moving at the right time and in the right manner, you have secured a diplomatic triumph in the 'open door' in China of the first importance to your country".
640:. Hay received his Master of Arts degree in 1858, and was, like his grandfather before him, Class Poet. He returned to Illinois. Milton Hay had moved his practice to Springfield, and John became a clerk in his firm, where he could study law.
1563:. Hay formed a habit of confiding in the British, and sharing sensitive intelligence with them, while at the same time shutting out the governments of Spain, France, Germany and Russia. Senator Mark Hanna remarked that "Hay and McKinley are
1815:, granting $ 10 million to Colombia for the right to build a canal, plus $ 250,000 annually, was signed on January 22, 1903, and ratified by the United States Senate two months later. In August, however, the treaty was rejected by the
1270:. In 1889, Hay supported McKinley in his unsuccessful effort to become Speaker of the House. Four years later, McKinley—by then Governor of Ohio—faced a crisis when a friend whose notes he had imprudently co-signed went bankrupt during the
2186:
Offitt), who leads the Bread-winners, a labor organization that begins a violent general strike. Peace is restored by a group of veterans led by Farnham, and, at the end, he appears likely to marry Alice Belding, a woman of his own class.
1321:. Hay told British politicians that McKinley, if elected, would be unlikely to change course. McKinley was nominated in June 1896; still, many Britons were minded to support whoever became the Democratic candidate. This changed when the
1959:
allow it, announcing to the press two days later that Hay would stay at his post. Early 1905 saw futility for Hay, as a number of treaties he had negotiated were defeated or amended by the Senate—one involving the British dominion of
2063:
In poetry, he sought the revolutionary outcome for other nations that he believed had come to a successful conclusion in the United States. His 1871 poem, "The Prayer of the Romans", recites Italian history up to that time, with the
6848:
6836:
6877:
6894:
1203:; these were completed by 1886. Hay's house, facing the White House and fronting on Sixteenth Street, was described even before completion as "the finest house in Washington." The price for the combined tract, purchased from
6942:
1873:
had not been "a great Secretary of State ... under me he accomplished little ... his usefulness to me was almost exclusively the usefulness of a fine figurehead". Nevertheless, when Roosevelt successfully sought
1600:
Hay had been concerned about the Far East since the 1870s. As Ambassador, he had attempted to forge a common policy with the British, but the United Kingdom was willing to acquire territorial concessions in China (such as
6918:
1963:
due to Senator Lodge's fears it would harm his fisherman constituents. Others, promoting arbitration, were voted down or amended because the Senate did not want to be bypassed in the settlement of international disputes.
1406:, the only possible seat for him was that held by Senator Sherman. As the septuagenarian senator had served as Treasury Secretary under Hayes, only the secretaryship of state was likely to attract him and cause a vacancy
1243:. In 1890, Hay spoke for Republican congressional candidates, addressing a rally of 10,000 people in New York City, but the party was defeated, losing control of Congress. Hay contributed funds to Harrison's unsuccessful
6860:
1880:
In December 1902, the German government asked Roosevelt to arbitrate its dispute with Venezuela over unpaid debts. Hay did not think this appropriate, as Venezuela also owed the U.S. money, and quickly arranged for the
1830:
in early November 1903, with Colombian interference deterred by the presence of U.S. forces. By prearrangement, Bunau-Varilla was appointed representative of the nascent nation in Washington, and quickly negotiated the
751:
which had to cover entertainment and other expenses. Despite the secretaries' objections, Mrs. Lincoln was generally the victor and managed to save almost 70 percent of her husband's salary in his four years in office.
1782:
was sent to the Senate the following month, where it met a cold reception, as the terms forbade the United States from blockading or fortifying the canal, that was to be open to all nations in wartime as in peace. The
6930:
1925:
We want Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead. We desire least possible complications with Morocco or other Powers. You will not arrange for landing marines or seizing customs house without specific direction from the
6906:
2008:
broke protocol by meeting with Hay in a small drawing room, and Hay lunched with Whitelaw Reid, ambassador in London at last. There was not time to see all who wished to see Hay on what he knew was his final visit.
1593:. China had had its army severely weakened by several disastrous wars, and several foreign nations took the opportunity to negotiate treaties with China that allowed them to control various coastal cities-known as
1289:
The same panic that nearly ruined McKinley convinced Hay that men like himself must take office to save the country from disaster. By the end of 1894, he was deeply involved in efforts to lay the groundwork for
1066:), and Clarence Leonard Hay. Their father proved successful as a money manager, though he devoted much of his time to literary and political activities, writing to Adee that "I do nothing but read and yawn".
1450:
During his service as ambassador, Hay attempted to advance the relationship between the U.S. and Britain. The United Kingdom had long been seen negatively by many Americans, a legacy of its role during the
6955:
5673:
Halsema, James J. E. J. Halsema: Colonial Engineer A Biography. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1991; pp 292–295; Mansell, Donald E. Under the Shadow of the Rising Sun. Nampa, ID: Pacific Press, 2003 pp.
1401:
Hay was faster than Reid to realize that the race for these posts would be affected by Hanna's desire to be senator from Ohio, as with one of the state's places about to be occupied by the newly elected
1218:
Hay continued to devote much of his energy to Republican politics. In 1884, he supported Blaine for president, donating considerable sums to the senator's unsuccessful campaign against New York Governor
1434:
1366:
campaign run by himself and Hanna, and well-financed by supporters like Hay. Henry Adams later wondered, "I would give sixpence to know how much Hay paid for McKinley. His politics must have cost."
707:
on March 4, Hay and Nicolay moved into the White House, sharing a shabby bedroom. As there was only authority for payment of one presidential secretary (Nicolay), Hay was appointed to a post in the
643:
Milton Hay's firm was one of the most prestigious in Illinois. Lincoln maintained offices next door and was a rising star in the new Republican Party. Hay recalled an early encounter with Lincoln:
655:. Lincoln seemed greatly roused by what he had read. Entering the office without a salutation, he said: "This will never do. He puts the moral element out of this question. It won't stay out."
8208:
2246:
senators, for the Secretary of State's death, admitted that Hay had remained in the position because he feared being bored. He memorialized his friend in the final pages of his autobiographical
1425:, with 11 servants. He brought with him Clara, their own silver, two carriages, and five horses. Hay's salary of $ 17,000 "did not even begin to cover the cost of their extravagant lifestyle".
1294:. It was Hay's job to persuade potential supporters that McKinley was worth backing. Nevertheless, Hay found time for a lengthy stay in New Hampshire—one visitor at The Fells in mid-1895 was
2083:, souvenir of Hay's time in Madrid, is a collection of seventeen essays about Spanish history and customs, first published in 1871, although several of the individual chapters appeared in
1971:
on March 4, 1905, Hay's health was so bad that both his wife and his friend Henry Adams insisted on his going to Europe, where he could rest and get medical treatment. Presidential doctor
2316:, "All that the world saw was a great gentleman and a great statesman doing his work for the State and for the President with perfect taste, perfect good sense, and perfect good humour".
2027:. Hay left Washington for the last time on June 23, 1905, arriving in New Hampshire the following day. He died there on July 1 of his heart ailment and complications. Hay was interred in
1761:
Hay's involvement in the efforts to have a canal joining the oceans in Central America went back to his time as Assistant Secretary of State under Hayes, when he served as translator for
1138:
From May to October 1879, Hay set out to reconfirm his credentials as a loyal Republican, giving speeches in support of candidates and attacking the Democrats. In October, President and
8158:
2056:, a boy promises soldiers that he will return from an errand to be executed with his fellow rebels. Much to their surprise, he keeps his word and shouts to them to "blaze away" as "The
1157:. Hay felt that Garfield did not have enough backbone, and hoped that Reid and others would "inoculate him with the gall which I fear he lacks". Garfield consulted Hay before and after
971:
782:
in their 1890 multi-volume biography of Lincoln, Hay's diary states "the President, in a firm, free way, with more grace than is his wont, said his half-dozen lines of consecration."
2044:
Hay wrote some poetry while at Brown University, and more during the Civil War. In 1865, early in his Paris stay, Hay penned "Sunrise in the Place de la Concorde", a poem attacking
1153:, and substituted for Evarts at Cabinet meetings when the Secretary was out of town. In 1880, he campaigned for the Republican nominee for president, his fellow Ohioan, Congressman
2423:
contributed much to the resolution of the longstanding problems with the British. Patient, discreet, and judicious, Hay deserves to stand in the front rank of secretaries of state.
695:
Milton Hay desired that his nephew go to Washington as a qualified attorney, and John Hay was admitted to the bar in Illinois on February 4, 1861. On February 11, he embarked with
8078:
825:
vessels being used in an attempt to recapture Charleston Harbor. Hay then went on to the Florida coast. He returned to Florida in January 1864, after Lincoln had announced his
7594:
2178:
The major character is Arthur Farnham, a wealthy Civil War veteran, likely based on Hay. Farnham, who inherited money, is without much influence in municipal politics, as his
721:
his life and health to preserve the Union. Similarly, Hay served as what Taliaferro deemed a "White House propagandist," in his columns explaining away losses such as that at
2350:
did not "mae revisions of the essential story told by N. & H.. Zeitz concurs, "Americans today understand Abraham Lincoln much as Nicolay and Hay hoped that they would."
1407:
1110:
Hay remained disaffected from the Republican Party in the mid-1870s. Seeking a candidate of either party he could support as a reformer, he watched as his favored Democrat,
5524:
8223:
6460:
2012:
On his return to the United States, despite his family's desire to take him to New Hampshire, the secretary went to Washington to deal with departmental business and "say
1170:
in September and Reid's return the following month left Hay again on the outside of political power, looking in. He would spend the next fifteen years in that position.
2191:
many guesses as to authorship, with the supposed authors ranging from Hay's friend Henry Adams to New York Governor Grover Cleveland, and the speculation fueled sales.
8163:
1749:
The deaths of his son and of McKinley were not the only griefs Hay suffered in 1901—on September 26, John Nicolay died after a long illness, as did Hay's close friend
424:(October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman and official whose career in government stretched over almost half a century. Beginning as a
5613:
1474:
to London to negotiate the issue. Foster quickly issued an accusatory note to the British that was printed in the newspapers. Although Hay was successful in getting
5452:. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574
810:, both as their caretaker and as a means of giving Hay a much-needed break. The following month, Lincoln sent him to Missouri to deliver a letter to Union General
584:, and Helen relocated to Salem in 1830 to teach school. They married there in 1831. Charles was not successful in Salem, and moved, with his wife and children, to
1135:
indicated that Hay "had not been active enough in political efforts", to Hay's regret, who told Reid that he "would like a second-class mission uncommonly well".
866:
By the end of 1864, with Lincoln reelected and the victorious war winding down, both Hay and Nicolay let it be known that they desired different jobs. Soon after
2213:. By 1885, Hay had completed the chapters on Lincoln's early life, and they were submitted to Robert Lincoln for approval. Sale of the serialization rights to
1613:
in December 1898, he stated that as long as Americans were not discriminated against, he saw no need for the United States to become "an actor in the scene".
8183:
8178:
8143:
2415:, Philippines, was named for John Hay, and the base name was maintained by the Philippine government even after its 1991 turnover to Philippine authorities.
1127:
appreciated. Hay spent time working with Nicolay on their Lincoln biography, and traveling in Europe. When Reid, who had succeeded Greeley as editor of the
992:
was the leading reform newspaper in New York, and through mail subscriptions, the largest-circulating newspaper in the nation. Hay wrote editorials for the
8218:
8148:
1085:
soon spread to the Lake Shore, much to Hay's outrage. He blamed foreign agitators for the dispute, and vented his anger over the strike in his only novel,
576:, hated slavery and moved to the North in the early 1830s. A doctor, he practiced in Salem. Helen's father, David Leonard, had moved his family west from
652:
1681:, had died in November 1899. Under the laws then in force, this made Hay next in line to the presidency should anything happen to McKinley. There was a
7585:
6872:
1797:
1345:
1305:
Hay spent part of the spring and early summer of 1896 in the United Kingdom, and elsewhere in Europe. There was a border dispute between Venezuela and
814:, who had irritated the President with military blunders and by freeing local slaves without authorization, endangering Lincoln's attempts to keep the
8103:
6889:
6477:
6469:
2342:
had been like." Their answer to that, expressed in ten volumes of biography, Gale wrote, "has been incredibly influential". In 1974, Lincoln scholar
882:
on the night of April 14, 1865, but remained at the White House, drinking whiskey with Robert Lincoln. When the two were informed that the President
736:
Despite the heavy workload—Hay wrote that he was busy 20 hours a day—he tried to make as normal a life as possible, eating his meals with Nicolay at
6107:
Woolman, David (October 1997). "Did Theodore Roosevelt Overreact When an American was Kidnapped in Morocco? Were Seven Warships Really Necessary?".
5638:
The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien
1869:
part publicly praised Roosevelt as "young, gallant, able, brilliant", words that Roosevelt wrote that he hoped would be engraved on his tombstone.
8118:
6453:
1567:
pro-British." The French ambassador remarked that "Hay is friendly to the British and unfriendly to us, we should regard him with much suspicion."
1508:
volunteer regiment, Hay made a description of the war for which, according to Zeitz, he "is best remembered by many students of American history":
1239:, who was elected. Though Harrison appointed men whom Hay supported, including Blaine, Reid, and Robert Lincoln, Hay was not asked to serve in the
2182:
is defeated in elections, symbolic of the decreasing influence of America's old-money patricians. The villain is Andrew Jackson Offitt (true name
8153:
425:
1421:
writing to him, "we want a man who is a true American yet not anti-English". Hay secured a Georgian house on Carlton House Terrace, overlooking
7531:
6420:
6266:
6007:
Jaher, Frederic Cople (Spring 1972). "Industrialism and the American Aristocrat: A Social Study of John Hay and His Novel, the Bread-Winners".
5578:
509:
129:
7237:
2433:
844:
sent word to Lincoln that there were Southern peace emissaries in Canada. Lincoln doubted that they actually spoke for Confederate President
5930:
2209:
Hay began his part of the writing in 1876; the work was interrupted by illnesses of Hay, Nicolay, or family members, or by Hay's writing of
8188:
1291:
899:
Taliaferro noted that "Hay would spend the rest of his life mourning Lincoln ... wherever Hay went and whatever he did, Lincoln would
508:. Afterward, he returned to the private sector, remaining there until President McKinley, of whom he had been a major backer, made him the
8193:
6446:
1822:
Roosevelt was minded to build the canal anyway, using an earlier treaty with Colombia that gave the U.S. transit rights in regard to the
1146:
resigned later that month, Hay was offered his place and accepted, after some hesitancy because he was considering running for Congress.
919:, who had his own candidate. Seward offered Hay a job as his private secretary, but Hay declined, and returned home to Warsaw, Illinois.
833:, sending him to see if he could get sufficient men to take the oath. Hay spent a month in the state during February and March 1864, but
2219:
magazine, edited by Hay's friend Richard Gilder, helped give the pair the impetus to bring what had become a massive project to an end.
1555:
responsible for 1,300 federal employees, he leaned heavily for administrative help on his old friend Alvey Adee, the second assistant.
931:
of both Seward and Johnson from office on March 4, 1869. In May, Hay went back to Washington from Warsaw to press his case with the new
8168:
8123:
6986:
6350:
1500:
In its early days, Hay described the war "as necessary as it is righteous". In July, writing to former Assistant Secretary of the Navy
183:
2175:
response, Hay proceeded to write an indictment of organized labor so scathing, so vehement, that he dared not attach his name to it."
2000:
After the course of treatment, Hay went to Paris and began to take on his workload again by meeting with the French foreign minister,
8213:
8113:
1968:
6278:
5466:
1571:
to do so, and Hay sent instructions to Day and the other peace commissioners to insist on it. Spain yielded, and the result was the
1529:, invited him again the following day, and subsequently pronounced him, "the most interesting of all the Ambassadors I have known."
1035:
ran for reelection in 1872, Grant's administration had been rocked by scandal, and some disaffected members of his party formed the
8073:
7563:
5502:
1874:
1682:
1244:
1158:
1123:
1074:
1040:
1036:
708:
468:
6254:
5528:
1043:. Greeley died only weeks later, a broken man. Hay's stance endangered his hitherto sterling credentials in the Republican Party.
7520:
7487:
7302:
7203:
7170:
7051:
2452:
Hay's office is today known as the Queens' Sitting Room; the bedroom he shared with Nicolay is known as the Queens' Bedroom. See
996:, and Greeley soon proclaimed him the most brilliant writer of "breviers" (as such editorials were called) that he had ever had.
1848:, praising "the perfectly regular course which the President did follow" as much preferable to armed occupation of the isthmus.
7578:
7512:
7195:
1215:. According to Gale, "for a full decade before his appointment in 1897 as ambassador to England, Hay was lazy and uncertain."
802:
Lincoln sent Hay away from the White House on various missions. In August 1861, Hay escorted Mary Lincoln and her children to
8133:
5912:
5880:
5839:
5771:
5715:
4015:
2331:
704:
6173:
5652:
5427:
1073:. The bridge had been built from metal cast at one of Stone's mills, and was carrying a train owned and operated by Stone's
5605:
5555:
696:
3021:
2079:
suggested that the Europe-themed poems expressed "(now, perhaps, old-fashioned) American sympathy for all the oppressed."
1131:, was offered the post of Minister to Germany in December 1878, he turned it down and recommended Hay. Secretary of State
8138:
7438:
7151:
5493:
1939:
1686:
1322:
1232:
938:
Although the salary was low, Hay was interested in serving in Madrid both because of the political situation there—Queen
737:
6192:
John Hay, Friend of Giants: The Man and Life Connecting Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, Henry James, and Theodore Roosevelt
1054:, "Millionaire's Row", and a mansion was quickly under construction for the Hays next-door. The Hays had four children,
8093:
8088:
6204:
6154:
5646:
2479:
2031:
in Cleveland, near the grave of Garfield, in the presence of Roosevelt and many dignitaries, including Robert Lincoln.
1882:
1827:
1784:
1200:
1167:
815:
536:
1803:
Seeing that the Americans were likely to build a Nicaragua Canal, the owners of the defunct French company, including
7571:
7230:
5794:
5745:
1706:
1672:
1456:
1070:
523:, which kept China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis, with international powers. By negotiating the
8128:
8098:
7395:
7262:
7126:
7011:
6511:
6377:
999:
With his success as an editorial writer, Hay's duties expanded. In October 1871, he journeyed to Chicago after the
883:
867:
861:
716:
Nicolay, Hay, with his charm, escaped much of the hard feelings from those denied Lincoln's presence. Abolitionist
476:
433:
299:
66:
2048:
for his reinstitution of the monarchy, depicting the Emperor as having been entrusted with the child Democracy by
7851:
5498:
2381:
572:, on October 8, 1838. He was the third son of Dr. Charles Hay and the former Helen Leonard. Charles Hay, born in
8198:
7364:
7333:
7250:
7095:
7070:
6999:
6979:
1442:
935:. The next month, due to the influence of his friends, he obtained the post of secretary of legation in Spain.
837:
there reduced the area under federal control. Believing his mission impractical, he sailed back to Washington.
5488:
1900:
One incident involving Hay that benefitted Roosevelt politically was the kidnapping of Greek-American playboy
1616:
As Secretary of State, it was Hay's responsibility to put together a workable China policy. He was advised by
8203:
8108:
8083:
7495:
7184:
6546:
6083:
Stevenson Jr., James D.; Stevenson, Randehl K. (Spring–Summer 2006). "John Milton Hay's Literary Influence".
2499:
Cromwell Varley, Perdicaris's stepson by his wife's first marriage to an Englishman, was also kidnapped. See
2408:
2019:
to the President", as Hay put it. He was pleased to learn that Roosevelt was well on his way to settling the
1997:
that "there is nothing the matter with me except old age, the Senate, and one or two other mortal maladies".
1470:
being taken on the high seas, free to all. Soon after Hay's arrival, McKinley sent former Secretary of State
1223:. Many of Hay's friends were unenthusiastic about Blaine's candidacy, to Hay's anger, and he wrote to editor
1078:
700:
699:
Lincoln on a circuitous journey to Washington. By this time, several Southern states had seceded to form the
1646:
Little thought was given to the Chinese reaction to the Open Door note; the Chinese minister in Washington,
1340:
Once Hay returned to the United States in early August, he went to The Fells and watched from afar as Bryan
595:, Pike County, and attend a well-regarded local school, the John D. Thomson Academy. Milton was a friend of
8173:
7246:
7223:
6995:
2384:, was named after John Hay in recognition of his role in negotiating the US-Canada treaty resulting in the
2248:
1832:
532:
505:
1028:, to give lectures on the prospects for democracy in Europe, and on his years in the Lincoln White House.
942:
had recently been deposed—and because the U.S. Minister was the swashbuckling former congressman, General
2338:
well, and so intimately, in life. Everyone wanted to know them if only to ask what it had been like—what
1800:, and the second Hay–Pauncefote Treaty was ratified by the Senate by a large margin on December 6, 1901.
1082:
1063:
516:
17:
6031:
Kushner, Howard I. (September 1974). "'The Strong God Circumstance': The Political Career of John Hay".
668:
argues that Lincoln was moved to hire Hay when Milton agreed to pay his nephew's salary for six months.
8009:
6661:
2200:
1617:
1185:
1046:
By 1873, Hay was wooing Clara Stone, daughter of Cleveland multimillionaire railroad and banking mogul
717:
484:
7215:
6290:
5945:
591:
John attended the local schools, and in 1849 his uncle Milton Hay invited John to live at his home in
367:
8023:
7971:
7759:
7551:
7427:
6972:
6581:
2353:
Hay brought about more than 50 treaties, including the Canal-related treaties, and settlement of the
1865:
inclusion on the ticket in 1900, though he quickly wrote a congratulatory note after the convention.
1779:
1767:
1560:
1051:
524:
31:
7593:
6964:
6263:
5582:
2512:
Woolman, in his 1997 article on the incident, states that Roosevelt was behind Cannon's action. See
7464:
7384:
2385:
2155:
1486:
771:
612:
444:. Hay was also a biographer of Lincoln, and wrote poetry and other literature throughout his life.
1889:
1812:
528:
490:
After Lincoln's death, Hay spent several years at diplomatic posts in Europe, then worked for the
5726:
2483:
2072:
2001:
1857:
1589:
By the 1890s, China had become a major trading partner for Western nations and newly westernized
1341:
1240:
1204:
1192:
1149:
In Washington, Hay oversaw a staff of eighty employees, renewed his acquaintance with his friend
821:
In April 1863, Lincoln sent Hay to the Union-occupied South Carolina coast to report back on the
803:
1357:
struck than ever with his mask. It is a genuine Italian ecclesiastical face of the XVth Century.
1277:
7901:
7896:
7684:
7501:
7178:
6721:
1994:
1912:. Raisuli demanded a ransom, but also wanted political prisoners to be released and control of
1905:
1804:
1621:
1572:
1547:
1326:
1212:
849:
577:
288:
1988:
was among the monarchs who wrote to Hay asking him to visit, though he declined; Belgian King
1099:
774:, for the dedication of the cemetery there, where were interred many of those who fell at the
7881:
7784:
7744:
6756:
6239:
The Statesman and the Storyteller: John Hay, Mark Twain, and the Rise of American Imperialism
5849:
5423:
2354:
2313:
1989:
1575:, narrowly ratified by the Senate in February 1899 over the objections of anti-imperialists.
1224:
911:
Hay sailed for Paris at the end of June 1865. There, he served under U.S. Minister to France
830:
596:
464:
2272:
1517:
Secretary Sherman had resigned on the eve of war, and been replaced by his first assistant,
515:
Hay served for nearly seven years as Secretary of State under President McKinley and, after
8068:
8063:
7936:
7876:
7831:
7789:
6826:
6736:
6487:
6430:
6123:(February 2014). "Lincoln's Boys: John Hay, John Nicolay and the War For Lincoln's Image".
5980:
2404:
2215:
2183:
2076:
2052:, and strangling it with his own hands. In "A Triumph of Order", set in the breakup of the
1943:
1909:
1793:
1762:
1702:
and was about to become McKinley's personal secretary, died in a fall from a hotel window.
1656:
1349:
1334:
1314:
1256:
1017:
1004:
932:
775:
592:
175:
6275:
5462:
790:
8:
7956:
7946:
7906:
7891:
7886:
7861:
7799:
7769:
7539:
7452:
7421:
7403:
7378:
7347:
7322:
7140:
6343:
6214:
4007:
2373:
2366:
2239:
2130:
1452:
1422:
1143:
1119:
633:
629:
573:
480:
227:
207:
1417:
Reaction in Britain to Hay's appointment was generally positive, with George Smalley of
1255:
For further information on the debate about the gold standard in the 1896 campaign, see
7951:
7794:
7779:
7476:
7353:
7253:
6843:
6831:
6776:
6766:
6641:
6387:
6251:
6142:
6092:
6068:
6040:
6016:
5992:
5965:
5760:
2362:
2295:
2028:
2020:
1735:
1610:
1542:
1501:
1361:
Hay was disgusted by Bryan's speeches, writing in language that Taliaferro compares to
1059:
1000:
779:
764:
677:
581:
472:
441:
409:
383:
95:
1391:
811:
7941:
7926:
7916:
7841:
7774:
7664:
7545:
7470:
7372:
7134:
7115:
6791:
6716:
6681:
6651:
6636:
6631:
6571:
6556:
6531:
6438:
6303:
6224:
6150:
5908:
5886:
5876:
5857:
5835:
5816:
5809:
5790:
5767:
5741:
5711:
5707:
Dark Horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of President James A. Garfield
5642:
4011:
2179:
2150:
2049:
2024:
1918:
1894:
1836:
1808:
1775:
1731:
1602:
1490:
1403:
1385:
1299:
1236:
1154:
1132:
1103:
1087:
1055:
924:
879:
872:
834:
741:
703:
in reaction to the election of Lincoln, seen as an opponent of slavery. When Lincoln
398:
333:
212:
5783:
1930:
1433:
746:
556:
50:
8047:
7976:
7961:
7921:
7911:
7866:
7856:
7821:
7754:
7719:
7704:
7637:
7409:
7078:
7002:
6867:
6781:
6746:
6741:
6731:
6666:
6621:
6566:
6521:
6413:
6383:
6312:
6208:
2389:
1816:
1714:
1584:
1282:
1263:
1220:
1032:
1025:
980:
978:
While still in Spain, Hay had been offered the position of assistant editor at the
826:
608:
585:
520:
492:
456:
452:
437:
351:
347:
163:
90:
6219:
The Five of Hearts: An Intimate Portrait of Henry Adams and His Friends, 1880–1918
2234:
1835:, signed on November 18, giving the United States the right to build the canal in
8035:
7996:
7764:
7739:
7734:
7679:
7632:
7617:
7446:
7159:
6884:
6796:
6761:
6671:
6656:
6606:
6596:
6526:
6294:
6282:
6270:
6258:
5956:
Friedlaender, Marc (1969). "Henry Hobson Richardson, Henry Adams, and John Hay".
5902:
5870:
5829:
5705:
5636:
5551:
5419:
2327:
1823:
1641:
1590:
1318:
1295:
1196:
1115:
845:
600:
561:
429:
337:
2418:
According to historian Lewis L. Gould, in his account of McKinley's presidency,
7986:
7931:
7749:
7724:
7109:
7103:
7025:
6937:
6811:
6726:
6696:
6676:
6616:
6611:
6601:
6591:
6586:
6370:
6360:
6234:
5804:
5755:
5576:
2358:
1901:
1766:
province) had collapsed, as had an American-run project in Nicaragua. The 1850
1522:
1518:
1475:
1471:
1306:
1142:
came to a reception at Hay's Cleveland home. When Assistant Secretary of State
943:
916:
887:
841:
755:
728:
722:
603:
and had read law in the firm Stuart and Lincoln. In Pittsfield, John first met
569:
497:
448:
355:
271:
239:
110:
1266:
and worked closely with McKinley's political manager, Cleveland industrialist
8057:
7991:
7871:
7846:
7836:
7694:
7310:
7059:
6956:
List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States
6913:
6816:
6806:
6686:
6646:
6541:
6536:
6299:
2347:
2343:
2053:
1972:
1750:
1710:
1678:
1526:
1310:
1271:
1111:
985:
951:
892:
501:
471:
and became one of his private secretaries in the White House. Throughout the
7981:
7966:
7729:
7699:
7669:
7627:
7415:
7282:
7019:
6855:
6771:
6751:
6711:
6691:
6576:
6551:
6120:
5898:
2394:
2085:
2066:
2045:
1960:
1841:
1647:
1594:
1505:
1235:. After some reluctance, Hay supported the nominee, former Indiana senator
1228:
912:
807:
795:
760:
665:
604:
540:
455:, Hay showed great potential from an early age, and his family sent him to
5890:
5861:
5820:
1485:
Hay had little involvement in the crisis over Cuba that culminated in the
7458:
6925:
6821:
6801:
2397:
1977:
1479:
1460:
1330:
1150:
1047:
939:
475:, Hay was close to Lincoln and stood by his deathbed after the President
6229:
First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power
6096:
6072:
6044:
6020:
5996:
5969:
4777:
4775:
1184:
and 1885; beginning in 1886, portions began appearing serially, and the
7709:
7674:
7622:
7612:
7595:
Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's
7341:
7316:
7276:
7245:
7084:
6901:
6706:
6626:
6561:
6398:
5904:
Lincoln's Boys: John Hay, John Nicolay, and the War for Lincoln's Image
5549:
4185:
4183:
2361:. In 1900, Hay negotiated a treaty with Denmark for the cession of the
2298:
Lincoln’s Boys: John Hay, John Nicolay, and the War for Lincoln's Image
2135:
2014:
2005:
1985:
1845:
1437:
1395:
1267:
1139:
1021:
767:, who knew Hay then, later recorded that "Lincoln loved him as a son".
387:
122:
2357:, as a result of which the United States secured what became known as
2094:"a remarkable, if biased, book of essays about Spanish civilization".
6994:
6786:
5831:
All the Great Prizes: The Life of John Hay, from Lincoln to Roosevelt
5766:. American Presidency. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
4772:
4724:
4553:
4330:
4294:
3923:
2597:
2595:
2278:
All the Great Prizes: The Life of John Hay, from Lincoln to Roosevelt
2057:
1981:
1208:
988:, were anxious to hire Hay. He joined the staff in October 1870. The
970:
848:, but had Hay journey to New York to persuade the publisher to go to
5057:
4973:
4180:
3983:
3947:
3935:
3863:
3744:
2393:
Clevelanders of John Hay's lengthy service. During World War II the
519:, under Theodore Roosevelt. Hay was responsible for negotiating the
6492:
6321:
3705:
3336:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2915:
2804:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2655:
1792:
fortify the canal, took place between Hay's replacement in London,
1699:
1695:
1247:, in part because Reid had been made Harrison's 1892 running mate.
871:
had spent hundreds of hours during the war with Secretary of State
822:
687:
647:
He came into the law office where I was reading ... with a copy of
504:. Hay remained active in politics, and from 1879 to 1881 served as
460:
6317:
4760:
4601:
4390:
4270:
4195:
3025:
Vol. 1 (quote's original source is Hay's diary, which is quoted in
2631:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2534:
2532:
6147:
Abraham Lincoln: The Observations of John G. Nicolay and John Hay
5105:
5069:
3911:
3797:
1913:
950:, and his lifelong friendship with Sickles's personal secretary,
660:
correspondence, Hay worked full-time for Lincoln for six months.
637:
487:
that helped shape the assassinated president's historical image.
479:. In addition to his other literary works, Hay co-authored, with
2963:
2703:
2319:
8209:
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
6181:
5710:(Kindle ed.). Falls Church, VA: Viral History Press, LLC.
2529:
2412:
2303:
2283:
1651:
1609:
spheres of influence, urged McKinley to join in; still, in his
1381:
512:
in 1897. Hay became the Secretary of State the following year.
1114:, gained his party's nomination, but his favored Republican,
6149:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press.
5550:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (October 21, 2014).
5450:
The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa
4819:
4817:
4248:
4246:
3814:
3812:
1851:
954:, who would be a close aide to Hay at the State Department.
6287:
4517:
4438:
4219:
3722:
3720:
984:—both the editor, Horace Greeley, and his managing editor,
8159:
Personal secretaries to the President of the United States
5388:
5258:
4736:
4700:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
3829:
3827:
3606:
3057:
1106:: the second president to be assassinated whom Hay advised
5366:
5364:
5294:
4949:
4937:
4913:
4865:
4853:
4829:
4814:
4787:
4625:
4589:
4565:
4529:
4474:
4402:
4366:
4354:
4342:
4318:
4282:
4243:
4207:
4168:
4156:
4099:
4087:
4063:
4041:
4039:
3971:
3959:
3899:
3851:
3809:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3756:
3548:
3546:
3480:
3288:
3192:
2980:
2840:
1388:
for the winter, leading to speculation about his health.
5740:. Twayne's American Authors. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
5158:
5156:
4120:
3732:
3717:
3683:
3681:
3444:
3408:
3396:
3348:
3324:
3264:
3252:
3228:
3216:
3153:
3129:
2879:
2768:
1122:, whom Hay did not support during the campaign. Hayes's
763:
stated, "Lincoln was very much attached to him"; writer
651:
in hand, containing Senator Douglas's famous article on
467:, adjacent to that of Lincoln. Hay worked for Lincoln's
6200:
Lincoln's Secretary: A Biography of John George Nicolay
5246:
4748:
4498:
4051:
4024:
3824:
3618:
3594:
3570:
3045:
2951:
2927:
2903:
2852:
2828:
2118: Till the last soul got ashore.
8079:
Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
6468:
5361:
5282:
5234:
4925:
4889:
4688:
4661:
4637:
4613:
4577:
4541:
4450:
4426:
4306:
4258:
4231:
4036:
3887:
3875:
3839:
3780:
3630:
3543:
3504:
3432:
3372:
3276:
3141:
3117:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2939:
2891:
2607:
1778:
began work on a new treaty in January 1900. The first
1333:" platform; he had electrified the delegates with his
8007:
6082:
5789:. Twayne's World Leaders. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
5606:"Hay-McKinney Mansion a perfect spot to tour history"
5577:
Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests.
5400:
5376:
5173:
5171:
5153:
5063:
4901:
4877:
4712:
4486:
4462:
4378:
4117:
Secretary John Hay by Henry Macfarland – 1900, pg. 21
4004:
President McKinley: Architect of the American Century
3693:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3533:
3531:
3516:
3468:
3456:
3420:
3384:
3312:
3300:
3204:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3105:
3093:
3069:
2792:
2732:
2667:
2601:
2586:
2411:
a United States military base established in 1903 in
527:
with the United Kingdom, the (ultimately unratified)
5465:. United States Department of State. July 21, 2008.
5463:"Purchase of the United States Virgin Islands, 1917"
2816:
2780:
2756:
2720:
2643:
2619:
1721:
1380:
run, had been Minister to France under Harrison. An
1313:, supported the Venezuelan position, announcing the
8224:
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
5958:
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
5834:(Kindle ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster.
5351:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5183:
5021:
4804:
4802:
3081:
3029:, Vol. 10, p. 292, by John G. Nicolay and John Hay)
2992:
1860:, during the Civil War, and during his time at the
539:, Hay also cleared the way for the building of the
5931:"John Hay's Revenge: Anti-Labor Novels, 1880–1905"
5875:. Vol. II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
5808:
5782:
5781:Kushner, Howard I.; Sherrill, Anne Hummel (1977).
5780:
5759:
5224:
5222:
5207:
5168:
5117:
5111:
5081:
5075:
5033:
5009:
4979:
4781:
4766:
4730:
4678:
4676:
4607:
4559:
4396:
4336:
4300:
4276:
4201:
4189:
4132:
3989:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3869:
3803:
3750:
3711:
3582:
3528:
3492:
3342:
3240:
3177:
2974:
2921:
2810:
2744:
2714:
2691:
2679:
2661:
2637:
2574:
2562:
2544:
2538:
2106: And mind the pilot's bell.
2023:, an action for which the President would win the
8164:Theodore Roosevelt administration cabinet members
5856:. Vol. I. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
5785:John Milton Hay: The Union of Poetry and Politics
5677:
4414:
4075:
3642:
2869:
2867:
2252:: with Hay's death, his own education had ended.
2114: A hundred times he swore,
2102: To treat his engine well,
732:Lincoln and his secretaries. Hay is on the right.
8055:
6085:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
6033:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
6009:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
5342:
5195:
5141:
4799:
2060:tore the stout young heart,/And saved Society."
622:
6211:. Helen Nicolay was John G. Nicolay's daughter.
5330:
5318:
5306:
5270:
5219:
5129:
5093:
5045:
4997:
4985:
4961:
4841:
4673:
4649:
4144:
1459:, when it allowed merchant raiders such as the
1173:
1062:, Alice Evelyn Hay Wadsworth Boyd (who married
957:
6421:United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
3558:
3360:
2864:
2116: He'd hold her nozzle agin the bank
1942:was in session, and the Speaker of the House,
1685:, and McKinley was unanimously renominated at
1504:, who had gained wartime glory by leading the
1191:In 1884, Hay and Adams commissioned architect
923:impressed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
895:'s declaration, "Now he belongs to the ages."
7579:
7231:
6980:
6454:
6197:
6055:Sloane, David E. E. (Fall 1969). "John Hay's
5922:
5907:(Kindle ed.). New York: Viking Penguin.
1844:began in 1904. Hay wrote to Secretary of War
1705:Secretary Hay was at The Fells when McKinley
778:. Although they made much of Lincoln's brief
754:After the death of Lincoln's 11-year-old son
8184:United States Assistant Secretaries of State
8179:Union (American Civil War) political leaders
8144:People of Illinois in the American Civil War
5983:(September 1905). "John Hay in Literature".
1071:bridge over Ohio's Ashtabula River collapsed
8219:People from Merrimack County, New Hampshire
8149:People of Indiana in the American Civil War
6231:(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002)
855:
7586:
7572:
7238:
7224:
6987:
6973:
6461:
6447:
6351:United States Assistant Secretary of State
6194:(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017)
5603:
1620:, an old China hand. Also influential was
1384:, he handicapped himself by departing for
1166:during Reid's extended absence in Europe.
906:
184:United States Assistant Secretary of State
79:September 30, 1898 – July 1, 1905
49:
2434:History of U.S. foreign policy, 1897–1913
1949:
1852:Relationship with Roosevelt, other events
886:, they hastened to the Petersen House, a
145:May 3, 1897 – September 12, 1898
8104:Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
6241:(Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2016)
5955:
5634:
5503:United States Department of the Interior
3624:
3612:
3600:
3576:
2318:
2233:
2229:
2154:
2104: Never be passed on the river
1929:
1888:
1730:
1541:
1457:its neutrality in the American Civil War
1432:
1390:
1276:
1178:
1098:
969:
789:
785:
740:, going to the theater with Abraham and
727:
686:
636:. He wrote poetry and experimented with
564:, birthplace of John Hay, Salem, Indiana
555:
451:to an anti-slavery family that moved to
8119:McKinley administration cabinet members
6119:
5897:
5604:Washington, Julie (September 1, 2011).
5406:
5394:
5382:
5264:
5252:
4754:
4742:
4511:
4057:
4030:
3833:
3636:
3552:
3486:
3438:
3378:
3294:
3282:
3198:
3123:
3007:
2986:
2885:
2846:
2798:
2774:
2738:
2673:
2466:
2453:
1525:, after he took formal leave of her at
962:
770:Hay and Nicolay accompanied Lincoln to
682:
196:November 1, 1879 – May 3, 1881
14:
8056:
5827:
5370:
5300:
5288:
5240:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4919:
4895:
4871:
4859:
4835:
4823:
4793:
4706:
4694:
4667:
4643:
4631:
4619:
4595:
4583:
4571:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4480:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4408:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4324:
4312:
4288:
4264:
4252:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4174:
4162:
4105:
4093:
4069:
4045:
3977:
3965:
3905:
3893:
3881:
3857:
3845:
3818:
3791:
3774:
3762:
3738:
3726:
3699:
3687:
3450:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3354:
3330:
3318:
3306:
3270:
3258:
3234:
3222:
3171:
3159:
3135:
3111:
3099:
3075:
3063:
2957:
2933:
2909:
2858:
2834:
2822:
2786:
2762:
2726:
2649:
2613:
2346:stated that later biographers such as
1325:nominated former Nebraska congressman
1309:, and Cleveland's Secretary of State,
878:Hay did not accompany the Lincolns to
7567:
7219:
6968:
6442:
5928:
5868:
5481:
5469:from the original on October 21, 2014
5162:
4907:
4883:
4718:
4492:
4468:
4384:
4001:
2332:National McKinley Birthplace Memorial
2100:And this was all the religion he had—
1796:, and the British Foreign Secretary,
1532:
1262:Hay was an early supporter of Ohio's
1094:
671:
432:, he became a diplomat. He served as
30:For other people named John Hay, see
6061:American Literary Realism, 1870–1910
5848:
5703:
5558:from the original on August 15, 2015
5522:
3510:
3147:
3087:
3051:
2945:
2897:
2750:
2697:
2625:
2550:
2194:
2142:
1856:Hay had met the President's father,
1666:
1292:the governor's 1896 presidential bid
1118:, did not, falling to Ohio Governor
1012:
537:newly independent Republic of Panama
8189:United States presidential advisors
6106:
6030:
5979:
5724:
5635:Williams, Greg H. (July 25, 2014).
5494:Geographic Names Information System
5027:
4808:
4138:
3672:
3660:
3588:
3537:
3522:
3498:
3474:
3462:
3426:
3246:
3210:
3186:
3019:
2685:
2513:
2500:
1940:1904 Republican National Convention
1578:
1323:1896 Democratic National Convention
551:
24:
8194:United States secretaries of state
8154:People of the Spanish–American War
6470:United States Secretaries of State
6136:
6054:
5762:The Presidency of William McKinley
5616:from the original on July 22, 2016
5527:. Brown University. Archived from
5430:from the original on July 26, 2014
5213:
3023:The Life and Letters of John Hay,
2276:interview with John Taliaferro on
2034:
1883:International Court of Arbitration
1785:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
1687:the Republican National Convention
1635:
1285:in the 1896 presidential election.
1250:
619:of his late maternal grandfather.
25:
8235:
8169:20th-century American politicians
8124:19th-century American politicians
6276:John Hay National Wildlife Refuge
6245:
6221:(New York: Clarkson Potter, 1990)
6176:The Statesman and the Storyteller
6006:
5815:. New York: Harper and Brothers.
5803:
5754:
5683:
5655:from the original on July 8, 2023
5201:
5189:
5147:
4420:
4126:
4081:
2465:According to Zeitz, $ 1,500. See
1875:election in his own right in 1904
1722:Theodore Roosevelt administration
1673:Assassination of William McKinley
1537:
840:In July 1864, New York publisher
8214:People from Pittsfield, Illinois
8114:Lincoln administration personnel
8041:
8029:
8017:
7292:
7041:
6501:
6325:
6168:
5872:The Life and Letters of John Hay
5854:The Life and Letters of John Hay
5735:
5728:John Hay From Poetry To Politics
5667:
5628:
5597:
5570:
5543:
5516:
5455:
5442:
5412:
5355:
5336:
5324:
5312:
5276:
5228:
5177:
5135:
5123:
5099:
5087:
5051:
5039:
5015:
5003:
4991:
4967:
4847:
4682:
4655:
4150:
4111:
3995:
3648:
3564:
3366:
2873:
2506:
2493:
2487:
2296:Presentation by Joshua Zeitz on
2290:
2267:
862:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
794:Hay as a young man. Portrait by
580:, in 1818, but died en route to
510:Ambassador to the United Kingdom
469:successful presidential campaign
459:. After graduation in 1858, Hay
434:United States Secretary of State
366:
67:United States Secretary of State
8074:19th-century American diplomats
7532:Secretary of Commerce and Labor
5869:Thayer, William Roscoe (1915).
5692:
5499:United States Geological Survey
3013:
2472:
2459:
2446:
1655:opposition to what they deemed
1075:Lake Shore and Michigan Railway
531:with Colombia, and finally the
485:ten-volume biography of Lincoln
318:
5929:Dalrymple, Scott (Fall 1999).
5579:"John Hay Land Studies Center"
2039:
1374:
27:American statesman (1838–1905)
13:
1:
6174:Presentation by Zwonitzer on
5938:Business and Economic History
5704:Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2011).
2523:
2124:John Hay, "Jim Bludso" (1871)
2075:. After Hay's death in 1905,
1726:
1683:presidential election in 1900
1369:
1348:while McKinley gave speeches
868:Lincoln's second inauguration
701:Confederate States of America
623:Student and Lincoln supporter
546:
8134:People from Warsaw, Illinois
7654:Ministers Plenipotentiary to
7602:Ministers Plenipotentiary to
6478:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
6264:John Hay Land Studies Center
2365:. That treaty failed in the
2249:The Education of Henry Adams
1211:, their summer residence in
1174:Wealthy traveler (1881–1897)
958:Wilderness years (1870–1897)
568:John Milton Hay was born in
506:Assistant Secretary of State
130:United States Ambassador to
7:
6324:(public domain audiobooks)
5944:(1): 133–42. Archived from
5731:. Dodd, Mead & Company.
2427:
2382:Canada–United States border
2324:Posthumous bust of John Hay
1677:McKinley's vice president,
1083:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
1064:James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr.
10:
8240:
8139:People from Salem, Indiana
6309:Works by or about John Hay
6293:December 30, 2007, at the
5923:Journals and other sources
3033:. Houghton Mifflin Company
3027:Abraham Lincoln: A History
2407:, and named in his honor.
2224:Abraham Lincoln: A History
2201:Abraham Lincoln: A History
2198:
2148:
1670:
1639:
1611:annual message to Congress
1582:
1428:
1254:
859:
718:Thomas Wentworth Higginson
675:
29:
8094:American male journalists
8089:American male biographers
7809:Ambassadors Extraordinary
7808:
7652:Envoys Extraordinary and
7651:
7601:
7530:
7511:
7488:Secretary of the Interior
7486:
7437:
7428:George von Lengerke Meyer
7394:
7363:
7332:
7303:Secretary of the Treasury
7301:
7290:
7261:
7194:
7171:Secretary of the Interior
7169:
7150:
7125:
7094:
7069:
7052:Secretary of the Treasury
7050:
7039:
7010:
6953:
6510:
6499:
6476:
6427:
6418:
6410:
6405:
6395:
6375:
6367:
6357:
6348:
6340:
6335:
6281:November 9, 2020, at the
6269:October 12, 2014, at the
6257:November 8, 2007, at the
6167:
6162:
5985:The North American Review
5828:Taliaferro, John (2013).
5064:Stevenson & Stevenson
4002:Merry, Robert W. (2017).
2602:Stevenson & Stevenson
2587:Stevenson & Stevenson
2289:
2266:
2261:
1893:Political cartoon on the
1756:
1233:the Republican convention
1159:his election as president
1020:, whose clients included
463:in his uncle's office in
415:
405:
394:
379:
374:
362:
343:
328:
305:
295:
278:
254:
249:
245:
233:
221:
200:
189:
181:
169:
157:
149:
138:
128:
116:
104:
83:
72:
64:
60:
48:
41:
32:John Hay (disambiguation)
7813:the Court of St. James's
7656:the Court of St. James's
7604:the Court of St. James's
7513:Secretary of Agriculture
7465:Charles Joseph Bonaparte
7385:Charles Joseph Bonaparte
7196:Secretary of Agriculture
5736:Gale, Robert L. (1978).
5697:
2439:
2386:Alaska Boundary Tribunal
1969:Roosevelt's inauguration
1908:, an opponent of Sultan
1904:in Morocco by chieftain
1833:Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
1069:On December 29, 1876, a
856:Assassination of Lincoln
772:Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
613:Providence, Rhode Island
533:Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
517:McKinley's assassination
8129:New-York Tribune people
8099:Brown University alumni
7811:and Plenipotentiary to
6378:U.S. Secretary of State
6102:(subscription required)
6078:(subscription required)
6050:(subscription required)
6026:(subscription required)
6002:(subscription required)
5975:(subscription required)
5811:In the Days of McKinley
5725:Dennett, Tyler (1934).
5448:Ryden, George Herbert.
2159:First edition cover of
2073:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1858:Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.
1241:Harrison administration
1205:William Wilson Corcoran
1193:Henry Hobson Richardson
1188:was published in 1890.
1124:victory in the election
907:Early diplomatic career
804:Long Branch, New Jersey
7502:James Rudolph Garfield
7179:Cornelius Newton Bliss
6198:Helen Nicolay (1949).
6059:as Literary Realism".
5850:Thayer, William Roscoe
5112:Kushner & Sherrill
5076:Kushner & Sherrill
4980:Kushner & Sherrill
4782:Kushner & Sherrill
4767:Kushner & Sherrill
4731:Kushner & Sherrill
4608:Kushner & Sherrill
4560:Kushner & Sherrill
4397:Kushner & Sherrill
4337:Kushner & Sherrill
4301:Kushner & Sherrill
4277:Kushner & Sherrill
4202:Kushner & Sherrill
4190:Kushner & Sherrill
4129:, pp. 45–46, 199.
3990:Kushner & Sherrill
3954:Kushner & Sherrill
3942:Kushner & Sherrill
3930:Kushner & Sherrill
3918:Kushner & Sherrill
3870:Kushner & Sherrill
3804:Kushner & Sherrill
3751:Kushner & Sherrill
3712:Kushner & Sherrill
3343:Kushner & Sherrill
2975:Kushner & Sherrill
2922:Kushner & Sherrill
2811:Kushner & Sherrill
2715:Kushner & Sherrill
2662:Kushner & Sherrill
2638:Kushner & Sherrill
2575:Kushner & Sherrill
2563:Kushner & Sherrill
2539:Kushner & Sherrill
2425:
2334:
2242:
2164:
2121:
1995:Augustus Saint-Gaudens
1950:Final months and death
1935:
1928:
1906:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuli
1897:
1805:Philippe Bunau-Varilla
1738:
1622:Lord Charles Beresford
1551:
1515:
1455:that was refreshed by
1447:
1398:
1359:
1327:William Jennings Bryan
1286:
1231:, was unsuccessful at
1213:Newbury, New Hampshire
1107:
1081:over wage cuts on the
975:
850:Niagara Falls, Ontario
799:
733:
692:
657:
578:Assonet, Massachusetts
565:
289:Newbury, New Hampshire
8199:Writers from Illinois
7439:Secretary of the Navy
7152:Secretary of the Navy
6288:The Fells Reservation
5981:Howells, William Dean
5424:National Park Service
2420:
2388:. Brown University's
2322:
2314:John St. Loe Strachey
2237:
2230:Assessment and legacy
2158:
2097:
1933:
1923:
1892:
1780:Hay–Pauncefote Treaty
1768:Clayton–Bulwer Treaty
1734:
1561:Hay–Pauncefote Treaty
1545:
1510:
1436:
1408:that Hanna could fill
1394:
1354:
1280:
1225:Richard Watson Gilder
1179:Author and dilettante
1102:
973:
793:
786:Presidential emissary
731:
690:
645:
559:
525:Hay–Pauncefote Treaty
465:Springfield, Illinois
428:and an assistant for
8204:Writers from Indiana
8109:Illinois Republicans
8084:American biographers
5531:on February 17, 2012
4526:, pp. 411, 413.
4447:, pp. 407, 410.
4228:, pp. 349, 356.
4008:Simon & Schuster
3066:, pp. 105, 107.
2405:Panama City, Florida
2222:The published work,
2077:William Dean Howells
1763:Ferdinand de Lesseps
1657:American imperialism
1487:Spanish–American War
1350:from his front porch
1335:Cross of Gold speech
1315:Olney interpretation
1257:Cross of Gold speech
1186:ten-volume biography
1018:Boston Lyceum Bureau
933:Grant administration
776:Battle of Gettysburg
683:Secretary to Lincoln
176:Joseph Hodges Choate
8174:Union Army colonels
7540:George B. Cortelyou
7453:William Henry Moody
7422:George B. Cortelyou
7404:Charles Emory Smith
7379:William Henry Moody
7348:William Howard Taft
7323:George B. Cortelyou
7141:Charles Emory Smith
6344:Frederick W. Seward
5585:on October 12, 2014
4709:, pp. 478–503.
3054:, pp. 219–220.
2240:John Singer Sargent
2238:Hay in portrait by
2131:Pike County Ballads
1453:American Revolution
1423:Horse Guards Parade
1144:Frederick W. Seward
1120:Rutherford B. Hayes
1037:Liberal Republicans
709:Interior Department
653:Popular Sovereignty
630:Sarah Helen Whitman
574:Lexington, Kentucky
481:John George Nicolay
228:Frederick W. Seward
208:Rutherford B. Hayes
8024:American Civil War
7496:Ethan A. Hitchcock
7477:Truman H. Newberry
7396:Postmaster General
7354:Luke Edward Wright
7263:Secretary of State
7254:Theodore Roosevelt
7185:Ethan A. Hitchcock
7127:Postmaster General
7012:Secretary of State
6515:1789–present
6512:Secretary of State
6388:Theodore Roosevelt
6336:Political offices
6252:John Hay Biography
6202:. Longman's Green.
6190:Philip McFarland,
6143:Michael Burlingame
5641:. McFarland, Inc.
5552:"About the Refuge"
5525:"John Hay Library"
5523:Mitchell, Martha.
5397:, pp. 338–39.
5303:, pp. 261–62.
5267:, pp. 266–67.
4958:, pp. 541–44.
4946:, pp. 539–41.
4922:, pp. 538–39.
4874:, pp. 533–34.
4862:, pp. 523–28.
4838:, pp. 522–23.
4826:, pp. 514–15.
4796:, pp. 510–14.
4784:, pp. 128–29.
4745:, pp. 332–33.
4733:, pp. 126–27.
4634:, pp. 411–12.
4598:, pp. 366–70.
4574:, pp. 345–48.
4562:, pp. 116–17.
4538:, pp. 190–91.
4483:, pp. 409–10.
4411:, pp. 406–07.
4375:, pp. 397–99.
4363:, pp. 374–79.
4351:, pp. 377–84.
4339:, pp. 110–12.
4327:, pp. 375–76.
4303:, pp. 109–10.
4291:, pp. 359–60.
4255:, pp. 356–57.
4216:, pp. 353–56.
4177:, pp. 353–54.
4165:, pp. 341–47.
4108:, pp. 335–36.
4096:, pp. 333–35.
4072:, pp. 331–32.
3980:, pp. 323–28.
3968:, pp. 322–23.
3932:, pp. 99–100.
3908:, pp. 316–17.
3860:, pp. 310–13.
3821:, pp. 307–11.
3777:, pp. 305–06.
3765:, pp. 300–01.
3741:, pp. 297–98.
3729:, pp. 294–96.
3675:, pp. 381–82.
3663:, pp. 378–79.
3615:, pp. 144–45.
3525:, pp. 377–78.
3513:, pp. 205–06.
3489:, pp. 206–07.
3477:, pp. 375–76.
3465:, pp. 374–75.
3453:, pp. 179–81.
3429:, pp. 373–74.
3417:, pp. 173–74.
3405:, pp. 171–73.
3357:, pp. 163–66.
3333:, pp. 153–57.
3297:, pp. 195–96.
3273:, pp. 132–33.
3261:, pp. 130–31.
3237:, pp. 124–25.
3225:, pp. 121–24.
3213:, pp. 370–71.
3201:, pp. 185–86.
3162:, pp. 115–18.
3150:, pp. 278–80.
3138:, pp. 115–16.
3020:Hay, John (1915).
2989:, pp. 161–64.
2948:, pp. 155–56.
2900:, pp. 203–06.
2849:, pp. 107–09.
2480:lieutenant colonel
2478:Hay was brevetted
2363:Danish West Indies
2335:
2300:, February 4, 2014
2243:
2165:
2029:Lake View Cemetery
2021:Russo-Japanese War
2004:. In London, King
2002:Théophile Delcassé
1984:, Germany. Kaiser
1936:
1898:
1753:on Christmas Eve.
1739:
1736:Theodore Roosevelt
1552:
1533:Secretary of State
1502:Theodore Roosevelt
1448:
1399:
1287:
1245:re-election effort
1108:
1095:Return to politics
1060:Adelbert Stone Hay
1013:his fame as a poet
976:
974:Clara Louise Stone
806:, a resort on the
800:
780:Gettysburg Address
765:Charles G. Halpine
734:
693:
678:American Civil War
672:American Civil War
582:Vincennes, Indiana
566:
562:Hay-Morrison House
473:American Civil War
442:Theodore Roosevelt
410:American Civil War
384:United States Army
132:the United Kingdom
96:Theodore Roosevelt
8005:
8004:
7714:chargé d'affaires
7689:chargé d'affaires
7642:chargé d'affaires
7561:
7560:
7546:Victor H. Metcalf
7471:Victor H. Metcalf
7373:Philander C. Knox
7213:
7212:
7135:James Albert Gary
7116:Philander C. Knox
6962:
6961:
6437:
6436:
6428:Succeeded by
6406:Diplomatic posts
6396:Succeeded by
6390:
6358:Succeeded by
6318:Works by John Hay
6304:Project Gutenberg
6300:Works by John Hay
6225:Warren Zimmermann
6187:
6186:
6057:The Bread-Winners
5914:978-1-101-63807-1
5882:978-1-4047-6198-8
5841:978-1-4165-9741-4
5773:978-0-7006-0206-3
5717:978-1-61945-011-0
5192:, pp. 86–87.
5180:, pp. 87–91.
5126:, pp. 55–56.
5090:, pp. 54–55.
5042:, pp. 68–79.
5018:, pp. 60–61.
4982:, pp. 45–46.
4192:, pp. 96–97.
4017:978-1-4516-2544-8
3992:, pp. 97–98.
3956:, pp. 90–93.
3944:, pp. 88–90.
3872:, pp. 83–84.
3753:, pp. 81–82.
3714:, pp. 78–80.
3651:, pp. 28–29.
3345:, pp. 67–68.
2960:, pp. 86–89.
2936:, pp. 77–82.
2924:, pp. 33–34.
2912:, pp. 48–49.
2888:, pp. 94–95.
2861:, pp. 52–54.
2837:, pp. 45–46.
2813:, pp. 31–32.
2777:, pp. 87–88.
2664:, pp. 23–24.
2640:, pp. 19–21.
2628:, pp. 21–22.
2616:, pp. 22–23.
2577:, pp. 16–18.
2565:, pp. 15–16.
2486:in May 1865. See
2378:Boundary Peak 167
2367:Danish parliament
2309:
2308:
2211:The Bread-Winners
2195:Lincoln biography
2168:The Bread-Winners
2161:The Bread-Winners
2151:The Bread-Winners
2144:The Bread-Winners
2025:Nobel Peace Prize
1895:Perdicaris affair
1813:Hay–Herrán Treaty
1776:Julian Pauncefote
1667:Death of McKinley
1404:Joseph B. Foraker
1386:Arizona Territory
1363:The Bread-Winners
1300:Henry Cabot Lodge
1237:Benjamin Harrison
1155:James A. Garfield
1133:William M. Evarts
1104:James A. Garfield
1088:The Bread-Winners
1056:Helen Hay Whitney
925:Benjamin Disraeli
873:William H. Seward
742:Mary Todd Lincoln
649:Harper's Magazine
529:Hay–Herrán Treaty
436:under Presidents
426:private secretary
419:
418:
213:James A. Garfield
16:(Redirected from
8231:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8013:
7588:
7581:
7574:
7565:
7564:
7410:Henry Clay Payne
7365:Attorney General
7334:Secretary of War
7296:
7295:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7217:
7216:
7096:Attorney General
7079:Russell A. Alger
7071:Secretary of War
7045:
7044:
7003:William McKinley
6989:
6982:
6975:
6966:
6965:
6505:
6504:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6440:
6439:
6431:Joseph H. Choate
6414:Thomas F. Bayard
6411:Preceded by
6384:William McKinley
6381:
6368:Preceded by
6341:Preceded by
6333:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6313:Internet Archive
6215:Patricia O'Toole
6203:
6178:, April 26, 2016
6172:
6171:
6160:
6159:
6132:
6116:
6109:Military History
6103:
6100:
6079:
6076:
6051:
6048:
6027:
6024:
6003:
6000:
5976:
5973:
5960:. Third Series.
5952:
5951:on May 14, 2013.
5950:
5935:
5918:
5894:
5865:
5845:
5824:
5814:
5800:
5788:
5777:
5765:
5751:
5732:
5721:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5610:The Plain Dealer
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5581:. Archived from
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5459:
5453:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5359:
5353:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5166:
5160:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4812:
4806:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4021:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3822:
3816:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3541:
3535:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2390:John Hay Library
2376:, also known as
2369:on a tied vote.
2294:
2293:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2125:
2108:And if ever the
1817:Colombian Senate
1794:Joseph H. Choate
1715:George Cortelyou
1618:William Rockhill
1585:Open Door Policy
1579:Open Door Policy
1283:William McKinley
1264:William McKinley
1221:Grover Cleveland
1201:Lafayette Square
1199:on Washington's
1168:Garfield's death
1026:Susan B. Anthony
1001:great fire there
981:New-York Tribune
827:Ten Percent Plan
609:Brown University
586:Warsaw, Illinois
552:Family and youth
521:Open Door Policy
493:New-York Tribune
457:Brown University
453:Warsaw, Illinois
438:William McKinley
375:Military service
370:
348:Brown University
322:
320:
285:
268:
266:
250:Personal details
236:
224:
194:
172:
164:Thomas F. Bayard
160:
153:William McKinley
143:
133:
119:
107:
91:William McKinley
77:
53:
39:
38:
21:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8042:
8040:
8030:
8028:
8018:
8016:
8008:
8006:
8001:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7804:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7647:
7605:
7603:
7597:
7592:
7562:
7557:
7526:
7507:
7482:
7447:John Davis Long
7433:
7390:
7359:
7328:
7297:
7293:
7288:
7257:
7244:
7214:
7209:
7190:
7165:
7160:John Davis Long
7146:
7121:
7090:
7065:
7046:
7042:
7037:
7006:
6993:
6963:
6958:
6949:
6514:
6506:
6502:
6497:
6481:1781–1789
6480:
6472:
6467:
6433:
6424:
6416:
6401:
6392:
6380:
6373:
6363:
6354:
6346:
6326:
6295:Wayback Machine
6283:Wayback Machine
6271:Wayback Machine
6259:Wayback Machine
6248:
6169:
6163:External videos
6139:
6137:Further reading
6101:
6077:
6049:
6025:
6001:
5991:(586): 343–51.
5974:
5948:
5933:
5925:
5915:
5883:
5842:
5805:Leech, Margaret
5797:
5774:
5756:Gould, Lewis L.
5748:
5718:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5658:
5656:
5649:
5633:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5612:. AdvanceOhio.
5602:
5598:
5588:
5586:
5575:
5571:
5561:
5559:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5489:"Mount Herbert"
5487:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5470:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5405:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5362:
5354:
5343:
5335:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5299:
5295:
5287:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5227:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5176:
5169:
5161:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5106:
5098:
5094:
5086:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5062:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4693:
4689:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4251:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4092:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4010:. p. 223.
4000:
3996:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3018:
3014:
3006:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:, pp. 3–4.
2549:
2545:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2430:
2328:J. Massey Rhind
2291:
2280:, July 21, 2013
2268:
2262:External videos
2232:
2203:
2197:
2153:
2147:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2042:
2037:
2035:Literary career
1952:
1934:Hay, circa 1904
1854:
1824:Panama Railroad
1759:
1729:
1724:
1675:
1669:
1644:
1642:Boxer Rebellion
1638:
1636:Boxer Rebellion
1587:
1581:
1573:Treaty of Paris
1548:Treaty of Paris
1540:
1535:
1431:
1377:
1372:
1319:Monroe Doctrine
1296:Rudyard Kipling
1260:
1253:
1251:McKinley backer
1197:houses for them
1181:
1176:
1116:James G. Blaine
1097:
1041:in the election
1033:President Grant
1003:, interviewing
968:
960:
909:
864:
858:
846:Jefferson Davis
812:John C. Frémont
788:
738:Willard's Hotel
697:President-elect
685:
680:
674:
625:
601:Abraham Lincoln
554:
549:
430:Abraham Lincoln
422:John Milton Hay
324:
321: 1874)
316:
312:
296:Political party
287:
283:
270:
269:October 8, 1838
264:
262:
261:
260:
259:John Milton Hay
234:
222:
217:
195:
190:
170:
158:
144:
139:
131:
117:
105:
100:
78:
73:
56:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8237:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8051:
8050:
8038:
8026:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7818:
7816:
7815:(1893–present)
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7645:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7609:
7607:
7599:
7598:
7591:
7590:
7583:
7576:
7568:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7536:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7524:
7517:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7499:
7492:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7443:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7425:
7419:
7413:
7407:
7400:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7382:
7376:
7369:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7351:
7345:
7338:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7307:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7280:
7274:
7267:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7243:
7242:
7235:
7228:
7220:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7200:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7182:
7175:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7156:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7138:
7131:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7113:
7110:John W. Griggs
7107:
7104:Joseph McKenna
7100:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7082:
7075:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7056:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7029:
7026:William R. Day
7023:
7016:
7014:
7008:
7007:
6992:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6969:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6508:
6507:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6484:
6482:
6474:
6473:
6466:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6443:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6426:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6394:
6382:Served under:
6374:
6371:William R. Day
6369:
6365:
6364:
6361:Robert R. Hitt
6359:
6356:
6347:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6315:
6306:
6297:
6285:
6273:
6261:
6247:
6246:External links
6244:
6243:
6242:
6235:Mark Zwonitzer
6232:
6222:
6212:
6195:
6185:
6184:
6165:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:978-0809338634
6145:, ed. (2021).
6138:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6117:
6104:
6080:
6052:
6028:
6004:
5977:
5953:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5913:
5895:
5881:
5866:
5846:
5840:
5825:
5801:
5795:
5778:
5772:
5752:
5746:
5733:
5722:
5716:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5686:, p. 130.
5676:
5666:
5648:978-1476617541
5647:
5627:
5596:
5569:
5542:
5515:
5480:
5454:
5441:
5411:
5399:
5387:
5375:
5373:, p. 548.
5360:
5358:, p. 125.
5341:
5329:
5317:
5305:
5293:
5291:, p. 250.
5281:
5269:
5257:
5255:, p. 256.
5245:
5243:, p. 235.
5233:
5218:
5216:, p. 276.
5206:
5194:
5182:
5167:
5165:, p. 134.
5152:
5140:
5128:
5116:
5104:
5092:
5080:
5068:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5030:, p. 348.
5020:
5008:
4996:
4984:
4972:
4960:
4948:
4936:
4934:, p. 539.
4924:
4912:
4910:, p. 401.
4900:
4898:, p. 538.
4888:
4886:, p. 400.
4876:
4864:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4813:
4798:
4786:
4771:
4769:, p. 127.
4759:
4757:, p. 335.
4747:
4735:
4723:
4721:, p. 324.
4711:
4699:
4697:, p. 478.
4687:
4672:
4670:, p. 442.
4660:
4648:
4646:, p. 425.
4636:
4624:
4622:, p. 392.
4612:
4610:, p. 121.
4600:
4588:
4586:, p. 352.
4576:
4564:
4552:
4550:, p. 344.
4540:
4528:
4516:
4514:, p. 332.
4497:
4495:, p. 268.
4485:
4473:
4471:, p. 266.
4461:
4459:, p. 337.
4449:
4437:
4435:, p. 407.
4425:
4423:, p. 599.
4413:
4401:
4399:, p. 124.
4389:
4387:, p. 262.
4377:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4315:, p. 363.
4305:
4293:
4281:
4279:, p. 108.
4269:
4267:, p. 359.
4257:
4242:
4240:, p. 356.
4230:
4218:
4206:
4204:, p. 105.
4194:
4179:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4110:
4098:
4086:
4084:, p. 129.
4074:
4062:
4060:, p. 324.
4050:
4048:, p. 330.
4035:
4033:, p. 329.
4023:
4016:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3896:, p. 315.
3886:
3884:, p. 314.
3874:
3862:
3850:
3848:, p. 310.
3838:
3836:, p. 323.
3823:
3808:
3796:
3794:, p. 307.
3779:
3767:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3716:
3704:
3702:, p. 282.
3692:
3690:, p. 258.
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3639:, p. 211.
3629:
3627:, p. 154.
3617:
3605:
3603:, p. 140.
3593:
3591:, p. 379.
3581:
3579:, p. 137.
3569:
3557:
3555:, p. 212.
3542:
3540:, p. 378.
3527:
3515:
3503:
3501:, p. 377.
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3441:, p. 206.
3431:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3393:, p. 167.
3383:
3381:, p. 205.
3371:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3321:, p. 143.
3311:
3309:, p. 140.
3299:
3287:
3285:, p. 194.
3275:
3263:
3251:
3249:, p. 372.
3239:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3189:, p. 370.
3176:
3174:, p. 119.
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3126:, p. 181.
3116:
3114:, p. 111.
3104:
3102:, p. 109.
3092:
3090:, p. 222.
3080:
3078:, p. 107.
3068:
3056:
3044:
3012:
2991:
2979:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2702:
2690:
2688:, p. 367.
2678:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2505:
2492:
2471:
2458:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2359:American Samoa
2355:Samoan dispute
2326:(1915–17), by
2307:
2306:
2287:
2286:
2264:
2263:
2231:
2228:
2199:Main article:
2196:
2193:
2149:Main article:
2146:
2141:
2098:
2096:
2092:Castilian Days
2081:Castilian Days
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
1951:
1948:
1919:Samuel Gummeré
1902:Ion Perdicaris
1853:
1850:
1798:Lord Lansdowne
1758:
1755:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1671:Main article:
1668:
1665:
1640:Main article:
1637:
1634:
1583:Main article:
1580:
1577:
1546:Hay signs the
1539:
1538:McKinley years
1536:
1534:
1531:
1523:Queen Victoria
1519:William R. Day
1476:Lord Salisbury
1472:John W. Foster
1430:
1427:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1344:the nation in
1307:British Guiana
1281:Hay supported
1252:
1249:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1096:
1093:
967:
961:
959:
956:
948:Castilian Days
944:Daniel Sickles
917:Andrew Johnson
908:
905:
903:be watching".
888:boarding house
880:Ford's Theatre
860:Main article:
857:
854:
842:Horace Greeley
818:in the Union.
787:
784:
747:Les Misérables
744:, and reading
725:in July 1861.
723:First Bull Run
684:
681:
676:Main article:
673:
670:
624:
621:
570:Salem, Indiana
553:
550:
548:
545:
498:Horace Greeley
449:Salem, Indiana
417:
416:
413:
412:
407:
403:
402:
396:
392:
391:
381:
380:Branch/service
377:
376:
372:
371:
364:
360:
359:
345:
341:
340:
330:
326:
325:
314:
310:
309:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:
286:(aged 66)
280:
276:
275:
272:Salem, Indiana
258:
256:
252:
251:
247:
246:
243:
242:
240:Robert R. Hitt
237:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
216:
215:
210:
204:
202:
198:
197:
187:
186:
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
136:
135:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
111:William R. Day
108:
102:
101:
99:
98:
93:
87:
85:
81:
80:
70:
69:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8236:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8049:
8039:
8037:
8027:
8025:
8015:
8014:
8011:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7807:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7650:
7643:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7600:
7596:
7589:
7584:
7582:
7577:
7575:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7393:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7311:Lyman J. Gage
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7234:
7229:
7227:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7061:
7060:Lyman J. Gage
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6990:
6985:
6983:
6978:
6976:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6957:
6952:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6662:Frelinghuysen
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6572:E. Livingston
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6488:R. Livingston
6486:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6459:
6457:
6452:
6450:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6432:
6423:
6422:
6415:
6409:
6404:
6400:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6372:
6366:
6362:
6353:
6352:
6345:
6339:
6334:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6209:J. G. Randall
6206:
6201:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6179:
6177:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6121:Zeitz, Joshua
6118:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6074:
6070:
6067:(3): 276–79.
6066:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6046:
6042:
6039:(4): 352–84.
6038:
6034:
6029:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5927:
5926:
5916:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5899:Zeitz, Joshua
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5812:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5796:0-8057-7719-9
5792:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5747:0-8057-7199-9
5743:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5685:
5680:
5670:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5631:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5451:
5445:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5408:
5403:
5396:
5391:
5384:
5379:
5372:
5367:
5365:
5357:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5339:, p. 42.
5338:
5333:
5327:, p. 41.
5326:
5321:
5315:, p. 40.
5314:
5309:
5302:
5297:
5290:
5285:
5279:, p. 99.
5278:
5273:
5266:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5242:
5237:
5231:, p. 95.
5230:
5225:
5223:
5215:
5210:
5204:, p. 73.
5203:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5179:
5174:
5172:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5150:, p. 71.
5149:
5144:
5138:, p. 87.
5137:
5132:
5125:
5120:
5114:, p. 50.
5113:
5108:
5102:, p. 55.
5101:
5096:
5089:
5084:
5078:, p. 49.
5077:
5072:
5066:, p. 23.
5065:
5060:
5054:, p. 80.
5053:
5048:
5041:
5036:
5029:
5024:
5017:
5012:
5006:, p. 61.
5005:
5000:
4994:, p. 60.
4993:
4988:
4981:
4976:
4970:, p. 54.
4969:
4964:
4957:
4952:
4945:
4940:
4933:
4928:
4921:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4885:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4861:
4856:
4850:, p. 36.
4849:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4795:
4790:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4768:
4763:
4756:
4751:
4744:
4739:
4732:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4691:
4685:, p. 38.
4684:
4679:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4658:, p. 37.
4657:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4621:
4616:
4609:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4585:
4580:
4573:
4568:
4561:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4520:
4513:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4494:
4489:
4482:
4477:
4470:
4465:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4441:
4434:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4410:
4405:
4398:
4393:
4386:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4239:
4234:
4227:
4222:
4215:
4210:
4203:
4198:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4159:
4153:, p. 31.
4152:
4147:
4141:, p. 55.
4140:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4032:
4027:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3920:, p. 86.
3919:
3914:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3883:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3806:, p. 83.
3805:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3752:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3567:, p. 14.
3566:
3561:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3369:, p. 22.
3368:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3009:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2977:, p. 62.
2976:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2876:, p. 18.
2875:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2825:, p. 47.
2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2801:, p. 92.
2800:
2795:
2789:, p. 43.
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2765:, p. 39.
2764:
2759:
2753:, p. 88.
2752:
2747:
2741:, p. 71.
2740:
2735:
2729:, p. 37.
2728:
2723:
2717:, p. 28.
2716:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2700:, p. 87.
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2676:, p. 56.
2675:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2652:, p. 27.
2651:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2604:, p. 20.
2603:
2598:
2596:
2589:, p. 19.
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2541:, p. 11.
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2490:, p. 18.
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2469:, p. 71.
2468:
2462:
2456:, p. 87.
2455:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:Camp John Hay
2406:
2403:was built in
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2348:Carl Sandburg
2345:
2344:Roy P. Basler
2341:
2333:
2330:, inside the
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2172:nouveau riche
2169:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2110:Prairie Belle
2095:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:Paris Commune
2051:
2047:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1973:Presley Rixey
1970:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1944:Joseph Cannon
1941:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1751:Clarence King
1747:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1711:Leon Czolgosz
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:Garret Hobart
1674:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1530:
1528:
1527:Osborne House
1524:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:Richard Olney
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1272:Panic of 1893
1269:
1265:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:to construct
1194:
1189:
1187:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:Samuel Tilden
1105:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:Euclid Avenue
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:Whitelaw Reid
983:
982:
972:
965:
955:
953:
952:Alvey A. Adee
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
928:
926:
920:
918:
914:
904:
902:
896:
894:
893:Edwin Stanton
889:
885:
884:had been shot
881:
876:
874:
869:
863:
853:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
835:Union defeats
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
816:border states
813:
809:
805:
797:
792:
783:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
757:
752:
749:
748:
743:
739:
730:
726:
724:
719:
713:
710:
706:
702:
698:
689:
679:
669:
667:
661:
656:
654:
650:
644:
641:
639:
635:
631:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
563:
558:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
502:Whitelaw Reid
499:
495:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
414:
411:
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
342:
339:
335:
332:4, including
331:
327:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
290:
281:
277:
273:
257:
253:
248:
244:
241:
238:
232:
229:
226:
220:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
203:
199:
193:
188:
185:
180:
177:
174:
168:
165:
162:
156:
152:
148:
142:
137:
134:
127:
124:
121:
115:
112:
109:
103:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
86:
82:
76:
71:
68:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7826:
7713:
7688:
7641:
7552:Oscar Straus
7521:James Wilson
7416:Robert Wynne
7283:Robert Bacon
7270:
7204:James Wilson
7031:
7020:John Sherman
6701:
6419:
6376:
6349:
6238:
6228:
6218:
6199:
6191:
6175:
6146:
6128:
6124:
6112:
6108:
6091:(1): 19–27.
6088:
6084:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6036:
6032:
6015:(1): 69–93.
6012:
6008:
5988:
5984:
5961:
5957:
5946:the original
5941:
5937:
5903:
5871:
5853:
5830:
5810:
5784:
5761:
5737:
5727:
5706:
5693:Bibliography
5679:
5669:
5657:. Retrieved
5637:
5630:
5618:. Retrieved
5609:
5599:
5587:. Retrieved
5583:the original
5572:
5560:. Retrieved
5545:
5533:. Retrieved
5529:the original
5518:
5506:. Retrieved
5492:
5483:
5471:. Retrieved
5457:
5449:
5444:
5432:. Retrieved
5414:
5409:, p. 6.
5402:
5390:
5385:, p. 3.
5378:
5332:
5320:
5308:
5296:
5284:
5272:
5260:
5248:
5236:
5209:
5197:
5185:
5143:
5131:
5119:
5107:
5095:
5083:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5035:
5023:
5011:
4999:
4987:
4975:
4963:
4951:
4939:
4927:
4915:
4903:
4891:
4879:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4831:
4789:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4714:
4702:
4690:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4591:
4579:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4452:
4440:
4428:
4416:
4404:
4392:
4380:
4368:
4356:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4284:
4272:
4260:
4233:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4170:
4158:
4146:
4134:
4122:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4053:
4026:
4003:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3901:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3799:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3707:
3695:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3625:Friedlaender
3620:
3613:Friedlaender
3608:
3601:Friedlaender
3596:
3584:
3577:Friedlaender
3572:
3560:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
2982:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2508:
2495:
2474:
2461:
2448:
2421:
2417:
2399:
2395:Liberty ship
2377:
2371:
2352:
2339:
2336:
2323:
2310:
2297:
2277:
2273:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2223:
2221:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2189:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2143:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2109:
2099:
2091:
2086:The Atlantic
2084:
2080:
2067:Risorgimento
2065:
2062:
2046:Napoleon III
2043:
2013:
2011:
1999:
1966:
1961:Newfoundland
1957:
1953:
1937:
1924:
1899:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1842:Panama Canal
1821:
1809:Tomás Herrán
1802:
1790:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1704:
1692:
1676:
1661:
1648:Wu Ting-fang
1645:
1630:
1626:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1595:treaty ports
1588:
1569:
1565:outrageously
1564:
1557:
1553:
1516:
1511:
1506:Rough Riders
1499:
1492:
1484:
1468:
1461:
1449:
1441:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1400:
1378:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1346:his campaign
1339:
1304:
1288:
1261:
1229:John Sherman
1217:
1190:
1182:
1163:
1148:
1137:
1128:
1109:
1086:
1068:
1045:
1031:By the time
1030:
1008:
1005:Mrs. O'Leary
998:
993:
989:
979:
977:
966:and marriage
963:
947:
937:
929:
921:
913:John Bigelow
910:
900:
897:
877:
865:
839:
820:
808:Jersey Shore
801:
796:Mathew Brady
769:
761:Galusha Grow
753:
745:
735:
714:
705:was sworn in
694:
666:Joshua Zeitz
662:
658:
648:
646:
642:
626:
616:
605:John Nicolay
590:
567:
541:Panama Canal
514:
491:
489:
446:
421:
420:
406:Battles/wars
284:(1905-07-01)
282:July 1, 1905
235:Succeeded by
191:
171:Succeeded by
140:
118:Succeeded by
74:
36:
8069:1905 deaths
8064:1838 births
7665:J. Q. Adams
7658:(1815–1893)
7606:(1785–1811)
7554:(1906–1909)
7548:(1904–1906)
7542:(1903–1904)
7523:(1901–1909)
7504:(1907–1909)
7498:(1901–1907)
7479:(1908–1909)
7473:(1906–1908)
7467:(1905–1906)
7461:(1904–1905)
7459:Paul Morton
7455:(1902–1904)
7449:(1901–1902)
7430:(1907–1909)
7424:(1905–1907)
7418:(1904–1905)
7412:(1902–1904)
7406:(1901–1902)
7387:(1906–1909)
7381:(1904–1906)
7375:(1901–1904)
7356:(1908–1909)
7350:(1904–1908)
7344:(1901–1904)
7325:(1907–1909)
7319:(1902–1907)
7313:(1901–1902)
7279:(1905–1909)
7273:(1901–1905)
7256:(1901–1909)
7206:(1897–1901)
7187:(1899–1901)
7181:(1897–1899)
7162:(1897–1901)
7143:(1898–1901)
7137:(1897–1898)
7112:(1898–1901)
7106:(1897–1898)
7087:(1899–1901)
7081:(1897–1899)
7062:(1897–1901)
7034:(1898–1901)
7022:(1897–1898)
7005:(1897–1901)
6832:Christopher
6827:Eagleburger
6767:G. Marshall
6537:J. Marshall
6125:Smithsonian
5659:December 7,
5407:Zeitz 2014a
5395:Zeitz 2014a
5383:Zeitz 2014a
5265:Zeitz 2014a
5253:Zeitz 2014a
4755:Zeitz 2014a
4743:Zeitz 2014a
4512:Zeitz 2014a
4058:Zeitz 2014a
4031:Zeitz 2014a
3834:Zeitz 2014a
3637:Zeitz 2014a
3553:Zeitz 2014a
3487:Zeitz 2014a
3439:Zeitz 2014a
3379:Zeitz 2014a
3295:Zeitz 2014a
3283:Zeitz 2014a
3199:Zeitz 2014a
3124:Zeitz 2014a
3008:Zeitz 2014b
2987:Zeitz 2014a
2886:Zeitz 2014a
2847:Zeitz 2014a
2799:Zeitz 2014a
2775:Zeitz 2014a
2739:Zeitz 2014a
2674:Zeitz 2014a
2467:Zeitz 2014a
2454:Zeitz 2014a
2216:The Century
2112:took fire,—
2040:Early works
1978:Bad Nauheim
1926:department.
1698:during the
1480:bimetallism
1443:Vanity Fair
1375:Appointment
1342:barnstormed
1331:free silver
1151:Henry Adams
1048:Amasa Stone
940:Isabella II
691:Hay in 1862
597:Springfield
588:, in 1841.
311:Clara Stone
223:Preceded by
159:Preceded by
106:Preceded by
55:Hay in 1897
18:John M. Hay
8058:Categories
7992:W. Johnson
7927:Richardson
7780:Pierrepont
7765:R. Johnson
7342:Elihu Root
7317:L. M. Shaw
7277:Elihu Root
7085:Elihu Root
6757:Stettinius
6425:1897–1898
6399:Elihu Root
6393:1898–1905
6355:1879–1881
5964:: 137–66.
5562:October 8,
5420:"John Hay"
5371:Taliaferro
5301:Taliaferro
5289:Taliaferro
5241:Taliaferro
4956:Taliaferro
4944:Taliaferro
4932:Taliaferro
4920:Taliaferro
4896:Taliaferro
4872:Taliaferro
4860:Taliaferro
4836:Taliaferro
4824:Taliaferro
4794:Taliaferro
4707:Taliaferro
4695:Taliaferro
4668:Taliaferro
4644:Taliaferro
4632:Taliaferro
4620:Taliaferro
4596:Taliaferro
4584:Taliaferro
4572:Taliaferro
4548:Taliaferro
4536:Taliaferro
4524:Taliaferro
4481:Taliaferro
4457:Taliaferro
4445:Taliaferro
4433:Taliaferro
4409:Taliaferro
4373:Taliaferro
4361:Taliaferro
4349:Taliaferro
4325:Taliaferro
4313:Taliaferro
4289:Taliaferro
4265:Taliaferro
4253:Taliaferro
4238:Taliaferro
4226:Taliaferro
4214:Taliaferro
4175:Taliaferro
4163:Taliaferro
4106:Taliaferro
4094:Taliaferro
4070:Taliaferro
4046:Taliaferro
3978:Taliaferro
3966:Taliaferro
3906:Taliaferro
3894:Taliaferro
3882:Taliaferro
3858:Taliaferro
3846:Taliaferro
3819:Taliaferro
3792:Taliaferro
3775:Taliaferro
3763:Taliaferro
3739:Taliaferro
3727:Taliaferro
3700:Taliaferro
3688:Taliaferro
3451:Taliaferro
3415:Taliaferro
3403:Taliaferro
3391:Taliaferro
3355:Taliaferro
3331:Taliaferro
3319:Taliaferro
3307:Taliaferro
3271:Taliaferro
3259:Taliaferro
3235:Taliaferro
3223:Taliaferro
3172:Taliaferro
3160:Taliaferro
3136:Taliaferro
3112:Taliaferro
3100:Taliaferro
3076:Taliaferro
3064:Taliaferro
2958:Taliaferro
2934:Taliaferro
2910:Taliaferro
2859:Taliaferro
2835:Taliaferro
2823:Taliaferro
2787:Taliaferro
2763:Taliaferro
2727:Taliaferro
2650:Taliaferro
2614:Taliaferro
2524:References
2136:Bret Harte
2058:Chassepots
2015:Ave Caesar
2006:Edward VII
1990:Leopold II
1986:Wilhelm II
1846:Elihu Root
1727:Staying on
1513:character.
1440:of Hay in
1438:Caricature
1396:Mark Hanna
1370:Ambassador
1268:Mark Hanna
1140:Mrs. Hayes
1022:Mark Twain
634:Nora Perry
617:alma mater
593:Pittsfield
547:Early life
388:Union Army
300:Republican
265:1838-10-08
123:Elihu Root
8048:Biography
7932:Armstrong
7922:Annenberg
7745:Ingersoll
7720:Stevenson
7705:Van Buren
7251:President
7000:President
6914:Tillerson
6797:Kissinger
6642:Washburne
6567:Van Buren
6532:Pickering
6522:Jefferson
5163:Dalrymple
4908:Thayer II
4884:Thayer II
4719:Thayer II
4493:Thayer II
4469:Thayer II
4385:Thayer II
3037:April 25,
2374:Mount Hay
1982:Frankfurt
1910:Abdelaziz
1788:changes.
1603:Hong Kong
1419:The Times
1382:asthmatic
1209:The Fells
628:included
599:attorney
535:with the
363:Signature
344:Education
201:President
192:In office
182:12th
150:President
141:In office
84:President
75:In office
65:37th
8036:Illinois
7937:Brewster
7892:Harriman
7862:Houghton
7760:C. Adams
7750:Buchanan
7740:Lawrence
7735:Bancroft
7685:Lawrence
7680:Gallatin
7613:J. Adams
7271:John Hay
7032:John Hay
6844:Albright
6602:Buchanan
6527:Randolph
6322:LibriVox
6291:Archived
6279:Archived
6267:Archived
6255:Archived
6097:40193908
6073:27747664
6045:40191317
6021:40190942
5997:25105451
5970:25080672
5901:(2014).
5852:(1915).
5807:(1959).
5758:(1980).
5738:John Hay
5653:Archived
5620:July 19,
5614:Archived
5589:July 17,
5556:Archived
5535:July 17,
5473:July 29,
5467:Archived
5434:July 17,
5428:Archived
3511:Ackerman
3148:Thayer I
3088:Thayer I
3052:Thayer I
2946:Thayer I
2898:Thayer I
2751:Thayer I
2698:Thayer I
2626:Thayer I
2551:Thayer I
2428:See also
2400:John Hay
2398:SS
2372:In 1923
1828:revolted
1707:was shot
1700:Boer War
1696:Pretoria
1091:(1883).
1079:a strike
1011:came as
823:ironclad
477:was shot
461:read law
447:Born in
338:Adelbert
329:Children
43:John Hay
8010:Portals
7997:Hartley
7912:Whitney
7907:Aldrich
7902:Gifford
7897:Douglas
7882:Kennedy
7877:Bingham
7857:Kellogg
7800:Lincoln
7775:Schenck
7725:Everett
7695:Barbour
7638:Russell
7633:Pinkney
7618:Pickney
7247:Cabinet
6996:Cabinet
6938:Blinken
6885:Clinton
6772:Acheson
6747:Stimson
6742:Kellogg
6727:Lansing
6692:Sherman
6682:Gresham
6617:Everett
6612:Webster
6607:Clayton
6597:Calhoun
6587:Webster
6582:Forsyth
6542:Madison
6311:at the
5508:May 16,
5028:Howells
4809:Woolman
4139:Dennett
3673:Kushner
3661:Kushner
3589:Kushner
3538:Kushner
3523:Kushner
3499:Kushner
3475:Kushner
3463:Kushner
3427:Kushner
3247:Kushner
3211:Kushner
3187:Kushner
2686:Kushner
2514:Woolman
2501:Woolman
2484:colonel
2380:on the
2274:Q&A
2184:Ananias
2050:Liberty
1980:, near
1914:Tangier
1862:Tribune
1550:, 1899.
1462:Alabama
1429:Service
1317:of the
1164:Tribune
1129:Tribune
1009:Tribune
994:Tribune
990:Tribune
964:Tribune
638:hashish
401:Colonel
323:
315:
7987:Barzun
7982:Susman
7977:Tuttle
7972:Farish
7887:Winant
7872:Mellon
7852:Harvey
7832:Choate
7822:Bayard
7795:Phelps
7790:Lowell
7770:Motley
7755:Dallas
7730:McLane
7700:McLane
7628:Monroe
7285:(1909)
7118:(1901)
7028:(1898)
6926:Pompeo
6890:tenure
6873:tenure
6856:Powell
6817:Shultz
6807:Muskie
6792:Rogers
6782:Herter
6777:Dulles
6762:Byrnes
6737:Hughes
6677:Foster
6672:Blaine
6667:Bayard
6657:Blaine
6652:Evarts
6637:Seward
6592:Upshur
6577:McLane
6552:Monroe
6205:Review
6182:C-SPAN
6153:
6095:
6071:
6043:
6019:
5995:
5968:
5911:
5891:445576
5889:
5879:
5862:445576
5860:
5838:
5821:456809
5819:
5793:
5770:
5744:
5714:
5674:41–48.
5645:
5214:Sloane
4014:
2413:Baguio
2304:C-SPAN
2284:C-SPAN
2180:ticket
2163:(1883)
1837:a zone
1811:. The
1757:Panama
1652:Peking
1446:, 1897
1329:on a "
901:always
756:Willie
496:under
399:Brevet
306:Spouse
291:, U.S.
274:, U.S.
7967:Lader
7962:Crowe
7957:Seitz
7952:Catto
7947:Price
7942:Louis
7917:Bruce
7867:Dawes
7847:Davis
7785:Welsh
6943:trips
6931:trips
6919:trips
6907:trips
6902:Kerry
6895:trips
6878:trips
6861:trips
6849:trips
6837:trips
6822:Baker
6802:Vance
6732:Colby
6722:Bryan
6712:Bacon
6687:Olney
6632:Black
6622:Marcy
6557:Adams
6547:Smith
6131:(10).
6093:JSTOR
6069:JSTOR
6041:JSTOR
6017:JSTOR
5993:JSTOR
5966:JSTOR
5949:(PDF)
5934:(PDF)
5698:Books
5684:Gould
5202:Jaher
5190:Jaher
5148:Jaher
4421:Leech
4127:Gould
4082:Gould
2440:Notes
1591:Japan
1493:Maine
831:major
334:Helen
317:(
313:
7842:Page
7837:Reid
7710:Vail
7675:King
7670:Rush
7623:King
6868:Rice
6812:Haig
6787:Rusk
6752:Hull
6717:Knox
6707:Root
6647:Fish
6627:Cass
6562:Clay
6151:ISBN
6115:(4).
5909:ISBN
5887:OCLC
5877:ISBN
5858:OCLC
5836:ISBN
5817:OCLC
5791:ISBN
5768:ISBN
5742:ISBN
5712:ISBN
5661:2017
5643:ISBN
5622:2016
5591:2014
5564:2015
5537:2014
5510:2018
5475:2014
5436:2014
5356:Gale
5337:Gale
5325:Gale
5313:Gale
5277:Gale
5229:Gale
5178:Gale
5136:Gale
5124:Gale
5100:Gale
5088:Gale
5052:Gale
5040:Gale
5016:Gale
5004:Gale
4992:Gale
4968:Gale
4848:Gale
4683:Gale
4656:Gale
4151:Gale
4012:ISBN
3649:Gale
3565:Gale
3367:Gale
3039:2014
2874:Gale
2488:Gale
2482:and
1938:The
1491:USS
1024:and
632:and
560:The
500:and
483:, a
440:and
395:Rank
336:and
279:Died
255:Born
7827:Hay
7249:of
6998:of
6702:Hay
6697:Day
6493:Jay
6320:at
6302:at
6207:by
5989:181
1967:By
1709:by
611:in
8060::
6386:,
6237:,
6227:,
6217:,
6180:,
6129:44
6127:.
6113:14
6111:.
6089:99
6087:.
6063:.
6037:67
6035:.
6013:65
6011:.
5987:.
5962:81
5942:28
5940:.
5936:.
5885:.
5651:.
5608:.
5554:.
5501:,
5497:.
5491:.
5426:.
5422:.
5363:^
5344:^
5221:^
5170:^
5155:^
4816:^
4801:^
4774:^
4675:^
4500:^
4245:^
4182:^
4038:^
4006:.
3826:^
3811:^
3782:^
3719:^
3680:^
3545:^
3530:^
3179:^
2994:^
2965:^
2866:^
2705:^
2594:^
2531:^
2340:he
2302:,
2282:,
1921::
1819:.
1659:.
1302:.
1058:,
615:,
543:.
356:MA
354:,
352:AB
319:m.
8012::
7716:)
7712:(
7691:)
7687:(
7644:)
7640:(
7587:e
7580:t
7573:v
7239:e
7232:t
7225:v
6988:e
6981:t
6974:v
6462:e
6455:t
6448:v
6099:.
6075:.
6065:2
6047:.
6023:.
5999:.
5972:.
5917:.
5893:.
5864:.
5844:.
5823:.
5799:.
5776:.
5750:.
5720:.
5663:.
5624:.
5593:.
5566:.
5539:.
5512:.
5477:.
5438:.
4811:.
4020:.
3041:.
3010:.
2516:.
2503:.
2017:!
1259:.
798:.
390:)
386:(
358:)
350:(
267:)
263:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.