John Hunyadi - Knowledge

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assist him in governing the country. However, the Diet refused to ratify most of the royal proposals, only the establishment of a royal council consisting of six prelates, six barons and six noblemen was accepted. Hunyadi, who was well aware that the King attempted to limit his authority, demanded an explanation, but the King denied that he had knowledge of his representatives' act. On the other hand, Jiskra returned to Hungary upon Ladislaus V's request and the King entrusted him with the administration of the mining towns. In response, Hunyadi persuaded Ulrich of Celje to cede him a number of royal fortresses (and the lands pertaining to them) which had been mortgaged in

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other assistance to preserve their offices in case King Ladislaus V returned to Hungary. In October Hunyadi made peace with Frederick III of Germany, which confirmed the German monarch's position as guardian of Ladislaus V for further eight years. With the mediation of Újlaki and other barons, Hunyadi also concluded a peace treaty with Branković in August 1451, which authorized Hunyadi to redeem the debated domains for 155,000 gold florins. Hunyadi launched a military expedition against Jiskra, but the Czech commander routed the Hungarian troops near

204: 1613:—the future Pope Pius II—stated that King Ladislaus V's realms were administered by "three men": Hungary by Hunyadi, Bohemia by George of Poděbrady, and Austria by Ulrich of Celje. However, Hunyadi's position gradually weakened, because even many of his former allies considered his acts to retain his power with suspicion. The citizens of Beszterce forced him to issue a charter confirming their traditional liberties on 22 July. Hunyadi's longtime friend, Nicholas Újlaki made a formal alliance with Palatine Ladislaus Garai and 1588: 1431:—to seek their assistance against the Ottomans. Pope Eugenius suggested that the anti-Ottoman campaign should be postponed. However, Hunyadi stated, in a letter dated 8 September 1448, that he "have had enough of our men enslaved, our women raped, wagons loaded with the severed heads of our people" and expressed his determination to expel "the enemy from Europe". In the same letter, he explained his military strategy to the Pope, stating that "ower is always greater when used in attack rather than in defence". 1086: 2053: 1435: 491: 1318: 6569: 1463:, which lasted for three days, ended with the crusaders' catastrophic defeat. Around 17,000 Hungarian and Wallachian soldiers were killed or captured and Hunyadi could hardly escape from the battlefield. On his way home, Hunyadi was captured by Đurađ Branković who kept him prisoner in the fort of Smederevo. The Despot was initially contemplating to surrender Hunyadi to the Ottomans. However, the Hungarian barons and prelates who assembled at 2072: 6555: 300:, he earned for himself the nickname "Turk-buster" from his contemporaries. Due to his merits, he quickly received substantial land grants. By the time of his death, he was the owner of immense land areas, totaling approximately four million cadastral acres, which had no precedent before or after in the Kingdom of Hungary. His enormous wealth and his military and political weight were primarily directed towards the purposes of the 985:

Transylvania, the regions under his administration remained undisturbed by internal conflicts, enabling Hunyadi to concentrate on the defence of the borders. By effectively defending the interests of local landowners at the royal court, Hunyadi strengthened his position in the provinces under his administration. For instance, he obtained land grants and privileges for local noblemen from the King.

938:, but Elizabeth had his infant son crowned king on 15 May 1440. However, Vladislaus accepted the Estates' offer and was also crowned king on 17 July. During the ensuing civil war between the two kings' partisans, Hunyadi supported Vladislaus. Hunyadi fought against the Ottomans in Wallachia, for which King Vladislaus granted him five domains in the vicinity of his family estates on 9 August 1440. 511: 1669:

Hunyadi and his opponents, and Hunyadi resigned the administration of part of the royal revenues and three royal fortresses, including Buda. On the other hand, Hunyadi, Garai and Újlaki made an agreement that they would refrain the King from employing foreigners in the royal administration in June 1455. Hunyadi and Count Ulrich were also reconciled in next month, when Hunyadi's younger son,

1739:, started to preach an anti-Ottoman crusade in Hungary in February 1456. The Diet ordered the mobilization of the armed forces in April, but most barons failed to obey and continued to war against their local adversaries, including the Hussites in Upper Hungary. Before departing from Transylvania against the Ottomans, Hunyadi had to face a rebellion by the Vlachs in 1625:. The Diet ordered the mobilization of the armed forces and Hunyadi's position of supreme commander was confirmed for a year, but many of the decisions was never carried out. For instance, the Diet obliged all landowners to equip four cavalrymen and two infantrymen for every hundred peasant households on their domains, but this law was never applied in practise. 1524:, initially refused to satisfy their demand. Hunyadi convoked a Diet to discuss the situation, but before the Diet made any decision the united troops of the Austrian and Bohemian Estates forced the Emperor to hand over the young monarch to Count Ulrich of Celje on 4 September. In the meantime, Hunyadi had met Jiskra in 1353:—a Czech commander who controlled the northern regions (in present-day Slovakia)—to sign an armistice for three years on 13 September. However, Jiskra did not keep the truce, and armed conflicts continued. In November Hunyadi proceeded against Frederick III of Germany, who had refused to release Ladislaus V and seized 1048:. He established a vigorous offensive posture in his battles, which enabled him to counteract the numerical superiority of the Ottomans through decisive maneuver. He employed mercenaries (many of them recently disbanded Czech Hussite troops), increasing the professionalism in his ranks and supplementing the numerous 1694: 1206:, offered generous terms of peace to King Vladislaus. He even promised to withdraw the Ottoman garrisons from Serbia, thus restoring its semi-autonomous status under Despot Đurađ Branković. He also offered a truce for ten years. The Hungarian envoys accepted the Sultan's offer in Edirne on 12 June 1444. 1620:

Hunyadi accompanied the young King to Prague and concluded a treaty with Ulrich Eizinger (who had expelled Ulrich of Celje from Austria) and George of Poděbrady at the end of the year. Having returned to Hungary, Hunyadi convoked, in the name of the King but without his authorization, a Diet in order

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Since Nicholas of Ilok spent most of his time in the royal court, in practice Hunyadi administered Transylvania and the southern borderlands alone. Soon after his appointment, Hunyadi visited Transylvania where the child Ladislaus V's partisans had maintained a strong position. After Hunyadi pacified

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Andreas Pannonius, who served Hunyadi for five years, wrote that the future commander "accustomed himself to tolerate both cold and heat in good time". Like other young noblemen, John Hunyadi spent his youth serving in the court of powerful magnates. However, the exact list of his employers cannot be

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Hunyadi's year of birth is uncertain. Although Gáspár Heltai writes that Hunyadi was born in 1390, he must have actually been born between around 1405 and 1407, because his younger brother was only born after 1409, and a difference of almost two decades between the two brothers' age is not plausible.

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invaded Serbia in May 1454 and laid siege to Smederevo, thus violating the truce of November 1451 between his empire and Hungary. Hunyadi decided to intervene and started to assemble his armies at Belgrade, forcing the Sultan to lift the siege and leave Serbia in August. However, an Ottoman force of

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Ladislaus V convoked a new Diet which assembled in March or April. At the Diet, his envoys—three Austrian noblemen—announced that the King was planning to administer royal revenues through officials elected by the Diet and to set up two councils (also with members elected by the Estates) in order to

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The Austrian noblemen rose up in open rebellion against Frederick III of Germany, who governed the duchy in the name of Ladislaus the Posthumus at the turn of 1451 and 1452. The leader of the rebellion, Ulrich Eizinger sought the assistance of the Estates of Ladislaus's two other realms, Bohemia and

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The Estates of the realm proclaimed Hunyadi regent, bestowing the title "governor" upon him on 6 June 1446. His election was primarily promoted by the lesser nobility, but Hunyadi had by that time become one of the richest barons of the kingdom. His domains covered an area exceeding 800,000 hectares

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King Vladislaus, whom Cardinal Cesarini urged to keep his oath, decided to invade the Ottoman Empire in autumn. Upon the Cardinal's proposal, he offered Hunyadi the crown of Bulgaria. The crusaders departed from Hungary on 22 September. They planned to advance towards the Black Sea across the Balkan

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was elected King of Hungary in nine days. According to historians Teke and Engel, Hunyadi soon returned to the southern frontiers of the kingdom which had been subject to Ottoman raids. In contrast with them, Mureşanu says that Hunyadi served King Albert in Bohemia for at least a year, until the end

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assembled by Hunyadi destroyed the Ottoman fleet on 14 July. This triumph prevented the Ottomans from completing the blockade, enabling Hunyadi and his troops to enter the fortress. The Ottomans started a general assault on 21 July. With the assistance of crusaders who were continuously arriving to

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in February 1456. Ulrich of Celje, who accompanied the King to Buda, confirmed his former alliance with Ladislaus Garai and Nicholaus Újlaki. The three barons turned against Hunyadi and accused him of abusing his authority. A new Ottoman invasion against Serbia promoted a new reconciliation between

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and were ready to fight. A notable exception was Hunyadi, who made raids against the besiegers and defeated them in smaller skirmishes, which contributed to the rise of his fame. The Ottomans captured Smederevo in August. King Albert appointed the Hunyadi brothers Bans of Severin, elevating them to

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On July 22, 1456, John Hunyadi won a decisive victory at Belgrade over the armies of Sultan Mehmed II. Hunyadi's feat—carried out with a small standing army combined with peasants rallied to fight the infidel by the Franciscan friar St John of Capistrano—had the effect of putting an end to Ottoman

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The custom still exists even among Protestant and Orthodox congregations. In the history of Oxford University, the victory was welcomed with a peal of bells and great celebrations in England too. Hunyadi sent a special courier (among others), Erasmus Fullar, to Oxford with the news of the victory.

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to discuss the possibilities of a new crusade against the Ottomans. At the conference, where the envoys of the Hungarian, Polish, Aragonese and Burgundian monarchs were also present, no final decisions were made, because the Emperor refrained from a sudden attack against the Ottomans. According to

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Upon Hunyadi's demand, the Diet of March 1450 ordered the confiscation of Branković's estates in the Kingdom of Hungary. Hunyadi and his troops departed for Serbia, forcing Branković to release his son. Hunyadi, Ladislaus Garai and Nicholas Újlaki concluded a treaty on 17 July 1450, promising each

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His defeat and his humiliating treaty with the Despot weakened Hunyadi's position. The prelates and the barons confirmed the treaty and assigned Branković to negotiate with the Ottomans, and Hunyadi resigned from the office of Voivode of Transylvania. He invaded the lands controlled by John Jiskra

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to Hunyadi on 3 July. Hunyadi proposed King Vladislaus to confirm the advantageous treaty, but Cardinal Cesarini urged the monarch to continue the crusade. On 4 August Vladislaus took a solemn oath of launching a campaign against the Ottoman Empire before the end of the year even if a peace treaty

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and other European powers demanded a new crusade, promising financial or military support. The formation of a "party"—a group of noblemen and clerics—under Hunyadi's leadership can be dated to this period. Their main purpose was the defence of Hungary against the Ottomans. According to a letter of

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Hunyadi convoked a Diet to Buda, but the barons and the prelates preferred to visit Ladislaus V in Vienna in November. At the Diet of Vienna, Hunyadi renounced the regency, but the King appointed him "captain general of the kingdom" on 30 January 1453. The King even authorized Hunyadi to keep the

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Hunyadi departed for the new campaign at the head of an army of 16,000 soldiers in September 1448. About 8,000 soldiers from Wallachia also joined his campaign. For Đurađ Branković refused to assist the crusaders, Hunyadi treated him as the Ottoman's ally and his army marched through Serbia

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Hunyadi made a new attempt to expel Count Ulrich of Celje from Slavonia, but could not defeat him. In June Hunyadi and the Count reached an agreement, which confirmed Count Ulrich's position of Ban in Slavonia. In short time Hunyadi sent his envoys to the two most prominent Albanian

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attempts on Hungary and Western Europe for the next seventy years, and is considered to have been one of the most momentous victories in Hungarian military history. The bells ringing at noon throughout Christendom are, to this day, a daily commemoration of John Hunyadi's victory.

1853:, a relative of the king. The latter was elected king on 20 January 1458, Matthias after Ladislaus V's death. It was the first time in the history of the Kingdom of Hungary that a member of the nobility, without dynastic ancestry and relationship, mounted the royal throne. 1775:

the fortress, Hunyadi repulsed the fierce attacks by the Ottomans and broke into their camp on 22 July. Although wounded during the fights, Sultan Mehmed II, decided to resist, but a riot in his camp forced him to lift the siege and retreat from Belgrade during the night.

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King Ladislaus V left Hungary for Vienna in May. Hunyadi hired 5,000 Hungarian, Czech and Polish mercenaries and sent them to Belgrade, which was the key fortress of the defense of Hungary's southern frontiers. The Ottoman forces marched through Serbia and approached

707:. For Nicholas of Ilok was at least six year younger than Hunyadi, historian Pál Engel writes that Capistrano confused him with his brother, Stephen of Ilok. Finally, Antonio Bonfini says that at the beginning of his career Hunyadi worked either for Demeter Csupor, 1082:. The King and Hunyadi departed for the campaign at the head of an army of 25–27,000 men in the autumn of 1443. In theory, Vladislaus commanded the army, but the true leader of the campaign was Hunyadi. Despot Đurađ Branković joined them with a force of 8,000 men. 748:. Bonfini says that Hunyadi "served two years" in the Duke's army. Modern scholars—for instance, Cartledge, Engel, Mureşanu and Teke—say that Hunyadi familiarized himself with the principles of contemporary military art, including the employment of mercenaries, in 2243: 999:(Sântimbru, Romania). Bey Mezid lay siege to Hermannstadt, but the united forces of Hunyadi and Újlaki, who had in the meantime arrived in Transylvania, forced the Ottomans to lift the siege. The Ottoman forces were annihilated at Gyulafehérvár on 22 March. 1333:

for the period of King Ladislaus V's minority. For instance, he could make land grants, but only up to the size of 32 peasant holdings. Hunyadi attempted to pacify the border regions. Soon after his election, he launched an unsuccessful campaign against

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governed the country with an iron rod, as they say, and while the king was away he was regarded as his equal. After routing the Turks at Belgrade , he survived for a brief time before dying of disease. When he was ill, they say that he forbade the

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and was killed. Taking advantage of the crusaders' panic, the Ottomans annihilated their army. Hunyadi narrowly escaped from the battlefield, but was captured and imprisoned by Wallachian soldiers. However, Vlad Dracul set him free before long.

1759:(modern-day Belgrade) in June. A crusade made up mostly of peasants from the nearby counties, who had been roused by John of Capistrano's fiery oratory, also started to assemble at the fortress in the first days of July. The Ottoman 605:

With regard of John Hunyadi's mother, Bonfini provides an alternative solution as well, stating that she was a distinguished Greek lady, but does not name her. According to Kubinyi, her alleged Greek origin may simply refer to her

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described Hunyadi as "a very valiant gentleman, called the White Knight of Wallachia, a person of great honour and prudence, who for a long time had governed the kingdom of Hungary, and had gained several battles over the Turks".

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and Voyk's four kinsmen, including John himself. According to the document, John's father served in the royal household as a "court knight" at that time, suggesting that he was descended from a respected family. Two 15th-century

1782:. However, in the crusaders' camp unrest was growing, because the peasants denied that the barons had played any role in the victory. In order to avoid an open rebellion, Hunyadi and Capistrano disbanded the crusaders' army. 1326:(2,000,000 acres). Hunyadi was one of the few contemporaneous barons who spent a significant part of their revenues to finance the wars against the Ottomans, thus bearing a large share of the cost of fighting for many years. 1467:

persuaded him to make peace with Hunyadi. According to the treaty, Hunyadi was obliged to pay a ransom of 100,000 gold florins and to return all the domains that he had acquired from Đurađ Branković. Hunyadi's oldest son,

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from the Ottomans. However, he did not risk a clash with the Ottoman garrisons stationed on the south bank of the river, and returned to Hungary before winter. Vlad Dracul soon concluded a peace treaty with the Ottomans.

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One of the most powerful personalities in Hungarian history, Hunyadi established a national unity and order which transcended privileges and special interests and succeeded in raising Hungary to the status of a great

1396:. He even offered the crown to Alfonso in exchange for the King's participation in an anti-Ottoman crusade and the confirmation of his position as governor. However, King Alfonso refrained from signing an agreement. 1403:, Hunyadi had "the very man he promised to make voivode" blinded, and planned "to appropriate" Wallachia for himself. Hunyadi styled himself "voivode of the Transalpine land" and referred to the Wallachian town, 1218:

were concluded. According to Johannes de Thurocz, the King appointed Hunyadi to sign the peace treaty on 15 August. In a week, Đurađ Branković mortgaged his extensive domains in the Kingdom of Hungary—including

1713:(Dubrovnik, Croatia) were the first to have informed the Hungarian leaders of the preparations that Mehmed II had made for an invasion against Hungary. In a letter addressed to Hunyadi, whom he styled as "the 558:

and other scholars accept the two chroniclers' report of the Wallachian origin of John Hunyadi's father. In contrast with them, Ioan-Aurel Pop says that Voyk was a native of the wider region of Hunyad Castle.

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made it clear that there was not much chance of foreign assistance against the Ottomans. With the Ottomans' support, Vladislav II of Wallachia even plundered the southern parts of Transylvania in late 1455.

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Antonio Bonfini was the first chronicler to have made a passing remark of an alternative story of John Hunyadi's parentage, soon stating that it was just a "tasteless tale" fabricated by Hunyadi's opponent,

338:. He employed professional soldiers, but also mobilized local peasantry against invaders. These innovations contributed to his earliest successes against the Ottoman troops who were plundering the southern 798:

Antonio Bonfini writes of Hunyadi's service in the retinue of one "Francis Csanádi" who "became so fond of him that treated him as if he were his own son". Historian Engel identifies Francis Csanádi with

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to be brought to him, declaring that it was unworthy for a king to enter the house of a servant. Although his strength was failing, he ordered himself to be carried out to church, where he made his

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Hunyadi was planning to organize a new crusade against the Ottoman Empire. For this purpose, he barraged the Pope and other Western monarchs with letters in 1445. In September he had a meeting, at

630:. Based on this letter, historian Kubinyi says that the "Greek connection cannot be discounted entirely". If Matthias Corvinus' report is valid, John Hunyadi—the hero of anti-Ottoman wars—and the 396:, established his reputation as a great general. The pope ordered that European churches ring their bells at noon to gather the faithful in prayer for those who were fighting. The bells of 1934:

too. However, Romanian national consciousness did not embrace him to the extent that Hungarian national conscience did. John Hunyadi, a Hungarian hero, was subordinated to the ideology of

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were first cousins. On the other hand, historian Péter E. Kovács writes that Matthias Corvinus's story about his family connection with the Ottoman Sultans was nothing but a pack of lies.

415:" responsible for the administration of state affairs until Ladislaus V (by that time unanimously accepted as king) came of age. The next Diet went even further, electing Hunyadi as sole 586:

The identification of John Hunyadi's mother is even less certain. In connection with King Sigismund's supposed parentage, both Bonfini and Heltai say that she was the daughter of a rich

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repeated and further developed the tale, but modern scholars—for instance, Cartledge, and Kubinyi—regard it as an unverifiable gossip. Hunyadi's popularity among the peoples of the

567:. According to this anecdote, John was actually not Voyk's child, but King Sigismund's illegitimate son. The story became especially popular during the reign of John Hunyadi's son, 1071:

In April 1443 King Vladislaus and his barons decided to mount a major campaign against the Ottoman Empire. With the mediation of Cardinal Cesarini, Vladislaus reached a truce with

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Hunyadi was "recognised as being Hungarian..." and "frequently called Ugrin Janko, 'Janko the Hungarian'" in the Serbian and Croatian societies of the 15th century, while another

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The crusaders' victory over the Sultan who had conquered Constantinople generated enthusiasm throughout Europe. Processions to celebrate Hunyadi's triumph were made in Venice and

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Although outnumbered by two to one, the crusaders initially ruled the battlefield against the Ottomans. However, the young King Vladislaus launched a premature attack against the

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camp. However, his victories over the Turks prevented them from invading the Kingdom of Hungary for more than 60 years. His fame was a decisive factor in the election of his son,

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Bolovan, Ioan; Constantiniu, Florin; Michelson, Paul E.; Pop, Ioan Aurel; Popa, Cristian; Popa, Marcel; Scurtu, Ioan; Treptow, Kurt W.; Vultur, Marcela; Watts, Larry L. (1997).

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Spending around 32,000 gold florins from his own treasury, Hunyadi hired more than 10,000 mercenaries. The King also mustered troops, and reinforcements arrived from Poland and

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ordered the bells of every European church to be rung every day at noon, as a call for believers to pray for the Christian defenders of the city of Belgrade. The practice of

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as "our fortress" in a letter of 4 December. It is without doubt that Hunyadi installed a new voivode in Wallachia, but modern historians debate whether the new voivode was

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Makkai, László (1994). "The Three Nations of Transylvania (1360–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).

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and the minor Ladislaus V, two claimants to the throne of Hungary in the early 1440s, on behalf of the former. He was popular among the lesser nobility, and in 1445 the

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In 1442, Hunyadi won four victories against the Ottomans, two of which were decisive. In March 1442, Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding Ottoman army at the

1811:, and surrendered his soul to God in the arms of the priests. Fortunate soul to have arrived in Heaven as both herald and author of the heroic action at Belgrade. 364:. This was the first time that a European army defeated such a large Ottoman force, composed not only of raiders, but of the provincial cavalry led by their own 988:

Hunyadi set about repairing the walls of Belgrade, which had been damaged during an Ottoman attack. In retaliation for Ottoman raids in the region of the river

992:, he made an incursion into Ottoman territory in the summer or autumn of 1441. He scored a pitched battle victory over Ishak Bey, the commander of Smederovo. 830:

in the summer of 1436, hired Hunyadi and his 50 lancers for three months in October 1437 for 1,250 gold florins, implying that Hunyadi had accompanied him to

6401: 2271: 7027: 1075:, who had been the guardian of the child Ladislaus V. The armistice guaranteed that Frederick III would not attack Hungary in the subsequent twelve months. 1017:

to Hungary. The Cardinal arrived in May 1442 tasked with mediating a peace treaty between King Vladislaus and Dowager Queen Elisabeth. The Ottoman Sultan,

594:, Romania). Pop proposes that she was called Elisabeth. According to historian László Makkai, John Hunyadi's mother was a member of the Muzsina (or Mușina) 419:

with the title of governor. When he resigned from this office in 1452, the sovereign awarded him with the first hereditary title in the Kingdom of Hungary,

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Pope Pius II writes that "Hunyadi did not increase so much the glory of the Hungarians, but especially the glory of the Romanians among whom he was born."

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Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). "Transylvania in the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century (1300–1456)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.).

1512:(present-day Lučenec, Slovakia) on 7 September. With the mediation of Branković, Hungary and the Ottoman Empire signed a three-year truce on 20 November. 1025:

would force his enemies to run far away. Although Hunyadi could only muster a force of 15,000 men, he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Ottomans at the

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plundering the countryside. In order to prevent the unification of the armies of Hunyadi and Skanderbeg, Sultan Murad II joined battle with Hunyadi on

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in seizing the throne. In exchange, Peter acknowledged Hunyadi's suzerainty and contributed to the installation of a Hungarian garrison in the fort of

6749: 6725: 1411:(to whom Hunyadi referred as his relative in a letter) or Dan (who seems to have been a son of Basarab II). In February 1448 Hunyadi sent an army to 6676: 1273:. Here he possessed at least six castles and owned lands in about ten counties, which made him the most powerful baron in the region under his rule. 995:

Early the next year, Bey Mezid invaded Transylvania with a force of 17,000 soldiers. Hunyadi was taken by surprise and lost the first battle near

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at the very beginning of 1441. Their victory effectively put an end to the civil war. The grateful King appointed Hunyadi and his comrade joint

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of Csanád County around 1432. Engel says that Hunyadi served in the Ban's retinue for at least one and a half years from around October 1434. A

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Meanwhile, a plague had broken out and killed many people in the crusaders' camp. Hunyadi was also taken ill and died near Zimony (present-day

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dispatched Şihabeddin Pasha—the governor of Rumelia—to invade Transylvania with a force of 70,000. The Pasha stated that the mere sight of his

6889: 2179: 1171:Đurađ Branković, Hunyadi spent more than 63,000 gold florins to hire mercenaries in the first half of the year. An eminent representative of 5668: 1492:—concluded a treaty with Hunyadi, promising that they would remain loyal to him. In early 1450 Hunyadi and Jiskra signed a peace treaty in 427:). He had by this time become one of the wealthiest landowners in the kingdom, and preserved his influence in the Diet up until his death. 307:

Hunyadi mastered his military skills on the southern borderlands of the Kingdom of Hungary that were exposed to Ottoman attacks. Appointed

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in Romania). Hunyadi's father died before 12 February 1419. A royal charter issued on this day mentions Hunyadi, Hunyadi's two brothers (

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The Memoirs of Philippe De Commynes, Lord of Argenton (Volume 2); Containing the Histories of Louis Xi and Charles Viii, Kings of France

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Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, the Emperor hindered Hunyadi from participating at the meeting. In contrast with the Emperor, the new Pope,

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King Albert proclaimed the general insurrection of the nobility against the Ottomans, but few armed noblemen assembled in the region of

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and his Czech mercenaries in the autumn of 1449, but could not defeat them. On the other hand, the rulers of two neighboring countries—

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is traditionally attributed to the international commemoration of the Belgrade victory and to the order of Pope Callixtus III.

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on the princely throne of Wallachia, but Basarab's opponent Vlad Dracul returned and forced Basarab to flee in early 1443.

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in September. John Hunyadi and his 15,000 men defeated the 80,000-strong army of Begler Bey Sehabeddin at Zajkány (today's

5968:(Translated by Robert Brown, introduced and commented by Nancy Bisaha) (2013). The Catholic University of America press. 2161: 1834: 1399:

Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and dethroned Vlad Dracul in December 1447. According to the contemporaneous Polish chronicler

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In the war, Janos Hunyadi (1387–1456), subsequently a Hungarian national hero, emerged to lead Hungary's political life.

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The Ottomans had occupied the larger part of Serbia by the end of 1438. In the same year, Ottoman troops—supported by

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Hunyadi had suddenly risen as the great Hungarian national hero as a result of his victories over the Turks in 1442.

1979:) he is called „Ianco/Iango", „Iancou/Iangou", „Iancos/Iangos", „Iancoula/Iangoula", „Gianco/Giango" and „Ghiangou" 1808: 5931: 521:

A royal charter of grant issued on 18 October 1409 contains the first reference to John Hunyadi. In the document,

6079:

Bak, János (1994). "The Late Medieval Period, 1382–1526". In Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor (eds.).

1093:

Hunyadi commanded the vanguards and routed four smaller Ottoman forces, hindering their unification. He captured

506:, Romania) to Voyk, Magos and Radol (the sons of Serbe), and their uncle or cousin, Radol, and Voyk's son, John 740:

of King Sigismund. He accompanied Sigismund to Italy in 1431 and upon Sigismund's order he joined the army of

1935: 1645:

on 29 September. He made a raid against the Ottoman Empire and destroyed Vidin before returning to Belgrade.

1472:

was sent to the Despot as a hostage. Hunyadi was released, and he returned to Hungary in late December 1448.

1198:

and all other fortresses once held by his family. Sultan Murad II, whose main concern was a rebellion by the

522: 514: 495: 403:

John Hunyadi was also an eminent statesman. He actively took part in the civil war between the partisans of

6875: 2226: 946: 931: 654: 404: 20: 1927:, Hunyadi is considered a Hungarian national hero and praised as its defender against the Ottoman threat. 1516:

Hungary. The Diet of Hungary, which assembled in Pressburg/Pozsony in February 1452, sent a delegation to

941: 7230: 6382: 1763:, which was personally commanded by Sultan Mehmed II, began with the bombardment of the walls on 4 July. 328: 5612:

John Hunyadi, the national hero of Hungary, and his son Mathias Corvinus, who reigned as King of Hungary

2130:, published in Valencia in 1490. They both shared, for instance, the device of a raven on their shield. 1044:

Hunyadi's victories in 1441 and 1442 made him a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and renowned throughout

6258:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

5810:

Moravcsik, Gyula: Magyar-görög tanulmányok 1 – Görög költemény a várnai csatáról (page 16, line 17–38)

5557: 1892: 1817: 1610: 1238:

fleet would hinder Sultan Murad from transferring Ottoman forces from Anatolia to the Balkans, but the

792: 301: 861: 779:

to Hunyadi and his younger brother. The royal charter of the transaction mentions Hunyadi as John the

331:

of the Kingdom of Hungary, he assumed responsibility for the defense of the frontiers. He adopted the

7199: 6850: 6098:

Bartl, Július; Čičaj, Viliam; Kohútova, Mária; Letz, Róbert; Segeš, Vladimír; Škvarna, Dušan (2002).

1408: 1335: 1176: 564: 290: 6402:"The Names in the Family of King Matthias Corvinus: From Old Sources to Contemporary Historiography" 5982:(An English abridgement by Maurice Michael, with commentary by Paul Smith) (1997). IM Publications. 1350: 911:

the rank of "true barons of the realm". He also mortgaged a Vlach district in Temes County to them.

7305: 7300: 6809: 6060: 1760: 1718: 1591: 1105:. However, the Hungarian troops could not break through the passes of the Balkan Mountains towards 1030: 923: 607: 389: 279: 6732: 970: 788: 316: 7235: 7167: 6688: 5405:"The Renaissance – Four Times Over. Exhibitions Commemorating Matthias's Accession to the Throne" 1976: 1460: 1447: 1385: 1038: 966: 919: 715: 696: 377: 312: 249: 60: 6932: 5890: 5860: 5672: 2096:

popular poem), he was the son of Despot Stefan Lazarević and Stefan's alleged wife, a girl from

1685:

Gothic fresco of the Siege of Belgrade in the Church of Immaculate Conception of Virgin Mary in

1439: 977:

of Temes County and conferred upon them the command of Belgrade and all other castles along the

900: 37: 7089: 6004:

The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438–1444

5597: 1622: 1579:" from Ladislaus V, which was the first grant of a hereditary title in the Kingdom of Hungary. 878: 741: 346: 5484: 2107:

In Bulgarian folklore, the memory of Hunyadi was preserved in the epic song hero character of

1756: 736:

around 1426. The wedding took place around 1429. While still a young man, Hunyadi entered the

7152: 6942: 5561: 5551: 1485: 1416: 1098: 759:

in Rome, at the very end of 1433. He served the monarch as a "court knight". He loaned 1,200

357: 6987: 6176: 1861: 1109:. Cold weather and the lack of supplies forced the Christian troops to stop the campaign at 961:

Hunyadi, together with Nicholas of Ilok, annihilated the troops of Vladislaus' opponents at

610:

faith. In a letter of 1489, Matthias Corvinus wrote that his grandmother's sister, whom the

602:(Densuș, Romania), but Pop refuses the identification of the Morzsina and Muzsina families. 7225: 7220: 7002: 5876:Трансилванските (седмиградските) българи. Етнос. Език. Етнонимия. Ономастика. Просопографии 1949: 1681: 1572: 1209:Đurađ Branković, who was grateful for the restoration of his realm, donated his estates at 1172: 927: 843: 838:' tactics on this occasion, because he later applied its featuring elements, including the 760: 7052: 2186: 1384:

Hunyadi accelerated his negotiations, which had been commenced in the previous year, with

8: 7191: 6898: 6560: 1489: 1052:

mustered from local peasantry, whom he had no reservations about employing in the field.

888: 870: 866: 650: 539: 79: 6977: 6967: 5811: 1525: 1182:

The advance of Christian forces in Ottoman territory also encouraged the peoples of the

719: 7137: 6982: 6952: 6055: 5523: 5451: 2254: 2139:

In 1515, the English printer Wynkyn de Worde published a long metrical romance called '

1931: 1882: 1850: 1725: 1698: 1658: 1567:

royal castles and royal revenues that he possessed at that time. Hunyadi also received

1521: 1443: 1378: 1366: 1235: 1114: 1049: 892: 756: 700: 682: 675:

completed, because 15th-century authors recorded contradictory data on his early life.

642: 576: 267: 216: 127: 7147: 6962: 6857: 1982: 1630: 1301: 1139: 755:

Hunyadi again joined the entourage of Sigismund, who had in the meantime been crowned

422: 7195: 7157: 7127: 7022: 6997: 6840: 6799: 6784: 6646: 6608: 6589: 6531: 6510: 6491: 6472: 6451: 6432: 6412: 6386: 6363: 6341: 6334: 6318: 6299: 6280: 6261: 6242: 6221: 6202: 6183: 6160: 6141: 6122: 6103: 6084: 6041: 6015: 5983: 5969: 5896: 5791: 5749: 5718: 5629: 5601: 5565: 5527: 5428: 5420: 3429: 2298: 1972: 1924: 1846: 1842: 1670: 1617:

Ladislaus Pálóci, declaring their intention to restore royal authority in September.

1549: 1469: 1370: 1330: 1239: 1014: 820: 816: 730:

substantiates Chalkokondyles' report, because her father, Ladislaus was the Despot's

568: 449: 308: 271: 232: 224: 159: 154: 146: 72: 7007: 6957: 6355: 6034: 1026: 895:(present-day Alba Iulia, Romania) and other towns. After the Ottomans laid siege to 703:

writes, in a letter of 1456, that Hunyadi started his military career serving under

685:

writes that Scolari—who was responsible for the defense of the southern frontier as

7162: 7037: 6772: 6738: 6705: 6694: 6654: 6011: 3882: 2127: 1930:

Romanian historiography adopted Hunyadi and gives him a place of importance in the

1838: 1266: 1183: 1167: 1002: 723: 708: 704: 580: 412: 385: 240: 174: 7122: 7072: 7012: 6912: 5741:

Istoria Transilvaniei medievale: de la etnogeneza românilor până la Minai Viteazul

4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 1477: 1214: 768: 6525: 5593: 2250: 2133: 2123: 2101: 1987: 1968: 1866: 1714: 1653: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1576: 1533: 1493: 1428: 1404: 1362: 1343: 1262: 1247: 1163: 1144: 1134: 954: 678: 543: 432: 408: 373: 7062: 7017: 6947: 2056: 6927: 6830: 6640: 6633: 6574: 5390: 5086: 4011: 2060: 1956: 1748: 1740: 1552: 1545: 1481: 1393: 1389: 1285: 1281: 1148: 996: 950: 935: 884: 808: 800: 631: 485: 393: 297: 293: 3444: 2632: 1587: 1400: 1361:

and other towns along the western border. Hunyadi's troops plundered Austria,

776: 7214: 7047: 6992: 6972: 6416: 6074:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 955–956. 6065: 5424: 2119: 1849:. The former was executed on the order of King Ladislaus V for the murder of 1497: 1306: 1159: 1066: 962: 745: 695:—educated Hunyadi from his very youth, suggesting that Hunyadi was Scolari's 611: 526: 499: 381: 29: 7187: 2088: 2083: 1544:(present-day Stará Ľubovňa, Slovakia). In September Hunyadi sent envoys to 1085: 452:, as king by the Diet of 1457. Hunyadi is a popular historical figure among 7032: 6922: 6766: 5432: 2147: 2097: 1902: 1744: 1537: 1456: 1420: 1289: 1010: 692: 437: 350: 4601: 2115:, a fictitious hero perhaps inspired by Hunyadi's nephew, Thomas Székely. 2052: 1641:

32,000 strong continued to pillage Serbia up until Hunyadi routed them at

1227: 891:—made an incursion into Transylvania, plundering Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben, 555: 7102: 5745: 2202: 1767: 1614: 1541: 1254: 1243: 1045: 764: 397: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4035: 4033: 1986:

Lithograph picture of John Hunyadi fighting against the Ottomans in the

1642: 1094: 763:

to the Emperor in January 1434. In exchange, Sigismund mortgaged Papi—a

7142: 6235:

Engel, Pál (2003). "Hunyadi pályakezdése ". In Csukovits, Enikő (ed.).

6102:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Slovenské Pedegogické Nakladatel'stvo. 5935: 1736: 1729: 1702: 1693: 1199: 1187: 1034: 732: 623: 465: 453: 365: 6867: 2614: 2612: 1223: 1210: 641:

The place of his birth is likewise unknown. The 16th-century scholar,

6527:

The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans, and the Battle for Europe

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and Voyk) and their uncle Radol, but does not refer to their father.

634: 627: 547: 530: 503: 457: 369: 354: 270:

military and political figure during the 15th century, who served as

1501: 1500:—including Pressburg/Pozsony (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) and 1354: 16:

15th-century military and political figure in the Kingdom of Hungary

6917: 5412: 2609: 2230: 2206: 2093: 2064: 1870: 1771: 1621:

to make preparations for a war on the Ottomans who had in May 1453

1412: 1339: 1219: 1203: 1118: 1110: 1079: 1018: 835: 590:, or nobleman, whose estates were located at Morzsina (present-day 445: 441: 320: 6448:

The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of his Lost Library

5590:

The encyclopedia of military history from 3500 B.C. to the present

1195: 1186:

to revolt in the peripheries of the Ottoman Empire. For instance,

787:). In short, Sigismund granted Hunyadi further domains, including 687: 324: 6554: 5416: 2306: 2282: 2262: 2234: 2210: 2155: 1939: 1686: 1560: 1556: 1555:. In exchange, he demanded two Byzantine forts on the Black Sea, 1162:" stirred enthusiasm throughout Christian Europe. Pope Eugenius, 1006: 831: 737: 591: 554:

upon King Sigismund's initiative. László Makkai, Malcolm Hebron,

551: 361: 339: 332: 169: 6218:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

5828: 2278: 2075:

19th century painting of Hunyadi in a green dolman. Painting by

1529: 1446:—Hunyadi was kept prisoner in this fort after his defeat in the 1374: 1128: 903:, Despot of Serbia fled to Hungary to seek military assistance. 6135: 6007: 5092: 4024: 3888: 3450: 2302: 2258: 1779: 1517: 1509: 1464: 1358: 1158:

Although no major Ottoman forces had been defeated, Hunyadi's "

1106: 1022: 978: 839: 827: 780: 619: 599: 416: 400:

churches are rung at noon to commemorate the Belgrade victory.

392:(Nándorfehérvár) in 1456, against troops led personally by the 335: 285:

According to most contemporary sources, he was the member of a

111: 2637:

History of Transylvania, Volume I: From the Beginnings to 1606

850: 490: 353:. In September 1442, Hunyadi defeated a large Ottoman army of 7183: 7112: 6488:

Hungary in Greatness and Decline: the 14th and 15th centuries

6277:

The Medieval Siege: Theme and Image in Middle English Romance

5714:

Transylvania in the history of Romania: an historical outline

2832: 2793: 1897: 1786: 1732: 1532:(present-day Levica, Slovakia) and his right to collect the " 1504:(present-day Košice, Slovakia)—remained under Jiskra's rule. 1381:—a leader of Hunyadi's opponents—Palatine in September 1447. 1270: 1102: 922:—Emperor Sigismund's daughter—gave birth to a posthumus son, 907: 772: 749: 615: 595: 587: 510: 461: 5914: 5912: 5253: 5241: 4860: 4236: 4224: 4045: 3768: 2025:

the brave and the timid ones and all the generations, I say,

1963:(1490–1492) that John Hunyadi was commonly called "Ianco"' ( 1789:, Serbia) on 11 August. He was buried in the Roman Catholic 1582: 1060: 533:, Romania) and the lands attached to it upon John's father, 440:

referred to him, died some three weeks after his triumph at

5932:"Scurt istoric | Colegiul Național Iancu de Hunedoara" 5651: 5649: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5207: 5205: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5175: 5173: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5076: 5074: 5046: 5044: 5042: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4625: 4591: 4589: 4423: 4421: 4360: 4358: 4312: 4310: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4268: 4266: 4253: 4251: 3899: 3897: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3817: 3554: 3552: 3550: 2528: 2526: 2344: 2332: 2007:

and the third one is the absolutely marvelous Emperor John.

1665: 1122: 989: 572: 534: 184: 84: 5878:(1 ed.). ИК Знак 94 Велико Търново. pp. 102–103. 4001: 3999: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3215: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2019:

and the whole generation of Eastern and Western Christians

5909: 5553:

History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 1

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Hunyadi proceeded to form a relief army, and assembled a

1676: 6237:

Engel Pál. Honor, vár, ispánság: Válogatott tanulmányok

5768: 5646: 5297: 5265: 5229: 5217: 5202: 5185: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5127: 5098: 5071: 5039: 5027: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4913: 4896: 4884: 4819: 4795: 4771: 4759: 4736: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4586: 4525: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4458: 4418: 4394: 4382: 4355: 4307: 4278: 4263: 4248: 4212: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4125: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4057: 3984: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3894: 3829: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3717: 3547: 2994: 2972: 2970: 2820: 2699: 2523: 2388: 2386: 2297:

Relief of John Hunyadi on the pedestal of the statue of

2154:, which played to a packed house in the King's Theatre, 1288:

of Wallachia, who had seized small fortresses along the

718:, the young Hunyadi "stayed for a time" at the court of 5867: 5287: 5285: 5061: 5059: 4969: 4967: 4930: 4928: 4613: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4557: 4555: 4515: 4513: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4173: 4171: 4169: 3996: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3746: 3744: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3576: 3564: 3480: 3456: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3354: 3305: 3280: 3278: 3205: 3203: 3176: 3125: 3123: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2912: 2910: 2810: 2808: 2675: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2320: 2037:

I glorify the evangelists, I also glorify the prophets,

2035:

with the terrible Alexander and the mighty Constantine.

6411:. 17 / 35. Debreceni Egyetem Néprajzi Tanszék: 11–40. 6385:(Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 247–298. 6097: 5693: 5419:: Society of the Hungarian Quarterly. pp. 79–90. 5336: 5321: 4607: 4452: 4039: 3688: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3409: 3342: 3290: 3263: 3227: 3152: 3105: 3083: 3081: 3066: 3042: 2934: 2868: 2745: 2711: 2651: 2592: 1938:

in the era of Ceaușescu and transmuted into a hero of

957:, whom Hunyadi supported in the civil war of 1440–1442 899:, the last important Serbian stronghold in June 1439, 6605:

Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and His Times

5812:

http://real-eod.mtak.hu/7843/2/MTA_Konyvek_124140.pdf

5372: 5360: 5348: 5151: 4707: 4678: 4637: 4542: 4540: 4470: 4137: 4090: 4069: 3933: 3931: 3909: 3870: 3780: 3432:[The Triumph of the Iron Gate in July 1442]. 3142: 3140: 3138: 3093: 3032: 3030: 3028: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2922: 2856: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2687: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2443: 2431: 2398: 2383: 1329:

As governor, Hunyadi was authorized to exercise most

842:. On 9 December 1437 Sigismund died; his son-in-law, 583:

give rise to further legends of his royal parentage.

254: 6550: 5892:

The History of Transylvania: De la 1541 Până la 1711

5840: 5816: 5282: 5139: 5056: 5015: 4964: 4940: 4925: 4848: 4836: 4807: 4783: 4666: 4567: 4552: 4510: 4493: 4406: 4370: 4334: 4322: 4183: 4166: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3756: 3741: 3729: 3630: 3378: 3275: 3200: 3120: 3054: 3006: 2982: 2907: 2895: 2844: 2805: 2781: 2663: 2538: 2490: 2467: 2455: 2410: 2373: 2371: 2033:

together with the ancient, mighty, and brave Samson,

2017:

It is worthy and appropriate that the Church of Rome

973:

in February. In short, the King also nominated them

444:, falling to an epidemic that had broken out in the 5694:C. Giurescu, Dinu; C. Giurescu, Constantin (1980). 5115: 3705: 3600: 3588: 3528: 3504: 3492: 3468: 3397: 3330: 3251: 3239: 3078: 2633:"Romanian Voivodes and Cnezes, Nobles and Villeins" 2356: 2003:

The Christian Emperor, who is the peak and the root

1751:—to seize the Wallachian throne from Vladislav II. 1280:, with Waleran de Wavrin (nephew of the chronicler 1005:, who had been an enthusiastic propagator of a new 645:wrote that John Hunyadi had been "a native" of the 6333: 6175: 6033: 4537: 3928: 3164: 3135: 3025: 2946: 2883: 2726: 2502: 1673:and the Count's daughter, Elizabeth were engaged. 1571:(present-day Bistrița, Romania)—a district of the 6379:The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (Until 1541) 5966:Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Europe (c. 1400–1458) 5697:The making of the Romanian national unitary state 3188: 2769: 2757: 2368: 2122:as the role model for the fictional character of 1994:Byzantine literature treated Hunyadi as a saint: 7212: 6173: 5834: 2618: 2143:, a graphic account of the defeat of the Turks. 1284:), the captain of eight Burgundian galleys, and 1179:became Hunyadi's close friend around that time. 471: 7097:The Beginning of the Revolt against the Dahijas 6428:(with a new Introduction by Traian Stoianovich) 2021:respectfully draw a full memory of the present. 2001:who Alexander the Macedon, the son of Olympias. 349:in the south part of the Kingdom of Hungary in 7251:Burials at St. Michael's Cathedral, Alba Iulia 6603:Florescu, Radu and Raymond T. McNally (1990). 6174:Chadwick, H. Munro; Chadwick, Nora K. (2010). 5772:Rerum Germanicarum Scriptores aliquot insignes 5402: 2011:and should my mind how rise to exalted praise? 1496:, acknowledging that many prosperous towns in 368:(governors) and accompanied by the formidable 6883: 5861:"Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai: Historia" 5507:A History of Hungary in Biographical Sketches 2015:I also pay such respect to the above Emperor. 2013:Because like the two Emperors mentioned above 1230:(present-day Baia Mare, Romania)—to Hunyadi. 1129:Battle of Varna and its aftermath (1444–1446) 771:—and half of the royal incomes from a nearby 6083:. Indiana University Press. pp. 54–82. 5858: 3438:The Military History of the Hungarian Nation 2086:makes him of Serbian origin. According to a 2005:and found the cross, the mighty Constantine. 1037:of the Danube river in 1442. Hunyadi placed 726:, who died in 1427. Hunyadi's marriage with 336:method of using wagons for military purposes 5748:: Presa Universitară Clujeană. p. 82. 5710: 5626:Explosion: the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 1841:noblewoman. John Hunyadi had two children, 1296: 851:First battles with the Ottomans (1438–1442) 571:who erected a statue for King Sigismund in 6890: 6876: 6523: 6423: 6119:History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness 5918: 5888: 5259: 3864: 3558: 2039:and the mighty Saints fighting for Christ, 1427:leaders—Scanderbeg and his father-in-law, 77:John Hunyadi depicted in the 15th-century 71: 7246:15th-century deaths from plague (disease) 6409:Ethnographica et Folkloristica Carpathica 6196: 6157:The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary 6154: 6001: 5873: 5779: 5737: 5661: 5520:Volume 7 of World and Its Peoples: Europe 5196: 4595: 4301: 3852: 3823: 3682: 3462: 3324: 3221: 3182: 2705: 2657: 2603: 2586: 2532: 2392: 2350: 2338: 2326: 1965:„Ioanne Huniate, Ianco vulgo cognominator 1583:Conflicts and reconciliations (1453–1455) 1242:transported the Sultan's army across the 1055: 823:was mortgaged to Hunyadi in this period. 319:and Chief Captain of Nándorfehérvár (now 57:Regent-Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary 6602: 6354: 6100:Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon 6031: 5623: 5449: 5303: 5276: 5247: 5235: 5223: 5211: 5179: 5133: 5109: 5080: 5050: 5033: 4997: 4985: 4919: 4907: 4890: 4866: 4830: 4753: 4701: 4660: 4631: 4619: 4531: 4427: 4400: 4364: 4316: 4272: 4257: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4160: 4131: 4063: 4051: 3990: 3903: 3811: 3774: 3699: 3624: 3415: 3372: 3348: 3299: 3269: 3233: 3158: 3114: 3072: 3048: 2940: 2877: 2751: 2720: 2070: 2051: 2041:and among them, I glorify Emperor John. 2023:Who became famous in the battles of wars 1981: 1891: 1860: 1692: 1680: 1586: 1548:and promised military assistance to the 1433: 1316: 1300: 1138: 1084: 940: 860: 795:, each incorporating about 10 villages. 509: 489: 6897: 6507:Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy 6504: 6293: 5452:"Hungary in American History Textbooks" 5342: 5330: 4005: 3430:"A vaskapui diadal 1442 július havában" 2976: 2862: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2561: 2437: 2404: 2362: 1661:was a fierce supporter of the crusade. 665: 7213: 6445: 6331: 6312: 6274: 5391:István Lázár: Hungary: A Brief History 5378: 5366: 3876: 3099: 2630: 2624: 2496: 2461: 2425: 1999:First, I glorify the Emperor of Hellas 1677:Belgrade victory and death (1455–1456) 1226:(present-day Mukacheve, Ukraine), and 1089:Map of Southeastern Europe, circa 1444 109:11 August 1456 (aged 49–50) 6871: 6485: 6360:John Hunyadi: Defender of Christendom 6317:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. 6234: 6215: 5822: 5587: 5354: 5164: 4958: 4718: 4689: 4648: 4487: 4148: 4119: 4107: 4084: 3922: 3799: 3641: 3522: 3391: 3284: 3209: 3129: 3060: 3019: 3000: 2988: 2916: 2901: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2799: 2787: 2484: 2027:to fall before John of Hungary today, 1540:(present-day Kežmarok, Slovakia) and 1147:, as depicted in the 1564 edition of 714:According to the Byzantine historian 6583: 6464: 6260:. The University of Michigan Press. 6255: 6116: 6054: 5995: 5859:Babeș-Bolyai, Universitatea (1999). 5846: 5717:. Garnstone Pub. House. p. 82. 5655: 5628:. Hippocrene Books. pp. 73–74. 5549: 5291: 5145: 5065: 5021: 5009: 4973: 4946: 4934: 4878: 4854: 4842: 4813: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4765: 4730: 4672: 4580: 4561: 4519: 4504: 4464: 4412: 4388: 4376: 4349: 4328: 4194: 4177: 3978: 3961: 3949: 3762: 3750: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3665: 3653: 3609: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3541: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3403: 3360: 3336: 3257: 3245: 3170: 3146: 3087: 3036: 2961: 2928: 2889: 2739: 2449: 2377: 1918: 834:. Hunyadi seems to have studied the 660: 614:had captured and forced to join the 296:. Through his struggles against the 6399: 6376: 6362:. The Center for Romanian Studies. 6140:. The Center for Romanian Studies. 6078: 5700:. Meridiane Pub. House. p. 60. 5456:Corvinus Library: Hungarian History 5121: 4546: 3937: 3427: 3194: 2775: 2763: 2517: 2162:Iancu de Hunedoara National College 1648:Emperor Frederick III convoked the 278:from 1446 to 1453, under the minor 13: 7271:Christians of the Crusade of Varna 6546: 6241:. Osiris Kiadó. pp. 512–526. 6178:The Growth of Literature, Volume 2 5958: 5785: 5671:. www.eurhistxx.de. Archived from 5316:Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Europe 2152:Huniades or The Siege of Belgrade' 1234:Mountains. They expected that the 1194:noble, expelled the Ottomans from 840:use of wagons as a mobile fortress 14: 7317: 7266:Characters in Serbian epic poetry 6490:. Hungarian Cultural Foundation. 6036:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time 5769:Burkhard Gotthelf Struve (1717). 2047:Greek poem on the Battle of Varna 1896:Personal Coat of arms – note the 857:Hungarian–Ottoman War (1437–1442) 468:and other nations of the region. 6567: 6553: 5924: 5882: 5852: 5804: 5762: 5731: 5711:C. Giurescu, Constantin (1969). 5704: 5687: 5617: 5581: 5543: 5512: 5499: 5469: 5443: 5396: 5384: 5309: 4200: 2290: 2270: 2242: 2218: 2194: 2178: 2136:was the nephew of John Hunyadi. 2031:glorify him today as an Emperor, 1877: 1770:of 200 ships on the Danube. The 1717:of our time", the papal legate, 1213:(present-day Șiria, Romania) in 1113:. After being victorious in the 699:around 1420. On the other hand, 546:—write that Voyk had moved from 411:appointed him one of the seven " 266:– 11 August 1456) was a leading 202: 124:St. Michael's Catholic Cathedral 7286:15th-century Hungarian nobility 6201:(in Hungarian). Officina Nova. 5895:. Romanian Cultural Institute. 3440:] (in Hungarian). Budapest. 3421: 1948:The French writer and diplomat 1793:in Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia). 1061:The "Long Campaign" (1442–1444) 918:on 27 October 1439. His widow, 626:, the rebellious son of Sultan 6340:. Cambridge University Press. 6182:. Cambridge University Press. 6040:. Princeton University Press. 5588:Dupuy, Richard Ernest (1986). 2309:(made by Gábor Józsa in 2001) 2265:(made by Ferenc Sidló in 1930) 2225:Statue of John Hunyadi at the 2201:Statue of John Hunyadi in the 2168:, Romania is named after him. 2126:, the epic romance written by 2009:How to write a tribute for him 1609:In a letter of 28 April 1453, 1246:. The two armies clashed near 575:. The 16th-century chronicler 1: 7241:Medieval Transylvanian people 6588:. Columbia University Press. 5624:Matthews, John P. C. (2007). 3434:A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme 2314: 2213:(made by István Tóth in 1903) 667: 477: 473: 360:, the Provincial Governor of 260: 96: 19:For his younger brother, see 7291:15th-century Romanian people 7261:15th-century Roman Catholics 6336:A Concise History of Hungary 5835:Chadwick & Chadwick 2010 2619:Chadwick & Chadwick 2010 2285:(made by Pál Pátzay in 1956) 2150:produced a new play called ' 1967:). In chronicles written by 1338:. Count Ulrich administered 40:when mentioning individuals. 21:John Hunyadi, Ban of Severin 7: 6586:Hunyadi: Legend and Reality 6524:Wheatcroft, Andrew (2009). 6383:Romanian Cultural Institute 5550:Shaw, Stanford Jay (1976). 2237:(made by Ede Margó in 1906) 1990:, made by József Marastoni. 1805:confession in Christian way 1563:, but the Emperor refused. 1009:against the Ottomans, sent 498:'s charter of the grant of 372:. Although defeated in the 255: 10: 7322: 6471:(in Hungarian). Gondolat. 6424:Stavrianos, L. S. (2000). 6220:. I.B. Tauris Publishers. 5953: 5889:Bărbulescu, Mihai (2005). 5775:. Vol. 2. p. 89. 5558:Cambridge University Press 2277:Statue of John Hunyadi in 2171: 1818:Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini 1611:Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini 1132: 1064: 876: 854: 483: 27: 18: 7256:Hungarian Roman Catholics 7200:List of national poetries 7176: 7111: 7081: 6905: 6855: 6851:Ulrich II, Count of Celje 6847: 6837: 6828: 6820: 6806: 6797: 6791: 6781: 6764: 6756: 6746: 6730: 6717: 6702: 6686: 6673: 6663: 6638: 6630: 6625: 6505:Vaughan, Richard (2002). 6450:. Yale University Press. 6197:E. Kovács, Péter (1990). 6155:Cartledge, Bryan (2011). 5980:The Annals of Jan Długosz 5874:Балкански, Тодор (1996). 4207:The Annals of Jan Długosz 2057:The Tower of John Hunyadi 1906:, the origin of the name 1856: 1833:In 1432, Hunyadi married 1828: 1664:King Ladislaus V visited 1415:to support the pretender 1336:Ulrich II, Count of Celje 622:, became the ancestor of 565:Ulrich II, Count of Celje 523:King Sigismund of Hungary 380:in 1448, his successful " 327:of a several of southern 244: 198: 190: 180: 168: 145: 135: 118: 105: 92: 70: 52: 47: 7296:Romanian Roman Catholics 7281:Voivodes of Transylvania 6400:Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2012). 6294:Kubinyi, András (2008). 6275:Hebron, Malcolm (1997). 6256:Fine, John V. A (1994). 6032:Babinger, Franz (1978). 6002:Jefferson, John (2012). 5786:Scoble, Andrew Richard. 5738:Aurel Pop, loan (1997). 2841:, pp. 514–515, 523. 2802:, pp. 515–516, 523. 1592:Ladislaus the Posthumous 1297:Governorship (1446–1453) 1073:Frederick III of Germany 967:Voivodes of Transylvania 436:(Christ's Champion), as 36:. This article uses 28:The native form of this 6689:Voivode of Transylvania 6486:Varga, Domokos (1982). 6446:Tanner, Marcus (2009). 6431:. Hurst & Company. 6426:The Balkans since 1453 6332:Molnár, Miklós (2001). 6315:History of Transylvania 6071:Encyclopædia Britannica 5409:The Hungarian Quarterly 5403:Kerny, Terézia (2008). 2631:Makkai, László (2001). 2029:glorify him as a knight 1977:Laonikos Chalkokondyles 1961:Annales omnium temporum 1791:St. Michael's Cathedral 1623:captured Constantinople 1448:Second Battle of Kosovo 1386:Alfonso the Magnanimous 826:Sigismund, who entered 716:Laonikos Chalkokondyles 378:second battle of Kosovo 313:Voivode of Transylvania 61:Voivode of Transylvania 7276:Counts of the Székelys 7133:Đuro Milutinović-Slepi 7090:The Building of Skadar 6467:Hunyadi János és kora 6061:"Hunyadi, János" 5598:University of Michigan 2079: 2068: 2059:at the remains of the 2050: 1991: 1911: 1874: 1826: 1807:, received the divine 1719:Cardinal Juan Carvajal 1706: 1690: 1606: 1451: 1351:John Jiskra of Brandýs 1322: 1314: 1155: 1090: 1056:General and politician 971:Counts of the Székelys 958: 945:Detail of the seal of 879:Battle of Hermannstadt 874: 742:Filippo Maria Visconti 518: 507: 317:Counts of the Székelys 236: 228: 220: 6943:Djemo the Mountaineer 6733:Count of the Székelys 6584:Held, Joseph (1985). 6509:. The Boydell Press. 6465:Teke, Zsuzsa (1980). 6159:. C. Hurst & Co. 6117:Boia, Lucian (2001). 5526:. 2009. p. 891. 5481:nq.oxfordjournals.org 2118:He was subsidiary to 2104:of Orthodox peoples. 2074: 2055: 1996: 1985: 1895: 1864: 1795: 1696: 1684: 1590: 1437: 1423:on the Lower Danube. 1320: 1305:Main entrance of the 1304: 1142: 1088: 944: 930:offered the crown to 877:Further information: 864: 513: 493: 484:Further information: 425:of Beszterce/Bistrița 6138:A History of Romania 6081:A History of Hungary 4881:, pp. 198, 231. 4209:(A.D. 1447), p. 501. 3726:, pp. 548, 556. 1950:Philippe de Commines 1743:. He also supported 1636:The Ottoman Sultan, 1573:Transylvanian Saxons 1173:Renaissance humanism 928:Estates of the realm 914:King Albert died of 496:Sigismund of Hungary 342:in the early 1440s. 130:, Kingdom of Hungary 114:, Kingdom of Hungary 7192:Erlangen Manuscript 6899:Serbian epic poetry 6561:Christianity portal 6279:. Clarendon Press. 6216:Engel, Pál (2001). 6056:Bain, Robert Nisbet 5658:, pp. 135–136. 5477:"Welcome to nginx!" 5318:(ch. 1.10.), p. 60. 5250:, pp. 197–199. 5093:Bolovan et al. 1997 5012:, pp. 204–205. 4961:, pp. 294–295. 4869:, pp. 184–185. 4804:, pp. 192–193. 4780:, pp. 191–192. 4768:, pp. 190–191. 4733:, pp. 189–190. 4610:, pp. 50, 318. 4467:, pp. 177–178. 4391:, pp. 175–176. 4245:, pp. 141–143. 4233:, pp. 141–142. 4122:, pp. 288–289. 4054:, pp. 127–128. 4025:Bolovan et al. 1997 3891:, pp. 10, 111. 3889:Bolovan et al. 1997 3777:, pp. 101–102. 3668:, pp. 119–120. 3656:, pp. 548–549. 3585:, pp. 117–119. 3573:, pp. 116–117. 3525:, p. 283, 285. 3489:, pp. 108–109. 3451:Bolovan et al. 1997 3363:, pp. 106–107. 3003:, pp. 518–522. 2829:, pp. 516–518. 2621:, pp. 316–317. 2253:, John Hunyadi and 1923:Along with his son 1865:Statue of Hunyadi, 1747:—a son of the late 1705:Catholic Cathedral. 1536:"—a custom duty—at 1490:Voivode of Moldavia 1459:on 17 October. The 1117:, they returned to 889:Prince of Wallachia 871:Chronica Hungarorum 711:or for the Csákys. 540:Johannes de Thurocz 390:defence of Belgrade 376:in 1444 and in the 311:in 1439, appointed 80:Chronica Hungarorum 7231:Hungarian soldiers 7168:Živana Antonijević 6988:Mihajlo Svilojević 6824:Sebastian Rozgonyi 6626:Political offices 6607:. Back Bay Books. 5524:Marshall Cavendish 5393:(see in Chapter 6) 4634:, pp. 99–100. 2353:, p. 286–292. 2341:, p. 278–286. 2255:John of Capistrano 2080: 2069: 1992: 1959:wrote in his work 1936:National Communism 1932:history of Romania 1912: 1883:Pope Callixtus III 1875: 1851:Ulrich II of Celje 1837:(c. 1410–1483), a 1726:John of Capistrano 1707: 1697:Hunyadi's tomb in 1691: 1607: 1522:Holy Roman Emperor 1452: 1444:Smederevo Fortress 1349:Hunyadi persuaded 1331:royal prerogatives 1323: 1315: 1156: 1125:in February 1444. 1115:Battle of Kunovica 1091: 959: 875: 757:Holy Roman Emperor 728:Elisabeth Szilágyi 701:John of Capistrano 683:Poggio Bracciolini 519: 508: 276:Kingdom of Hungary 194:Erzsébet Morzsinai 38:Western name order 7208: 7207: 7196:Perast manuscript 7128:Dimitrije Karaman 7053:Strahinja Banović 7023:Philip the Magyar 6866: 6865: 6858:Ispán of Trencsén 6841:Ladislaus Hunyadi 6838:Succeeded by 6815: 6807:Succeeded by 6800:Regent of Hungary 6785:Ladislaus Hunyadi 6782:Succeeded by 6776: 6747:Succeeded by 6741: 6703:Succeeded by 6697: 6664:Succeeded by 6658: 6650: 6647:John Hunyadi, Jr. 6537:978-0-465-01374-6 6516:978-0-85115-917-1 6457:978-0-300-15828-1 6438:978-1-85065-551-0 6347:978-0-521-66736-4 6305:978-963-506-767-1 6298:. Balassi Kiadó. 6199:Matthias Corvinus 6189:978-0-521-31019-2 6166:978-1-84904-112-6 6021:978-90-04-21904-5 5996:Secondary sources 5974:978-0-8132-2182-3 5797:978-1-150-90258-1 5635:978-0-7818-1174-3 5607:978-0-06-181235-4 5571:978-0-521-29163-7 5533:978-0-7614-7883-6 5262:, pp. 61–62. 4608:Bartl et al. 2002 4453:Bartl et al. 2002 4040:Bartl et al. 2002 3826:, pp. 56–57. 3428:Bánlaky, József. 3375:, pp. 21–22. 3224:, pp. 53–54. 2931:, pp. 86–87. 2452:, pp. 83–84. 2299:Matthias Corvinus 2187:Nádasdy Mausoleum 2109:Yankul(a) Voivoda 1973:George Sphrantzes 1971:authors (such as 1925:Matthias Corvinus 1919:The national hero 1847:Matthias Corvinus 1835:Erzsébet Szilágyi 1761:siege of Belgrade 1575:—with the title " 1550:Byzantine Emperor 1442:'s palace in the 1267:Captains in Chief 1015:Giuliano Cesarini 821:Banate of Severin 805:Croatian nobleman 661:Rise of a general 569:Matthias Corvinus 517:, King of Hungary 450:Matthias Corvinus 413:Captains in Chief 253: 229:Ioan de Hunedoara 210: 209: 160:Matthias Corvinus 155:Ladislaus Hunyadi 140:Erzsébet Szilágyi 7313: 7153:Tešan Podrugović 7103:The Kosovo Cycle 7073:Zmaj Ognjeni Vuk 7068:Voivode Prijezda 7058:Sibinjanin Janko 7038:Relja the Winged 7028:Pop Milo Jovović 6978:Maksim Crnojević 6968:Jugović brothers 6892: 6885: 6878: 6869: 6868: 6848:Preceded by 6831:Ispán of Pozsony 6821:Preceded by 6813: 6792:Preceded by 6770: 6757:Preceded by 6736: 6718:Preceded by 6692: 6674:Preceded by 6652: 6644: 6631:Preceded by 6623: 6622: 6618: 6599: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6563: 6558: 6557: 6541: 6520: 6501: 6482: 6461: 6442: 6420: 6406: 6396: 6373: 6351: 6339: 6328: 6309: 6290: 6271: 6252: 6231: 6212: 6193: 6181: 6170: 6151: 6132: 6113: 6094: 6075: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6025: 6012:Brill Publishers 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5934:. Archived from 5928: 5922: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5596:, original from 5594:Harper & Row 5585: 5579: 5578: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5516: 5510: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5483:. Archived from 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5280: 5274: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5200: 5194: 5183: 5177: 5168: 5162: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5069: 5063: 5054: 5048: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4584: 4578: 4565: 4559: 4550: 4544: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4508: 4502: 4491: 4485: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4431: 4425: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4353: 4347: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4305: 4299: 4276: 4270: 4261: 4255: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4181: 4175: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4088: 4082: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4028: 4022: 4009: 4003: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3926: 3920: 3907: 3901: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3686: 3680: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3628: 3622: 3613: 3607: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3545: 3539: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3303: 3297: 3288: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3023: 3017: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2965: 2959: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2724: 2718: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2684:, pp. 9–10. 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2607: 2601: 2590: 2584: 2565: 2559: 2536: 2530: 2521: 2515: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2381: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2294: 2274: 2246: 2222: 2198: 2182: 2128:Joanot Martorell 2048: 1900:depicted on the 1824: 1801:Body of Our Lord 1438:Ruins of Despot 1309:(in present-day 1250:on 10 November. 1184:Balkan Peninsula 1168:Duke of Burgundy 1153:Polish Chronicle 1003:Pope Eugenius IV 793:Hódmezővásárhely 789:Békésszentandrás 724:Despot of Serbia 720:Stefan Lazarević 709:Bishop of Zagreb 705:Nicholas of Ilok 669: 655:John the younger 581:Balkan Peninsula 529:(in present-day 502:(in present-day 479: 475: 386:Balkan Mountains 347:Battle of Szeben 265: 262: 258: 256:Sibinjanin Janko 248: 246: 206: 175:House of Hunyadi 101: 98: 75: 45: 44: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7306:Athleta Christi 7301:Bans of Severin 7211: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7172: 7148:Petar Perunović 7115: 7107: 7077: 7003:Miloš Vojinović 6958:Janko od Kotara 6901: 6896: 6861: 6853: 6843: 6834: 6826: 6816: 6812: 6803: 6795: 6787: 6778: 6773:Nicholas Újlaki 6769: 6762: 6760:George Orbonász 6752: 6743: 6739:Nicholas Újlaki 6735: 6728: 6723: 6713: 6708: 6706:Nicholas Újlaki 6699: 6695:Nicholas Újlaki 6691: 6684: 6679: 6677:Ladislaus Jakcs 6669: 6660: 6655:Nicholas Újlaki 6651: 6643: 6636: 6621: 6615: 6596: 6573: 6568: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6549: 6547:Further reading 6544: 6538: 6530:. Basic Books. 6517: 6498: 6479: 6458: 6439: 6404: 6393: 6370: 6356:Mureşanu, Camil 6348: 6325: 6306: 6287: 6268: 6249: 6228: 6209: 6190: 6167: 6148: 6129: 6110: 6091: 6048: 6022: 5998: 5993: 5961: 5959:Primary sources 5956: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5938:on 18 June 2021 5930: 5929: 5925: 5919:Wheatcroft 2009 5917: 5910: 5903: 5887: 5883: 5872: 5868: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5784: 5780: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5744:(in Romanian). 5736: 5732: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5675:on 5 March 2014 5667: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5647: 5636: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5600:. p. 435. 5586: 5582: 5572: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5505:Imre Lukinich: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5487:on 17 July 2012 5475: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5448: 5444: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5283: 5275: 5266: 5260:Stavrianos 2000 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5186: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4568: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4494: 4486: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4434: 4426: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4279: 4271: 4264: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4184: 4176: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4091: 4083: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4012: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3910: 3902: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3865:Stavrianos 2000 3863: 3859: 3851: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3689: 3681: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3631: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3559:Stavrianos 2000 3557: 3548: 3540: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3306: 3298: 3291: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3136: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3026: 3018: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2968: 2960: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2727: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2610: 2602: 2593: 2585: 2568: 2560: 2539: 2535:, pp. 8–9. 2531: 2524: 2516: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2440:, pp. 8–9. 2436: 2432: 2424: 2411: 2407:, pp. 7–8. 2403: 2399: 2391: 2384: 2376: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2295: 2286: 2275: 2266: 2251:Julian Cesarini 2247: 2238: 2223: 2214: 2199: 2190: 2183: 2174: 2134:Nicolaus Olahus 2124:Tirant lo Blanc 2113:Sekula Detentse 2102:Catholicization 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1988:Battle of Varna 1969:Byzantine Greek 1921: 1880: 1859: 1831: 1825: 1816: 1679: 1654:Wiener Neustadt 1631:Trencsén County 1604:Duke of Austria 1596:King of Hungary 1585: 1577:perpetual count 1440:Đurađ Branković 1429:Gjergj Arianiti 1379:Ladislaus Garai 1342:with the title 1299: 1263:Diet of Hungary 1164:Philip the Good 1145:Battle of Varna 1137: 1135:Battle of Varna 1131: 1121:in January and 1069: 1063: 1058: 901:Đurađ Branković 881: 859: 853: 811:, who was also 681:'s biographer, 679:Filippo Scolari 672: 663: 544:Antonio Bonfini 488: 482: 433:Athleta Christi 423:perpetual count 409:Diet of Hungary 388:in 1443–44 and 374:battle of Varna 263: 245:Сибињанин Јанко 164: 131: 110: 99: 88: 65: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7319: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7236:Hunyadi family 7233: 7228: 7223: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7119: 7117: 7116:and collectors 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7008:Musa Kesedžija 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6928:Bajo Pivljanin 6925: 6920: 6915: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6895: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6872: 6864: 6863: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6836: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6808: 6805: 6796: 6794:Seven captains 6793: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6780: 6767:Ispán of Temes 6763: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6745: 6729: 6719: 6715: 6714: 6704: 6701: 6685: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6662: 6641:Ban of Severin 6637: 6634:Franko Talovac 6632: 6628: 6627: 6620: 6619: 6613: 6600: 6594: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575:Hungary portal 6564: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6536: 6521: 6515: 6502: 6496: 6483: 6477: 6462: 6456: 6443: 6437: 6421: 6397: 6391: 6374: 6368: 6352: 6346: 6329: 6323: 6310: 6304: 6291: 6285: 6272: 6266: 6253: 6247: 6232: 6226: 6213: 6207: 6194: 6188: 6171: 6165: 6152: 6146: 6133: 6127: 6114: 6108: 6095: 6089: 6076: 6066:Chisholm, Hugh 6052: 6046: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6020: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5977: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5923: 5908: 5902:978-9737784063 5901: 5881: 5866: 5851: 5849:, p. 523. 5839: 5837:, p. 317. 5827: 5815: 5803: 5796: 5790:. p. 87. 5778: 5761: 5754: 5730: 5724:978-0900391408 5723: 5703: 5686: 5660: 5645: 5634: 5616: 5606: 5580: 5570: 5542: 5532: 5511: 5498: 5468: 5450:John Hunyadi. 5442: 5395: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5357:, p. 297. 5347: 5335: 5320: 5308: 5306:, p. 200. 5296: 5294:, p. 217. 5281: 5279:, p. 199. 5264: 5252: 5240: 5238:, p. 197. 5228: 5226:, p. 196. 5216: 5214:, p. 141. 5201: 5197:Cartledge 2011 5184: 5182:, p. 195. 5169: 5167:, p. 296. 5150: 5148:, p. 209. 5138: 5136:, p. 139. 5126: 5124:, p. 296. 5114: 5112:, p. 190. 5097: 5095:, p. 113. 5085: 5083:, p. 189. 5070: 5068:, p. 208. 5055: 5053:, p. 191. 5038: 5036:, p. 188. 5026: 5024:, p. 206. 5014: 5002: 5000:, p. 186. 4990: 4988:, p. 185. 4978: 4976:, p. 203. 4963: 4951: 4949:, p. 201. 4939: 4937:, p. 199. 4924: 4922:, p. 124. 4912: 4910:, p. 184. 4895: 4893:, p. 110. 4883: 4871: 4859: 4857:, p. 198. 4847: 4845:, p. 196. 4835: 4833:, p. 183. 4818: 4816:, p. 195. 4806: 4794: 4792:, p. 192. 4782: 4770: 4758: 4756:, p. 182. 4735: 4723: 4721:, p. 295. 4706: 4704:, p. 179. 4694: 4692:, p. 294. 4677: 4675:, p. 185. 4665: 4663:, p. 178. 4653: 4651:, p. 293. 4636: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4596:Cartledge 2011 4585: 4583:, p. 182. 4566: 4564:, p. 180. 4551: 4536: 4534:, p. 176. 4524: 4522:, p. 181. 4509: 4507:, p. 178. 4492: 4490:, p. 292. 4469: 4457: 4432: 4430:, p. 173. 4417: 4415:, p. 177. 4405: 4403:, p. 172. 4393: 4381: 4379:, p. 175. 4369: 4367:, p. 168. 4354: 4352:, p. 174. 4333: 4331:, p. 554. 4321: 4319:, p. 150. 4306: 4302:Cartledge 2011 4277: 4275:, p. 144. 4262: 4260:, p. 152. 4247: 4235: 4223: 4221:, p. 142. 4211: 4199: 4197:, p. 168. 4182: 4180:, p. 167. 4165: 4163:, p. 138. 4153: 4151:, p. 289. 4136: 4134:, p. 137. 4124: 4112: 4110:, p. 291. 4089: 4087:, p. 290. 4068: 4066:, p. 128. 4056: 4044: 4029: 4027:, p. 109. 4010: 4008:, p. 272. 3995: 3993:, p. 120. 3983: 3981:, p. 154. 3966: 3964:, p. 149. 3954: 3952:, p. 146. 3942: 3927: 3925:, p. 288. 3908: 3906:, p. 111. 3893: 3881: 3869: 3857: 3853:Cartledge 2011 3828: 3824:Cartledge 2011 3816: 3814:, p. 102. 3804: 3802:, p. 287. 3779: 3767: 3765:, p. 131. 3755: 3753:, p. 129. 3740: 3738:, p. 549. 3728: 3716: 3714:, p. 130. 3704: 3687: 3683:Cartledge 2011 3670: 3658: 3646: 3644:, p. 286. 3629: 3614: 3612:, p. 119. 3599: 3597:, p. 548. 3587: 3575: 3563: 3546: 3544:, p. 115. 3527: 3515: 3513:, p. 113. 3503: 3501:, p. 109. 3491: 3479: 3477:, p. 108. 3467: 3463:E. Kovács 1990 3455: 3453:, p. 107. 3443: 3420: 3408: 3406:, p. 110. 3396: 3394:, p. 285. 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3339:, p. 107. 3329: 3325:Cartledge 2011 3304: 3289: 3287:, p. 284. 3274: 3262: 3260:, p. 105. 3250: 3248:, p. 103. 3238: 3226: 3222:Cartledge 2011 3214: 3212:, p. 281. 3199: 3187: 3183:E. Kovács 1990 3175: 3163: 3151: 3134: 3132:, p. 280. 3119: 3104: 3102:, p. 226. 3092: 3090:, p. 530. 3077: 3065: 3063:, p. 279. 3053: 3041: 3024: 3022:, p. 524. 3005: 2993: 2991:, p. 518. 2981: 2966: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2919:, p. 517. 2906: 2904:, p. 523. 2894: 2882: 2867: 2855: 2853:, p. 515. 2843: 2831: 2819: 2817:, p. 514. 2804: 2792: 2790:, p. 513. 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2725: 2710: 2708:, p. 145. 2706:E. Kovács 1990 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2658:E. Kovács 1990 2650: 2623: 2608: 2604:E. Kovács 1990 2591: 2587:Cartledge 2011 2566: 2537: 2533:E. Kovács 1990 2522: 2520:, p. 294. 2501: 2489: 2487:, p. 283. 2466: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2428:, p. 227. 2409: 2397: 2393:E. Kovács 1990 2382: 2367: 2355: 2351:Jefferson 2012 2343: 2339:Jefferson 2012 2331: 2329:, p. 278. 2327:Jefferson 2012 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2248: 2241: 2239: 2227:Heroes' Square 2224: 2217: 2215: 2200: 2193: 2191: 2185:John Hunyadi ( 2184: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2061:Zemun Fortress 2044: 1997: 1957:Pietro Ranzano 1920: 1917: 1879: 1876: 1867:Heroes' Square 1858: 1855: 1830: 1827: 1814: 1757:Nándorfehérvár 1741:Fogaras County 1678: 1675: 1584: 1581: 1553:Constantine XI 1546:Constantinople 1482:King of Bosnia 1390:King of Aragon 1298: 1295: 1282:Jean de Wavrin 1149:Martin Bielski 1133:Main article: 1130: 1127: 1065:Main article: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1027:Ialomița River 997:Marosszentimre 951:King of Poland 936:King of Poland 885:Vlad II Dracul 865:John Hunyadi ( 855:Main article: 852: 849: 817:Vlach district 809:Ban of Severin 801:Franko Talovac 691:, or head, of 671: 664: 662: 659: 651:Țara Hațegului 647:Hátszeg region 632:Ottoman Sultan 618:of an unnamed 486:Hunyadi family 481: 470: 323:) in 1441 and 309:Ban of Szörény 298:Ottoman Empire 208: 207: 200: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 172: 166: 165: 163: 162: 157: 151: 149: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 122: 120: 116: 115: 107: 103: 102: 94: 90: 89: 76: 68: 67: 64: 63: 58: 54: 50: 49: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7318: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7138:Filip Višnjić 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7123:Avram Miletić 7121: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7113:Gusle players 7110: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7048:Starina Novak 7046: 7044: 7043:Stari Vujadin 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7013:Pavle Orlović 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6993:Milan Toplica 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6983:Manojlo Grčić 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6973:Mali Radojica 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6953:Ivan Kosančić 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938:Deli Radivoje 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6913:Ailing Dojčin 6911: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6888: 6886: 6881: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6860: 6859: 6852: 6846: 6842: 6833: 6832: 6825: 6819: 6811: 6802: 6801: 6790: 6786: 6777: 6774: 6768: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6750:Francis Csáki 6742: 6740: 6734: 6727: 6726:Stephen Bánfi 6722: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6698: 6696: 6690: 6683: 6682:Michael Jakcs 6678: 6672: 6668: 6659: 6656: 6648: 6642: 6635: 6629: 6624: 6616: 6614:0-316-28656-7 6610: 6606: 6601: 6597: 6595:0-88033-070-8 6591: 6587: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6565: 6562: 6556: 6551: 6539: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6497:0-914648-11-X 6493: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6478:963-280-951-3 6474: 6470: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6398: 6394: 6392:973-7784-00-6 6388: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6371: 6369:973-9432-18-2 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6330: 6326: 6324:963-05-6703-2 6320: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6286:0-19-818620-7 6282: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6267:0-472-08260-4 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6248:963-389-392-5 6244: 6240: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6227:1-86064-061-3 6223: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6208:963-7835-49-0 6204: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6147:973-98091-0-3 6143: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6128:963-9116-96-3 6124: 6121:. CEU Press. 6120: 6115: 6111: 6109:0-86516-444-4 6105: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6090:963-7081-01-1 6086: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6047:0-691-09900-6 6043: 6038: 6037: 6030: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5999: 5989: 5988:1-901019-00-4 5985: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5921:, p. 56. 5920: 5915: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5870: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5825:, p. 66. 5824: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5774: 5773: 5765: 5757: 5755:973-9261-24-8 5751: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5734: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5707: 5699: 5698: 5690: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5546: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5508: 5502: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5381:, p. 50. 5380: 5375: 5369:, p. 49. 5368: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5345:, p. 25. 5344: 5339: 5333:, p. 23. 5332: 5327: 5325: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5304:Mureşanu 2001 5300: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5278: 5277:Mureşanu 2001 5273: 5271: 5269: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5248:Mureşanu 2001 5244: 5237: 5236:Mureşanu 2001 5232: 5225: 5224:Mureşanu 2001 5220: 5213: 5212:Babinger 1978 5208: 5206: 5199:, p. 60. 5198: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5181: 5180:Mureşanu 2001 5176: 5174: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5134:Babinger 1978 5130: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5110:Mureşanu 2001 5106: 5104: 5102: 5094: 5089: 5082: 5081:Mureşanu 2001 5077: 5075: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5052: 5051:Mureşanu 2001 5047: 5045: 5043: 5035: 5034:Mureşanu 2001 5030: 5023: 5018: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4998:Mureşanu 2001 4994: 4987: 4986:Mureşanu 2001 4982: 4975: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4929: 4921: 4920:Babinger 1978 4916: 4909: 4908:Mureşanu 2001 4904: 4902: 4900: 4892: 4891:Babinger 1978 4887: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4867:Mureşanu 2001 4863: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4831:Mureşanu 2001 4827: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4754:Mureşanu 2001 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4702:Mureşanu 2001 4698: 4691: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4661:Mureşanu 2001 4657: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4633: 4632:Babinger 1978 4628: 4622:, p. 99. 4621: 4620:Babinger 1978 4616: 4609: 4604: 4598:, p. 59. 4597: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4549:, p. 68. 4548: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4532:Mureşanu 2001 4528: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4461: 4455:, p. 50. 4454: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4428:Mureşanu 2001 4424: 4422: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4401:Mureşanu 2001 4397: 4390: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4366: 4365:Mureşanu 2001 4361: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4317:Mureşanu 2001 4313: 4311: 4304:, p. 58. 4303: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4273:Mureşanu 2001 4269: 4267: 4259: 4258:Mureşanu 2001 4254: 4252: 4244: 4243:Mureşanu 2001 4239: 4232: 4231:Mureşanu 2001 4227: 4220: 4219:Mureşanu 2001 4215: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4162: 4161:Mureşanu 2001 4157: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4133: 4132:Mureşanu 2001 4128: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4064:Mureşanu 2001 4060: 4053: 4052:Mureşanu 2001 4048: 4042:, p. 49. 4041: 4036: 4034: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3992: 3991:Mureşanu 2001 3987: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3940:, p. 67. 3939: 3934: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3904:Mureşanu 2001 3900: 3898: 3890: 3885: 3879:, p. 63. 3878: 3873: 3867:, p. 54. 3866: 3861: 3855:, p. 57. 3854: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3812:Mureşanu 2001 3808: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3776: 3775:Mureşanu 2001 3771: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3702:, p. 96. 3701: 3700:Mureşanu 2001 3696: 3694: 3692: 3685:, p. 56. 3684: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3627:, p. 93. 3626: 3625:Mureşanu 2001 3621: 3619: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3561:, p. 53. 3560: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3465:, p. 13. 3464: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3418:, p. 21. 3417: 3416:Babinger 1978 3412: 3405: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3374: 3373:Babinger 1978 3369: 3362: 3357: 3351:, p. 20. 3350: 3349:Babinger 1978 3345: 3338: 3333: 3327:, p. 55. 3326: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3302:, p. 72. 3301: 3300:Mureşanu 2001 3296: 3294: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3272:, p. 66. 3271: 3270:Mureşanu 2001 3266: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3236:, p. 65. 3235: 3234:Mureşanu 2001 3230: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3197:, p. 63. 3196: 3191: 3185:, p. 12. 3184: 3179: 3173:, p. 97. 3172: 3167: 3161:, p. 17. 3160: 3159:Babinger 1978 3155: 3149:, p. 96. 3148: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3117:, p. 61. 3116: 3115:Mureşanu 2001 3111: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3075:, p. 53. 3074: 3073:Mureşanu 2001 3069: 3062: 3057: 3051:, p. 52. 3050: 3049:Mureşanu 2001 3045: 3039:, p. 88. 3038: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2979:, p. 13. 2978: 2973: 2971: 2964:, p. 87. 2963: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2943:, p. 50. 2942: 2941:Mureşanu 2001 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2903: 2898: 2892:, p. 86. 2891: 2886: 2880:, p. 49. 2879: 2878:Mureşanu 2001 2874: 2872: 2865:, p. 15. 2864: 2859: 2852: 2847: 2840: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2778:, p. 64. 2777: 2772: 2766:, p. 14. 2765: 2760: 2754:, p. 47. 2753: 2752:Mureşanu 2001 2748: 2742:, p. 84. 2741: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2723:, p. 44. 2722: 2721:Mureşanu 2001 2717: 2715: 2707: 2702: 2696:, p. 10. 2695: 2690: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2639:. mek.niif.hu 2638: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2589:, p. 54. 2588: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2499:, p. 61. 2498: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2464:, p. 86. 2463: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2380:, p. 80. 2379: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2120:Roger de Flor 2116: 2114: 2111:, along with 2110: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2077:Béla Schäffer 2073: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2042: 1995: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1916: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1878:The noon bell 1872: 1868: 1863: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1699:Gyulafehérvár 1695: 1688: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1659:Callixtus III 1655: 1651: 1650:Imperial Diet 1646: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1498:Upper Hungary 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478:Stjepan Tomaš 1473: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1319: 1312: 1308: 1307:Hunyad Castle 1303: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1215:Zaránd County 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160:long campaign 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1068: 1067:Long campaign 1053: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 998: 993: 991: 986: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 956: 952: 948: 943: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 893:Gyulafehérvár 890: 886: 880: 872: 868: 867:John Thuróczy 863: 858: 848: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769:Csanád County 766: 762: 758: 753: 751: 747: 746:Duke of Milan 743: 739: 735: 734: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 689: 684: 680: 676: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 643:Antun Vrančić 638: 636: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612:Ottoman Turks 609: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 577:Gáspár Heltai 574: 570: 566: 560: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 532: 528: 527:Hunyad Castle 524: 516: 512: 505: 501: 500:Hunyad Castle 497: 492: 487: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 434: 428: 426: 424: 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 384:" across the 383: 382:Long Campaign 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 356: 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 292: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 257: 251: 242: 238: 237:Janko Hunjadi 234: 230: 226: 222: 221:Hunyadi János 218: 214: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 183: 179: 176: 173: 171: 167: 161: 158: 156: 153: 152: 150: 148: 144: 141: 138: 134: 129: 128:Gyulafehérvár 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 104: 95: 91: 86: 82: 81: 74: 69: 66: 62: 59: 56: 55: 51: 46: 43: 39: 35: 34:Hunyadi János 31: 30:personal name 26: 22: 7158:Vuk Karadžić 7095: 7088: 7057: 7033:Prince Lazar 7018:Petar Dojčin 6998:Miloš Obilić 6948:General Vuča 6933:Beg Kostadin 6923:Arnaut Osman 6856: 6829: 6798: 6765: 6731: 6721:Emeric Bebek 6711:Emeric Bebek 6687: 6666: 6639: 6604: 6585: 6526: 6506: 6487: 6469: 6466: 6447: 6429: 6425: 6408: 6378: 6359: 6335: 6314: 6296:Matthias Rex 6295: 6276: 6257: 6239: 6236: 6217: 6198: 6177: 6156: 6137: 6118: 6099: 6080: 6069: 6035: 6003: 5979: 5965: 5940:. 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