John A. Macdonald - Knowledge

3117: 2584:. Before Macdonald could act on this, Brown approached him through intermediaries; the Grit leader believed that the crisis gave the parties the opportunity to join together for constitutional reform. Brown had led a parliamentary committee on confederation among the British North American colonies, which had reported back just before the Taché-Macdonald government fell. Brown was more interested in representation by population; Macdonald's priority was a federation that the other colonies could join. The two compromised and agreed that the new government would support the "federative principle" – a conveniently elastic phrase. The discussions were not public knowledge and Macdonald stunned the Assembly by announcing that the dissolution was being postponed because of progress in negotiations with Brown – the two men were not only political rivals, but were known to hate each other. 3222: 3180: 3018: 2569: 2182:. British North America had no law schools in 1830; students were examined when beginning and ending their tutelage. Between the two examinations, they were apprenticed, or articled to established lawyers. Macdonald began his apprenticeship with George Mackenzie, a prominent young lawyer who was a well-regarded member of Kingston's rising Scottish community. Mackenzie practised corporate law, a lucrative speciality that Macdonald himself would later pursue. Macdonald was a promising student, and in the summer of 1833, managed the Mackenzie office when his employer went on a business trip to Montreal and Quebec in 3343: 2792: 75: 2224:. One early client was Eliza Grimason, an Irish immigrant then aged sixteen, who sought advice concerning a shop she and her husband wanted to buy. Grimason would become one of Macdonald's richest and most loyal supporters, and may have also become his lover. Macdonald joined many local organisations, seeking to become well known in the town. He also sought out high-profile cases, representing accused child rapist William Brass. Brass was hanged for his crime, but Macdonald attracted positive press comments for the quality of his defence. According to one of his biographers, 2424:. Accepting the government post required Macdonald to give up his law firm income and spend most of his time in Montreal, away from Isabella. When elections were held in December 1848 and January 1849, Macdonald was easily reelected for Kingston, but the Conservatives lost seats and were forced to resign when the legislature reconvened in March 1848. Macdonald returned to Kingston when the legislature was not sitting, and Isabella joined him there in June. In August, their child died suddenly. In March 1850, Isabella Macdonald gave birth to another boy, 2936: 3125:

connivance of Macdonald's government, who believed he would prove a leader they could deal with. Instead, the Métis rose the following year under Riel in the North-West Rebellion. Macdonald put down the rebellion with Canadian troops who were transported by rail, and Riel was captured, tried for treason, convicted, and hanged. Macdonald refused to consider reprieving Riel, who was of uncertain mental health. The hanging of Riel was controversial, and alienated many Quebecers from the Conservatives and they were, like Riel, Catholic and culturally

3073:, willing to undertake the CPR project. Donald Smith (later Lord Strathcona) was a major partner in the syndicate, but because of the ill will between him and the Conservatives, Smith's participation was initially not made public, though it was well-known to Macdonald. In 1880, the Dominion took over Britain's remaining Arctic territories, which extended Canada to its present-day boundaries, with the exception of Newfoundland, which did not enter Confederation until 1949. Also in 1880, Canada sent its first diplomatic representative abroad, Sir 2848: 3523: 7353: 1876: 2715: 2634: 884: 630: 2469: 2521:

increasingly difficult to manage. An act affecting both Canada East and Canada West required a "double majority" – a majority of legislators from each of the two sections of the province. This led to increasing deadlock in the Assembly. The two sections each elected 65 legislators, even though Canada West had a larger population. One of Brown's major demands was representation by population, which would lead to Canada West having more seats; this was bitterly opposed by Canada East.

3237:. The Liberals were heavily financed by American interests; the Conservatives drew much financial support from the CPR. The 76-year-old prime minister collapsed during the campaign, and conducted political activities from his brother-in-law's house in Kingston. The Conservatives gained slightly in the popular vote, but their majority was reduced to 27. The parties broke even in the central part of the country but the Conservatives dominated in the Maritimes and Western Canada, leading Liberal MP 3218:. Under Laurier's early leadership, the Liberals, who previously supported much of the National Policy, campaigned against it and called for "unrestricted reciprocity", or free trade, with the United States. Macdonald was willing to see some reciprocity with the United States, but was reluctant to lower many tariffs. American advocates of what they dubbed "commercial union" saw it as a prelude to political union, and did not scruple to say so, causing additional controversy in Canada. 2804:

Confederation. Negotiations were conducted in 1870, principally during Macdonald's illness and recuperation, with Cartier leading the Canadian delegation. Cartier offered British Columbia a railway linking it to the eastern provinces within ten years. The British Columbians, who privately had been prepared to accept far less generous terms, quickly agreed and joined Confederation in 1871. The Canadian Parliament ratified the terms after a debate over the high cost that cabinet member

2513:. This gave Macdonald a majority pending the by-elections, and he promptly defeated the government. Head refused Brown's request for a dissolution of the Assembly, and Brown and his ministers resigned. Head then asked Macdonald to form a government. The law allowed anyone who had held a ministerial position within the last thirty days to accept a new position without needing to face a by-election; Macdonald and his ministers accepted new positions, then completed what was dubbed the " 1888: 2149:(who penned a two-volume biography of Macdonald in the 1950s) wrote, "law was a broad, well-trodden path to comfort, influence, even to power". It was also "the obvious choice for a boy who seemed as attracted to study as he was uninterested in trade." Macdonald needed to start earning money immediately to support his family because his father's businesses were failing. "I had no boyhood," he complained many years later. "From the age of 15, I began to earn my own living." 7367: 2844:

province, for the most part outside Kingston. Widespread bribery of voters took place throughout Canada, a practice especially effective in the era when votes were publicly declared. Macdonald and the Conservatives saw their majority reduced from 35 to 8. The Liberals (as the Grits were coming to be known) did better than the Conservatives in Ontario, forcing the government to rely on the votes of Western and Maritime MPs who did not fully support the party.

8553: 2257:"I carried my musket in '37", he was wont to say in after years. One day he gave me an account of a long march his company made, I forget from what place, but Toronto was the objective point: "The day was hot, my feet were blistered – I was but a weary boy – and I thought I should have dropped under the weight of the old flint musket which galled my shoulder. But I managed to keep up with my companion, a grim old soldier who seemed impervious to fatigue." 2409:, in the United States in 1845, hoping that the sea air and warmth would cure her ailments. John returned to Canada after six months and Isabella remained in the United States for three years. He visited her again in New York at the end of 1846 and returned several months later when she informed him she was pregnant. In August 1847 their son John Alexander Macdonald Jr. was born in New York, but as Isabella remained ill, relatives cared for the infant. 2318: 8563: 2876:, had donated $ 179,000 to the Tory election funds, they had received the charter, and Opposition newspapers began to publish telegrams signed by government ministers requesting large sums from the railway interest at the time the charter was under consideration. Macdonald had taken $ 45,000 in contributions from the railway interest himself. Substantial sums went to Cartier, who waged an expensive fight to try to retain his seat in 3264: 3469: 3069:

and binges had ended. "The great drinking-bouts, the gargantuan in sobriety's of his middle years, were dwindling away now into memories." As the budget moved forward, Macdonald found that the railway was progressing well: although little money had been spent on the project under Mackenzie, several hundred miles of track had been built and nearly the entire route surveyed. In 1880, Macdonald found a syndicate, led by

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Waite, he gave "the speech of his life, and, in a sense, for his life". He began his speech at 9 p.m., looking frail and ill, an appearance which quickly improved. As he spoke, he consumed numerous glasses of gin and water. He denied that there had been a corrupt bargain, and stated that such contributions were common to both political parties. After five hours, Macdonald concluded,

3539:"Quarterly: first, Argent a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure; second, Or a dexter hand couped fessways proper holding a cross-crosslet fitchée Azure; third, Or a lymphad sails furled and oars in action Sable flagged Gules; fourth, barry wavy of six Argent and Azure a salmon naiant proper; overall on a fess Vert a covered cup between two sprigs of three maple leaves Or" 2654:, pushed a pro-confederation resolution through that colony's legislature. A final conference, to be held in London, was needed before the British Parliament could formalise the union. Maritime delegates left for London in July 1866, but Macdonald, who was drinking heavily again, did not leave until November, angering the Maritimers. In December 1866, Macdonald both led the 5668: 5695: 5614: 5749: 5722: 5641: 3207:, ran an uninspiring campaign, and the Conservatives were returned nationally with a majority of 35, winning easily in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Manitoba. The Tories also took a narrow majority of Quebec's seats despite resentment over Riel's hanging. Macdonald became MP for Kingston once again. Even the younger ministers, such as future Prime Minister 2153: 2666:; the couple first met in Quebec in 1860, but Macdonald had seen and admired her as early as 1856. In January 1867, while still in London, he was seriously burned in his hotel room when his candle set fire to the chair he had fallen asleep in, but Macdonald refused to miss any sessions of the conference. In February, he married Agnes at 3411:

biographical online article about Macdonald was deleted from the Scottish government's website in August 2018. A spokesperson for the Scottish government stated: "We acknowledge controversy around Sir John A Macdonald's legacy and the legitimate concerns expressed by Indigenous communities". On 5 July 2021, Canada's national library,

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string of by-elections. By the end of 1876, the Tories had picked up 14 seats as a result of by-elections, reducing Mackenzie's Liberal majority from 70 to 42. Despite the success, Macdonald considered retirement, wishing only to reverse the voters' verdict of 1874 – he considered Charles Tupper his heir apparent.

3159:. Macdonald told the House of Commons that, if the Chinese were not excluded from Canada, "the Aryan character of the future of British America should be destroyed". In the summer of 1886, Macdonald travelled by rail to western Canada. On 13 August 1886, Macdonald used a silver hammer and pounded a gold spike to complete the 2626:, the basis of Canada's government. The Great Coalition was endangered by Taché's 1865 death; Lord Monck asked Macdonald to become premier, but Brown felt that he had as good a claim on the position as his coalition partner. The disagreement was resolved by appointing another compromise candidate to serve as titular premier, 2342:

properties in downtown Toronto. Meanwhile, he was suffering from some illness, and in 1841, his father died. Sick and grieving, he decided to take a lengthy holiday in Britain in early 1842. He left for the journey well supplied with money, as he spent the last three days before his departure gambling at the card game

2100:, Scotland, on 10 January (official record) or 11 (father's journal) 1815. His father Hugh, an unsuccessful merchant, had married John's mother, Helen Shaw, on 21 October 1811. John Alexander Macdonald was the third of five children. After Hugh's business ventures left him in debt, the family immigrated to 3033:

Part of the National Policy was implemented in the budget presented in February 1879. Under that budget, Canada became a high-tariff nation like the United States and Germany. The tariffs were designed to protect and build Canadian industry – finished textiles received a tariff of 34%,

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was held; Macdonald's party won easily, with strong support in both large provinces, and a majority from New Brunswick. By 1869, Nova Scotia had agreed to remain part of Canada after a promise of better financial terms – the first of many provinces to negotiate concessions from Ottawa.

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decide which city should be Canada's capital. Opponents, especially from Canada East, argued that the Queen would not make the decision in isolation; she would be bound to receive informal advice from her Canadian ministers. Macdonald's scheme was adopted, with Canada East support assured by allowing

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and civilian counsel had no standing. At the request of Kingston relatives of Daniel George, paymaster of the ill-fated invasion, Macdonald agreed to advise George, who, like the other prisoners, had to conduct his own defence. George was convicted and hanged. According to Macdonald biographer Donald

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was called by Liberal Ontario Premier Oliver Mowat. The provincial election was seen as a bellwether for the federal poll. Despite considerable campaigning by Macdonald, Mowat's Liberals were re-elected in Ontario and increased their majority. Macdonald dissolved the federal Parliament on 15 January

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to look into the matter, but when Parliament reconvened in late October, the Liberals, feeling Macdonald could be defeated over the issue, applied immense pressure to wavering members. On 3 November, Macdonald rose in the Commons to defend the government, and according to one of his biographer, P.B.

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In early 1872, Macdonald submitted the treaty for ratification, and it passed the Commons with a majority of 66. The general election was held through late August and early September. Redistribution had given Ontario increased representation in the House; Macdonald spent much time campaigning in the

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With Canadians fearing invasion from the U.S., the British asked that Canadians pay a part of the expense of defence, and a Militia Bill was introduced in the Assembly in 1862. The opposition objected to the expense, and Canada East representatives feared that French-Canadians would have to fight in

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In May 1891, Macdonald suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed and unable to speak. His health continued to deteriorate and he died in the late evening of 6 June 1891. Thousands filed by his open casket in the Senate Chamber; his body was transported by funeral train to his hometown of

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project was heavily subsidised by the government. The CPR was granted 25,000,000 acres (100,000 km; 39,000 sq mi) of land along the route of the railroad, and $ 25 million from the government. In addition, the government had to spend $ 32 million on the construction of other railways

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By the 1880s, Macdonald was becoming frailer, but he maintained his political acuity. In 1883, he secured the "Intoxicating Liquors Bill" which took the regulation system away from the provinces, in part to stymie his foe Premier Mowat. In his own case, Macdonald took better control of his drinking

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or CPR), rapid agricultural development of the West using the railway, and policies which would attract immigrants to Canada. These picnics allowed Macdonald venues to show off his talents at campaigning, and were often lighthearted – at one, the Tory leader blamed agricultural pests

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had led to a worldwide depression; the Liberals found it difficult to finance the railway in such a climate, and were generally opposed to the line anyway – the slow pace of construction led to British Columbia claims that the agreement under which it had entered Confederation was in

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Macdonald was content to lead the Conservatives in a relaxed manner in opposition and await Liberal mistakes. He took long holidays and resumed his law practice, moving his family to Toronto and going into partnership with his son Hugh John. One mistake that Macdonald believed the Liberals had made

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for January 1874; the Conservatives were reduced to 70 seats out of the 206 in the Commons, giving Mackenzie a massive majority. The Conservatives bested the Liberals only in British Columbia; Mackenzie had called the terms by which the province had joined Confederation "impossible". Macdonald

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I leave it with this House with every confidence. I am equal to either fortune. I can see past the decision of this House either for or against me, but whether it be against me or for me, I know, and it is no vain boast to say so, for even my enemies will admit that I am no boaster, that there does

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As a criminal lawyer who took on dramatic cases, Macdonald got himself noticed well beyond the narrow confines of the Kingston business community. He was operating now in the arena where he would spend by far the greatest part of his life – the court of public opinion. And, while there, he was

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branch of the CPR (connecting to American lines) as a reward for betraying the Conservatives during the Pacific Scandal. The altercation continued even after the Commons had been summoned to the Senate to hear the dissolution read, as Macdonald spoke the final words recorded in the 3rd Parliament:

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Macdonald also wished to secure the colony of British Columbia. There was interest in the United States in bringing about the colony's annexation, and Macdonald wished to ensure his new nation had a Pacific outlet. The colony had an extremely large debt that would have to be assumed should it join

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Macdonald and his government faced immediate problems upon the formation of the new country. Much work remained to do in creating a federal government. Nova Scotia was already threatening to withdraw from the union; the Intercolonial Railway, which would both conciliate the Maritimes and bind them

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had voted to remove Macdonald's name from their prize for best scholarly book about Canadian history. Historian James Daschuk acknowledges Macdonald's contributions as a founding figure of Canada, but states "He built the country. But he built the country on the backs of the Indigenous people." A

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Before Cartier's death, Macdonald attempted to use delay to extricate the government. The Opposition responded by leaking documents to friendly newspapers. On 18 July, three papers published a telegram dated August 1872 from Macdonald requesting another $ 10,000 and promising "it will be the last

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In 1869, John and Agnes Macdonald had a daughter, Mary. It soon became apparent that Mary had ongoing developmental issues; she was never able to walk, nor did she ever fully develop mentally. Hewitt Bernard, Deputy Minister of Justice and Macdonald's former secretary, also lived in the Macdonald

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accepted the post of solicitor general, and so had to face a by-election. John A. Macdonald campaigned against Richards personally, and Richards was defeated by a Conservative. The switch in seats cost the Grits their majority, and they resigned in March. John A. Macdonald returned to office with

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In July 1857, Macdonald departed for Britain to promote Canadian government projects. On his return to Canada, he was appointed premier in place of the retiring Taché, just in time to lead the Conservatives in a general election. Macdonald was elected in Kingston by 1,189 votes to 9 for John

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Macdonald's biographers note his contribution to establishing Canada as a nation. Swainson suggests that Macdonald's desire for a free and tolerant Canada became part of its national outlook and contributed immeasurably to its character. Gwyn said Macdonald's accomplishments of Confederation and

3171:, to reserve the bill for royal assent, effectively placing it on hold without vetoing it. After considerable discussion, the British government allowed royal assent at the end of 1886, and indicated it would send a warship to protect the fisheries if no agreement was reached with the Americans. 3166:

In 1886, another dispute arose over fishing rights with the United States. Americans fishermen had been using treaty provisions allowing them to land in Canada to take on wood and water as a cover for clandestine inshore fishing. Several vessels were detained in Canadian ports, to the outrage of

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Shaw; other Conservatives, however, did badly in Canada West, and only French-Canadian support kept Macdonald in power. On 28 December, Isabella Macdonald died, leaving John a widower with a seven-year-old son. Hugh John Macdonald would be principally raised by his paternal aunt and her husband.

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When Parliament convened in 1877, the Conservatives were confident and the Liberals defensive. After the Tories had a successful session in the early part of the year, another series of picnics commenced in the areas around Toronto. Macdonald even campaigned in Quebec, which he had rarely done,

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By 1876, Macdonald and the Conservatives had adopted protectionism as party policy. This view was widely promoted in speeches at a number of political picnics, held across Ontario during the summer of 1876. Macdonald's proposals were popular with the public, and the Conservatives began to win a

2555:(no relation to John A. Macdonald). The parties held an almost equal number of seats, with a handful of independents able to destroy any government. The new government fell in May 1863, but Head allowed a new election, which did little to change party standings. In December 1863, Canada West MP 2520:

In the late 1850s and early 1860s, Canada enjoyed a period of great prosperity, while the railroad and telegraph improved communications. According to Macdonald biographer Richard Gwyn, "In short, Canadians began to become a single community." At the same time, the provincial government became

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but did not take up the position, serving briefly as a Private in the regiment, patrolling the area around Kingston. The town saw no real action during 1838 and Macdonald was not called upon to fire on the enemy, however the Frontenac Militia regiments were on active duty in Kingston while the

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Macdonald continued to expand his practice while being appointed director of many companies, mainly in Kingston. He became both a director of and a lawyer for the new Commercial Bank of the Midland District. Throughout the 1840s, Macdonald invested heavily in real estate, including commercial

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The Northwest again saw unrest. Many of the Manitoban Métis had moved into the territories and negotiations between the Métis and the Government to settle grievances over land rights proved difficult. Riel, who had lived in exile in the United States since 1870, journeyed to Regina with the

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from bases in the United States. Macdonald was appointed a British commissioner, a post he was reluctant to accept as he realised Canadian interests might be sacrificed for the mother country. This proved to be the case; Canada received no compensation for the raids and no significant trade

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The CPR was almost bankrupt, but Canada's decision to deploy troops in response to the crisis showed that the railway was helpful to maintain the territory's status as part of the British Empire, and the British Parliament provided money for its completion. On 7 November 1885, CPR manager

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The family initially lived together, then resided over a store which Hugh Macdonald ran. Soon after their arrival, John's younger brother James died from a blow to the head by a servant charged with taking care of the boys. After Hugh's store failed, the family moved to Hay Bay (south of

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Macdonald had once been tepid on the question of westward expansion of the Canadian provinces; as prime minister, he became a strong supporter of a bicoastal Canada. Immediately upon Confederation, he sent commissioners to London who in due course successfully negotiated the transfer of

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There were continuing disputes with the Americans over deep-sea fishing rights, and in early 1871, an Anglo-American commission was appointed to settle outstanding matters between the British, the Canadians and the Americans. Canada was hoping to secure compensation for damage done by

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took place in Toronto, Macdonald represented one of the defendants in the one trial to take place in Kingston. All the Kingston defendants were acquitted, and a local paper described Macdonald as "one of the youngest barristers in the Province is rapidly rising in his profession".

3137:, requiring them to receive formal permission from an Indian Department Official in order to go off-reserve. The federal government under Macdonald sought to keep the indigenous ill-fed and dependent on government food supplies, a policy which has been blamed for many deaths. 2350:. As Macdonald did not mention her in his letters home, the circumstances of their meeting are not known. In late 1842, Isabella journeyed to Kingston to visit with a sister. The visit stretched for nearly a year before John and Isabella Macdonald married on 1 September 1843. 2455:

of Canada East (today Quebec) joined the Cabinet. Until Cartier's 1873 death, he would be Macdonald's political partner. In 1856, MacNab was eased out as premier by Macdonald, who became the leader of the Canada West Conservatives. Macdonald remained as attorney general when

2784:. Unwilling to pay for a territory in insurrection, Macdonald had troops put down the uprising before the formal transfer; as a result of the unrest, the Red River Colony joined Confederation as the province of Manitoba, while the rest of the purchased lands became the 3167:

Americans, who demanded their release. Macdonald sought to pass a Fisheries Act which would override some of the treaty provisions, to the dismay of the British, who were still responsible for external relations. The British government instructed the Governor General,

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would come into existence on 1 July. Lord Monck appointed Macdonald as the new nation's first prime minister. With the birth of the new nation, Canada East and Canada West became separate provinces, known as Quebec and Ontario, respectively. Macdonald was appointed a

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to claim that Macdonald's majority was dependent on "the shreds and patches of Confederation". After the election, Laurier and his Liberals grudgingly accepted the National Policy; when Laurier later became prime minister, he adopted it with only minor changes.

2402:, by 275 "shouts" to 42 when the election concluded on 15 October 1844. Macdonald was never an orator, and especially disliked the bombastic addresses of the time. Instead, he found a niche in becoming an expert on election law and parliamentary procedure. 2489:

to ensure that the Queen would not respond for at least 10 months, or until after the general election. In February 1858, the Queen's choice was announced, much to the dismay of many legislators from both parts of the province: the isolated Canada West town of

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in Kingston. Macdonald's formal schooling ended at 15, a common school-leaving age at a time when only children from the most prosperous families were able to attend university. Macdonald later regretted leaving school when he did, remarking to his secretary

2428:, and his father wrote, "We have got Johnny back again, almost his image." Macdonald began to drink heavily around this time, both in public and in private, which Patricia Phenix, who studied Macdonald's private life, attributes to his family troubles. 3382:, the statue of Macdonald was removed from Kingston's City Park after city council voted 12–1 in favour of its removal, and is set to be installed at Cataraqui Cemetery where Macdonald is buried. In 2018, a statue of Macdonald was removed from outside 3097:

to support the CPR. The entire project was extremely costly, especially for a nation with only 4.1 million people in 1881. Between 1880 and 1885, as the railway was slowly built, the CPR repeatedly came close to financial ruin. The terrain in the

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was returned in Kingston but was unseated on an election contest when bribery was proven; he won the ensuing by-election by 17 votes. According to Swainson, most observers viewed Macdonald as finished in politics, "a used-up and dishonoured man".

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in 1841. Kingston became the initial capital of the new province; Upper Canada and Lower Canada became known as Canada West and Canada East. In March 1844, Macdonald was asked by local businessmen to stand as Conservative candidate for Kingston in

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In this Bengough cartoon, Macdonald (centre, ankles crossed) rides the elephant of the National Policy into power in the 1878 election, trampling the Liberals underfoot. Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie is also being strangled by the elephant's

3378:, looking south on University Avenue. Macdonald's statue also stood in Kingston's City Park; the Kingston Historical Society annually holds a memorial service in his honour. On 18 June 2021, following the discovery of 215 unmarked graves at the 2744:. In July, he moved to Prince Edward Island to convalesce, most likely conducting discussions aimed at drawing the island into Confederation at a time when some there supported joining the United States. The island joined Confederation in 1873. 2641:

In 1865, after lengthy debates, Canada's legislative assembly approved confederation by 91 votes to 33. None of the Maritimes, however, had approved the plan. In 1866, Macdonald and his colleagues financed pro-confederation candidates in the

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in Kingston's Fourth Ward, with 156 votes against 43 for his opponent, Colonel Jackson. He also suffered what he termed his first downfall, as his supporters, carrying the victorious candidate, accidentally dropped him onto a slushy street.

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Taché as titular premier. The Taché-Macdonald government was defeated in June. The parties were deadlocked to such an extent that, according to Swainson, "It was clear to everybody that the constitution of the Province of Canada was dead".

8990: 2201:). In 1835, Macdonald returned to Kingston, and even though not yet of age nor qualified, began his practice as a lawyer, hoping to gain his former employer's clients. Macdonald's parents and sisters also returned to Kingston. 11731: 2836:, Macdonald had yet to formulate a railway policy, or to devise the loan guarantees that would be needed to secure the construction. During the previous year, Macdonald had met with potential railway financiers such as 2910:

Macdonald's speech was seen as a personal triumph, but it did little to salvage the fortunes of his government. With eroding support both in the Commons and among the public, Macdonald went to the Governor General,

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had increased tariffs on Canadian goods in US markets. American and British opinion largely believed that the experiment of Confederation would quickly unravel, and the nascent nation absorbed by the United States.

2277:"I was in the Second or Third Company behind the cannon that opened out on Montgomery’s House. During the week of the rebellion I was the Commercial Bank Guard in the house on King Street, afterward the habitat of 3366:, and has been restored to that time period. His Ottawa home, Earnscliffe, is the official residence of the British High Commissioner to Canada. Statues have been erected to Macdonald across Canada; one stands on 3109:. When Canadian guarantees of the CPR's bonds failed to make them salable in a declining economy, Macdonald obtained a loan to the corporation from the Treasury – the bill authorizing it passed the 6775: 2723:

closer to the rest of Canada, was not yet built. Anglo-American relations were in a poor state, and Canadian foreign relations were matters handled from London. The withdrawal of the Americans in 1866 from the

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a war they wanted no part in. Macdonald was drinking heavily and failed to provide much leadership on behalf of the bill. The government fell over the bill, and the Grits took over under the leadership of

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Macdonald had favoured the union coming into force on 15 July, fearing that the preparations would not be completed any earlier. The British favoured an earlier date and, on 22 May, it was announced that

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in early 1872, but negotiations dragged on between the government and the financiers. Macdonald's government awarded the Allan group the charter in late 1872. In 1873, when Parliament opened, Liberal MP

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In late 1838, Macdonald agreed to advise one of a group of American raiders who had crossed the border to overthrow British rule in Canada. The raiders had been captured by government forces after the

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charged that government ministers had been bribed with large, undisclosed political contributions to award the charter. Documents soon came to light which substantiated what came to be known as the

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On 28 July 1858, an opposition Canada East member proposed an address to the Queen informing her that Ottawa was an unsuitable place for a national capital. Macdonald's Canada East party members

2333:. Public opinion was inflamed against the prisoners, as they were accused of mutilating the body of a dead Canadian lieutenant. Macdonald could not represent the prisoners, as they were tried by 9333: 2851:"Whither are we drifting?" Macdonald is shown triumphant at obtaining a prorogation, but is trampling a weeping Canada and apparently drunk with bottle in pocket in this August 1873 cartoon by 2480:

The Assembly had voted to move the seat of government permanently to Quebec City. Macdonald opposed this and used his power to force the Assembly to reconsider in 1857. Macdonald proposed that

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Although 10 January is the official date recorded in the General Register Office in Edinburgh, 11 January is the day Macdonald and those who commemorate him have celebrated his birthday. See

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not exist in Canada a man who has given more of his time, more of his heart, more of his wealth, or more of his intellect and power, as it may be, for the good of this Dominion of Canada.

11736: 11711: 2398:. Macdonald followed the contemporary custom of supplying the voters with large quantities of alcohol. Votes were publicly declared in this election, and Macdonald defeated his opponent, 1408: 3251:

Kingston, with crowds greeting the train at each stop. On arrival in Kingston, Macdonald lay in state in City Hall, wearing the uniform of an Imperial Privy Counsellor. He was buried in

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house in Ottawa, together with Bernard's widowed mother. In May 1870, John Macdonald fell ill with gallstones; coupled with his frequent drinking, he may have developed a severe case of

704: 6944: 6638: 3005:, Manitoba; elections there were held later than in Ontario. His acceptance of office vacated his parliamentary seat, and Macdonald decided to stand for the British Columbia seat of 6017: 4855: 10538:

The offices of Minister of Immigration and Colonization, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Mines and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs were abolished and the office of

2674:, which would thereafter serve as the major part of Canada's constitution, passed the House of Commons (it had previously passed the House of Lords). Queen Victoria gave the bill 6259: 11726: 6767: 3295:, is named for him. In 2001, Parliament designated 11 January as Sir John A. Macdonald Day, but the day is not a federal holiday and generally passes unremarked. He appears on 2760:) in compensation, and retained some trading posts as well as one-twentieth of the best farmland. Prior to the date of acquisition, the Canadian government faced unrest in the 11701: 3061:, opened on 1 December of that year. By 1900, there were 61 schools in operation. In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission concluded that the assimilation amounted to 7328: 3186:

Fearing continued loss of political strength as poor economic times continued, Macdonald planned to hold an election by the end of 1886, but had not yet issued the writ when

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and considerable financial discussion took place. The greatest political problem Macdonald faced was the Washington treaty, which had not yet been debated in Parliament.

11746: 9326: 1490: 11741: 7150: 10353: 2120:. John Macdonald's mother was a lifelong influence on her son, helping him in his difficult first marriage and remaining influential in his life until her 1862 death. 6903: 6089: 2517:" by returning to their old posts. In an effort to give the appearance of fairness, Head insisted that Cartier be the titular premier, with Macdonald as his deputy. 6214: 2736:

Pressure from London and Ottawa failed to gain the accession of Newfoundland, whose voters rejected a Confederation platform in a general election in October 1869.

2547:. As attorney general of Canada West, Macdonald refused to prosecute Confederate operatives who were using Canada to launch attacks on U.S. soil across the border. 1986:

under the colony's unstable political system. In 1864, when no party proved capable of governing for long, Macdonald agreed to a proposal from his political rival,

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led to fears in Canada and in Britain that once the U.S. had concluded its internal warfare, they would invade Canada again. Canada was sometimes a safe haven for

10369: 8599: 6522: 3895: 9697: 9319: 8252: 5831: 3006: 2659: 1505: 566: 11686: 10346: 8983: 3199:), forcing the Conservatives from power in Quebec City. Nevertheless, Macdonald and his cabinet campaigned hard in the winter election, with Tupper (the new 5788: 2945:

was a free-trade agreement with Washington, negotiated in 1874; Macdonald had come to believe that protection was necessary to build Canadian industry. The

2611:. The Canadians obtained permission to send a delegation – led by Macdonald, Cartier, and Brown – to what became known as the 1978:). As a lawyer, he was involved in several high-profile cases and quickly became prominent in Kingston, which elected him in 1844 to the legislature of the 11776: 7013: 6148: 7518: 6581: 11671: 11299: 10580: 9916: 8383: 6817: 3009:, where the election was to be held on 21 October. Macdonald was duly returned for Victoria, although he had never visited either Marquette or Victoria. 2509:

to form a government. Under the law at that time, Brown and his ministers lost their seats in the Assembly by accepting their positions, and had to face

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was called for 17 September 1878. Fearful that Macdonald would be defeated in Kingston, his supporters tried to get him to run in the safe Conservative

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in surveys of experts in Canadian political history have consistently placed Macdonald as one of the highest-rated prime ministers in Canadian history.

7573: 3308: 3168: 2975: 2037:. Macdonald's greatest achievements were building and guiding a successful national government for the new Dominion, using patronage to forge a strong 756: 138: 3394:

in Montreal has been repeatedly vandalized, and on 29 August 2020, the statue in the monument was vandalized, toppled and decapitated. Montreal Mayor

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The official birth record for John Alexander Mcdonald, proving the original spelling of the surname and official date of birth can be found in the

3276: 3049:. It made the case for a cooperative approach between the Canadian government and the church to implement the "aggressive assimilation" pursued by 2485:

Quebec City to serve a three-year term as the seat of government before the Assembly moved to the permanent capital. Macdonald privately asked the

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Although he was often absent due to his wife's illness, Macdonald was able to gain professional and political advancement. In 1846, he was made a

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All male Upper Canadians between 18 and 60 years of age were members of the Sedentary Militia, which was called into active duty during the

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The offices of Minister of Marine and Minister of Railways and Canals were abolished and the office of Minister of Transport was created in 1936

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building the Canadian railroad were great, but he was also responsible for scandals and bad government policy for the execution of Riel and the

3319:

1968). His name is being phased out on Ottawa's Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway (River Parkway before 2012), being renamed to an indigenous term,

6408: 5358:"Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1 Origins to 1939: Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Volume 1" 3279:

as one of the greatest prime ministers in Canadian history. No cities or political subdivisions are named for Macdonald (with the exception of

2615:. At its conclusion, the Maritime delegations expressed a willingness to join a confederation if the details could be successfully negotiated. 2061:

from his Conservative Party. He continued as prime minister until his death in 1891. He remains the oldest prime minister in Canadian history.

1994:

to seek federation and political reform. Macdonald was the leading figure in the subsequent discussions and conferences, which resulted in the

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This author is different from the subject of this page, and lived 1846–1922. Since the copyright has run out, there exist today many reprints.

6237: 2395: 8314: 7380: 3086: 1495: 6933: 6630: 6476: 11681: 10937: 10234: 9006: 8635: 7930: 2795:"We don't want you here." Annexation to the United States was a political issue in Canada's early days. In this anti-annexation cartoon by 2124: 2038: 1551: 493: 243: 6255: 6025: 6018:"Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada – Former Prime Ministers and Their Grave Sites – The Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald" 2958:

leaving speechmaking there to Cartier. More picnics followed in 1878, promoting proposals which would come to be collectively called the "

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In 1844, Isabella fell ill. She recovered, but the illness recurred the following year, and she became an invalid. John took his wife to

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operations against the U.S.; many Canadian citizens and politicians were sympathetic to the Confederacy. This led to events such as the

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word meaning good relations, on 7 December 2023. This was done as a response to MacDonald playing a significant role in developing the

2435:, maintained power in the 1851 election but were soon divided by a parliamentary scandal. In September, the government resigned, and a 1790: 1480: 809: 4910: 3336: 3046: 2077: 1750: 1598: 1500: 35: 6333: 4509: 2997:; having represented his hometown for 35 years, he stood there again. In the election, Macdonald was defeated in his riding by 2820:

advantages in the settlement, which required Canada to open her waters to American fishermen. Macdonald returned home to defend the

10539: 9933: 9234: 8735: 8114: 8060: 7908: 7880: 7312: 6835: 5442:"Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" 3034:

but the machinery to make them entered Canada free. Macdonald continued to fight for higher tariffs for the remainder of his life.

2724: 1561: 768: 305: 17: 6551: 11292: 9909: 9044: 8376: 5452: 3070: 6690: 11791: 11786: 11756: 10636: 10611: 8585: 8221: 6720: 6307: 3002: 2704: 2359: 2293: 1730: 1470: 708: 3629: 3211:, who sometimes differed with Macdonald on policy, admitted Macdonald was an essential electoral asset for the Conservatives. 3001:, but the Conservatives swept to victory. Macdonald remained in the House of Commons, having quickly secured his election for 11656: 10401: 10314: 9758: 9683: 9384: 9022: 8608: 8343: 8190: 7696: 7629: 7484: 7438: 7396: 7322: 7301: 7278: 7236: 7204: 7183: 7144: 7132: 7109: 7076: 7043: 7007: 6983: 5759: 5732: 5705: 5678: 5651: 5624: 3150: 2994: 2217: 803: 143: 3533:"A dexter forearm couped palewise proper the hand holding a balance fesswise together with a sprig of three maple leaves Or" 11056: 9714: 9121: 8716: 6458: 4538: 4492: 4461: 3160: 3041:

to write a report regarding the industrial boarding-school system in the United States. Now known as the Davin Report, the

2116:), west of Kingston, where Hugh unsuccessfully ran another shop. In 1829, his father was appointed as a magistrate for the 1911: 1593: 826: 11666: 6498: 6079: 3374:

1895). A statue of Macdonald stands atop a granite plinth originally intended for a statue of Queen Victoria in Toronto's

2108:(today the southern and eastern portions of Ontario), in 1820, as the family had several relatives and connections there. 11781: 11196: 10475: 10016: 9837: 8889: 8283: 6206: 3587:

using the following details:Parish: Glasgow, Parish Number: 644/1, Ref: 210 201, Parents/ Other Details: FR2265 (FR2265).

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Swainson, "By 1838, Macdonald's position was secure. He was a public figure, a popular young man, and a senior lawyer."

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Protestants demanded Riel be executed; Catholics wanted him to live. The decision for execution alienated Francophones.

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became the second prime minister of Canada. He is not known to have spoken of the events of the Pacific Scandal again.

2877: 2506: 2278: 2045:, and completing the railway. He fought to block provincial efforts to take power back from the national government in 1987: 1939: 1838: 1735: 1588: 1433: 1093: 629: 379: 60: 3221: 2922:

On 6 November 1873, Macdonald offered his resignation as party leader to his caucus; it was refused. Mackenzie called

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Memoirs of the Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, G.C.B., First Prime Minister of The Dominion of Canada

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When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Ireland's Freedom

2916: 2776:, were fearful that rule would be imposed on them which did not take into account their interests, and rose in the 2386: 2266: 1338: 723: 158: 8577: 7800: 6358: 7783: 3407: 3155: 3146: 3116: 2799:

from an 1869 issue of Grinchuckle, Uncle Sam is given the boot by Young Canada as John Bull looks on approvingly.

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Macdonald initially attended local schools. When he was aged 10, his family gathered enough money to send him to

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A few months after he opened his first law office in 1835, Macdonald moved with his parents and sisters to this

11553: 11371: 10290: 10103: 9925: 8087: 7508: 6768:"'A key player in Indigenous cultural genocide:' Historians erase Sir John A. Macdonald's name from book prize" 6577: 3415:, deleted its web page on Canada's prime ministers, "First Among Equals", calling it "outdated and redundant". 3292: 3234: 3192: 3134: 3082: 3050: 2986: 2923: 2833: 2732: 2667: 2225: 2221: 2117: 2034: 774: 6667: 4856:"Everyone knows John A. Macdonald was a bit of a drunk, but it's largely forgotten how hard he hit the bottle" 11676: 11335: 11325: 10591: 8339: 8310: 8279: 8248: 8217: 8186: 7763: 6453: 6115: 3362:

in Kingston, where the Macdonald family lived in the 1840s, is also a National Historic Site administered by

3203:

to London) postponing his departure to try to bolster Conservative votes in Nova Scotia. The Liberal leader,

3187: 3081:. With good economic times, Macdonald and the Conservatives were returned with a slightly decreased majority 2805: 2544: 2282: 1740: 1571: 1358: 920: 283: 7594: 3955:

Canada, British Army and Canadian Militia Muster Rolls and Paylists, 1795–1850: Commcercial Bank Guard, 1837

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Canada, British Army and Canadian Militia Muster Rolls and Paylists, 1795–1850: Commcercial Bank Guard, 1837

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Canada, British Army and Canadian Militia Muster Rolls and Paylists, 1795–1850: Commcercial Bank Guard, 1837

2888:, which may have been causing his judgment to lapse; he died in May 1873 while seeking treatment in London. 11392: 11376: 9342: 9240: 9053: 8908: 7968: 4484: 3580: 3196: 3195:

on 22 February. During the campaign, the Quebec provincial Liberals formed a government (four months after

3058: 2250: 2129: 1745: 1438: 207: 2596: 2190:). Later that year, Macdonald was sent to manage the law office of a Mackenzie cousin who had fallen ill. 11706: 11661: 11588: 11523: 11308: 11261: 11041: 11026: 11016: 10731: 10721: 10711: 9389: 9080: 8955: 8659: 8473: 8463: 8453: 8423: 8303: 8200: 8024: 7940: 7804: 7545: 3412: 3272: 3208: 3142: 2998: 2990: 2821: 2421: 2417: 2002: 1780: 1775: 1448: 1443: 740: 2501:

to vote for the address, and the government was defeated. Macdonald resigned, and the Governor General,

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The Bank Guard served on active duty in Toronto guarding the Commercial Bank of the Midland District on

2084:

Indigenous children. Macdonald, however, remains respected for his key role in the formation of Canada.

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Canada, British Army and Canadian Militia Muster Rolls and Paylists, 1795–1850: Frontenac Militia, 1838

2599:, remaining apart. A conference, called by the Colonial Office, was scheduled for 1 September 1864, in 2529: 2457: 2448: 2065: 1755: 1556: 1108: 672: 520: 287: 6170: 2855:. Macdonald is depicted claiming clean hands, but with "Send me another $ 10,000" written on his palm. 2197:. With his supervising lawyer dead, Macdonald remained at the cousin's law office in Hallowell (today 1465: 11721: 10512: 10495: 10470: 10174: 9873: 9857: 9832: 7788: 7641: 3375: 3093: 2655: 2627: 2581: 2058: 2006: 1520: 10626: 2452: 1388: 11493: 11448: 11433: 11428: 11412: 10490: 10021: 9995: 9984: 9852: 9425: 9300: 8392: 8231: 8210: 8014: 7949: 7851: 7841: 7554: 7535: 3296: 2963: 2873: 2860: 2612: 2552: 2209: 2030: 1952: 1948: 1613: 1045: 336: 94: 9456: 7731: 2773: 2253:, Macdonald's private secretary, recalled Macdonald's account of his experience during the march: 11206: 10913: 10788: 10229: 10219: 9604: 9257: 8324: 8272: 7873: 6472: 3387: 3238: 2974:

were marked by explosive conflict, as Macdonald and Tupper alleged that MP and railway financier

2971: 2753: 2619: 2510: 2010: 1833: 1725: 1576: 1460: 7175: 2658:, winning acclaim for his handling of the discussions, and courted and married his second wife, 11533: 11402: 11366: 11011: 10929: 10706: 10701: 10646: 10621: 10517: 10396: 10042: 9784: 9739: 9723: 9394: 9263: 9188: 9183: 9178: 8843: 7738: 7409:

Life and times of the Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald: Premier of the Dominion of Canada

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A number of sites associated with Macdonald are preserved. His gravesite has been designated a

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and winning substantially. Sometime during his two months in Britain, he met his first cousin,

2326: 2310: 2298: 2246:. Macdonald served as a Private in Captain George Well's Company of the Commercial Bank Guard. 1995: 1956: 1785: 1566: 1050: 873: 718: 10681: 9369: 9358: 7449: 7215: 4478: 3342: 3271:

Macdonald served just under 19 years as prime minister, a length of service only surpassed by

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had been driven, completing the railway. That same year, the Macdonald government enacted the

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learning the arts of argument and of persuasion that would serve him all his political life.

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The Papers of the Prime Ministers, Volume 1: The Letters of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1836–1857

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took power. Macdonald did much of the work of putting the government together and served as

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The Bank Guard was taken off active service on 17 December 1837, and returned to Kingston.

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Macdonald was the first prime minister of the new nation, and served 19 years; only

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on the Grits, and promised the insects would go away if the Conservatives were elected.

11603: 11463: 11361: 10863: 10756: 9363: 7427: 7168: 6818:"Archives Canada removes 'outdated, redundant' web page about nation's prime ministers" 6555: 6529:

Public Works and Government Services Canada. 4 August 2009. Retrieved on 20 March 2011.

3391: 3383: 3347: 3252: 3226: 2741: 2623: 2525: 2498: 2413: 2390: 2347: 2270: 2243: 2175: 1979: 1943: 1858: 1848: 1815: 1515: 975: 908: 750: 541: 483: 64: 10214: 2691:(KCB) on that first observance of what came to be known as Dominion Day, later called 2050: 30:

This article is about the Canadian prime minister. For people with similar names, see

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Canada Transformed: The Speeches of Sir John A. Macdonald: A Bicentennial Celebration

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Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life

5728: 5701: 5674: 5647: 5620: 4534: 4488: 4457: 3403: 3200: 3062: 2688: 2533: 2406: 2330: 2101: 1967: 1935: 1546: 1398: 1181: 1103: 56: 10194: 7762: 6716: 6359:"Saskatoon's John A. Macdonald Road name change passed despite weeks of speed bumps" 3395: 3057:. In 1883, Parliament approved $ 43,000 for three industrial schools and the first, 2208:

in February 1836, he arranged to take in two students; both became, like Macdonald,

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As his government had fallen again, Macdonald approached the new governor general,

2444: 2146: 2113: 2018: 2014: 1805: 1800: 1760: 1699: 1679: 1378: 1256: 1251: 1236: 1176: 1161: 1151: 11221: 11156: 10853: 10818: 10549: 9573: 8523: 7407: 6799:"Scottish government is actively distancing itself from John A. Macdonald: report" 6207:"New $ 10 bank note featuring Viola Desmond unveiled on International Women's Day" 2029:

in which his party took bribes from businessmen seeking the contract to build the

11568: 11256: 11181: 11171: 11161: 11006: 10991: 10908: 10833: 10803: 10793: 10782: 10741: 10686: 10464: 10459: 10265: 10204: 10189: 10133: 9947: 9826: 9821: 9517: 9476: 9461: 9445: 9430: 8948: 8853: 8438: 8145: 7389:

Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney

7372: 6973: 6526: 6281: 6142:"Macdonald, The Right Hon. Sir John Alexander, P.C., G.C.B., Q.C., D.C.L., LL.D." 6122: 6065: 5878: 3584: 3367: 3284: 3215: 3126: 3098: 3021:

Macdonald uses his parliamentary majority to roll to victory over Liberal leader

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that if he had attended university, he might have embarked on a literary career.

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The New Buffalo: The Struggle for Aboriginal Post-Secondary Education in Canada

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Macdonald's parents decided he should become a lawyer after leaving school. As

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Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West

11277: 10746: 10148: 7290: 1951:, serving from 1867 to 1873 and from 1878 until his death in 1891. He was the 74: 11635: 11583: 11508: 11468: 11340: 11251: 11236: 11191: 11046: 11036: 11001: 10918: 10898: 10868: 10858: 10828: 10726: 10696: 10691: 10527: 10506: 10438: 10309: 10249: 10179: 10117: 10078: 10052: 9883: 9868: 9800: 9659: 9644: 9624: 9593: 9568: 9533: 9502: 9435: 9111: 9095: 8941: 8882: 8702: 8680: 8468: 8443: 8124: 8051: 7777:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–212. 7768: 7417: 7358: 5858: 3332: 3307:, to celebrate his 200th birthday. Macdonald's name is also used in Ottawa's 3102: 2946: 2600: 2334: 2249:

Macdonald and the militia marched to Toronto to confront the rebels, and Sir

1880: 1659: 1646: 1299: 1166: 1156: 1118: 1113: 1088: 1000: 694: 9675: 8361: 6910:. Vol. IV. Toronto: University Associates of Canada. pp. 165–166. 5451:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 31 May 2015. Archived from 2872:. The Allan-led financiers, who were secretly backed by the United States's 2808:

described as the worst fight the Conservatives had had since Confederation.

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In the 21st century, Macdonald has come under criticism for his role in the

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Affectionately Yours: The Letters of Sir John A. Macdonald and His Family

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Troublous Times in Canada: A History of the Fenian Raids of 1866 and 1870

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John A., The Man Who Made Us: The Life and Times of Sir John A. Macdonald

2962:": high tariffs, rapid construction of the transcontinental railway (the 2880:(he was defeated, but was subsequently returned for the Manitoba seat of 2647: 2646:, resulting in a pro-confederation assembly. Shortly after the election, 2592: 2432: 2317: 1692: 1525: 1294: 1279: 1274: 1241: 1206: 1201: 1186: 1083: 1005: 940: 170: 7589: 7366: 2618:

In October 1864, delegates for Confederation met in Quebec City for the

2152: 10299: 10122: 10112: 10093: 10062: 9619: 9211: 7744: 7563: 6664:"Activists topple statue of Sir John A. Macdonald in downtown Montreal" 6544: 6409:"Former John A Macdonald Road officially renamed miyo wahkohtowin Road" 2881: 2837: 2791: 2781: 2692: 2568: 2069: 2054: 1673: 1603: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1284: 1171: 6631:"Statue of John A. Macdonald toppled during defund the police protest" 6465: 3045:

was submitted to Ottawa on 14 March 1879, providing the basis for the

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Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886

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condemned the actions and said the city plans to restore the statue.

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Battle of the Windmill, near Prescott, Upper Canada, 13 November 1838

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Canada In The World: Settler Capitalism and the Colonial Imagination

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Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George

9295: 7137:

Reconciling Canada: Critical Perspectives on the Culture of Redress

6663: 6634: 6238:"Sir John A. Macdonald toonie to celebrate 1st PM's 200th birthday" 5789:"Should we really be celebrating Sir John A. Macdonald's birthday?" 2769: 2765: 2378: 1963: 980: 3017: 2633: 2447:. The coalition, which came to power in 1854, became known as the 6308:"Ottawa's Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway renamed Kichi Zībī Mīkan" 4902: 2827: 2813: 2439:

government uniting parties from both parts of the province under

2194: 2174:

Macdonald travelled by steamboat to Toronto (known until 1834 as

2097: 1975: 1959:, and had a political career that spanned almost half a century. 1765: 455: 10959: 10259:

Ministers of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities (2006–15)

7714:"Topic – Sir John A. Macdonald: Architect of Modern Canada" 6578:"Sir John A. Macdonald statue removed from Kingston's City Park" 6434:

Sir John A. Macdonald Gravesite National Historic Site of Canada

6427: 6052: 5892: 5890: 5422: 2005:

has served longer. In his first term, Macdonald established the

3304: 3303:

featured Macdonald's face on the Canadian two dollar coin, the

3283:), nor are there any massive monuments. A peak in the Rockies, 3106: 2683: 2491: 2187: 2046: 472: 9341: 7753:. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 43–46. 6975:

Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada

5470: 5046: 5044: 3979: 3952: 3937: 3863: 3386:, as part of the city's program for reconciliation with local 3255:

in Kingston, his grave near that of his first wife, Isabella.

2292:

On 15 February 1838, Macdonald was appointed an Ensign in the

2076:

that resulted in Riel's execution, and the development of the

10368: 7429:

The Road to Confederation: The Emergence of Canada: 1863–1867

7199:(1st hardcover ed.). Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. 7196:

Private Demons: The Tragic Personal Life of John A. Macdonald

5998: 5902: 5887: 5554: 5542: 5287: 5275: 5239: 5227: 5179: 5131: 4981: 4957: 4480:

Guardian of the Great Lakes: The U.S. Paddle Frigate Michigan

2140: 9005: 6040: 5974: 5938: 5530: 5482: 5263: 5167: 5107: 5097: 5095: 4727: 4433: 4431: 4344: 2572:

The Quebec Conference. Macdonald is seated fourth from left.

1998:

and the establishment of Canada as a nation on 1 July 1867.

11737:

Canadian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

6532: 6473:"Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada: Discover" 5335: 5041: 3331:. This street, however, was changed to miyo-wâhkôhtowin, a 2718:

Timeline of the evolution of Canada's boundaries since 1867

2662:. Bernard was the sister of Macdonald's private secretary, 1641: 930: 848:

Member of the Canadian Parliament for Carleton (1882–1887)

842:

Member of the Canadian Parliament for Victoria (1878–1882)

27:

Prime Minister of Canada (1867–1873; 1878–1891)

7101:

Nation Builder: Sir John A. Macdonald: His Life, Our Times

6604:"John A. Macdonald statue removed from Victoria City Hall" 6447: 6334:"New name proposed for Saskatoon's John A. MacDonald Road" 6256:"Ottawa River Parkway renamed after Sir John A. Macdonald" 5845:

Smith, Donald B.; Oosterom, Nelle (2017). "Worlds Apart".

4969: 4945: 4526:

North American Border Conflicts Race, Politics, and Ethics

4000: 3988: 3797: 3785: 3761: 3739: 3737: 3685: 3683: 11386:

Attorneys-General of the Province of Canada (Canada West)

6384:"miyo-wâhkôhtowin Road (formerly John A. Macdonald Road)" 6163: 5986: 5962: 5914: 5768: 5566: 5518: 5215: 5203: 5092: 5080: 5056: 4890: 4787: 4751: 4679: 4667: 4595: 4583: 4547: 4510:"The Confederate Spy Ring: Spreading Terror to the Union" 4428: 4356: 4296: 4272: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4195: 4171: 3724: 3722: 3012: 2451:(referred to, for short, as the Conservatives). In 1855, 7450:"John A. Macdonald, Confederation and the Canadian West" 7133:"Appendix A: Aboriginal Peoples and Residential Schools" 7104:. Vol. 2: 1867–1891. Toronto: Random House Canada. 7071:. Vol. 1: 1815–1867. Toronto: Random House Canada. 6513: 6024:. Government of Canada. 20 December 2010. Archived from 5670:

Nation Maker: Sir John A. Macdonald: His Life, Our Times

5578: 5506: 5494: 5401:

Report on industrial schools for Indians and half-breeds

5299: 5251: 5191: 5155: 5005: 4715: 4523:

Laurence Armand French and Magdaleno Manzanarez (2017).

3174: 3105:

proved treacherous, as tracks and engines sank into the

3043:

Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds

2416:. The same year, he was offered the non-cabinet post of 2096:

John Alexander Macdonald was born in Ramshorn parish in

11712:

Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)

7314:

Creating Memory: A Guide to Toronto's Outdoor Sculpture

6735: 5865: 5367:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. 5017: 4933: 4571: 4559: 4392: 4368: 4183: 4123: 4089: 4087: 4012: 3833: 3734: 3680: 3129:; they soon realigned with the Liberals. Following the 2756:

to Canada. The Hudson's Bay Company received £300,000 (

2587:

The parties resolved their differences, joining in the

2364: 839:

Member of the Canadian Parliament for Marquette (1878)

11727:

Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario

7663:

Gibson, Sarah Katherine; Milnes, Arthur, eds. (2014).

7391:(Updated ed.). Toronto: Harper Perennial Canada. 7231:. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press Canada. 4878: 4866: 4835: 4823: 4775: 4739: 4691: 4643: 4619: 4607: 4416: 4380: 4308: 4248: 4207: 4159: 4135: 4111: 4048: 4024: 3719: 3695: 11702:

Canadian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

5950: 5926: 5068: 4655: 4631: 4332: 4320: 4260: 4236: 3773: 3575: 3573: 3571: 2563: 2304: 1947:( 10 or 11 January 1815 – 6 June 1891) was the first 7348: 7131:

Henderson, Jennifer; Wakeham, Pauline, eds. (2013).

7038:. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited. 7002:. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited. 5323: 5311: 5143: 5119: 5029: 4993: 4224: 4084: 4072: 4060: 3961: 3821: 3809: 3214:

Blake resigned after the defeat and was replaced by

2983:"That fellow Smith is the biggest liar I ever saw!" 2373:

Portrait of Isabella Clark Macdonald, artist unknown

845:

Member of the Canadian Parliament for Lennox (1882)

10579: 7228:

Sir John A.: An Anecdotal Life of John A. Macdonald

6879:. Vol. 3. Oxford: Parker and Co. p. 891. 6483: 5352: 5350: 4799: 4703: 4404: 4284: 3668: 3135:

restrictions upon the movement of indigenous groups

3085:. Macdonald was returned for the Ontario riding of 3037:In January 1879, Macdonald commissioned politician 2884:). During the campaign Cartier had fallen ill with 11747:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) 10542:was created and came in force on December 1, 1936. 7593: 7426: 7289: 7167: 6747: 4811: 4476: 4147: 4099: 4036: 3845: 3644: 3568: 3113:just before the firm would have become insolvent. 757:Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada 7691:. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada, Ltd. 7270:Sir John A. Macdonald: The Man and the Politician 6495:Landmarks – Public Art in the Capital Region 6080:"Ranking Canada's best and worst prime ministers" 6068:Parliament of Canada. Retrieved on 22 March 2011. 5643:Blood and Land: The Story of Native North America 4763: 4449: 3872: 3749: 3656: 3323:. MacDonald also had a street named after him in 2859:Macdonald had hoped to award the charter for the 11633: 7433:. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Ltd. 7130: 6691:"Sir John A. Macdonald statue defaced overnight" 5428: 5347: 4456:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 42. 3707: 2170:-storey stone house on Kingston's Rideau Street. 11772:Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario 11307: 7544:. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). 7454:Transactions of the Manitoba Historical Society 5787:Go, Avvy Yao-Yao; Lee, Brad (13 January 2014). 5721:Dutil, Patrice; Hall, Roger (10 October 2014). 2309:Although most of the trials resulting from the 11742:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada 7732:Library and Archives Canada: gallery of papers 7621:Macdonald at 200: New Reflections and Legacies 7476:Macdonald at 200: New Reflections and Legacies 6071: 5724:Macdonald at 200: New Reflections and Legacies 4853: 3889: 3887: 3309:Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport 2828:Second majority and Pacific Scandal, 1872–1873 11293: 10945: 10565: 10354: 9910: 9705: 9691: 9327: 8991: 8593: 8391: 8377: 7381:List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada 6554:. Kingston Historical Society. Archived from 6300: 5844: 3516:Coat of arms of Sir John Alexander Macdonald 2892:time of asking". Macdonald was able to get a 2463: 2420:, but declined it. In 1847, Macdonald became 1966:; when he was a boy his family immigrated to 1912: 1496:Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia 11687:Converts to Anglicanism from Presbyterianism 10961:Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada 7662: 7533: 7517:. Vol. 92, no. 5. pp. 30–37. 6010: 5822:"Was John A. Macdonald a white supremacist?" 5673:. Random House of Canada. pp. 425–426. 5449:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation 5365:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation 3299:printed between 1971 and 2018. In 2015, the 3275:. In polls, Macdonald has consistently been 3133:of 1885, Macdonald's government implemented 2915:on 5 November, and resigned; Liberal leader 2709: 2353: 2269:and Macdonald recalled in an 1887 letter to 11777:Attorneys-general of the Province of Canada 8609:Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada 7224: 6658: 6656: 6077: 5754:. University of Regina Press. p. 123. 4673: 4507: 3884: 3689: 2698: 2389:had merged Upper and Lower Canada into the 2377:On 29 March 1843, Macdonald was elected as 11672:Ministers of railways and canals of Canada 11300: 11286: 10952: 10938: 10572: 10558: 10361: 10347: 9924: 9917: 9903: 9698: 9684: 9343:Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General 9334: 9320: 8998: 8984: 8600: 8586: 8562: 8384: 8370: 7642:"John A. Macdonald: A founder and builder" 7618:Dutil, Patrice; Hall, Roger, eds. (2014). 7473:Dutil, Patrice; Hall, Roger, eds. (2014). 7252:. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. 7245: 6438:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations 6171:"The Design of Canada's $ 10 Polymer Note" 5596: 3521: 2141:Legal training and early career, 1830–1837 2135: 1919: 1905: 1791:Progressive Group for Independent Business 1609:Progressive Conservative Assoc. of Alberta 1481:Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba 804:Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada 73: 10370:Superintendents-General of Indian Affairs 7681:; mostly drawn from debates in Parliament 7617: 7552: 7472: 7424: 7310: 7028: 6992: 6538: 6128:27 June 2008. Retrieved on 13 March 2011. 6004: 5992: 5908: 5896: 5838: 5774: 5720: 5612: 5560: 5548: 5512: 5476: 5391: 5389: 5293: 5281: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5185: 5137: 5062: 4987: 4963: 4841: 4781: 4733: 4721: 4350: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3984:. Ottawa: Library and Archives of Canada. 3957:. Ottawa: Library and Archives of Canada. 3942:. Ottawa: Library and Archives of Canada. 3868:. Ottawa: Library and Archives of Canada. 3803: 3791: 3767: 3743: 3701: 3047:Canadian Indian residential school system 2689:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath 2545:failed attempt to burn down New York City 2193:In August 1834, George Mackenzie died of 2178:), where he passed an examination set by 2091: 2057:for treason in 1885 which alienated many 2041:, promoting the protective tariff of the 1751:Citizens Centre for Freedom and Democracy 1599:Conservative Party of Quebec (historical) 1501:Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario 36:John Alexander Macdonald (disambiguation) 9007:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) 8115:Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs 8061:Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs 7969:Minister of Justice and Attorney General 7909:Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada 7881:Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada 7296:. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited. 7266: 7139:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 6971: 6765: 6741: 6653: 6136: 6134: 6078:Azzi, S.; Hillmer, N. (7 October 2016). 6046: 5980: 5944: 5584: 5536: 5500: 5488: 5434: 5341: 5305: 5269: 5257: 5197: 5173: 5161: 5113: 5050: 5023: 4975: 4951: 4896: 4884: 4793: 4757: 4745: 4697: 4649: 4625: 4613: 4601: 4589: 4553: 4437: 4422: 4386: 4362: 4314: 4278: 4254: 4218: 4201: 4177: 4165: 4141: 4117: 4054: 4030: 3728: 3626:"Ramshorn Cemetery Glasgow, Lanarkshire" 3341: 3267:Canadian stamp honouring Macdonald, 1927 3262: 3220: 3178: 3115: 3016: 2934: 2930: 2846: 2790: 2713: 2632: 2567: 2467: 2368: 2316: 2294:3rd (East) Regiment of Frontenac Militia 2151: 2025:. In 1873, he resigned from office over 1562:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada 1552:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) 810:Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition 769:Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs 9045:National Liberal and Conservative Party 7781: 7684: 7574:"John A. Macdonald: Provincial Premier" 7405: 7165: 6996:John A. Macdonald: The Young Politician 6901: 6111: 6109: 6107: 5747: 5693: 3980:Library and Archives of Canada (1838). 3953:Library and Archives of Canada (1838). 3938:Library and Archives of Canada (1838). 3922: 3893: 3864:Library and Archives of Canada (1838). 3258: 1511:Progressive Conservative Party of Sask. 556: 1843; died 1857) 306:Joint-Premier of the Province of Canada 14: 11634: 9715:Secretaries of State for the Provinces 7757: 7639: 7571: 7192: 7170:Canada: A political and social history 6883:from the original on 30 September 2021 6870: 6815: 6796: 6688: 6479:from the original on 11 December 2017. 6235: 5819: 5386: 4917:. University of Regina. Archived from 4685: 4661: 4637: 4338: 4326: 4302: 4266: 4230: 4189: 4129: 4093: 4078: 4066: 3967: 3903:National Defence Historical Department 3839: 3827: 3815: 3674: 3650: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3025:and his party in this 1884 cartoon by 3013:Third and fourth majorities, 1878–1887 2705:Electoral history of John A. Macdonald 2360:Electoral history of John A. Macdonald 1731:Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform 1471:Conservative Party of British Columbia 183:1 July 1867 – 5 November 1873 107:17 October 1878 – 6 June 1891 11281: 10933: 10553: 10342: 9898: 9679: 9315: 8979: 8581: 8365: 7764:"Macdonald, Sir John Alexander" 7736: 7521:from the original on 6 September 2019 7447: 7386: 7287: 7225:Smith, Cynthia; McLeod, Jack (1989). 7016:from the original on 18 November 2015 6852:from the original on 27 February 2020 6282:"New name for western Ottawa parkway" 6131: 6092:from the original on 12 November 2020 5968: 5956: 5932: 5920: 5834:from the original on 21 October 2014. 5801:from the original on 30 December 2018 5786: 5619:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 14. 5572: 5524: 5395: 5209: 5101: 5086: 5074: 5011: 4999: 4939: 4872: 4829: 4805: 3618: 3175:Fifth and sixth majorities, 1887–1891 3101:was difficult and the route north of 1506:Progressive Conservative Party of PEI 7506: 7412:. Toronto: Rose Publishing Company. 7213: 7097: 7064: 7032:John A. Macdonald: The Old Chieftain 6753: 6628: 6491:"Sir John A. Macdonald by John Dann" 6459:Canadian Register of Historic Places 6262:from the original on 28 January 2013 6116:"The Legacy: Sir John A. Macdonald." 6104: 5666: 5639: 5613:McKercher, Asa (19 September 2019). 5329: 5317: 5149: 5125: 5035: 4817: 4769: 4709: 4577: 4565: 4410: 4398: 4374: 4290: 4242: 4153: 4105: 4042: 3878: 3851: 3779: 3755: 3713: 3662: 3602: 3423:Macdonald was awarded the following 3370:in Ottawa (by Louis-Philippe Hebert 3225:Funeral of Sir John A. Macdonald in 2365:Parliamentary advancement, 1843–1857 2009:and expanded Canada by annexing the 1594:British Columbia Social Credit Party 1491:Progressive Conservative Party of NL 1486:Progressive Conservative Party of NB 836:for Kingston (1867–1878, 1887–1891) 827:Parliament of the Province of Canada 402:24 May 1856 – 2 August 1858 361:6 August 1858 – 24 May 1862 11682:Canadian people of Scottish descent 9750:Ministers of the Interior of Canada 7640:Symons, Thomas H.B. (Summer 2015). 7578:British Journal of Canadian Studies 7534:Johnson, J.K.; Waite, P.B. (1990). 7331:from the original on 29 August 2021 6950:from the original on 21 August 2019 6670:from the original on 30 August 2020 6641:from the original on 30 August 2020 6610:from the original on 11 August 2018 6151:from the original on 22 August 2019 5667:Gwyn, Richard J. (21 August 2012). 3927:. Ottawa: Public Library of Canada. 3590: 3418: 2772:). The local people, including the 2237: 2186:(today the southern portion of the 2072:, including his actions during the 2070:policies towards Indigenous peoples 1811:True North Centre for Public Policy 318:30 May 1864 – 30 June 1867 24: 11762:Premiers of the Province of Canada 11717:Leaders of the Opposition (Canada) 7782:Johnson, J.K. (12 December 2018). 7656: 7493:from the original on 3 August 2020 7344: 7118:from the original on 3 August 2020 7085:from the original on 3 August 2020 7052:from the original on 3 August 2020 6914:from the original on 1 August 2020 6797:Hopper, Tristin (20 August 2018). 6697:from the original on 11 March 2021 6629:Rowe, Daniel J. (30 August 2020). 6236:Payton, Laura (19 December 2014). 6187:from the original on 6 August 2014 6059:"Duration of Canadian Ministries." 5694:Shipley, Tyler A. (25 July 2020). 4908: 3632:from the original on 2 August 2020 3380:Kamloops Indian Residential School 2564:Confederation of Canada, 1864–1867 2305:Professional prominence, 1837–1843 1839:Conservatism in the United Kingdom 1736:Canadian Coalition for Democracies 1434:Christian Heritage Party of Canada 798:Conservative Party of Upper Canada 256:1 July 1867 – 6 June 1891 25: 11803: 7740:"Macdonald, John Alexander" 7706: 7611: 7538:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 7460:from the original on 4 March 2016 7153:from the original on 13 June 2021 6902:Wallace, W. Stewart, ed. (1948). 6873:"Macdonald, (Sir) John Alexander" 6723:from the original on 4 April 2021 6584:from the original on 28 June 2021 6501:from the original on 10 July 2012 6475:. Parks Canada. 27 October 2017. 6217:from the original on 8 March 2018 5640:King, J. C. H. (25 August 2016). 5374:from the original on 5 March 2017 4854:Tristin Hopper (9 January 2015). 3406:on Chinese workers. In 2017, the 2731:In August 1867, the new nation's 2396:the upcoming legislative election 2265:. The company was present at the 1844:Conservatism in the United States 9934:Ministers of Railways and Canals 8561: 8552: 8551: 7931:Leader of the Conservative Party 7858:Attorney General of Canada West 7833:Attorney General of Canada West 7750:Dictionary of National Biography 7541:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 7365: 7351: 6926: 6895: 6864: 6828: 6809: 6790: 6778:from the original on 30 May 2018 6766:Hamilton, Graeme (18 May 2018). 6759: 6709: 6682: 6622: 6596: 6570: 6401: 6376: 6351: 6326: 6274: 6248: 6244:from the original on 5 May 2016. 6229: 6199: 5820:Wherry, Aaron (21 August 2012). 5813: 5780: 5741: 5714: 5687: 5660: 5633: 5606: 5410:from the original on 29 May 2016 4915:The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan 3467: 3356:National Historic Site of Canada 3337:Indian residential school system 3197:the October 1886 Quebec election 2033:. However, he was re-elected in 1886: 1874: 1339:Canada and the Canadian Question 882: 628: 10581:Presidents of the Privy Council 10540:Minister of Mines and Resources 8153:Minister of Railways and Canals 7536:"Macdonald, Sir John Alexander" 7406:Collins, Joseph Edmund (1883). 6580:. globalnews.ca. 18 June 2021. 6454:Sir John A. Macdonald Gravesite 6288:. CTV News Ottawa. 22 June 2023 5748:Daschuk, James William (2013). 5616:Canada and the World since 1867 4847: 4516: 4501: 4470: 4443: 3973: 3946: 3931: 3916: 3857: 3408:Canadian Historical Association 3315:(the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway 3147:Craigellachie, British Columbia 2824:against a political firestorm. 2672:British North America Act, 1867 2220:a federal cabinet minister and 2216:became premier of Ontario, and 2180:The Law Society of Upper Canada 2125:Midland District Grammar School 2049:. He approved the execution of 781:Minister of Railways and Canals 747:Minister of Militia and Defence 741:Attorney General of Canada West 575: 553: 32:John Macdonald (disambiguation) 8088:President of the Privy Council 7317:. Toronto: Becker Associates. 7273:. Kingston, ON: Quarry Press. 6972:Bourinot, John George (2008). 6965: 6843:Queen's University at Kingston 6552:"John A. Macdonald's Kingston" 3454:Queen's University at Kingston 3188:an Ontario provincial election 3051:President of the United States 2978:had been allowed to build the 2644:New Brunswick general election 2222:Lieutenant Governor of Ontario 1990:, that the parties unite in a 775:President of the Privy Council 709:3rd Frontenac Militia Regiment 13: 1: 11792:19th-century Canadian lawyers 11787:Burials at Cataraqui Cemetery 11757:People from Kingston, Ontario 10072:Ministers of Marine (1930–36) 7562:. W. S. Johnston – via 7292:Macdonald: His Life and World 7220:. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son. 6978:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. 6816:Dawson, Tyler (6 July 2021). 6689:Fraser, Sara (19 June 2020). 3556: 3371: 3316: 3288: 3161:Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway 3156:Chinese Immigration Act, 1885 2267:Battle of Montgomery's Tavern 1741:Canadian Taxpayers Federation 1589:Action démocratique du Québec 1572:Social Credit Party of Canada 724:Battle of Montgomery's Tavern 80: 11657:19th-century Scottish people 11422:Attorneys-General of Ontario 7810:John A. Macdonald collection 6934:"Honorary Degree Recipients" 6606:. CBC News. 11 August 2018. 6126:Library and Archives Canada, 5429:Henderson & Wakeham 2013 4485:University of Michigan Press 3612: 3581:National Records of Scotland 3079:High Commissioner to Britain 3059:Battleford Industrial School 2603:, Prince Edward Island; the 2505:, invited opposition leader 1932:Sir John Alexander Macdonald 1746:Catholic Civil Rights League 1476:Conservative Party of Quebec 1439:Conservative Party of Canada 1359:Who Killed Canadian History? 7: 11309:Attorney General of Ontario 9081:John Sparrow David Thompson 7805:Library and Archives Canada 7801:Sir John A. Macdonald fonds 7553:Macdonald, John A. (1910). 7546:University of Toronto Press 6462:. Retrieved 21 March 2011. 4477:Bradley A. Rodgers (1996). 3413:Library and Archives Canada 3273:William Lyon Mackenzie King 2668:St George's, Hanover Square 2622:, where they agreed to the 2003:William Lyon Mackenzie King 1781:National Citizens Coalition 1776:Montreal Economic Institute 1444:Libertarian Party of Canada 300:1867 – 6 June 1891 144:The Lord Stanley of Preston 10: 11808: 11782:Immigrants to Upper Canada 9039:Liberal-Conservative Party 7669:. McClelland and Stewart. 7456:. Series 3 (23, 1966–67). 7425:Creighton, Donald (1964). 7378: 7246:Stonechild, Blair (2006). 7029:Creighton, Donald (1955). 6993:Creighton, Donald (1952). 6908:The Encyclopedia of Canada 6666:. CBC.ca. 29 August 2020. 5884:Retrieved on 21 July 2011. 4512:. Warfare History network. 4450:Christopher Klein (2020). 2950:jeopardy of being broken. 2896:in August by appointing a 2702: 2530:Confederate Secret Service 2464:Colonial leader, 1858–1864 2357: 1756:Focus on the Family Canada 1557:Liberal-Conservative Party 820:Parliamentary offices held 288:House of Commons of Canada 29: 11767:Prime ministers of Canada 11421: 11385: 11315: 10967: 10587: 10536: 10376: 10328: 10289: 10258: 10102: 10071: 9932: 9748: 9713: 9707:Ministers of the Interior 9349: 9283: 9250: 9227: 9204: 9198:Related political parties 9197: 9136: 9063: 9031: 9013: 8907: 8863: 8842: 8734: 8634: 8619: 8547: 8399: 8393:Prime ministers of Canada 8350: 8337: 8331: 8321: 8308: 8300: 8290: 8277: 8269: 8259: 8246: 8238: 8228: 8215: 8207: 8197: 8184: 8179: 8172: 8159: 8150: 8142: 8131: 8121: 8112: 8104: 8094: 8085: 8077: 8067: 8058: 8048: 8039: 8031: 8021: 8012: 8002: 7993: 7985: 7975: 7966: 7956: 7947: 7937: 7928: 7923: 7906: 7898: 7888: 7878: 7870: 7856: 7848: 7838: 7831: 7823: 7818: 7789:The Canadian Encyclopedia 7507:Gwyn, Richard J. (2012). 7267:Swainson, Donald (1989). 7193:Phenix, Patricia (2006). 6497:. LandmarksPublicArt.ca. 4508:Peter Kross (Fall 2015). 3297:Canadian ten-dollar notes 3235:election for 5 March 1891 3094:transcontinental railroad 2894:prorogation of Parliament 2710:First majority, 1867–1871 2628:Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau 2597:Jean-Baptiste-Éric Dorion 2472:John A. Macdonald in 1858 2354:Political rise, 1843–1864 2204:Soon after Macdonald was 2078:residential school system 2007:North-West Mounted Police 1996:British North America Act 1982:. By 1857, he had become 1521:United Conservative Party 855: 731: 714: 700: 686: 678: 668: 658: 653: 636: 624: 607: 597: 586: 530: 499: 489: 479: 462: 445: 440: 436: 426: 414: 406: 395: 385: 373: 365: 354: 342: 330: 322: 311: 304: 293: 282: 272: 260: 249: 241: 231: 219: 195: 187: 176: 164: 152: 139:The Marquess of Lansdowne 121: 111: 100: 92: 88: 72: 45: 11752:Politicians from Glasgow 11692:Fathers of Confederation 9301:Nationalist Conservative 9235:Progressive Conservative 9050:Conservative (1921–1938) 8736:Progressive Conservative 8134:Minister of the Interior 8042:Minister of the Interior 8015:Prime Minister of Canada 7996:Leader of the Opposition 7950:Prime Minister of Canada 7852:John Sandfield Macdonald 7842:John Sandfield Macdonald 7509:"Canada's Father Figure" 6314:. CBC News. 22 June 2023 6147:. Parliament of Canada. 6121:23 February 2020 at the 6064:15 December 2015 at the 4911:"Rupert's Land purchase" 3561: 3281:a small Manitoba village 3245: 2964:Canadian Pacific Railway 2874:Northern Pacific Railway 2861:Canadian Pacific Railway 2699:Prime Minister of Canada 2613:Charlottetown Conference 2582:dissolve the legislature 2553:John Sandfield Macdonald 2210:Fathers of Confederation 2031:Canadian Pacific Railway 1949:prime minister of Canada 1449:People's Party of Canada 1389:The Case for Colonialism 864:This article is part of 763:Minister of the Interior 663:Province of Upper Canada 391:John Sandfield Macdonald 337:John Sandfield Macdonald 95:Prime Minister of Canada 18:John Alexander Macdonald 11667:Canadian King's Counsel 7874:Sir Allan Napier MacNab 7784:"Sir John A. Macdonald" 7774:Encyclopædia Britannica 7387:Bliss, Michael (2004). 7311:Warkentin, Tim (2009). 7166:McInnis, Edgar (1982). 6871:Foster, Joseph (1891). 6719:. BBC. 30 August 2020. 6258:. CBC. 15 August 2012. 5882:Shawinigan Lake Museum. 5700:. Fernwood Publishing. 4674:Smith & McLeod 1989 3690:Smith & McLeod 1989 3510: 3239:Richard John Cartwright 2972:3rd Canadian Parliament 2754:North-Western Territory 2624:Seventy-Two Resolutions 2595:of Canada East, led by 2136:Legal career, 1830–1843 2011:North-Western Territory 1893:Conservatism portal 1834:Common Sense Revolution 1726:Campaign Life Coalition 1466:Coalition Avenir Québec 1461:British Columbia United 791:Leadership offices held 743:(1854–1862, 1864–1867) 450:John Alexander Mcdonald 10291:Ministers of Transport 10104:Ministers of Transport 9926:Ministers of Transport 7685:Johnson, J.K. (1969). 7098:Gwyn, Richard (2011). 7065:Gwyn, Richard (2007). 6904:"SirJohn A. Macdonald" 6338:Saskatoon Star Phoenix 5877:8 October 2011 at the 3923:Johnson, J.K. (1968). 3504:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 3351: 3311:(renamed in 1993) and 3268: 3230: 3183: 3121: 3030: 2970:The final days of the 2941: 2908: 2866:Lucius Seth Huntington 2856: 2800: 2786:North-West Territories 2733:first general election 2719: 2638: 2573: 2557:Albert Norton Richards 2503:Sir Edmund Walker Head 2473: 2453:George-Étienne Cartier 2374: 2331:Prescott, Upper Canada 2327:Battle of the Windmill 2322: 2311:Upper Canada Rebellion 2299:Battle of the Windmill 2287: 2259: 2235: 2171: 2092:Early years, 1815–1830 1962:Macdonald was born in 1957:Canadian Confederation 1567:Reform Party of Canada 1051:United Empire Loyalist 875:Conservatism in Canada 719:Upper Canada Rebellion 11316:Attorneys-General of 7812:, Archives of Ontario 7759:Parkin, George Robert 7737:Bruce, Henry (1893). 7448:Creighton, Donald G. 7288:Waite, P. B. (1975). 7214:Pope, Joseph (1894). 6943:. 14 September 2016. 6941:University of Toronto 6845:. 14 September 2011. 5397:Davin, Nicholas Flood 3500:University of Toronto 3345: 3266: 3224: 3182: 3145:wired Macdonald from 3119: 3020: 2938: 2931:Opposition, 1873–1878 2903: 2850: 2794: 2717: 2636: 2571: 2471: 2458:Étienne-Paschal Taché 2449:Liberal-Conservatives 2372: 2320: 2275: 2255: 2230: 2155: 1686:The Dorchester Review 705:Commercial Bank Guard 679:Years of service 453:10 or 11 January 1815 52:Sir John A. Macdonald 11677:Canadian monarchists 8621:Liberal-Conservative 8340:Member of Parliament 8311:Member of Parliament 8280:Member of Parliament 8249:Member of Parliament 8242:Francis James Roscoe 8218:Member of Parliament 8187:Member of Parliament 8174:Parliament of Canada 8098:Charles Carrol Colby 8025:Sir John J.C. Abbott 7941:Sir John J.C. Abbott 7911: – Canada West 7883: – Canada West 7636:, essays by scholars 7624:. Toronto: Dundurn. 7572:Martin, Ged (2007). 7503:; essays by scholars 7479:. Toronto: Dundurn. 6525:1 March 2010 at the 5479:, pp. 345, 347. 4531:Taylor & Francis 3481:University of Oxford 3259:Legacy and memorials 3233:Macdonald called an 3131:North-West Rebellion 3039:Nicholas Flood Davin 3027:John Wilson Bengough 2853:John Wilson Bengough 2822:Treaty of Washington 2797:John Wilson Bengough 2764:(today southeastern 2637:Lady Agnes Macdonald 2494:became the capital. 2074:North-West Rebellion 2023:Prince Edward Island 1796:REAL Women of Canada 834:Parliament of Canada 735:Cabinet offices held 521:Liberal-Conservative 267:Position established 212:The Earl of Dufferin 129:The Earl of Dufferin 48:The Right Honourable 9218:Upper Canada Tories 9117:Robert James Manion 9054:National Government 8006:Alexander Mackenzie 7989:Alexander Mackenzie 7960:Alexander Mackenzie 7792:(online ed.). 7598:on 6 September 2019 7590:10.3828/bjcs.20.1.5 6049:, pp. 149–152. 5983:, pp. 147–148. 5971:, pp. 208–209. 5947:, pp. 141–143. 5923:, pp. 182–184. 5911:, pp. 466–470. 5899:, pp. 454–456. 5575:, pp. 159–162. 5563:, pp. 385–388. 5551:, pp. 370–376. 5539:, pp. 118–119. 5527:, pp. 149–150. 5491:, pp. 116–117. 5296:, pp. 241–242. 5284:, pp. 239–240. 5272:, pp. 111–112. 5248:, pp. 232–234. 5236:, pp. 228–230. 5212:, pp. 121–122. 5188:, pp. 184–185. 5176:, pp. 105–107. 5140:, pp. 180–183. 5116:, pp. 102–103. 5104:, pp. 105–106. 5089:, pp. 103–104. 4990:, pp. 112–113. 4966:, pp. 105–106. 4909:Mooney, Elizabeth. 4736:, pp. 470–471. 4688:, pp. 176–177. 4580:, pp. 288–289. 4568:, pp. 286–288. 4401:, pp. 194–195. 4377:, pp. 175–177. 4353:, pp. 248–249. 4305:, pp. 124–125. 3894:Blatherwick, John. 3546:PER AQUAM ET TERRAM 3517: 3486:Doctor of Civil Law 3350:in Montreal in 2011 3313:Ontario Highway 401 3301:Royal Canadian Mint 3229:, Kingston, Ontario 2917:Alexander Mackenzie 2778:Red River Rebellion 2426:Hugh John Macdonald 2086:Historical rankings 1970:in the Province of 1771:Mackenzie Institute 1720:Other organizations 1667:The Post Millennial 1619:Upper Canada Tories 1349:Lament for a Nation 1056:Upper Canada Tories 971:Economic liberalism 921:Social conservatism 909:Right-wing populism 904:Clerico-nationalism 646:"The Old Chieftain" 592:Hugh John Macdonald 237:Alexander Mackenzie 159:Alexander Mackenzie 11707:Lawyers in Ontario 11662:Canadian Anglicans 7819:Political offices 7034:, Vol 2: 1867–1891 6998:, Vol 1: 1815–1867 6836:"Honorary Degrees" 6028:on 19 October 2013 6007:, p. 574–576. 5344:, pp. 115–16. 5053:, pp. 97–100. 5014:, pp. 97–100. 4921:on 13 October 2010 3515: 3392:Macdonald Monument 3384:Victoria City Hall 3352: 3348:Macdonald Monument 3346:The statue in the 3269: 3253:Cataraqui Cemetery 3231: 3227:Cataraqui Cemetery 3184: 3122: 3031: 2942: 2857: 2801: 2742:acute pancreatitis 2725:Reciprocity Treaty 2720: 2695:, on 1 July 1867. 2678:on 29 March 1867. 2670:. On 8 March, the 2639: 2574: 2526:American Civil War 2474: 2391:Province of Canada 2387:British Parliament 2375: 2323: 2244:Rebellions of 1837 2218:Alexander Campbell 2188:province of Quebec 2172: 2039:Conservative Party 1980:Province of Canada 1974:(today in eastern 1859:Alberta separatism 1849:Western alienation 1816:Voice of Canadians 1538:Historical parties 1516:Saskatchewan Party 1162:Bennett (W. A. C.) 976:Limited government 771:(1878–1887, 1888) 765:(1878–1883, 1888) 751:Province of Canada 484:Cataraqui Cemetery 349:Position abolished 244:Conservative Party 226:Office established 203:The Viscount Monck 11642:John A. Macdonald 11627: 11626: 11275: 11274: 10927: 10926: 10547: 10546: 10336: 10335: 9892: 9891: 9673: 9672: 9309: 9308: 9279: 9278: 9270:Canadian Alliance 9071:John A. Macdonald 8973: 8972: 8865:Canadian Alliance 8575: 8574: 8360: 8359: 8354:James H. Metcalfe 8351:Succeeded by 8322:Succeeded by 8291:Succeeded by 8260:Succeeded by 8229:Succeeded by 8198:Succeeded by 8160:Succeeded by 8122:Succeeded by 8095:Succeeded by 8081:Archibald McLelan 8068:Succeeded by 8049:Succeeded by 8022:Succeeded by 8003:Succeeded by 7976:Succeeded by 7957:Succeeded by 7938:Succeeded by 7889:Succeeded by 7839:Succeeded by 7698:978-0-7705-1017-6 7631:978-1-4597-2448-8 7486:978-1-4597-2448-8 7440:978-0-8371-8435-7 7398:978-0-00-639484-6 7324:978-0-919387-60-7 7303:978-0-07-082301-3 7280:978-0-19-540181-3 7238:978-0-19-540681-8 7206:978-0-7710-7044-0 7185:978-0-0392-3177-4 7174:. Holt. pp. 7146:978-1-4426-1168-9 7111:978-0-307-35644-4 7078:978-0-679-31475-2 7045:978-0-8020-7164-4 7009:978-0-307-37135-5 6985:978-1-58477-881-3 6541:, pp. 63–64. 6415:. 7 December 2023 6388:City of Saskatoon 6286:ottawa.ctvnews.ca 6209:(Press release). 5761:978-0-88977-296-0 5734:978-1-4597-2460-0 5707:978-1-77363-404-3 5680:978-0-307-35645-1 5653:978-1-84614-808-8 5626:978-1-350-03678-9 4978:, pp. 93–94. 4954:, pp. 91–92. 4942:, pp. 80–83. 4899:, pp. 85–86. 4875:, pp. 84–85. 4832:, pp. 83–84. 4796:, pp. 84–85. 4760:, pp. 80–81. 4604:, pp. 67–69. 4592:, pp. 63–65. 4556:, pp. 54–55. 4440:, pp. 52–53. 4365:, pp. 46–47. 4281:, pp. 40–42. 4245:, pp. 85–86. 4204:, pp. 30–31. 4192:, pp. 79–83. 4180:, pp. 28–29. 4132:, pp. 63–64. 4009:, pp. 61–63. 3997:, pp. 53–54. 3842:, pp. 41–42. 3806:, pp. 32–34. 3794:, pp. 29–30. 3782:, pp. 46–47. 3770:, pp. 19–20. 3554: 3553: 3548:(By sea and land) 3508: 3507: 3201:High Commissioner 3143:William Van Horne 3063:cultural genocide 2834:the 1872 election 2832:In the run-up to 2656:London Conference 2620:Quebec Conference 2607:were to consider 2499:crossed the floor 2431:The Liberals, or 2418:solicitor general 2407:Savannah, Georgia 2206:called to the Bar 1929: 1928: 1881:Canada portal 1547:Canadian Alliance 1399:12 Rules for Life 1227:Manning (Preston) 859: 858: 509:Upper Canada Tory 475:, Ontario, Canada 196:Governors General 134:Marquess of Lorne 122:Governors General 16:(Redirected from 11799: 11722:Macdonald family 11302: 11295: 11288: 11279: 11278: 10954: 10947: 10940: 10931: 10930: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10551: 10550: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10340: 10339: 9919: 9912: 9905: 9896: 9895: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9313: 9312: 9202: 9201: 9086:Mackenzie Bowell 9000: 8993: 8986: 8977: 8976: 8966: 8959: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8929: 8922: 8900: 8893: 8885: 8878: 8856: 8835: 8828: 8821: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8755: 8748: 8727: 8720: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8579: 8578: 8565: 8564: 8555: 8554: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8363: 8362: 8332:Preceded by 8325:George Dickinson 8301:Preceded by 8294:David W. Allison 8270:Preceded by 8239:Preceded by 8208:Preceded by 8163:Mackenzie Bowell 8143:Preceded by 8105:Preceded by 8078:Preceded by 8032:Preceded by 7986:Preceded by 7918:Office replaced 7899:Preceded by 7871:Preceded by 7865:Office replaced 7849:Preceded by 7824:Preceded by 7816: 7815: 7797: 7794:Historica Canada 7778: 7766: 7754: 7742: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7702: 7680: 7652: 7651:. pp. 6–10. 7646: 7635: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7597: 7592:. 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Grant 2898:Royal Commission 2886:Bright's disease 2806:Alexander Morris 2762:Red River Colony 2759: 2591:, with only the 2460:became premier. 2445:attorney general 2422:receiver general 2238:Military service 2169: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2147:Donald Creighton 2118:Midland District 2114:Napanee, Ontario 2066:Chinese Head Tax 2019:British Columbia 1946: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1806:Three Percenters 1761:Fraser Institute 1700:Western Standard 1680:Sun News Network 1414: 1404: 1394: 1384: 1374: 1364: 1354: 1344: 1222:Manning (Ernest) 886: 876: 861: 860: 673:Loyalist militia 654:Military service 632: 579: 577: 557: 555: 469: 441:Personal details 429: 417: 400: 388: 376: 359: 345: 333: 316: 298: 275: 263: 254: 234: 222: 181: 167: 155: 105: 82: 77: 67: 43: 42: 21: 11807: 11806: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11797: 11796: 11632: 11631: 11628: 11623: 11429:J. S. Macdonald 11417: 11413:J. S. Macdonald 11408:J. A. 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7699: 7677: 7659: 7657:Primary sources 7649:Canadian Issues 7644: 7632: 7614: 7601: 7599: 7524: 7522: 7496: 7494: 7487: 7463: 7461: 7441: 7399: 7383: 7373:Politics portal 7371: 7364: 7357: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345:Further reading 7334: 7332: 7325: 7304: 7281: 7260: 7239: 7207: 7186: 7156: 7154: 7147: 7121: 7119: 7112: 7088: 7086: 7079: 7055: 7053: 7046: 7019: 7017: 7010: 6986: 6968: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6900: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6869: 6865: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6814: 6810: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6726: 6724: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6662: 6661: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6611: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6585: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6533: 6527:Wayback Machine 6518: 6514: 6504: 6502: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6452: 6448: 6432: 6428: 6418: 6416: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6357: 6356: 6352: 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5312: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4533:. p. 190. 4521: 4517: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4487:. p. 117. 4475: 4471: 4464: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3951: 3947: 3936: 3932: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3585:ScotlandsPeople 3578: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3513: 3468: 3466: 3421: 3368:Parliament Hill 3285:Mount Macdonald 3261: 3248: 3216:Wilfrid Laurier 3177: 3127:French Canadian 3099:Rocky Mountains 3015: 2960:National Policy 2933: 2870:Pacific Scandal 2830: 2757: 2712: 2707: 2701: 2589:Great Coalition 2566: 2541:St. Albans Raid 2487:Colonial Office 2466: 2414:Queen's Counsel 2400:Anthony Manahan 2367: 2362: 2356: 2307: 2271:Sir James Gowan 2240: 2199:Picton, Ontario 2166: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2143: 2138: 2094: 2043:National Policy 1992:Great Coalition 1953:dominant figure 1934: 1925: 1887: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1866: 1865: 1829: 1821: 1820: 1721: 1713: 1712: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1614:Union Nationale 1539: 1531: 1530: 1426: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1402: 1392: 1382: 1372: 1369:Maps of Meaning 1362: 1352: 1342: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1157:Bennett (R. B.) 1147: 1139: 1138: 1069: 1061: 1060: 1046:Unite the Right 1041:National Policy 1024: 1016: 1015: 996:Property rights 961:Canadian values 956: 948: 947: 894: 874: 851: 822: 821: 816: 815: 793: 792: 787: 786: 737: 736: 707: 693: 649: 620: 582: 581: 578: 1867) 573: 569: 559: 551: 547: 544: 526: 515:Great Coalition 501: 500:Other political 490:Political party 471: 467: 454: 452: 451: 427: 415: 401: 396: 386: 374: 360: 355: 343: 331: 317: 312: 299: 294: 273: 261: 255: 250: 232: 220: 215: 208:The Lord Lisgar 182: 177: 165: 153: 148: 106: 101: 84: 68: 55: 53: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11805: 11795: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11425: 11423: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11389: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11322: 11320: 11313: 11312: 11305: 11304: 11297: 11290: 11282: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10957: 10956: 10949: 10942: 10934: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10780: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10588: 10585: 10584: 10577: 10576: 10569: 10562: 10554: 10545: 10544: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10504: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10462: 10457: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10388: 10383: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10366: 10365: 10358: 10351: 10343: 10334: 10333: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10296: 10294: 10293:(2015–present) 10287: 10286: 10284: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10262: 10260: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10120: 10115: 10109: 10107: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10075: 10073: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9993: 9988: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9966: 9961: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9939: 9937: 9930: 9929: 9922: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9899: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9824: 9819: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9766: 9761: 9755: 9753: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9742: 9737: 9731: 9726: 9720: 9718: 9711: 9710: 9703: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9680: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9361: 9356: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9339: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9316: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9254: 9252: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9243:(2003–present) 9238: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9215: 9208: 9206: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9128:Arthur Meighen 9125: 9122:Richard Hanson 9119: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101:Arthur Meighen 9098: 9093: 9091:Charles Tupper 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9042: 9035: 9033: 9032:Official names 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9003: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8980: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8967: 8960: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8930: 8923: 8919:Lynch-Staunton 8914: 8912: 8911:(2003–present) 8905: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8894: 8886: 8879: 8870: 8868: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8849: 8847: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8836: 8829: 8822: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8756: 8749: 8741: 8739: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8728: 8721: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8641: 8639: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8624: 8617: 8616: 8605: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8582: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8559: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8389: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8366: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8349: 8336: 8334:Alexander Gunn 8333: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8320: 8307: 8304:John Rochester 8302: 8298: 8297: 8292: 8289: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8258: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8227: 8214: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8201:Alexander Gunn 8199: 8196: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8161: 8158: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8120: 8111: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8093: 8084: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8066: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8047: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8020: 8010: 8009: 8004: 8001: 7992: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7979:Antoine Dorion 7977: 7974: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7955: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7936: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7905: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7887: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7855: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7837: 7830: 7827:Robert Baldwin 7825: 7821: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7807: 7798: 7779: 7769:Chisholm, Hugh 7755: 7734: 7729: 7708: 7707:External links 7705: 7704: 7703: 7697: 7682: 7675: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7637: 7630: 7613: 7612:Historiography 7610: 7609: 7608: 7569: 7550: 7531: 7504: 7485: 7470: 7445: 7439: 7422: 7403: 7397: 7377: 7376: 7362: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7323: 7308: 7302: 7285: 7279: 7264: 7258: 7243: 7237: 7222: 7211: 7205: 7190: 7184: 7163: 7145: 7128: 7110: 7095: 7077: 7062: 7044: 7026: 7008: 6990: 6984: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6925: 6894: 6863: 6827: 6808: 6789: 6758: 6746: 6734: 6708: 6681: 6652: 6621: 6595: 6569: 6558:on 24 May 2012 6543: 6539:Warkentin 2009 6531: 6512: 6482: 6464: 6446: 6426: 6400: 6375: 6350: 6325: 6299: 6273: 6247: 6228: 6211:Bank of Canada 6198: 6178:Bank of Canada 6162: 6130: 6103: 6070: 6051: 6039: 6009: 6005:Creighton 1955 5997: 5995:, p. 569. 5993:Creighton 1955 5985: 5973: 5961: 5959:, p. 203. 5949: 5937: 5935:, p. 185. 5925: 5913: 5909:Creighton 1955 5901: 5897:Creighton 1955 5886: 5864: 5837: 5812: 5779: 5777:, p. 436. 5775:Creighton 1955 5767: 5760: 5740: 5733: 5713: 5706: 5686: 5679: 5659: 5652: 5646:. Penguin UK. 5632: 5625: 5605: 5589: 5587:, p. 138. 5577: 5565: 5561:Creighton 1955 5553: 5549:Creighton 1955 5541: 5529: 5517: 5513:Creighton 1955 5505: 5503:, p. 123. 5493: 5481: 5477:Creighton 1955 5469: 5458:on 6 July 2016 5433: 5431:, p. 299. 5421: 5385: 5346: 5334: 5332:, p. 307. 5322: 5320:, p. 299. 5310: 5308:, p. 159. 5298: 5294:Creighton 1955 5286: 5282:Creighton 1955 5274: 5262: 5260:, p. 111. 5250: 5246:Creighton 1955 5238: 5234:Creighton 1955 5226: 5224:, p. 227. 5222:Creighton 1955 5214: 5202: 5200:, p. 108. 5190: 5186:Creighton 1955 5178: 5166: 5164:, p. 104. 5154: 5152:, p. 256. 5142: 5138:Creighton 1955 5130: 5128:, p. 255. 5118: 5106: 5091: 5079: 5077:, p. 103. 5067: 5065:, p. 156. 5063:Creighton 1955 5055: 5040: 5038:, p. 200. 5028: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4988:Creighton 1955 4980: 4968: 4964:Creighton 1955 4956: 4944: 4932: 4901: 4889: 4877: 4865: 4846: 4842:Creighton 1955 4834: 4822: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4782:Creighton 1955 4774: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4734:Creighton 1952 4726: 4724:, p. 466. 4722:Creighton 1952 4714: 4712:, p. 416. 4702: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4664:, p. 175. 4654: 4642: 4640:, p. 172. 4630: 4618: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4539: 4515: 4500: 4493: 4469: 4462: 4442: 4427: 4415: 4413:, p. 201. 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4351:Creighton 1952 4343: 4341:, p. 130. 4331: 4329:, p. 129. 4319: 4307: 4295: 4293:, p. 162. 4283: 4271: 4269:, p. 107. 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4206: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4019:Creighton 1952 4011: 4007:Creighton 1952 3999: 3995:Creighton 1952 3987: 3972: 3960: 3945: 3930: 3915: 3883: 3871: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3804:Creighton 1952 3796: 3792:Creighton 1952 3784: 3772: 3768:Creighton 1952 3760: 3748: 3744:Creighton 1952 3733: 3718: 3706: 3702:Creighton 1952 3694: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3589: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3463: 3462: 3459:Doctor of Laws 3456: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3420: 3417: 3396:Valérie Plante 3360:Bellevue House 3260: 3257: 3247: 3244: 3176: 3173: 3169:Lord Lansdowne 3075:Alexander Galt 3071:George Stephen 3014: 3011: 2999:Alexander Gunn 2932: 2929: 2829: 2826: 2817:raiding Canada 2711: 2708: 2700: 2697: 2664:Hewitt Bernard 2652:Charles Tupper 2565: 2562: 2515:Double Shuffle 2482:Queen Victoria 2465: 2462: 2366: 2363: 2355: 2352: 2348:Isabella Clark 2306: 2303: 2279:George Brown’s 2239: 2236: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2093: 2090: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1909: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1883: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1854:Alberta Agenda 1846: 1841: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1696: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1670: 1663: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1624:Wildrose Party 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1580: 1579: 1577:Unionist Party 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1427: 1425:Extant parties 1424: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1405: 1395: 1385: 1375: 1365: 1355: 1345: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1036:Family Compact 1033: 1030:Château Clique 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 957: 954: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 944: 943: 938: 928: 923: 918: 917: 916: 906: 901: 899:Calgary School 895: 892: 891: 888: 887: 879: 878: 870: 869: 857: 856: 853: 852: 850: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 832:Member of the 830: 825:Member of the 819: 818: 817: 814: 813: 807: 801: 796:Leader of the 790: 789: 788: 785: 784: 778: 772: 766: 760: 754: 744: 734: 733: 732: 729: 728: 727: 726: 716: 712: 711: 702: 698: 697: 688: 684: 683: 680: 676: 675: 670: 669:Branch/service 666: 665: 660: 656: 655: 651: 650: 648: 647: 644: 643:"Old Tomorrow" 640: 638: 634: 633: 626: 622: 621: 619: 618: 615: 611: 609: 605: 604: 602:Apprenticeship 599: 595: 594: 588: 584: 583: 571: 565: 564: 563: 562: 549: 545: 542:Isabella Clark 540: 539: 538: 537: 534: 532: 528: 527: 525: 524: 518: 512: 505: 503: 497: 496: 491: 487: 486: 481: 477: 476: 470:(aged 76) 464: 460: 459: 449: 447: 443: 442: 438: 437: 434: 433: 430: 424: 423: 418: 412: 411: 408: 404: 403: 393: 392: 389: 383: 382: 377: 371: 370: 367: 363: 362: 352: 351: 346: 340: 339: 334: 328: 327: 324: 320: 319: 309: 308: 302: 301: 291: 290: 280: 279: 276: 270: 269: 264: 258: 257: 247: 246: 242:Leader of the 239: 238: 235: 229: 228: 223: 217: 216: 214: 213: 210: 205: 199: 197: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 174: 173: 168: 162: 161: 156: 150: 149: 147: 146: 141: 136: 131: 125: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 98: 97: 90: 89: 86: 85: 78: 70: 69: 54: 51: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11804: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11630: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11384: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11362:H. J. Boulton 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11352:G. D. Boulton 11350: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11314: 11310: 11303: 11298: 11296: 11291: 11289: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10962: 10955: 10950: 10948: 10943: 10941: 10936: 10935: 10932: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10586: 10582: 10575: 10570: 10568: 10563: 10561: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10508: 10505: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10359: 10357: 10352: 10350: 10345: 10344: 10341: 10327: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10288: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10101: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9920: 9915: 9913: 9908: 9906: 9901: 9900: 9897: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9701: 9696: 9694: 9689: 9687: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9348: 9344: 9337: 9332: 9330: 9325: 9323: 9318: 9317: 9314: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9284:Miscellaneous 9282: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9126: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9112:R. B. Bennett 9110: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9096:Robert Borden 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9055: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9001: 8996: 8994: 8989: 8987: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8862: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8812: 8808: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8603: 8598: 8596: 8591: 8589: 8584: 8583: 8580: 8568: 8560: 8558: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8504:P. E. Trudeau 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8494:P. E. Trudeau 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8394: 8387: 8382: 8380: 8375: 8373: 8368: 8367: 8364: 8355: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8330: 8326: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8305: 8299: 8295: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8274: 8273:Edmund Hooper 8268: 8264: 8255: 8254: 8250: 8243: 8237: 8233: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8212: 8206: 8202: 8193: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8155: 8154: 8147: 8141: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8126: 8125:Edgar Dewdney 8117: 8116: 8109: 8103: 8099: 8090: 8089: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8052:Edgar Dewdney 8044: 8043: 8036: 8030: 8026: 8017: 8016: 8011: 8007: 7998: 7997: 7990: 7984: 7980: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7961: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7933: 7932: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7910: 7903: 7897: 7893: 7884: 7882: 7875: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7843: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7710: 7700: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7683: 7678: 7676:9780771057199 7672: 7668: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7650: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7596: 7591: 7587: 7584:(1): 99–122. 7583: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7558: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7520: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7471: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7431: 7430: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7390: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7374: 7368: 7363: 7360: 7359:Canada portal 7349: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7265: 7261: 7259:9780887556937 7255: 7251: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7164: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7129: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7096: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7063: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7027: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6929: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6848: 6844: 6837: 6831: 6823: 6822:National Post 6819: 6812: 6804: 6803:National Post 6800: 6793: 6777: 6773: 6772:National Post 6769: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6744:, p. 10. 6743: 6742:Swainson 1989 6738: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6516: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6166: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6055: 6048: 6047:Swainson 1989 6043: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5982: 5981:Swainson 1989 5977: 5970: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5946: 5945:Swainson 1989 5941: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5905: 5898: 5893: 5891: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5872:"Last spike." 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5636: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5609: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5585:Swainson 1989 5581: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5537:Swainson 1989 5533: 5526: 5521: 5515:, p. 33. 5514: 5509: 5502: 5501:Swainson 1989 5497: 5490: 5489:Swainson 1989 5485: 5478: 5473: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5430: 5425: 5409: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5343: 5342:Swainson 1989 5338: 5331: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5306:Bourinot 2008 5302: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5271: 5270:Swainson 1989 5266: 5259: 5258:Swainson 1989 5254: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5198:Swainson 1989 5194: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5174:Swainson 1989 5170: 5163: 5162:Swainson 1989 5158: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5114:Swainson 1989 5110: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5051:Swainson 1989 5047: 5045: 5037: 5032: 5026:, p. 96. 5025: 5024:Swainson 1989 5020: 5013: 5008: 5002:, p. 97. 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4976:Swainson 1989 4972: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4952:Swainson 1989 4948: 4941: 4936: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4897:Swainson 1989 4893: 4887:, p. 93. 4886: 4885:Swainson 1989 4881: 4874: 4869: 4861: 4860:National Post 4857: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4826: 4820:, p. 72. 4819: 4814: 4808:, p. 76. 4807: 4802: 4795: 4794:Swainson 1989 4790: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4758:Swainson 1989 4754: 4748:, p. 79. 4747: 4746:Swainson 1989 4742: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4700:, p. 76. 4699: 4698:Swainson 1989 4694: 4687: 4682: 4676:, p. 36. 4675: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4652:, p. 75. 4651: 4650:Swainson 1989 4646: 4639: 4634: 4628:, p. 72. 4627: 4626:Swainson 1989 4622: 4616:, p. 73. 4615: 4614:Swainson 1989 4610: 4603: 4602:Swainson 1989 4598: 4591: 4590:Swainson 1989 4586: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4554:Swainson 1989 4550: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4446: 4439: 4438:Swainson 1989 4434: 4432: 4425:, p. 49. 4424: 4423:Swainson 1989 4419: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4389:, p. 48. 4388: 4387:Swainson 1989 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4363:Swainson 1989 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4317:, p. 42. 4316: 4315:Swainson 1989 4311: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4279:Swainson 1989 4275: 4268: 4263: 4257:, p. 37. 4256: 4255:Swainson 1989 4251: 4244: 4239: 4233:, p. 83. 4232: 4227: 4221:, p. 31. 4220: 4219:Swainson 1989 4215: 4213: 4211: 4203: 4202:Swainson 1989 4198: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4178:Swainson 1989 4174: 4168:, p. 28. 4167: 4166:Swainson 1989 4162: 4156:, p. 64. 4155: 4150: 4144:, p. 25. 4143: 4142:Swainson 1989 4138: 4131: 4126: 4120:, p. 22. 4119: 4118:Swainson 1989 4114: 4108:, p. 59. 4107: 4102: 4096:, p. 59. 4095: 4090: 4088: 4081:, p. 57. 4080: 4075: 4069:, p. 56. 4068: 4063: 4057:, p. 23. 4056: 4055:Swainson 1989 4051: 4045:, p. 58. 4044: 4039: 4033:, p. 21. 4032: 4031:Swainson 1989 4027: 4021:, p. 67. 4020: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3983: 3976: 3970:, p. 43. 3969: 3964: 3956: 3949: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3919: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3875: 3867: 3860: 3854:, p. 49. 3853: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3830:, p. 41. 3829: 3824: 3818:, p. 38. 3817: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3746:, p. 19. 3745: 3740: 3738: 3731:, p. 19. 3730: 3729:Swainson 1989 3725: 3723: 3715: 3710: 3704:, p. 18. 3703: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3677:, p. 23. 3676: 3671: 3665:, p. 13. 3664: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3586: 3583:or online at 3582: 3576: 3574: 3572: 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Dufferin 2907: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2878:Montreal East 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2768:, centred on 2767: 2763: 2758:CA$ 1,500,000 2755: 2751: 2750:Rupert's Land 2745: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2716: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:Agnes Bernard 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:Charlottetown 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2371: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2335:court-martial 2332: 2328: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 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Macdonald 10656: 10449:H. Macdonald 10432: 10422: 9952: 9811:H. Macdonald 9795:J. Macdonald 9794: 9780:J. Macdonald 9779: 9353: 9241:Conservative 9220:(1810s–1867) 9205:Predecessors 9106:Hugh Guthrie 9070: 8909:Conservative 8645: 8636:Conservative 8627: 8413: 8403: 8338: 8309: 8278: 8247: 8216: 8185: 8180: 8165: 8151: 8132: 8113: 8108:Thomas White 8086: 8071:Thomas White 8059: 8040: 8013: 7994: 7967: 7948: 7929: 7924: 7917: 7907: 7902:George Brown 7892:George Brown 7879: 7864: 7857: 7832: 7787: 7772: 7748: 7721:. Retrieved 7687: 7665: 7648: 7620: 7600:. Retrieved 7595:the original 7581: 7577: 7556: 7539: 7523:. Retrieved 7512: 7495:. Retrieved 7475: 7462:. Retrieved 7453: 7428: 7408: 7388: 7333:. Retrieved 7313: 7291: 7269: 7248: 7227: 7216: 7195: 7169: 7155:. Retrieved 7136: 7120:. Retrieved 7100: 7087:. Retrieved 7067: 7054:. Retrieved 7035: 7031: 7018:. Retrieved 6999: 6995: 6974: 6952:. Retrieved 6928: 6918:29 September 6916:. Retrieved 6907: 6897: 6887:29 September 6885:. 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Retrieved 3620: 3605:, p. 8. 3545: 3422: 3400: 3376:Queen's Park 3364:Parks Canada 3353: 3329:Saskatchewan 3270: 3249: 3232: 3213: 3205:Edward Blake 3185: 3165: 3154: 3139: 3123: 3091: 3067: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3023:Edward Blake 2987:The election 2985: 2976:Donald Smith 2969: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2921: 2909: 2904: 2890: 2858: 2842: 2831: 2810: 2802: 2746: 2738: 2730: 2721: 2680: 2676:Royal Assent 2650:'s premier, 2640: 2617: 2586: 2575: 2549: 2534: 2523: 2519: 2511:by-elections 2507:George Brown 2496: 2479: 2475: 2441:Allan MacNab 2430: 2411: 2404: 2384: 2376: 2340: 2324: 2308: 2291: 2288: 2276: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2231: 2226:Richard Gwyn 2214:Oliver Mowat 2203: 2192: 2184:Lower Canada 2173: 2144: 2122: 2110: 2106:Upper Canada 2095: 2080:designed to 2068:and federal 2063: 2059:francophones 2000: 1988:George Brown 1972:Upper Canada 1961: 1931: 1930: 1786:Orange Order 1707:Winnipeg Sun 1705: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1672: 1665: 1658: 1653:LifeSiteNews 1651: 1582: 1581: 1541: 1454: 1453: 1428: 1407: 1397: 1377: 1367: 1357: 1347: 1337: 1269:Commentators 1216: 1028: 829:(1843–1867) 812:(1873–1878) 806:(1867–1891) 800:(1858–1867) 783:(1889–1891) 777:(1883–1889) 759:(1867–1873) 753:(1860–1867) 715:Battles/wars 502:affiliations 494:Conservative 468:(1891-06-06) 466:June 6, 1891 432:George Brown 428:Succeeded by 421:Allan MacNab 397: 387:Succeeded by 380:George Brown 356: 348: 344:Succeeded by 313: 295: 274:Succeeded by 266: 251: 233:Succeeded by 225: 178: 166:Succeeded by 102: 40: 11652:1891 deaths 11647:1815 births 11107:Diefenbaker 11097:St. Laurent 11092:Diefenbaker 10834:Mazankowski 10752:Diefenbaker 10205:Mazankowski 10190:Mazankowski 10159:Pickersgill 10106:(1936–2006) 9936:(1879–1936) 9752:(1873–1936) 9498:St. Laurent 9488:St. Laurent 9421:Fitzpatrick 9272:(2000–2003) 9266:(1987–2000) 9260:(1917–1922) 9237:(1942–2003) 9214:(1854–1867) 9144:Macdonald 1 9137:Governments 9076:John Abbott 9056:(1938–1940) 9047:(1920–1921) 9041:(1867–1916) 8867:(2000–2003) 8846:(1987–2000) 8768:Diefenbaker 8738:(1942–2003) 8638:(1873–1942) 8623:(1867–1873) 8613:antecedents 8484:Diefenbaker 8479:St. Laurent 8232:Joseph Ryan 8211:Joseph Ryan 8035:David Mills 7745:Lee, Sidney 7602:6 September 7525:6 September 7497:8 September 7122:8 September 7089:8 September 7056:8 September 7020:18 November 6966:Works cited 6954:6 September 6562:20 February 6363:Global News 6191:17 December 6155:8 September 6096:7 September 5805:30 December 5727:. 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Trudeau 8348:1887–1891 8319:1882–1887 8263:E.C. Baker 8257:1878–1882 8195:1867–1878 8157:1889–1891 8092:1883–1889 8065:1878–1887 8046:1878–1883 8019:1878–1891 8000:1873–1878 7973:1867–1873 7954:1867–1873 7935:1867–1891 7914:1858–1867 7886:1856–1858 7861:1864–1867 7836:1854–1862 7564:Wikisource 7464:6 November 7379:See also: 6520:"Statues." 6266:3 December 5969:Waite 1975 5957:Waite 1975 5933:Waite 1975 5921:Waite 1975 5599:, p. 5573:Waite 1975 5525:Waite 1975 5210:Waite 1975 5102:Waite 1975 5087:Waite 1975 5075:Waite 1975 5012:Waite 1975 5000:Waite 1975 4940:Waite 1975 4873:Waite 1975 4830:Waite 1975 4806:Waite 1975 3557:References 3536:Escutcheon 3191:1887, for 3151:last spike 2882:Provencher 2838:Hugh Allan 2782:Louis Riel 2703:See also: 2693:Canada Day 2578:Lord Monck 2535:Chesapeake 2358:See also: 2301:occurred. 2082:assimilate 2055:Louis Riel 1674:Rebel News 1604:Parti bleu 1583:Provincial 1455:Provincial 1409:Whiteshift 1332:Literature 986:Monarchism 966:Federalism 955:Principles 659:Allegiance 614:Politician 608:Profession 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11157:Chrétien 11142:Mulroney 11012:McKenzie 10889:Penashue 10874:Van Loan 10785:(acting) 10779:(acting) 10742:Chevrier 10647:Mousseau 10637:O'Connor 10617:McDonald 10612:O'Connor 10509:(acting) 10503:(acting) 10491:Lougheed 10467:(acting) 10456:(acting) 10435:(acting) 10414:(acting) 10402:Campbell 10393:(acting) 10381:Langevin 10310:Alghabra 10250:Lapierre 10235:Anderson 10215:Bouchard 10200:Axworthy 10180:Marchand 10175:Jamieson 10171:(acting) 10134:Chevrier 10125:(acting) 10039:(acting) 10007:Cochrane 9998:(acting) 9996:Fielding 9991:Emmerson 9987:(acting) 9985:Fielding 9971:(acting) 9960:(acting) 9865:(acting) 9853:Lougheed 9829:(acting) 9818:(acting) 9797:(acting) 9771:(acting) 9759:Campbell 9736:(acting) 9625:McLellan 9610:Campbell 9601:(acting) 9584:Johnston 9574:Chrétien 9530:(acting) 9518:Chevrier 9484:(acting) 9477:Lapointe 9462:Lapointe 9453:(acting) 9446:Lapointe 9402:(acting) 9390:Thompson 9385:Campbell 9380:Laflamme 9370:Fournier 9366:(acting) 9296:Red Tory 9258:Unionist 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