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459:, near London as head of the new basics physics division. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number. In 1964 he moved to
671:
Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002. Pople died of liver cancer in
Chicago in 2004. He was survived by his daughter Hilary, and sons Adrian, Mark and Andrew. In accordance with his wishes, Pople's Nobel Medal was given to
600:
suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70. One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules. His research group developed the
591:
to model the wave function. While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform, the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today. He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used
612:
program. Prof. Pople's departure from
Gaussian, along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists, including himself, from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community.
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such as
Gaussian-1 (G1) and Gaussian-2 (G2). In 1991, Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed (with others) the
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Proceedings of the Summer
Research Conference on Theoretical Chemistry, Energy Structure and Reactivity
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Pople, J. A. (1951). "Molecular
Association in Liquids: II. A Theory of the Structure of Water".
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735:(2006). "Sir John Anthony Pople. 31 October 1925 -- 15 March 2004: Elected FRS 1961".
551:. Subsequently, he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (
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Click link to 'Sir John A. Pople finding aid' on landing page to go to full document.
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Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called
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467:, where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962. In 1993 he moved to
1255:"Finding Aid to the Papers of Sir John A. Pople, 1930–2004 (bulk 1965–2000)"
1122:
Pople, J. A. (1973). D. W. Smith (ed.). "Theoretical Models for
Chemistry".
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he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook
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1073:"Möbius-Type quadrature of electron repulsion integrals with B functions"
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The
Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book
535:(MO) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by
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1974:
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Pople's major scientific contributions were in four different areas:
433:
59:
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436:
88:
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Members of the
International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
475:, where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death.
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Scientists of the
National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
606:
552:
276:
555:) (in 1965) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (
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Sir John Pople, Gaussian Code, and
Complex Chemical Reactions
3240:
705:
556:
620:
by Warren Hehre, Leo Radom, Paul v.R. Schleyer and Pople.
1227:
Official homepage of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998
531:
He made major contributions to the theory of approximate
36:
570:
3682:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
563:. In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book
447:
After obtaining his PhD, he was a research fellow at
380:(31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British
3692:
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1328:
738:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1071:Steinborn, E. Otto; Homeier, Herbert H. H. (1990).
642:International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
3662:British expatriate academics in the United States
870:
828:Gordon, M. S.; Kim, H. J.; Ratner, M. A. (2005).
486:
3633:
1070:
1009:"Reflections on John Pople's Career and Legacy"
827:
2973:
1275:Office of Scientific and Technical Information
651:room and a scholarship are named after him at
636:. He was made a Knight Commander (KBE) of the
3672:Deaths from liver cancer in the United States
3226:
2959:
1559:
1314:
1292:including the Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1998
506:
958:
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403:
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1078:International Journal of Quantum Chemistry
902:
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772:
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731:
517:High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
129:Computational methods in quantum chemistry
3712:People educated at Bristol Grammar School
1173:
1150:"Software company bans competitive users"
1141:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
855:
640:in 2003. He was a founding member of the
634:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961
953:
526:
882:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
765:
152: 1952; died 2002)
27:British theoretical chemist (1925–2004)
14:
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993:
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1302:
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727:
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723:
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623:
571:Ab initio electronic structure theory
451:and then from 1954 a lecturer in the
3652:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1206:"AB INITIO Molecular Orbital Theory"
1007:Frisch, Michael J. (17 March 2004).
565:Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory
603:quantum chemistry composite methods
577:ab initio quantum chemistry methods
24:
3667:Carnegie Mellon University faculty
1279:United States Department of Energy
1126:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
1029:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
982:John Pople Chronology at Gaussian.
718:
618:Ab initio molecular orbital theory
25:
3763:
3727:Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates
1246:
676:by his family on 5 October 2009.
1796:
963:Wright, Pearce (19 March 2004).
666:
661:Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center
453:mathematics faculty at Cambridge
58:
3707:Northwestern University faculty
1515:Oxford–AstraZeneca Vaccine Team
1231:
1220:
1198:
1130:
1115:
1097:
1064:
1019:
975:
935:
392:in 1998 for his development of
149:
3747:Deaths from cancer in Illinois
3732:Recipients of the Copley Medal
909:
892:
864:
821:
810:
800:
789:
487:Statistical mechanics of water
13:
1:
1104:Gaussian's page on John Pople
942:John Pople Oral history (pdf)
917:"Pople's early photo (1950s)"
796:Martin Head-Gordon IAQMS page
785:Mathematics Genealogy Project
711:
412:, Somerset, and attended the
3697:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
3677:Fellows of the Royal Society
547:systems, and now called the
457:National Physical Laboratory
267:National Physical Laboratory
7:
1253:Mangravite, Andrew (2007).
679:
638:Order of the British Empire
491:Pople's early paper on the
478:
455:. In 1958, he moved to the
428:and was awarded his PhD in
10:
3768:
3717:People from Burnham-on-Sea
817:Krishnan Raghavachari page
674:Carnegie Mellon University
632:in 1998. He was elected a
567:describing these methods.
513:nuclear magnetic resonance
507:Nuclear magnetic resonance
461:Carnegie Mellon University
449:Trinity College, Cambridge
424:. He then returned to the
418:Trinity College, Cambridge
416:. He won a scholarship to
257:Carnegie Mellon University
3722:British physical chemists
3580:
3497:
3434:
3365:
3272:
3249:
3138:
3119:
3088:
3057:
3032:
3008:
2983:
2602:
2303:
2044:
1805:
1794:
1585:
1337:
1260:Science History Institute
965:"Obituary Sir John Pople"
701:Unrestricted Hartree–Fock
549:Pariser–Parr–Pople method
442:
422:Bristol Aeroplane Company
338:
334:
303:
291:
275:
247:Bristol Aeroplane Company
239:
213:
206:
159:
133:
125:
115:
96:
66:
57:
34:
2720:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
1999:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1579:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
947:18 December 2008 at the
887:University of St Andrews
630:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
465:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
404:Early life and education
386:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
191:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3737:English Nobel laureates
3702:British Nobel laureates
3513:Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
3243:Wolf Prize in Chemistry
1294:Quantum Chemical Models
610:computational chemistry
594:computational chemistry
561:computational chemistry
495:of water, according to
469:Northwestern University
426:University of Cambridge
262:Northwestern University
252:University of Cambridge
231:Computational chemistry
120:University of Cambridge
3742:Computational chemists
3144:Nobel Prize recipients
3090:Physiology or Medicine
2884:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2872:M. Stanley Whittingham
1843:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1050:10.1098/rspa.1951.0024
751:10.1098/rsbm.2006.0021
653:Bristol Grammar School
414:Bristol Grammar School
369:Sir John Anthony Pople
3409:Samuel J. Danishefsky
2254:Christian B. Anfinsen
1894:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1091:10.1002/qua.560382435
527:Semi-empirical theory
511:In the early days of
493:statistical mechanics
394:computational methods
326:Krishnan Raghavachari
221:Theoretical chemistry
179:Irving Langmuir Award
3657:Theoretical chemists
3346:Raphael David Levine
3292:John Charles Polanyi
3073:Horst Ludwig Störmer
2916:Karl Barry Sharpless
2413:Dudley R. Herschbach
2238:Luis Federico Leloir
1507:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
1109:24 July 2010 at the
987:24 July 2010 at the
923:on 26 September 2008
873:Robertson, Edmund F.
830:"John Anthony Pople"
585:Slater type orbitals
523:and H.J. Bernstein.
384:who was awarded the
282:Lone Pair Electrons
3606:Benjamin F. Cravatt
3602:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
3567:Stephen L. Buchwald
3306:Harden M. McConnell
3302:Herbert S. Gutowsky
3098:Robert F. Furchgott
2908:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
2820:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2557:Jens Christian Skou
2525:F. Sherwood Rowland
2437:Charles J. Pedersen
2401:Herbert A. Hauptman
2094:Vincent du Vigneaud
1711:Richard Willstätter
1595:Jacobus van 't Hoff
1531:Gregory Paul Winter
1238:Notable Biographies
1166:2004Natur.429..231G
1148:Giles, Jim (2004).
1137:Pople's Q-Chem page
1042:1951RSPSA.205..163P
871:O'Connor, John J.;
848:2005PhT....58d..79G
628:Pople received the
382:theoretical chemist
311:A. David Buckingham
3588:Leslie Leiserowitz
3484:William E. Moerner
3456:K. Barry Sharpless
3326:Albert Eschenmoser
3296:George C. Pimentel
3067:Robert B. Laughlin
2868:John B. Goodenough
2796:William E. Moerner
2676:Richard R. Schrock
2648:Roderick MacKinnon
2620:K. Barry Sharpless
2445:Johann Deisenhofer
2274:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2270:Ernst Otto Fischer
2194:Robert S. Mulliken
2130:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
2078:Hermann Staudinger
1898:Irène Joliot-Curie
1491:John B. Goodenough
1286:on Nobelprize.org
901:on Nobelprize.org
624:Awards and honours
501:John Lennard-Jones
473:Evanston, Illinois
408:Pople was born in
316:Martin Head-Gordon
298:John Lennard-Jones
71:John Anthony Pople
3629:
3628:
3598:Bonnie L. Bassler
3551:Robert G. Bergman
3523:Charles M. Lieber
3419:Gabor A. Somorjai
3356:Alan R. Battersby
3332:David C. Phillips
3322:Elias James Corey
3316:Rudolph A. Marcus
3241:Laureates of the
3208:
3207:
3121:Economic Sciences
2941:
2940:
2924:Moungi G. Bawendi
2844:Richard Henderson
2688:Roger D. Kornberg
2656:Aaron Ciechanover
2489:Rudolph A. Marcus
2393:Robert Merrifield
2329:Peter D. Mitchell
2102:Cyril Hinshelwood
1863:Friedrich Bergius
1787:Richard Zsigmondy
1703:Theodore Richards
1651:Ernest Rutherford
1541:
1540:
1483:Jeffrey I. Gordon
1467:Richard Henderson
1330:Copley Medallists
1036:(1081): 163–178.
857:10.1063/1.1955494
733:Buckingham, A. D.
696:STO-nG basis sets
589:Gaussian orbitals
533:molecular orbital
497:Michael J. Frisch
398:quantum chemistry
366:
365:
304:Doctoral students
226:Quantum chemistry
208:Scientific career
108:Chicago, Illinois
16:(Redirected from
3759:
3620:Jeffery W. Kelly
3545:Stuart Schreiber
3529:Robert S. Langer
3442:F. Albert Cotton
3373:Richard R. Ernst
3235:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3146:
3104:Louis J. Ignarro
3079:Daniel Chee Tsui
3050:(United Kingdom)
3001:(United Kingdom)
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2945:
2944:
2934:
2932:Alexei I. Ekimov
2918:
2912:Morten P. Meldal
2902:
2890:
2878:
2862:
2846:
2836:Jacques Dubochet
2830:
2814:
2798:
2782:
2766:
2760:Robert Lefkowitz
2754:
2746:
2730:
2724:Thomas A. Steitz
2714:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2672:Robert H. Grubbs
2666:
2650:
2638:
2622:
2595:
2593:Hideki Shirakawa
2579:
2571:
2559:
2543:
2527:
2511:
2503:
2491:
2483:
2481:Richard R. Ernst
2475:
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2423:
2407:
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2387:
2379:
2371:
2359:
2357:Frederick Sanger
2343:
2337:Herbert C. Brown
2331:
2323:
2315:
2313:William Lipscomb
2296:
2284:
2276:
2264:
2248:
2246:Gerhard Herzberg
2240:
2232:
2220:
2212:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2122:Frederick Sanger
2116:
2108:
2106:Nikolay Semyonov
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2060:
2058:Glenn T. Seaborg
2037:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1985:
1983:Artturi Virtanen
1977:
1969:
1967:George de Hevesy
1961:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1928:
1920:
1908:
1900:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1853:
1845:
1833:
1825:
1823:Heinrich Wieland
1817:
1815:Theodor Svedberg
1800:
1799:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1774:
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1758:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1627:Adolf von Baeyer
1621:
1613:
1611:Svante Arrhenius
1605:
1597:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
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1462:
1454:
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1438:
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1402:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1370:
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1224:
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1202:
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1177:
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1139:
1134:
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1127:
1119:
1113:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1015:on 24 July 2010.
1011:. Archived from
1004:
991:
979:
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972:
960:
951:
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
919:. Archived from
913:
907:
906:
896:
890:
889:
868:
862:
861:
859:
825:
819:
814:
808:
804:
798:
793:
787:
778:
763:
762:
729:
379:
362:
359:
357:
355:
353:
351:
349:
347:
345:
293:Doctoral advisor
287:
153:
151:
103:
80:
78:
62:
52:
32:
31:
21:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3576:
3571:John F. Hartwig
3519:Paul Alivisatos
3493:
3468:Richard N. Zare
3430:
3425:Raymond Lemieux
3377:Alexander Pines
3361:
3268:
3245:
3239:
3209:
3204:
3142:
3134:
3115:
3112:(United States)
3106:(United States)
3100:(United States)
3084:
3081:(United States)
3069:(United States)
3053:
3028:
3004:
2995:(United States)
2979:
2972:
2942:
2937:
2921:
2905:
2896:David MacMillan
2893:
2888:Jennifer Doudna
2881:
2865:
2849:
2833:
2824:Fraser Stoddart
2817:
2808:Paul L. Modrich
2801:
2785:
2769:
2757:
2749:
2744:Ei-ichi Negishi
2736:Richard F. Heck
2733:
2717:
2704:Osamu Shimomura
2701:
2693:
2685:
2669:
2653:
2641:
2625:
2612:William Knowles
2609:
2598:
2589:Alan MacDiarmid
2582:
2574:
2562:
2546:
2541:Richard Smalley
2530:
2517:Paul J. Crutzen
2514:
2506:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2458:
2442:
2433:Jean-Marie Lehn
2426:
2410:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2362:
2346:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2299:
2294:Vladimir Prelog
2287:
2279:
2267:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2223:
2215:
2199:
2191:
2186:Robert Woodward
2183:
2178:Dorothy Hodgkin
2175:
2163:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2040:
2028:
2023:William Giauque
2020:
2012:
2007:Robert Robinson
2004:
1991:James B. Sumner
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1938:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
1934:Adolf Butenandt
1931:
1923:
1911:
1903:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1871:Irving Langmuir
1868:
1856:
1848:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1756:Frederick Soddy
1753:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1683:Victor Grignard
1680:
1672:
1664:
1659:Wilhelm Ostwald
1656:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1581:
1572:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1383:Stephen Hawking
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1175:10.1038/429231a
1146:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1120:
1116:
1111:Wayback Machine
1102:
1098:
1069:
1065:
1024:
1020:
1005:
994:
989:Wayback Machine
980:
976:
961:
954:
949:Wayback Machine
940:
936:
926:
924:
915:
914:
910:
897:
893:
869:
865:
826:
822:
815:
811:
805:
801:
794:
790:
779:
766:
730:
719:
714:
682:
669:
626:
573:
537:Rudolph Pariser
529:
509:
489:
481:
445:
406:
371:
342:
330:
285:
271:
235:
202:
155:
147:
143:
140:
116:Alma mater
111:
105:
101:
92:
82:
81:31 October 1925
76:
74:
73:
72:
53:
44:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3609:
3595:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3564:
3554:
3548:
3541:K. C. Nicolaou
3538:
3532:
3526:
3516:
3509:Ching Wan Tang
3505:Stuart A. Rice
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3448:Henri B. Kagan
3445:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3412:
3402:
3395:Richard Lerner
3392:
3386:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3352:Duilio Arigoni
3349:
3342:Joshua Jortner
3339:
3329:
3319:
3313:
3299:
3289:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2919:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2863:
2856:Gregory Winter
2852:Frances Arnold
2847:
2831:
2815:
2799:
2783:
2776:Michael Levitt
2772:Martin Karplus
2767:
2755:
2747:
2731:
2715:
2712:Roger Y. Tsien
2708:Martin Chalfie
2699:
2691:
2683:
2667:
2651:
2639:
2623:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2585:Alan J. Heeger
2580:
2572:
2560:
2553:John E. Walker
2544:
2528:
2512:
2504:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2456:
2453:Hartmut Michel
2440:
2429:Donald J. Cram
2424:
2408:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2369:Roald Hoffmann
2360:
2353:Walter Gilbert
2344:
2332:
2324:
2321:Ilya Prigogine
2316:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2290:John Cornforth
2285:
2277:
2265:
2258:Stanford Moore
2249:
2241:
2233:
2221:
2213:
2206:Ronald Norrish
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2114:Alexander Todd
2109:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2061:
2054:Edwin McMillan
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1929:
1921:
1914:Norman Haworth
1909:
1901:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1854:
1846:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1748:Walther Nernst
1743:
1736:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1643:Eduard Buchner
1638:
1630:
1622:
1619:William Ramsay
1614:
1606:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1435:John E. Walker
1431:
1423:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1343:Jacques Miller
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:(2001–present)
1326:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1281:
1268:
1248:
1247:External links
1245:
1242:
1241:
1230:
1219:
1197:
1140:
1129:
1114:
1096:
1063:
1018:
992:
974:
952:
934:
908:
891:
863:
820:
809:
799:
788:
764:
716:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
691:Pople notation
688:
681:
678:
668:
665:
625:
622:
596:packages, the
572:
569:
541:Robert G. Parr
528:
525:
521:W.G. Schneider
508:
505:
488:
485:
480:
477:
444:
441:
410:Burnham-on-Sea
405:
402:
364:
363:
340:
336:
335:
332:
331:
329:
328:
323:
321:Mark S. Gordon
318:
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131:
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127:
126:Known for
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
106:
104:(aged 78)
98:
94:
93:
85:Burnham-on-Sea
83:
70:
68:
64:
63:
55:
54:
43:
40:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3764:
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3735:
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3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
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3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
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3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3561:Makoto Fujita
3558:
3557:Omar M. Yaghi
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3535:Chi-Huey Wong
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3488:Allen J. Bard
3485:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:Harry B. Gray
3460:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:Gilbert Stork
3403:
3400:
3399:Peter Schultz
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3310:John S. Waugh
3307:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3257:Carl Djerassi
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3048:David Trimble
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3023:José Saramago
3021:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2999:John A. Pople
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2928:Louis E. Brus
2925:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2900:Benjamin List
2897:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2876:Akira Yoshino
2873:
2869:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:Joachim Frank
2837:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:Tomas Lindahl
2800:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2780:Arieh Warshel
2777:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2764:Brian Kobilka
2761:
2756:
2753:
2752:Dan Shechtman
2748:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2728:Ada E. Yonath
2725:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:Avram Hershko
2657:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2636:Kurt WĂĽthrich
2633:
2632:Koichi Tanaka
2629:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:Paul D. Boyer
2545:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2501:Michael Smith
2498:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2461:Sidney Altman
2457:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2389:
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2381:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2365:Kenichi Fukui
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2262:William Stein
2259:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2210:George Porter
2207:
2203:
2202:Manfred Eigen
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2146:Melvin Calvin
2142:
2139:
2138:Willard Libby
2134:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2086:Linus Pauling
2082:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2070:Richard Synge
2067:
2066:Archer Martin
2062:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2015:Arne Tiselius
2011:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:John Northrop
1992:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1882:
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1864:
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1855:
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1839:Arthur Harden
1835:
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1831:Adolf Windaus
1827:
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1816:
1811:
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1804:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1764:Francis Aston
1760:
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1749:
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1737:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1695:Alfred Werner
1691:
1688:
1687:Paul Sabatier
1684:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1635:Henri Moissan
1631:
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1623:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1604:
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1596:
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1590:
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1496:
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1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Alec Jeffreys
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:Tomas Lindahl
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Roger Penrose
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
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3382:
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3280:Henry Eyring
3174:
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2740:Akira Suzuki
2696:Gerhard Ertl
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2628:John B. Fenn
2616:Ryoji Noyori
2603:2001–present
2577:Ahmed Zewail
2568:
2537:Harold Kroto
2521:Mario Molina
2449:Robert Huber
2421:John Polanyi
2405:Jerome Karle
2341:Georg Wittig
2226:Derek Barton
2218:Lars Onsager
2170:Giulio Natta
2166:Karl Ziegler
2158:John Kendrew
1926:Richard Kuhn
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1603:Emil Fischer
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1427:Dan McKenzie
1407:Martin Evans
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2473:Elias Corey
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2417:Yuan T. Lee
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1918:Paul Karrer
1906:Peter Debye
1886:Harold Urey
1772:Fritz Pregl
1733:Fritz Haber
1675:Marie Curie
1523:Martin Rees
1499:Alan Fersht
1459:Peter Higgs
1367:Harry Kroto
1359:John Gurdon
1273:, from the
1085:: 349–371.
745:: 299–314.
579:, that use
545:pi electron
432:in 1951 on
430:mathematics
390:Walter Kohn
3636:Categories
3592:Meir Lahav
3474:Ada Yonath
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2644:Peter Agre
2569:John Pople
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2154:Max Perutz
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655:, as is a
583:of either
581:basis sets
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1975:Otto Hahn
1806:1926–1950
1586:1901–1925
1575:Laureates
1415:David Cox
1212:8 October
1184:0028-0836
437:electrons
434:lone pair
91:, England
3612:Chuan He
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1107:Archived
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