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696:(English: "National Socialism and Science") Stark maintained that the priority of the scientist was to serve the nationâthus, the important fields of research were those that could help German arms production and industry. He attacked theoretical physics as "Jewish" and stressed that scientific positions in
632:, and they had five children. His hobbies were the cultivation of fruit trees and forestry. He worked in his private laboratory, which he set up using his Nobel prize money, on his country estate in Upper Bavaria after the second world war. There he studied the deflection of light in an electric field.
133:
711:
were to triumph, it would only be a 'partial victory' if 'Jewish' ideas were not similarly defeated: "We also have to eradicate the Jewish spirit, whose blood can flow just as undisturbed today as before if its carriers hold beautiful
569:
to calculate an "elementary quantum of energy", i.e. the amount of energy related to the mass of an electron at rest. While working on his article, Einstein began a line of thought that would eventually lead to his
313:
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530:. Stark seemed impressed by relativity and Einstein's earlier work when he quoted "the principle of relativity formulated by H. A. Lorentz and A. Einstein" and "Planck's relationship
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574:, which in turn became (after its confirmation) the start of Einstein's worldwide fame. This is ironic, given Stark's later work as an anti-Einstein and
735:
Stark spent the last years of his life on his Gut
Eppenstatt near Traunstein in Upper Bavaria, where he died in 1957 at the age of 83. He was buried in
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723:, Stark was classified as a "Major Offender" and received a sentence of four years' imprisonment (later suspended) by a
1311:
1236:(ed.) Physics and National Socialism. An Anthology of Primary Sources., BirkhÀuser-Verlag, Basel, 1996; 2. Aufl. 2011,
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811:. (Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft.', Jg. XVI, Nr. 10). Braunschweig, 1914
108:
793:
Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der
Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft', Jahrgang 4, Nr. 8). Braunschweig, 1902
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823:(Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft.', Jg. XVI, Nr. 7). Braunschweig, 1914
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on the far-side of the Moon, without knowing about his Nazi activities. The name was dropped on August 12, 2020.
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805:(Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft', Jg. XVI, Nr 6). Braunschweig, 1914
75:
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687:, telling him to toe the party line or suffer the consequences. The letter was signed off with "Heil Hitler."
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Nationalsozialismus und
Katholische Kirche. II. Teil: Antwort auf Kundgebungen der deutschen Bischöfe.
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movement, which sought to remove Jewish scientists from German physics. He was appointed head of the
1213:
Chemie â Kultur â Geschichte. Festschrift fĂŒr Hans-Werner SchĂŒtt anlĂ€sslich seines 65. Geburtstages.
1209:"Die AxialitÀt der Lichtemission und Atomstruktur". Johannes Starks Gegenentwurf zur Quantentheorie.
366:
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Kritische
Bemerkungen zu der Mitteilung der Herren Austin und Starke ĂŒber Kathodenstrahlreflexion.
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817:(Sonderabdruck aus `Jahrbuch der RadioaktivitÀt und Elektronik', Heft 2, Mai 1914), Leipzig, 1914
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35:
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Norton, John D. "Einstein and
Nordström: Some Lesser-Known Thought Experiments in Gravitation",
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Methode zur gleichzeitigen
Zerlegung einer Linie durch das elektrische und das magnetische Feld.
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Folgerungen aus einer
Valenzhypothese. III. NatĂŒrliche Drehung der Schwingungsebene des Lichtes.
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Der elektrische Strom zwischen galvanisch glĂŒhender Kohle und einem Metall durch verdĂŒnntes Gas.
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Einstein, A. (1907). "Ueber das
Relativitatprinzip und die aus demselb gezogenen Folgerungen".
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487:. He worked and researched at physics departments of several universities, including the
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and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields". This phenomenon is known as the
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1911:
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Ueber elektrostatische
Wirkungen bei der Entladung der ElektricitĂ€t in verdĂŒnnten Gasen.
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769:(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik und Chemie', Neue Folge, Band 68). Leipzig, 1899
763:(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik und Chemie', Neue Folge, Band 68). Leipzig, 1899
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Ueber den Einfluss der Erhitzung auf das elektrische Leuchten eines verdĂŒnnten Gases.
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and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" (the latter is known as the
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Untersuchung ĂŒber einige physikalische, vorzĂŒglich optische Eigenschaften des RuĂes
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987:"Elementarquantum der Energie, Modell der negativen und der positiven Elekrizitat"
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Die Entladung der ElektricitĂ€t von galvanisch glĂŒhender Kohle in verdĂŒnntes Gas.
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from 1924, Stark was one of the main figures, along with fellow Nobel laureate
773:
Aenderung der LeitfÀhigkeit von Gasen durch einen stetigen elektrischen Strom.
507:). From 1933 until his retirement in 1939, Stark was elected President of the
345:, and served as Lommel's assistant until his appointment as a lecturer at the
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2011:
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459:(Investigation of some physical, in particular optical properties of soot).
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451:. His tenure at that college began in 1894; he graduated in 1897, with his
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from 1933 to 1939. In 1947 he was found guilty as a "Major Offender" by a
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787:(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4. Folge, Band 1). Leipzig, 1900
781:(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4. Folge, Band 1). Leipzig, 1900
775:(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4. Folge, Band 2). Leipzig, 1900
666:(who was not Jewish). After Werner Heisenberg defended Albert Einstein's
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On August 21, 1934, Stark wrote to physicist and fellow Nobel laureate
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1187:ĂŒber eine geschichtliche FĂŒhrung von Alfred Spiegel-Schmidt ĂŒber den
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1122:
Serving the Reich: The Struggle for the Soul of Physics under Hitler
645:
24:
1819:
1020:
Einstein's comprehensive 1907 essay on relativity, parts I, II, III
420:
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156:
467:
Stark worked in various positions at the Physics Institute of his
1138:
Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and AtatĂŒrk's Vision
610:
589:
and other such topics. He received various awards, including the
472:
432:
248:
132:
641:
797:
Prinzipien der Atomdynamik. 1. Teil. Die elektrischen Quanten.
654:("German physics") movement (along with fellow Nobel laureate
713:
973:
Entry in the catalogue of the Bavarian State Library, MunIch
1310:
947:
Nationale Erziehung, Zentrumsherrschaft und Jesuitenpolitik
1069:"Astronomers unknowingly dedicated moon craters to Nazis"
609:. Probably his best known contribution to the field of
585:
Stark published more than 300 papers, mainly regarding
829:, ("The Thoroughgoing Crisis in German Physics") 1922
640:
From 1924 onwards, Stark supported Hitler. During the
868:, ("National Socialism and the Catholic Church") 1931
975:. Opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de. Retrieved on 2012-07-27.
809:
Bemerkung zum Bogen â und Funkenspektrum des Heliums
326:
in 1919 "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
892:"The Pragmatic and the Dogmatic Spirit in Physics"
1276:Structural and Spectral Changes of Chemical Atoms
860:Atomstrukturelle Grundlagen der Stickstoffchemie.
3002:
848:Die AxialitÀt der Lichtemission und Atomstruktur
670:, Stark wrote an angry article in the official
3071:Academic staff of the University of Greifswald
2821:
3066:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
3031:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
2807:
1296:
1211:In: Astrid SchĂŒrmann, Burghard Weiss (Eds.):
700:should only be held by pure-blooded Germans.
361:in 1909. In 1917, he became professor at the
337:Stark received his Ph.D. in physics from the
318:, 15 April 1874 â 21 June 1957) was a German
3081:Academic staff of the University of WĂŒrzburg
1226:Pictures of a Danish translation of Stark's
1066:
1007:
719:In 1947, following the defeat of Germany in
617:, which he discovered in 1913. In 1970 the
522:, asked in 1907, then still rather unknown,
3076:Academic staff of the University of Hanover
827:Die gegenwÀrtige Krise der deutschen Physik
2814:
2800:
1303:
1289:
1274:including the Nobel Lecture, June 3, 1920
1269:
1258:
1215:Berlin u. Diepholz 2002, pp. 213â222.
1106:. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 2012-07-27.
1010:Jahrbuch der RadioaktivitÀt und Elektronik
955:("Hitler's Aims and Personality"), undated
866:Nationalsozialismus und Katholische Kirche
635:
520:Jahrbuch der RadioaktivitÀt und Elektronik
1046:, Michel Janssen, John D. Norton (eds.),
984:
917:
471:until 1900, when he became an unsalaried
357:from 1906 until he became a professor at
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3091:Academic staff of RWTH Aachen University
1248:Newspaper clippings about Johannes Stark
483:by 1906, in 1908 he became professor at
886:("National Socialism and Science") 1934
730:
518:It was Stark who, as the editor of the
3051:Scientists from the Kingdom of Bavaria
3003:
1168:, Volume 50, Issue 4-5 (2016), p. 452.
1164:Stone, Dan "Nazi Race Ideologues", in
1114:
1112:
644:regime, Stark attempted to become the
2795:
1284:
1018:Translated in Schwartz, H. M. (1977)
935:, ("Jewish and German Physics") with
889:
509:Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt
305:
1118:
1033:, June, September and October, 1977.
884:Nationalsozialismus und Wissenschaft
693:Nationalsozialismus und Wissenschaft
680:, calling Heisenberg a "White Jew".
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1171:
1109:
1093:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
597:(1910), the Vahlbruch Prize of the
16:German physicist and Nobel laureate
13:
1228:Adolf Hitler: Aims and Personality
1125:. The University of Chicago Press.
658:) against the "Jewish physics" of
491:, until 1922. In 1919, he won the
392:Reich Physical-Technical Institute
14:
3107:
3086:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal
1219:
833:Natur der chemischen ValenzkrÀfte
526:to write a review article on the
390:in 1933 and was president of the
341:in 1897 under the supervision of
953:Hitlers Ziele und Persönlichkeit
619:International Astronomical Union
479:. An extraordinary professor at
427:(secondary school) and later in
131:
23:
1158:
754:
593:, the Baumgartner Prize of the
513:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
263:Technische Hochschule, Hannover
34:needs additional citations for
3021:20th-century German physicists
1129:
1097:
1086:
1060:
1036:
1001:
978:
966:
648:of German physics through the
511:, while also President of the
406:
1:
1201:
1067:Philipp Ball (26 June 2020).
599:Göttingen Academy of Sciences
552:, where he used the equation
267:Technische Hochschule, Aachen
1183:Bericht vom 9. Juli 2013 im
1180:Ausflug in die Vergangenheit
933:JĂŒdische und deutsche Physik
854:Atomstruktur und Atombindung
839:Hitlergeist und Wissenschaft
707:, Stark argued that even if
572:general theory of relativity
439:, where he studied physics,
401:
365:, and he also worked at the
7:
3046:People from Amberg-Sulzbach
1252:20th Century Press Archives
1031:American Journal of Physics
742:
355:Leibniz University Hannover
10:
3112:
3041:Nobel laureates in Physics
1104:Johannes Stark â Biography
739:in the mountain cemetery.
595:Vienna Academy of Sciences
495:for his "discovery of the
423:), Stark was educated at
388:German Research Foundation
2928:
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1322:
1050:, 1993, pp. 3â29 (p. 6).
991:Physikalische Zeitschrift
927:Physik der AtomoberflÀche
550:Physikalische Zeitschrift
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1193:berchtesgadener-anzeiger
1185:Berchtesgadener Anzeiger
959:
856:, A. Seydel, Berlin 1928
489:University of Greifswald
363:University of Greifswald
271:University of Greifswald
1135:Reisman, Arnold (2006)
636:Affiliation with Nazism
548:" in his 1907 paper in
528:principle of relativity
477:University of Göttingen
435:education began at the
351:extraordinary professor
347:University of Göttingen
307:[joËhanÉsÊtaÊk]
259:University of Göttingen
3026:German Nobel laureates
2934:Nobel Prize recipients
2911:Physiology or Medicine
1316:Nobel Prize in Physics
1073:prospectmagazine.co.uk
493:Nobel Prize in Physics
485:RWTH Aachen University
380:, in the anti-Semitic
367:University of WĂŒrzburg
359:RWTH Aachen University
324:Nobel Prize in Physics
275:University of WĂŒrzburg
229:Nobel Prize in Physics
1166:Patterns of Prejudice
1119:Ball, Philip (2014).
841:, 1924 together with
303:German pronunciation:
941:University of Munich
737:Schönau am Königssee
731:Later life and death
668:theory of relativity
578:propagandist in the
455:dissertation titled
437:University of Munich
339:University of Munich
322:who was awarded the
202:University of Munich
43:improve this article
910:1938Natur.141..770S
878:Nationale Erziehung
709:racial antisemitism
621:honored him with a
369:from 1920 to 1922.
349:in 1900. He was an
3096:Nazi Party members
3056:Relativity critics
3036:Optical physicists
1268:on Nobelprize.org
1207:Andreas Kleinert:
1144:2007-01-03 at the
1025:2013-03-15 at the
985:Stark, J. (1907).
890:Stark, J. (1938).
749:Stark-Einstein law
705:Das Schwarze Korps
677:Das Schwarze Korps
425:Bayreuth Gymnasium
417:Kingdom of Bavaria
2998:
2997:
2789:
2788:
1154:978-0-9777908-8-3
939:, written at the
904:(3574): 770â772.
690:In his 1934 book
664:Werner Heisenberg
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239:Scientific career
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601:(1914), and the
343:Eugen von Lommel
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287:Eugen von Lommel
282:Doctoral advisor
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58:"Johannes Stark"
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2919:Jules Bordet
2899:
2219:von Klitzing
2211:Van der Meer
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1189:Bergfriedhof
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1076:. Retrieved
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755:Publications
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721:World War II
718:
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698:Nazi Germany
691:
689:
685:Max von Laue
682:
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630:Luise Uepler
627:
615:Stark effect
607:Rome Academy
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505:Stark effect
466:
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374:Adolf Hitler
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336:
332:Stark effect
298:
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255:Institutions
238:
212:Stark effect
183:West Germany
173:(1957-06-21)
171:21 June 1957
105:
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53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3016:1957 deaths
3011:1874 births
2824:Nobel Prize
2263:Steinberger
2179:K. Siegbahn
2171:Bloembergen
1892:Chamberlain
1625:Schrödinger
1535:M. Siegbahn
1464:W. H. Bragg
1460:W. L. Bragg
1044:John Earman
703:Writing in
628:He married
591:Nobel Prize
587:electricity
441:mathematics
413:Schickenhof
407:Early years
190:Nationality
157:Schickenhof
99:August 2007
3005:Categories
2849:Literature
2780:L'Huillier
2744:Hasselmann
2700:Strickland
2668:Kosterlitz
2592:Perlmutter
2331:Brockhouse
2036:Schrieffer
1908:Hofstadter
1860:C. N. Yang
1617:Heisenberg
1594:De Broglie
1242:3034802021
1202:References
1048:BirkhÀuser
674:newspaper
582:movement.
501:canal rays
469:alma mater
433:collegiate
429:Regensburg
328:canal rays
179:Traunstein
149:1874-04-15
69:newspapers
2921:(Belgium)
2902:(Germany)
2833:Chemistry
2826:laureates
2764:Zeilinger
2584:Novoselov
2552:Kobayashi
2476:Abrikosov
2323:J. Taylor
2303:de Gennes
2295:R. Taylor
2187:K. Wilson
2135:R. Wilson
2119:Van Vleck
2090:1976â2000
2080:Rainwater
2076:Mottelson
2052:Josephson
2000:Gell-Mann
1964:Schwinger
1952:Prokhorov
1912:Mössbauer
1872:Cherenkov
1864:T. D. Lee
1788:Cockcroft
1779:1951â1975
1578:C. Wilson
1557:1926â1950
1503:Guillaume
1392:Michelson
1352:Becquerel
1323:1901â1925
1312:Laureates
997:(8): 881.
949:, undated
716:passes".
445:chemistry
402:Biography
320:physicist
2772:Agostini
2660:Thouless
2652:McDonald
2640:Nakamura
2608:Wineland
2540:GrĂŒnberg
2496:Politzer
2480:Ginzburg
2468:Giacconi
2448:Ketterle
2403:'t Hooft
2387:Laughlin
2379:Phillips
2359:Osheroff
2287:Friedman
2259:Schwartz
2255:Lederman
2175:Schawlow
2151:Weinberg
1960:Tomonaga
1852:Brattain
1844:Shockley
1753:Blackett
1745:Appleton
1737:Bridgman
1684:Lawrence
1664:Davisson
1644:Chadwick
1527:Millikan
1511:Einstein
1400:Lippmann
1368:Rayleigh
1360:M. Curie
1356:P. Curie
1142:Archived
1023:Archived
743:See also
481:Hannover
473:lecturer
453:doctoral
421:Freihung
411:Born in
2892:Physics
2760:Clauser
2724:Penrose
2708:Peebles
2664:Haldane
2632:Akasaki
2620:Englert
2612:Haroche
2596:Schmidt
2556:Maskawa
2508:Glauber
2500:Wilczek
2484:Leggett
2464:Koshiba
2444:Cornell
2435:present
2419:Kroemer
2415:Alferov
2407:Veltman
2391:Störmer
2311:Charpak
2291:Kendall
2275:Dehmelt
2243:Bednorz
2143:Glashow
2131:Penzias
2127:Kapitsa
2099:Richter
2072:A. Bohr
2048:Giaever
2028:Bardeen
1992:Alvarez
1976:Kastler
1968:Feynman
1848:Bardeen
1812:Zernike
1804:Purcell
1574:Compton
1519:N. Bohr
1408:Marconi
1340:Lorentz
1332:Röntgen
1314:of the
1254:of the
1250:in the
1078:27 June
943:in 1941
906:Bibcode
727:court.
613:is the
611:physics
605:of the
475:at the
398:court.
249:Physics
83:scholar
2776:Krausz
2770:2023:
2756:Aspect
2754:2022:
2748:Manabe
2740:Parisi
2738:2021:
2728:Genzel
2722:2020:
2716:Queloz
2706:2019:
2696:Mourou
2692:Ashkin
2690:2018:
2684:Thorne
2680:Barish
2674:2017:
2658:2016:
2648:Kajita
2646:2015:
2630:2014:
2618:2013:
2606:2012:
2590:2011:
2578:2010:
2562:2009:
2546:2008:
2534:2007:
2524:Mather
2522:2006:
2516:HĂ€nsch
2506:2005:
2490:2004:
2474:2003:
2458:2002:
2452:Wieman
2442:2001:
2413:2000:
2401:1999:
2385:1998:
2369:1997:
2355:D. Lee
2353:1996:
2347:Reines
2341:1995:
2329:1994:
2317:1993:
2309:1992:
2301:1991:
2285:1990:
2271:Ramsey
2269:1989:
2253:1988:
2247:MĂŒller
2241:1987:
2235:Rohrer
2231:Binnig
2225:1986:
2217:1985:
2207:Rubbia
2205:1984:
2199:Fowler
2193:1983:
2185:1982:
2169:1981:
2159:Cronin
2157:1980:
2141:1979:
2125:1978:
2109:1977:
2097:1976:
2070:1975:
2064:Hewish
2058:1974:
2042:1973:
2032:Cooper
2026:1972:
2018:1971:
2008:Alfvén
2006:1970:
1998:1969:
1990:1968:
1982:1967:
1974:1966:
1958:1965:
1944:Townes
1942:1964:
1936:Jensen
1928:Wigner
1926:1963:
1920:Landau
1918:1962:
1906:1961:
1900:Glaser
1898:1960:
1886:1959:
1870:1958:
1858:1957:
1842:1956:
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1810:1953:
1798:1952:
1792:Walton
1786:1951:
1769:Powell
1767:1950:
1761:Yukawa
1759:1949:
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1719:1944:
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1650:1936:
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1623:1933:
1615:1932:
1600:1930:
1592:1929:
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1564:1926:
1543:Franck
1541:1925:
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1487:Planck
1485:1918:
1479:Barkla
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1434:1912:
1426:1911:
1418:1910:
1406:1909:
1398:1908:
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1376:Lenard
1374:1905:
1366:1904:
1350:1903:
1344:Zeeman
1338:1902:
1330:1901:
1240:
1152:
1054:
1016:: 411.
929:, 1940
897:Nature
880:, 1932
874:, 1931
835:, 1922
799:, 1910
646:FĂŒhrer
623:crater
463:Career
447:, and
431:. His
245:Fields
232:(1919)
225:(1915)
218:Awards
193:German
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2965:1919
2873:Peace
2822:1919
2712:Mayor
2676:Weiss
2636:Amano
2624:Higgs
2600:Riess
2572:Smith
2568:Boyle
2548:Nambu
2528:Smoot
2492:Gross
2460:Davis
2433:2001â
2423:Kilby
2335:Shull
2319:Hulse
2227:Ruska
2163:Fitch
2147:Salam
2044:Esaki
2020:Gabor
1984:Bethe
1948:Basov
1888:SegrĂš
1876:Frank
1836:Kusch
1824:Bothe
1800:Bloch
1729:Pauli
1713:Stern
1676:Fermi
1629:Dirac
1602:Raman
1547:Hertz
1495:Stark
1436:Dalén
1412:Braun
1177:UKw:
960:Notes
714:Aryan
419:(now
90:JSTOR
76:books
2990:1924
2985:1923
2980:1922
2975:1921
2970:1920
2960:1918
2955:1917
2950:1916
2945:1915
2940:1914
2853:1919
2840:None
2732:Ghez
2580:Geim
2536:Fert
2512:Hall
2395:Tsui
2343:Perl
2279:Paul
2115:Mott
2103:Ting
2060:Ryle
2012:NĂ©el
1880:Tamm
1832:Lamb
1820:Born
1721:Rabi
1705:1942
1698:1941
1691:1940
1652:Hess
1636:1934
1609:1931
1471:1916
1452:Laue
1428:Wien
1238:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1080:2020
1052:ISBN
662:and
642:Nazi
168:Died
143:Born
62:news
2564:Kao
2371:Chu
1256:ZBW
914:doi
902:141
499:in
353:at
45:by
3007::
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1148:.
1111:^
1071:.
1029:,
1014:IV
1012:.
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993:.
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912:.
900:.
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672:SS
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