44:
506:"Simple, sober, hard, with habits of austerity bordering on spartan, he knows how to reduce his requirements as he lacks resources, living in his isolation like Robinson on his island, Teófilo Braga has a unique passion, a passion of a prelate of science. He does not publish a volume per week because there is no machine in Portugal that can accompany the rapidness of his pen. He writes with grace, disinterested, in the satisfaction of his supreme pleasure, pleasure of spilling ideas. This incredible force and at the same time his unique weakness; I've never met another. At his most acerbic nature, he has a passion of his ideas...in the 19th century, with his systematic activity and with his impatience guided by the profoundly pacifist philosophy of
643:"Quickly, I found myself encircled by hate; they cut-off my life in the newspaper; in Law classes, they took my academic distinctions; the critics devastated me rudely; the bookstore owners refused to publish what I wrote; and the patriarchs of Letters, with their authoritative weight smiles with sober equivalence at my intellectual value, circulating depressive stories about my character and customs, which served to dismake my sacrifices. Another would have given up. I saw myself forced to reverse the base of my existence, abandon the Art that had seduced me, because it removed my contemplative serenity, and I launched myself into criticizing, into erudite knowledge, into science, into philosophy."
1836:
648:
Branco, who had extended his hand in friendship, but Braga had "turned his back". As Rocha
Martins elaborated, Teófilo "was just a youth then...today he would not have turned his back on anyone...All men should learn to forgive". It was not just an attack on aesthetic differences between political ideologies, Castilho also endorsed his protégé (Chagas) for a professorship in the department of Modern Literature of the Faculty of Letters, and used his letter to champion him for the position, in which both Teófilo and his friend Antero Quental were interested.
542:. A few of his professors in the Faculty of Law recognized his application, and arranged tasks that helped his studies, including the organization and classification of monastic documents. But his new projects did not affect his participation with the student activists against the autocratic Rector Basílio Alberto de Sousa Pinto and many of the traditionalists at Coimbra. He reserved his best efforts for his own projects; during this time he convinced editor Gomes Monteiro, of Casa Moré (a publishing house in Oporto), to publish his poem
304:
945:
1072:, and his neighbor usually accompanied him for breakfast or lunch. He wore over-used clothing, many of these clothes he repaired personally, including white linens which were his departed wife's possessions (and reminded him of their earlier life together). He was a solitary figure, and had lost many of his closest relations (his mother died early during his life, his father died in the Azores Islands, he lost his children in their infancies and his beloved wife died before he did), as well as his sight.
2302:
679:
670:), as well as the Faculty of Law in Coimbra. Teófilo Braga had to wait a year, in 1872 (when he obtained his law degree), in order to succeed in his application to a position as a full professor in modern literature, in a memorable public competition. He was the superior choice of the presiding judge of the committee, rather than his rival Manuel Pinheiro Chagas and Luciano Cordeiro, who were endorsed by semi-official patrons.
1631:
1007:. On 28 August 1910, he was elected deputy for Lisbon. The revolution began on the morning of 4 October 1910 and lasted until the next day. Teófilo Braga was acclaimed President of Provisional Government of the Portuguese Republic. But the old Republican Party would not survive the creation of the Republic; factions quickly developed between groups within the party to form new organizations:
408:, and descendant of Cristovão Falcão, a poet and Count of Avranches. His mother had seven children (Teófilo being the youngest), of which three died during infancy, the others being Luís, João Fernandes and Maria José. Teófilo's father became a widower when Teófilo was only three years old (his mother died at the age of 31). Originally, his father was an artillery lieutenant and commander in
929:. The membership of the Republican Party in Lisbon never anticipated the success of the Republican revolt in the north. Teófilo and Homen Cristo attempted to win the sympathy of the army, but were largely unsuccessful, due partly to the romantic militaristic ideals of many of the soldiers. After the failure of the conspiracy, with many of those retreating or sent to a military tribunal in
416:, and being without means, he established a nautical school and mathematics in Ponta Delgada, eventually finding a job at the local secondary school. Two years later, the elder Braga married a woman (Ricarda Joaquina Marfim Pereira) with a decidedly bad attitude to the young boy, fathering two daughters with her (Maria da Glória and Maria do Espírito Santo).
849:
mandates and limits which would allow the management of the
Portuguese republican model of public education, on the combat of clerical ultramontanism, national sovereignty, and development of democratic ideals that would include universal suffrage. All these ideas would be elaborated in the newspapers
575:, which were preceded by a philosophical prologue that was both obscure and indecipherable. Generally, Castilho's conservative Lisbon admirers criticized severely many of the personalities with dissident tendencies, due to considerations both artistic and political. At the time of the publication of
1401:
Of his stepmother, Teófilo would recount as his worst experiences instances when he was kicked by the stepmother for showing her affection, and of a situation where he took revenge by tying her boot-strings together. Simas (2007) also referred to instances when Teófilo would cry passionately at the
651:
In April 1868 Teófilo Braga married Maria do Carmo Xavier (1841–1911), sister of Júlio de Matos, generally from a wealthy family (the couple would live at the Matos home for a time). Their life together would be tragic, marked by the premature deaths of their children: Joaquim, just after his birth
475:
He revealed a tenacious and combative nature and was known to have been disciplined during his time at his secondary school in Ponta
Delgada (where his father was teacher) for disparaging remarks made to his teacher. At the end of secondary school Teófilo hoped for future prospects, even informing
848:
liberalism and all modern ideas. For the historian António Reis, Teófflo Braga's doctrinaire style was important in consolidating the
Republican cause. His visceral Jacobinismo, allowed him to synthesize the theses of Republican Federalists; the themes of administrative decentralization, imperial
647:
Rocha
Martins referred to an interview that he had with Braga, in 1916, and where, as a visible admirer of the writer and president, he wrote of Teófilo's life and difficulties at Coimbra. Teófolio had recalled that one time, in Oporto, at the home of the librarian Moré he had met Camilo Castelo
485:
in April 1861, with hopes of achieving a doctorate in
Theology or Law; after a year, in which he repeated his prerequisite entrance qualifications, he joined the Faculty of Law at the University. His first lodging would be at the home of Filipe de Quental (1824–1892), professor of Medicine and
1063:
Braga was an extremely austere man; after becoming a widower, he was a recluse and occupied much of his time in his library. Even as
President, he would walk, umbrella or cane in hand, everywhere, and generally, his Presidency itself was not an exercise in ostentatious living. Over time, as a
779:
On some occasions he was considered a plagiarist; Braga read profusely and was not too careful while editing his analyses, omitting citations and mentioning unreferenced ideas or the theories of others. The medic and politician
Ricardo Jorge, didn't disguise his exasperation in his book
480:
and travel to
America for a professional career (likely as a typographer or merchant). But his father suggested expanding his studies at the University of Coimbra, mindful of his child's lack of abilities in his preferred fields. Therefore, Teófilo Braga, as a student, arrived in
826:
In its political aspects, positivism was a version of republicanism that acknowledged the stratification of classes by the capitalist model. Teófilo, while reading the works of Comte, fixated on the more radical rationalisms on
Philosophical Positivism. On the philosophies of
602:. António Feliciano de Castilho, in a letter-to-the-editor António Maria Pereira, to promote the book and provide a prologue to the volume, critically attacked Antero Quental and Teófilo Braga, as well as their loose affiliation of friends. This was the beginning of the
652:(1869), Teófilo, at 13 (1886) and in March of the next year, Maria da Graça, at 16 (1887). Maria do Carmo, whose health was always fragile, was inconsolable (and by the time her husband held the Presidency her health was debilitated and she died away soon afterwards).
693:. This positivist spirit would guide him between 1872 and 1877, under the influence of Joaquim Duarte Moreira de Sousa a professor of Mathematics in Castelo Branco, with whom he regularly had conversations. It was the teacher's curious spirit and admiration of
587:), a shockingly militant work that challenged the conservative constitutional monarchy in Portugal, its class society and the religious hierarchy. Castilho and his prelates decided to begin a philosophical battle, without quarter, against the two iconoclasts,
933:, the two criticized Lisbon Republicans for their lack of assistance for the rebels in Oporto. Teófilo occupied himself with arguing with the objectors and taking on an important role in the propaganda of the Republican Party. By 1896 he was a member of the
1612:
843:
In Portugal of the time, about 50,000 individuals (in a population of less than six million) had declared themselves as non-Catholics. For Republicans, they believed that the population was captive to a Roman Catholic church that (during 1864) had
510:, Teófilo Braga is the most perfect archetype of the uncredited worker and useful citizen. In the middle of Portuguese society... consoled by the power of contemplation, and a figure such as Teófilo Braga is a rare curiosity that we call...a human"
736:). With a vast repository of documents he would nurture interpretations of medieval romances and produce ultra-romantic works of realism. It was also during this time when he would show interests in ethnography, especially folklore: in 1867,
1095:(mainly his search for popular stories and traditional songs), poetry, fiction, and philosophy. Braga's body of published work is also connected to historical investigation; while balancing philosophy, linguistics and culture he wrote
606:
Movement, an impassioned period that involved many Portuguese literary writers, that included many critical texts and apologies. Antero de Quental responded with his work which challenged Castilho's original text, which he entitled
728:). In his home on Travessa de Santa Gertrudes he lived a monastic lifestyle, usually broken by invitations from admirers or civic campaigns. But generally, he was able to concentrate on his writing, including his monumental
967:
resulted in the creation of splinter groups in addition to the two historical constitutional parties (respectively, the Partido Regenerador Liberal alongside the Partido Regenerador and the Dissidência Progressista from the
885:), 1881. These propaganda pieces did not mean an end to his other works; in addition to participating in numerous comedies, festivals, clubs and republican associations, he was one of the personalities, in partnership with
419:
The child took refuge in literature, especially in the public library in Ponta Delgada or at the home of the Viscount of Praia, where his father (for a time) was a private tutor to the Viscount's daughters. It was in the
686:
Teófilo aspired to be a systematic thinker; a theorist based on evidence which permitted an intrepid and dogmatic interpretation of Man, world and life. It was therefore, no surprise, that he accepted the tenets of
530:), a loose affiliation of artists with non-traditionalist philosophies and ideals about 1865. He remained on the periphery of this group's activities, though, while writing many of his recognized early works:
1054:
to run the government, and the General had established a dictatorship, which was eventually defeated. In disgrace the pacifist first President vacated the job, and the assembly elected Braga to the position.
1411:
It is likely that at this time he became friends with the Viscount; later when he was attaining the chair of Modern Literature Teófilo would count on the Viscount as a benefactor. Simas, 2007
724:
While still professor of Letters and research fellow, Teófilo Braga was studious and unrested, yet he continued to give all his attention to his family (showering on them gifts from his poor
556:, and captured in verse all the essential classicism of Judaism and Christianity. The work received many positive reviews. At the time the indisputable authority of Portuguese literature was
972:), which would alter the rules of political coexistence. A dictatorship created by João Franco after May 1907 (endorsed by King Carlos) was an episode of cumulative crises provoked by
1043:
for that title. Teófilo Braga, who was always more closely affiliated with the membership of the "Democrats" and owing to small problems with Arriaga, endorsed Bernardino Machado.
639:). After his first year at the University, won by his tenacious inflexibility and idealism, Braga was confronted by the literary conflicts between traditionalists and modernists:
560:
and his Lisbon admirers, who could establish or ruin the reputation of young authors. Castilho, and his protégé Manuel Pinheiro Chagas were captivated by the classic prose of
656:
a declared enemy of the writer, would be unusually forgiving, when Teófilo's children died within a brief period of one another; at the time, Camilo would write the sonet
861:. The militancy of these works would serve as guides for many republicans of his time. Between 1879 and 1881 he would write many of his more political ideas, including
793:
Teófilo Braga, the venerated image of a diverse writer...remember the Indian idols, crowned with many heads...he is multi-headed. Each head, full of knowledge. Like the
1527:(in Portuguese). Vol. II. Lisbon: Portugal – Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico. pp. 437–438.
1075:
In his last will, he expressed his desire to be interred in a civil service, without ceremony. He died at 80 years of age, on 28 January 1924, and was buried in the
837:"The positivist consolidated above all the idea that the Republic could not be just a coup d'état, and that maybe, we should dispense with revolutionary intentions."
498:
Life as a student was spartan and austere, and he did not adopt a Bohemian lifestyle on campus, preferring to concentrate on his studies. A contemporary, the writer
917:
Braga became active in Portuguese politics in 1878, when he campaigned for deputy as an independent federalist republican. Over the years, he had many jobs in the
926:
592:
1020:
1028:
959:. Further, between the 19th Century and 20th Century, the system of power that rotated between the parties was slowly dismantled; the divisions introduced by
2033:
1374:
1003:
On 1 January 1910, he became an effective member of the Political Directorate of the party, joining Basílio Teles, Eusébio Leão, José Cupertino Ribeiro, and
1031:(which was an intellectual group with many of its members from Lisbon). The first conflict involved the electoral act: Afonso Costa's "democrats" wanted
43:
17:
2546:
2541:
1724:
2566:
701:
that influenced Teófilo during this period. It was these influences that brought him to found, along with Júlio de Matos, the magazine
2571:
440:("The Song of the Warrior"), in a patriotic tone, dedicated to his brother João Fernandes Braga was published. He followed these with
2026:
113:
2556:
841:"to create a Republic required a liberation of individuals of their older ideas... without a doubt, it was spiritual subjugation"
1567:
1500:. He would start at seven o'clock in the morning and reach Porto by four o'clock in the afternoon of the same day. Simas, 2007
2551:
1064:
man-of-letters, Teófilo Braga was recognized by historians as an erudite author. His final home, was on the second-floor of
2019:
1717:
2388:
1561:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico.
1488:
Early correspondence would show his love of walking by recounting how he had walked once to the Serra do Bussaco, then to
2042:
1324:
2561:
2516:
666:
His political affiliations made it difficult to obtain a professorship at the Academia Politécnica do Porto (English:
518:
he became involved with literary controversy and activism; Teófilo joined his contemporaries, who included the writer
303:
1536:(in Portuguese). Vol. 58. Ponta Delgada: Insulana, Órgão do Instituto Cultural de Ponta Delgada. pp. 29–34.
2164:
2531:
1046:
He would return to government in May 1915; he became the President of the Republic after the abrupt resignation of
448:. At the age of 15 in 1859, in an edition paid for by the Viscount of Praia, he published a book of verse entitled
332:
writer, playwright, politician and the leader of the Republican Provisional Government after the overthrow of King
557:
2536:
2521:
2091:
1710:
678:
401:
1733:
1684:
1653:
1339:
1319:
381:
337:
2350:
1884:
821:
prestige he gained was not justified, and that only those who didn't read his published works would admire him
2526:
1835:
361:
819:). José Relvas, another contemporary, was another person who dismissed his contributions; he noted that the
421:
2506:
2121:
1805:
1489:
1016:
969:
2268:
1646:
400:'s illegitimate children, as the genealogist Ferreira Serpa has shown. Teófilo was the 13th descendant of
143:
2414:
2220:
1012:
918:
552:
237:
232:
2429:
2419:
2252:
2320:
2312:
1858:
980:, responsible for the Partido Progressista. Teófilo Braga accompanied many of these events, as well as
949:
2335:
1000:, the Carbonária Portuguesa and by numerous groups of doctrinarian idealists influenced by the cause.
2096:
2050:
1915:
1741:
1329:
409:
2290:
2278:
2246:
2191:
2181:
2142:
2137:
1795:
977:
2511:
2393:
2373:
2263:
1939:
1895:
413:
2169:
2158:
1949:
1549:
2450:
2424:
2378:
1989:
1929:
1091:
As for his literary career, one can find books by Braga concerning the history of literature, on
1036:
1024:
2104:
2063:
964:
2404:
2284:
2175:
2152:
2069:
1844:
973:
956:
922:
776:), about costumes and traditions, but his studies were generally criticized during the period.
397:
2440:
1979:
1076:
925:
in Porto, added to the list of members of the Republican Party and worked in partnership with
589:"that they considered exponents of a School at Coimbra of depraved tastes and highly harmful."
404:, father of D. Pedro, who married Violente Velho Cabral, sister of the Commander of Almourol,
385:
2325:
1868:
1815:
1642:
989:
653:
515:
482:
333:
292:
136:
58:
2273:
2501:
2496:
2241:
1344:
477:
8:
2465:
2455:
2231:
1402:
grave of his departed mother, promising to be successful and never to succumb to despair.
1349:
1334:
890:
324:
2445:
2257:
2203:
2186:
2460:
2340:
2214:
2085:
1905:
1825:
1775:
1694:
1032:
389:
369:
105:
2475:
2383:
1534:
Teófilo Braga e o Liceu de Ponta Delgada: A Propósito de uma Carta aos seus Estudantes
886:
499:
2409:
2345:
2236:
1755:
1677:
1663:
1607:
1571:
1051:
1047:
1040:
698:
519:
487:
345:
329:
158:
93:
2225:
2197:
2110:
1558:
893:, the epic Portuguese writer,(10 June 1880). He would later become a partner in the
81:
1616:
2470:
2330:
1878:
405:
368:. His father, Joaquim Manuel Fernandes Braga, was probably a descendant of one of
2355:
981:
944:
469:
2434:
2398:
2132:
1959:
1785:
1591:[Teófilo Braga: The Great Forgotten] (in Portuguese). Jardins de Epicuro
996:. The republican cause had grown in importance, helped by the Republican Party,
2209:
1603:
392:, another descendant of Portuguese nobility because she was probably traced to
2147:
2011:
1667:
1204:
As Teorias Literárias – Relance sobre o Estado Actual da Literatura Portuguesa
1004:
960:
372:'s illegitimate children, most likely António of Braganza who was a Doctor in
165:
2490:
1969:
889:, to coordinate the fesitivities to mark the third centenary of the death of
828:
694:
546:(in 1864). It was a work that borrowed directly for its base the themes from
507:
393:
365:
200:
1588:
2126:
2115:
2079:
2074:
1035:
to be the first President of the Republic, but António José de Almeida and
1008:
725:
803:
Even Antero de Quental, who was friendly with Teófilo, referred to him as
1702:
1550:"Oito Presidentes para a História (1910–1926): Teófilo Braga (1843–1924)"
1092:
997:
797:
of a fountain, there erupts from each mouth a torrent of recorded science
547:
1516:
Oito Presidentes para a História (1910–1926): Teófilo Braga (1843–1924)
832:
806:
689:
287:
930:
388:. His mother was Maria José da Câmara Albuquerque, from the island of
1119:). One of his most contentious, from a scientific point-of-view, was
794:
1621:
2365:
2301:
1625:
985:
432:), edited by former pharmacist Francisco Maria Supico (a native of
373:
341:
1080:
433:
1023:(a contemporary faction that included the rural bouregoeis) and
1069:
377:
357:
221:
204:
1497:
1493:
955:
The political situation in Portugal had degraded after the
909:), Madrid, where he would be honoured in subsequent years.
631:), while Teófilo challenged with his literary violent work
571:
But this was not repeated in his follow-up book of poetry
1570:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Institute Camões. Archived from
1492:(to see the sea), and another time to visit his aunts in
921:. He participated in the political barricades during the
1587:
Simas, Lúcia Costa Melo; Malho, Levi (11 July 2007).
786:
Against a Plagiarized Work of Professor Teófilo Braga
883:
Dissolution of the Monarchical-Representative System
811:. The Brazilian historian Sílvio Romero, called him
758:
Cantos Populares do Arquipélago Açoreano' (English:
1375:"Teófilo Braga, Museu da Presidência da República"
764:Contos Tradicionais do Povo Português' (English:
673:
2488:
1444:
1442:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1388:
1386:
1384:
948:Official portrait of President Teófilo Braga by
2041:
879:Dissolução do Sistema Monárquico-Representativo
1216:História da Literatura Portuguese (Introdução)
1015:(the most populist, Jacobin and urban party),
591:The literary "conflict" began in earnest when
2027:
1718:
1548:Boléo, Maria Luísa V. de Paiva Boléo (2006).
1439:
1414:
1381:
992:, of which the journalist João Chagas wrote:
452:("Green Leaves") and edited by the newspaper
1117:The History of Republican Ideals in Portugal
1113:História das Ideias Republicanas em Portugal
871:História das Ideias Republicanas em Portugal
766:Traditional Stories of the Portuguese People
568:) and congratulated in public Braga's work.
328:; 24 February 1843 – 28 January 1924) was a
1294:
1234:Manual da História da Literatura Portuguesa
1228:Teoria da História da Literatura Portuguesa
867:Positivist Solutions to Portuguese Politics
705:in Oporto, between 1878 and 1882, to write
579:, Antero de Quental had just completed his
2034:
2020:
1732:
1725:
1711:
1586:
1518:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Público Magazine.
760:Popular Stories of the Azorean Archipelago
126:5 October 1910 – 9 September 1911
42:
976:, leader of the Partido Regenerador, and
875:A History of Republican Ideas in Portugal
863:Soluções Positivas da Política Portuguesa
711:General Ideas of Philosophical Positivism
268:
1101:The History of Popular Portuguese Poetry
943:
782:Contra um plágio do Prof. Theófilo Braga
677:
502:, had this to say of the young Teófilo:
2547:Democratic Party (Portugal) politicians
2542:Portuguese Republican Party politicians
1654:President of the Provisional Government
1514:Boléo, Maria Luísa V. de Paiva (1996).
762:). He would repeat this style in 1883
14:
2489:
1556:
1522:
1210:História da Poesia Moderna em Portugal
1125:The History of Romanticism in Portugal
2015:
1706:
1565:
1547:
1513:
1307:Contos Tradicionais do Povo Português
1127:), in 1880, although his four-volume
1097:História da Poesia Popular Portuguesa
738:História da Poesia Popular Portuguesa
476:his father of his intention to leave
344:, after the resignation of President
323:
264:
71:29 May 1915 – 5 October 1915
1589:"Teófilo Braga – O Grande Esquecido"
1133:History of the University of Coimbra
935:Grupo Republicano de Estudos Sociais
768:) and in 1885, two volumes entitled
742:History of Popular Portuguese Poetry
2567:20th-century Portuguese politicians
1559:"Braga (Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes)"
1531:
1448:Maria Luísa V. de Paiva Boléo, 1996
1325:List of prime ministers of Portugal
1282:História da Universidade de Coimbra
1252:Traços gerais da Filosofia Positiva
1129:História da Universidade de Coimbra
1066:70 Rua de Santa Gertrudes à Estrela
707:Traços Gerais de Filosofia Positiva
24:
2300:
1532:Luz, José Luís Brandão da (2002).
1258:História do Romantismo em Portugal
1121:História do Romantismo em Portugal
1086:
25:
2583:
2572:20th-century presidents in Europe
1568:"Breve síntese da vida e da obra"
1541:
1525:Braga (Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes)
1288:História da Literatura Portuguesa
1135:) is still considered important.
1109:History of the Portuguese Theatre
994:... when by now it was not needed
774:Collection of Portuguese Romances
756:, and then later (1869) the book
730:História da Literatura Portuguesa
1834:
1629:
1552:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: O Leme.
1436:Manuel Amaral, 1915, pp. 437–438
734:History of Portuguese Literature
302:
27:Portuguese president (1843–1924)
2557:19th-century Portuguese writers
1613:Works by or about Teófilo Braga
1566:Homen, Amadeu Carvalho (2006).
1507:
1482:
1473:
1301:Antologias: Cancioneiro Popular
939:Republican Social Studies Group
460:); it was a timid imitation of
340:elected president of the First
317:Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga
260:
188:Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga
18:Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga
1464:
1451:
1430:
1405:
1395:
1367:
1340:Timeline of Portuguese history
1320:List of presidents of Portugal
1270:Camões e o Sentimento Nacional
839:The Republicans believed that
674:Positivism and published works
658:A maior dor humana" (English:
412:, and quit the army after the
356:Teófilo Braga was born in the
13:
1:
1360:
1058:
668:Polytechnic Academy of Oporto
558:António Feliciano de Castilho
493:
486:paternal uncle of the author
436:), that his first naive poem
2552:University of Coimbra alumni
1392:Lúcia Costa Melo Simas, 2007
1222:História do Teatro Português
1105:História do Teatro Português
1039:factions were able to elect
402:Diogo Gonçalves de Travassos
351:
7:
2043:Prime ministers of Portugal
1885:António de Oliveira Salazar
1628:(public domain audiobooks)
1427:Amadeu Carvalho Homem, 1989
1313:
919:Portuguese Republican Party
912:
750:Collection of Popular Poems
10:
2588:
2000:Interim presidents are in
1178:
1011:'s faction would form the
950:Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro
895:Academia Real das Ciências
522:, in what became known as
2562:19th-century male writers
2517:People from Ponta Delgada
2364:
2311:
2298:
2049:
1998:
1914:
1843:
1832:
1740:
1691:
1682:
1674:
1660:
1651:
1647:António Teixeira de Sousa
1639:
1330:Portuguese First Republic
1246:Parnaso Português Moderno
1197:
1138:
1050:. Arriaga had supported
903:Academia Real de História
899:Royal Academy of Sciences
831:, defending the ideas of
613:Good Sense and Good Taste
321:Portuguese pronunciation:
310:
298:
286:
278:
244:
228:
211:
183:
178:
174:
152:
144:António Teixeira de Sousa
130:
119:
111:
99:
87:
75:
64:
57:
53:
41:
34:
2374:National Salvation Junta
1940:Francisco da Costa Gomes
1896:Francisco Craveiro Lopes
1355:
1295:Anthologies and research
1240:Bocage, sua Vida e Época
907:Royal Academy of History
809:of literary charlatanism
633:As Teocracias Literárias
414:Concession of Evoramonte
384:and known as one of the
325:[tiˈɔfiluˈβɾaɣɐ]
2532:Portuguese philosophers
1990:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
1806:António José de Almeida
1557:Amaral, Manuel (2001).
1523:Amaral, Manuel (1996).
1290:(1909–1918) – 4 volumes
1284:(1891–1902) – 4 volumes
1224:(1870–1871) – 4 volumes
1037:Manuel de Brito Camacho
1017:António José de Almeida
660:The Greatest Human Pain
2537:Portuguese republicans
2522:Presidents of Portugal
2305:
1796:João do Canto e Castro
1734:Presidents of Portugal
1622:Works by Teófilo Braga
1604:Works by Teófilo Braga
978:José Luciano de Castro
957:1890 British Ultimatum
952:
927:Francisco Homem Cristo
923:31 January 1891 revolt
683:
637:The Literary Theocracy
617:A Dignidade das Letras
593:Manuel Pinheiro Chagas
553:La Légende des siècles
114:Provisional Government
2304:
1950:António Ramalho Eanes
1869:Manuel Gomes da Costa
1859:José Mendes Cabeçadas
1816:Manuel Teixeira Gomes
1685:President of Portugal
1479:Mattoso, idem, p. 4O9
1470:Mattoso, idem, p. 409
1264:Sistema de Sociologia
1021:Partido Evolucionista
947:
715:Sistema de Sociologia
681:
654:Camilo Castelo Branco
609:Bom Senso e Bom Gosto
438:A Canção do Guerreiro
293:University of Coimbra
250:Maria do Carmo Xavier
233:Portuguese Republican
59:President of Portugal
2527:Portuguese agnostics
2269:Domingues dos Santos
2101:Constitutional Junta
1459:História de Portugal
1345:Politics of Portugal
988:and enthronement of
970:Partido Progressista
965:José Maria de Alpoim
817:Father of Charlatans
682:Teófilo Braga (1882)
625:Literaturas Oficiais
621:A Dignity of Letters
267:; died
2507:Azorean politicians
2389:Pinheiro de Azevedo
1980:Aníbal Cavaco Silva
1350:Culture of Portugal
1335:History of Portugal
1151:Tempestades Sonoras
1077:Jerónimos Monastery
1013:Partido Democrático
901:), Lisbon, and the
813:Papa dos charlatães
746:Cancioneiro Popular
719:System of Sociology
629:Official Literature
573:Tempestades Sonoras
386:Children of Palhavã
342:Portuguese Republic
2306:
1930:António de Spínola
1826:Bernardino Machado
1776:Bernardino Machado
1695:Bernardino Machado
1276:As Lendas Christãs
1185:Contos Fantásticos
1174:"A noiva do corvo"
1163:Miragens Seculares
1033:Bernardino Machado
953:
891:Luís Vaz de Camões
713:), 1877 and later
684:
468:) by noted author
426:A Estrela Oriental
106:Bernardino Machado
2484:
2483:
2425:Freitas do Amaral
2143:Tamagnini Barbosa
2097:Pimenta de Castro
2009:
2008:
1756:Manuel de Arriaga
1701:
1700:
1692:Succeeded by
1678:Manuel de Arriaga
1664:Manuel de Arriaga
1661:Succeeded by
1608:Project Gutenberg
1169:Poesia do Direito
1052:Pimenta de Castro
1048:Manuel de Arriaga
1041:Manuel de Arriaga
1029:União Republicana
990:King D. Manuel II
600:Poema da Mocidade
520:Antero de Quental
488:Antero de Quental
430:The Oriental Star
396:, who was one of
346:Manuel de Arriaga
336:, as well as the
314:
313:
159:Manuel de Arriaga
112:President of the
94:Manuel de Arriaga
16:(Redirected from
2579:
2351:Oliveira Salazar
2321:Mendes Cabeçadas
2264:Rodrigues Gaspar
2253:Ginestal Machado
2092:Azevedo Coutinho
2036:
2029:
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2013:
2012:
1987:
1977:
1967:
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1903:
1893:
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1793:
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1675:Preceded by
1640:Preceded by
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1617:Internet Archive
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1461:, vol. 6, p. 403
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1145:Visão dos Tempos
770:O Povo Português
754:Romanceiro Geral
544:Visão dos Tempos
528:Coimbra Question
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2394:Almeida e Costa
2360:
2313:Second Republic
2307:
2296:
2165:Fernandes Costa
2105:Pinheiro Chagas
2064:Pinheiro Chagas
2045:
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1918:(1974–present)
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1574:on 20 May 2010
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1542:External links
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48:Braga in 1915
45:
40:
36:Teófilo Braga
33:
30:
19:
2441:Cavaco Silva
2379:Palma Carlos
2341:Ivens Ferraz
2058:
2001:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1960:Mário Soares
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
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1786:Sidónio Pais
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1593:. Retrieved
1576:. Retrieved
1572:the original
1533:
1524:
1515:
1508:Bibliography
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1407:
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1027:created the
1019:founded the
1009:Afonso Costa
1002:
993:
954:
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792:
788:), in 1917:
785:
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778:
773:
769:
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761:
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749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:remuneration
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:Émile Littré
688:
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355:
316:
315:
235:(until 1911)
217:(1924-01-28)
154:Succeeded by
121:
101:Succeeded by
66:
29:
2502:1924 deaths
2497:1843 births
2420:Sá Carneiro
2187:Ramos Preto
2070:Vasconcelos
1847:(1933–1974)
1744:(1910–1926)
1668:João Chagas
1093:ethnography
1005:José Relvas
961:João Franco
851:A Vanguarda
585:Modern Odes
577:Tempestades
548:Victor Hugo
540:Tira-Teimas
532:O Pirilampo
390:Santa Maria
370:King João V
240:(from 1911)
166:João Chagas
162:(President)
132:Preceded by
89:Preceded by
2491:Categories
2476:Montenegro
2415:Pintasilgo
2410:Mota Pinto
2242:Cunha Leal
2237:Maia Pinto
2170:Sá Cardoso
2159:Sá Cardoso
1658:1910–1911
1361:References
1131:(English:
1123:(English:
1115:(English:
1107:(English:
1099:(English:
1083:, Lisbon.
1059:Later life
998:freemasons
937:(English:
905:(English:
897:(English:
881:(English:
873:(English:
865:(English:
833:positivism
815:(English:
807:hierophant
784:(English:
748:(English:
740:(English:
732:(English:
717:(English:
709:(English:
690:Positivism
635:(English:
627:(English:
619:(English:
611:(English:
597:obra-prima
583:(English:
564:(English:
526:(English:
494:University
478:São Miguel
458:The Island
446:O Santelmo
424:newspaper
330:Portuguese
288:Alma mater
238:Democratic
224:, Portugal
207:, Portugal
194:1843-02-24
2384:Gonçalves
2274:Guimarães
2258:A. Castro
2204:A. Castro
2111:J. Castro
1157:Torrentes
869:), 1879,
846:condemned
795:carrancas
772:(English
721:), 1884.
536:O Fósforo
514:While at
442:O Meteoro
410:Mosteiros
352:Biography
334:Manuel II
299:Signature
140:(Monarch)
137:Manuel II
122:In office
67:In office
2461:Sócrates
2446:Guterres
2346:Oliveira
2182:Baptista
1626:LibriVox
1595:12 April
1578:12 April
1490:Figueira
1314:See also
986:regicide
913:Politics
859:O Rebate
855:O Século
374:Theology
362:São José
279:Children
2356:Caetano
2336:Freitas
2331:Carmona
2215:Machado
2122:Almeida
2086:Machado
2002:italics
1615:at the
1191:Viriato
1179:Fiction
931:Leixões
516:Coimbra
483:Coimbra
380:of the
273:
257:
253:
2435:Soares
2399:Soares
2232:Coelho
2226:Granjo
2198:Granjo
2148:Relvas
1309:(1883)
1303:(1867)
1278:(1892)
1272:(1891)
1266:(1884)
1260:(1880)
1254:(1877)
1248:(1877)
1242:(1877)
1236:(1875)
1230:(1872)
1218:(1870)
1212:(1869)
1206:(1865)
1198:Essays
1193:(1904)
1187:(1865)
1171:(1865)
1165:(1884)
1159:(1869)
1153:(1864)
1147:(1864)
1139:Poetry
1111:) and
1070:Lisbon
984:, the
752:) and
623:) and
566:Vision
454:A Ilha
378:knight
358:Azores
338:second
263:
245:Spouse
222:Lisbon
205:Azores
2471:Costa
2437:(2nd)
2401:(1st)
2293:(4th)
2291:Silva
2287:(3rd)
2281:(3rd)
2279:Silva
2260:(2nd)
2249:(2nd)
2247:Silva
2228:(2nd)
2217:(2nd)
2210:Pinto
2206:(1st)
2200:(1st)
2194:(1st)
2192:Silva
2178:(2nd)
2172:(2nd)
2161:(1st)
2155:(1st)
2129:(3rd)
2127:Costa
2118:(2nd)
2116:Costa
2107:(2nd)
2088:(1st)
2082:(1st)
2080:Costa
2075:Leite
2066:(1st)
2059:Braga
1966:XVIII
1689:1915
1498:Porto
1496:from
1494:Braga
1356:Notes
1081:Belém
1068:, in
562:Visão
434:Lousã
360:, in
271:)
259:(
255:
2133:Pais
1956:XVII
1902:XIII
1822:VIII
1597:2010
1580:2010
963:and
857:and
697:and
538:and
444:and
269:1911
265:1868
212:Died
184:Born
1976:XIX
1946:XVI
1926:XIV
1892:XII
1812:VII
1772:III
1624:at
1606:at
1103:),
1079:in
941:).
744:),
550:'s
2493::
1986:XX
1936:XV
1875:XI
1855:IX
1802:VI
1782:IV
1762:II
1441:^
1416:^
1383:^
853:,
835:.
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261:m.
203:,
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2021:v
2004:.
1865:X
1792:V
1752:I
1726:e
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1712:v
1599:.
1582:.
1377:.
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464:(
456:(
428:(
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282:3
196:)
192:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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