Joanna I of Naples

1593:). Boccaccio devoted part of his biography of Joanna to dispelling any idea that Joanna was not the rightful ruler of Naples, which Boccaccio did by proclaiming that Joanna was a descendant of a noble bloodline. Boccaccio claimed that Joanna I's bloodline could be traced all the way back to “Dardanus, the founder of Troy, whose father the ancients said was Jupiter." Boccaccio also definitively and unequivocally proclaimed Joanna to be the lawful ruler of Naples by discussing the manner in which she ascended the Neapolitan throne. Boccaccio mentioned in his biography of Joanna that she rightfully inherited the kingdom from her grandfather because Joanna's father had died in his youth. In addition to demonstrating for his readers that Joanna was the rightful Queen of Naples, Boccaccio revealed his personal support for Joanna amongst the chaos of her reign and the controversy surrounding it. In Boccaccio's view, the question of whether a woman could reign or if there were other nobles who were more fit to rule was irrelevant because of Joanna. Boccaccio also discussed her capabilities and the aspects of her reign that made her a great ruler in his eyes. When Boccaccio summarized all of the areas and provinces that Joanna ruled over, he described Naples as having remarkable towns, fruitful fields, great nobles, and great wealth, but he also emphasized that “Joanna's spirit equal to ruling it”. Additionally, Boccaccio claimed that the reason why Naples was a prosperous Kingdom was because it was no longer inhabited by the Hungarian Royal Family and their supporters that he disliked. Boccaccio claimed that Joanna “bravely attacked and cleaned out the bands of wicked men” who had occupied Naples. 1011: 825:

1344, but he soon emphasized Joanna's hereditary right to rule. Five days later, Joanna urged the Pope to withdraw his legate and to authorize her to rule alone. The Pope soon responded, declaring that Joanna would alone rule the kingdom "just as if she were a man" even after she and her husband were jointly crowned. Around the same time, Queen Elizabeth returned to Naples and Andrew's courtiers informed her that they had learnt of plots against Andrew's life. She decided to take her son back to Hungary, but Joanna, Agnes of Périgord and Catherine of Valois jointly dissuaded her. Joanna and her grandaunts most probably feared that Andrew would return from Hungary to Naples accompanied by Hungarian troops. Queen Elizabeth departed from Italy on 25 February, leaving her son behind. The Angevins' northern Italian enemies took advantage of the weakened position of the

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behind him; and with Joanna in her own bedroom, a terrible struggle ensued, Andrew defending himself furiously and shrieking for aid. He was finally overpowered, strangled with a cord, and flung from a window with a rope tied to his genitals. Isolde, Andrew's Hungarian nurse, heard his cries, and with her own screams chased the murderers off. She took the Prince's corpse to the church of the monks, and remained with it until next morning in mourning. When the Hungarian knights arrived she told them everything in their mother tongue so no one else would learn about the truth, and soon they left Naples, telling everything to the Hungarian King. Opinions are divided on the real involvement of the Queen in the assassination. For some, she was the instigator of the murder; for others, like Émile-Guillaume Léonard, Joanna's involvement has not been demonstrated.

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ordered Aymery de Châlus to move to Naples without any delay. Chalus reached Naples on 20 May 1344. Joanna wanted to swear fealty to the Pope alone in a private ceremony, but the papal legate resisted her demands. Joanna had to take the oath of obedience along with her husband in a public ceremony. Joanna fell sick and her illness enabled Andrew to achieve the Pipini brothers' liberation, but his act outraged other Neapolitan aristocrats. On 28 August, the papal legate formally recognized Joanna as the legitimate heir to Naples, but she had to acknowledge the papal legate's right to administer the kingdom. Chalus dissolved the regency council and appointed new officials to govern the provinces. However, the royal officials ignored the legate's orders and Joanna refused to pay the yearly tribute to the Holy See, saying that she had been deprived of the

1546: 1418:. After some hesitation, Joanna decided for Clement VII and supported him with 50,000 florins. Urban VI for his part encouraged the enemies of Joanna: the King of Hungary, the Duke of Andria and Charles of Durazzo. Being in a critical situation, Joanna appealed to Clement VII, who advised her to use Louis I of Anjou in her favor. France and Avignon counted on Naples to give them a foothold in Italy, if it came to resolving the schism by force. However, for Joanna the main factor of her support to Clement VII was Urban VI's attempts to take Naples away from her and to cede part of her Kingdom to his nephew, Francesco Prignano. On 11 May 1380 Urban VI declared her a heretic and her Kingdom, a papal fief, to be forfeit and bestowed it upon Charles of Durazzo. 1083:, and the couple was received by Clement VI. Joanna's visit had a triple purpose: to obtain a dispensation for her marriage to Louis of Taranto, to receive the absolution or exoneration of Andrew's murder and to prepare the reconquest of her Kingdom. The Pope granted the couple the dispensation, appointed a commission to investigate the charges of involvement in the murder of Andrew and bought the city of Avignon for 80,000 florins, which became effectively separate from Provence. Eventually, Joanna was exonerated for the crime by the Pope. During her stay in Avignon, by the end of June, Joanna gave birth to her second child and first-born from her marriage with Louis of Taranto, a daughter called Catherine. 1434: 915:

answered that she was in the best position to look after her husband's interests, implying that her "understanding of gender roles within her marriage" was atypical, according to historian Elizabeth Casteen. On 9 July, the Pope announced that he would excommunicate her if she continued to give away royal estates. Queen Sancia died on 28 July. Before long, Joanna abandoned her husband. Rumours about a love affair between Joanna and Louis of Taranto started to spread in Naples, but her unfaithfulness was never proven. Pope Clement VI decided to achieve Andrew's coronation and charged Cardinal Chalus with performing the ceremony.

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VI refused and commanded Cardinal Talleyrand-Périgord to send an envoy to Naples to mediate a compromise. The cardinal's emissary persuaded the parties to sign an agreement on 14 July 1343. The legitimacy of Charles and Maria's marriage was acknowledged, but Catherine of Valois and her sons received cash settlement from the royal treasury. Joanna lost confidence both in her sister and in the Durazzo branch of her family and started to promote the career of her most trusted retainers, including Philippa of Catania's son, Roberto de' Cabanni, and her illegitimate uncle,

1111: 903: 3954: 1296:, suffered ninety years earlier in 1282. Joanna then immersed herself fully in the running of her kingdom, and enjoyed every aspect of government. Although she was a fair and judicious ruler, no law or edict, however minor, was ever carried out without her personal approval and seal. Joanna's reign was also marked by her support and protection of local businesses, the creation of new industry, and her refusal to debase the currency. Crime was greatly reduced and she was an ardent promoter of peace within her vast realm. 1469:

that pass like the wind, you yourself have deprived yourself of them by your actions.” What Catherine was referring to was the legal position of Naples in relation to the Papacy. While Joanna had been established as the legitimate ruler of the Neapolitan Kingdom, she was also under the rule of the Pope in Rome. The Neapolitan throne had been under legal oversight of the Papacy "since the mid-thirteenth century, and the kingdom was a valuable source of revenue, prestige, and soldiers for the Church."

809:'s envoy, experienced that the kingdom had moved towards anarchy after King Robert's death. He recorded that bands of bullying noblemen terrorized the people during the nights and gladiator games were regularly held in the presence of Joanna and Andrew. He also claimed that a hypocrite Franciscan friar, Fra' Roberto, controlled the regency council, describing him as a "terrible three-footed beast, with its feet naked, with its head bare, arrogant about its poverty, dripping with pleasure." 1376: 511: 813:

an amnesty to them. Queen Elizabeth, who was still staying in Rome, realized that the conflict between the influential cardinal and the Neapolitan leaders gave opportunity to strengthen her son's position. Andrew took sides with the Pipini and promised to achieve their liberation. Petrarch's reports from Naples convinced the Pope that the regency council could not administer the kingdom effectively. Emphasizing that Joanna was still a minor, the Pope appointed Cardinal

876:, urged Pope Clement VI to dismiss his legate who was also willing to abdicate. After King Philip VI intervened against the legate, the Pope decided to recall him, declaring that the 18-year-old Joanna had matured under the legate's auspices in December 1344. In February 1345, the Pope issued a bull, forbidding Joanna's most trusted advisors—Philippa of Catania and her relatives—to intervene in politics, but he also replaced Chalus with Guillaume Lamy, 1387: 499:

the fact that her mother gave birth to four or five children during her four years' marriage, Joanna was probably born in either December 1325 or early 1328. The early deaths of two of her siblings —A daughter, variously named Eloisa, Louise or Maria (born in January/February 1325; died 27 December 1325) and Charles Martel (born 13 April 1327; died eight days later)— left Joanna as the second in line to the Neapolitan throne after her own father.

49: 1478: 1329: 503: 1490: 613: 577:, decided not to obey. When Joanna was invested with the right to succeed her grandfather on 30 November, John and Agnes were among the Neapolitan vassals who swore fealty to her, but Philip and Catherine did not attend the ceremony. Even the Pope could only persuade Philip to send a deputy to Naples to pay homage to Joanna on his behalf on 3 March 1331. 401:, and Joanna. Charles I also wanted to secure his uncle's inheritance to Andrew, but King Robert named Joanna as his sole heir on his deathbed in 1343. He also appointed a regency council to govern his realms until Joanna's 21st birthday, but the regents could not actually take control of state administration after the King's death. 707:

claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem to her. He also stipulated that Maria was to inherit Joanna's realms if she died childless. King Robert did not order Andrew's coronation, thus excluding him from the administration of Naples. The dying king also set up a regency council, consisting of his most trusted advisors—the Vice-Chancellor

1372:, who valiantly defended her rights in Piedmont. The wedding in person took place three months later, on 25 March 1376 at Castel Nuovo. Although the new husband was reduced to the status of Prince consort, Charles of Durazzo was irritated by this union and approached Louis the Great of Hungary, Joanna's enemy. 1177: 1536:

Her body was brought to Naples where for several days it was put on display to the public as proof of her death. As Urban VI had excommunicated Joanna, the Queen could not be consecrated in church property and was therefore tossed into a deep well on the grounds of Santa Chiara Church. The Neapolitan

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In exchange for his help, Joanna adopted Louis I of Anjou as her heir on 29 June 1380, replacing Charles of Durazzo. This agreement realized the ambitions that the Duke of Anjou harbored for a long time. Charles of Durazzo then invaded Naples in November 1380 at the head of an army mainly composed by

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and trusted to the loyalty of Marseille, prepared her escape from the vengeance of Louis. Without waiting for the return of her husband, she embarked on 15 January 1348 on two galleys—property of the Marseille citizen Jacques de Gaubert to Provence—taking with her the still devoted Enrico Caracciolo.

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Joanna started distributing large parcels of the royal domains to her most trusted supporters, among them Roberto de' Cabanni, who was rumored to be her lover. Joanna's donations outraged the Pope who started to hint that he was ready to strengthen Andrew's role in state administration. The Pope also

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depict only Joanna wearing a crown in the late 1330s. Since the King had commissioned it, the pictures suggests that he had decided to ignore Andrew's claim to the throne. Indeed, in his last will, he named Joanna as his sole heir to Naples, Provence, Forcalquier and Piedmont, and also bequeathed his

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Raised in the cultured and refined court of her grandfather, Joanna apparently received no formal education or, if she did, was not very accurate, given that the Angevin documents do not mention the names of her tutors. She probably studied the books in the royal library, which contained the writings

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The negotiations between her mother-in-law and the Holy See alarmed Joanna and she asked the Pope in a letter on 1 December to stop discussing Neapolitan issues with the Hungarian envoys. The Pope addressed Andrew as the "illustrious king of Sicily" and urged his coronation in a letter on 19 January

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to strengthen Andrew's position. Before departing from Hungary, Queen Elizabeth collected 21,000 marks of gold and 72,000 marks of silver from the Hungarian treasury, because she was ready to spend a large amount of money to buy the support of the Holy See and the Neapolitan aristocrats for her son.

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Catherine of Valois's second son, Louis of Taranto, invaded Charles of Durazzo's domains. Charles of Durazzo gathered his troops to secure the defense of his estates. Her sister's secret marriage infuriated Joanna and she sent letters to the Pope demanding the annulment of the marriage. Pope Clement

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In contrast to the theory of Émile-Guillaume Léonard, who considered Joanna an illiterate because she defined herself as "a woman with little instruction in letters so for this reason she was frequently deceived" in a letter to Pope Clement VI in 1346, according to Mario Gaglione it would be only a

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The death of Louis of Taranto, a brutal and authoritarian husband, finally gave Joanna the opportunity to take back the power she had been denied. During the next three years, the Queen would take a series of measures that made her popular: she granted a pardon to Raymond des Baux on 20 March 1363,

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In October 1351, Joanna gave birth to her second child with Louis, another daughter, Françoise. Five months later, on 23 March 1352, Louis received Pope Clement VI's formal recognition as his wife's co-ruler in all her realms. On 27 May, Louis was crowned with her by the Archbishop of Braga in the

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on 30 July, then to the Fort de Brégançon on 31 July and finally arrived in Naples on 17 August 1348. One month after her arrival, she broke her previous promises on 20 September by removing Raymond d'Agoult from his post of Seneschal and appointing in his place the Neapolitan Giovanni Barrili. The

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Petrarch wanted to achieve the liberation of Colonna's relatives, the Pipini brothers, who had been imprisoned for various crimes in 1341. Their property was distributed among various members of the royal family and the Neapolitan aristocracy and Petrarch could persuade the regency council to grant

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Andrew grew up in Naples, but he and his Hungarian retainers were regarded as foreigners. His cousins (the sons of Philip of Taranto and John of Durazzo), and even Joanna often made fun of him. Both contemporaneous and later authors were convinced that King Robert initially wanted to appoint Andrew

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and the Honor of Monte Sant' Angelo—to him and his sons. He also put forward a marriage alliance, asking Joanna's hand for one of his sons. The Pope supported the plan and kept urging Robert to accept it. The widowed Catherine of Valois approached her half-brother, Philip VI of France, to intervene

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claimed that she had been born in Florence, but she may have actually been born during her parents' travel towards the town, according to scholar Nancy Goldstone. The precise date of Joanna's birth is unknown; according to some researchers, she was most probably born in 1326 or 1327; however, given

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viewed Joanna as a demonically misguided ruler due to her support for Clement VII over Urban VI. In her letter to Joanna, Catherine told Joanna to consider her temporal position invalid by supporting the Pope in Avignon: “And if I consider your condition akin to those temporal and transitory goods

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in an iron cage, an experience which left him mentally deranged. In addition to his poor mental state, another bone of contention between the couple was James IV's efforts to be involved in the government, although he was excluded from any role in the government of Naples in his marriage contract.

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Queen Elizabeth and her retinue entered Naples on 25 July. She first approached Joanna's stepgrandmother, but the ailing Sancia of Majorca did not interfere in favor of Andrew. Joanna did not openly oppose her husband's coronation, but her mother-in-law soon realized that she only applied delaying

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From early 1349 onwards, all documents for the Kingdom were issued in the names of both husband and wife, and Louis was indisputably in control of military fortresses. On coins issued during their joint reign, Louis' name always preceded Joanna's. Although he was not officially recognised by Pope

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and asked him to grant the title of king to her husband, most probably because she wanted to secure the Hungarian Angevins' support to shorten the term of her minority. The Pope regarded the establishment of the regency council as a usurpation of his sovereign rights, but he wanted to control the

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King Robert died on 20 January 1343, at the age of 67, after 34 years as king of Naples. Two days later, Andrew was knighted and his marriage to Joanna was consummated in accordance with the late king's last wishes. Thereafter, they mainly met with each other only at important state and religious

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After easily taking the city of Naples, Louis the Great ordered the execution of Charles of Durazzo, Joanna's cousin and brother-in-law: he was beheaded on 23 January 1348 in the same place where Louis' brother Andrew was murdered. Joanna and Andrew's son, Charles Martel (betrothed to Charles of

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After another Hungarian offensive which led to the walls of Naples in 1350, Pope Clement VI sent a Legate, Raymond Saquet, Bishop of Saint-Omer, with a fleet commanded by Hugues des Baux. Following this, Louis of Taranto promised to respect Joanna's independence. Shortly after, Louis the Great,

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Louis took advantage of the turmoil caused by yet another Hungarian attack to wrest complete royal authority from his wife. He purged the court of her supporters, and struck down her favourite, Enrico Caracciolo, whom he accused of adultery in April 1349 and very likely had executed. Two months

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Hearing of the Pope's reversal, a group of noble conspirators determined to forestall Andrew's coronation. During a hunting trip at Aversa in 1345, Andrew left his room in the middle of the night from 18 to 19 September and was set upon by the conspirators. A treacherous servant barred the door

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The relationship between Joanna and the Pope became tense, because she again started to alienate royal estates and ignored the Pope's proposals. On 10 June, Clement VI urged her to stop obstructing Andrew's coronation, but she was determined to exclude her husband from state administration. She

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Charles I of Hungary came personally to Naples to complete the negotiations with his uncle about the marriage of Joanna and Andrew in the summer of 1333. He had not spared money during the journey, because he wanted to demonstrate his wealth and power. The two kings came to terms after further

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In his official statement, Charles claimed Joanna died of natural causes. However, other documentary sources unanimously claim she was murdered. Because of the nature of the remote and clandestine act, the accounts of the manner in which Joanna was slain vary. The two most authentic sources:

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on 26 March. The betrothal outraged Catherine of Valois who appealed to King Philip VI of France and the Pope, demanding them to achieve its annulment. Two days after the betrothal, Charles of Durazzo abducted Maria to his castle where a priest secretly married them and the marriage was soon

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In anticipation of his marriage, Louis was made Joint-Protector and Defender of the Kingdom (1 May 1347), jointly with Charles of Durazzo. One month later (20 June), Louis was made Vicar-General of the Kingdom. The marriage caused the Queen's popularity within her own Kingdom to fall.

1161:, Louis' brother (and third husband of Joanna's sister Maria since April 1355), was sent to Provence as Vicar General to fight against the forces that ravaged Provence. He bought the support of the troops of the Count of Armagnac which also showed daunting for local people. Finally 725:

ceremonies. Otherwise, they went to separate churches, they visited separate places and Joanna even forbade her husband to enter her bedchamber without her permission. The fifteen-year-old Andrew did not have his own treasury and Joanna's courtiers controlled his daily spendings.

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on 20 January 1348, where she received a warm welcome. She swore to observe the privileges of the city and received the oath of allegiance of its inhabitants. She signed the letters patents that united the upper and lower towns, ensuring the administrative unit. She then went to

711:, Bishop of Cavaillon, Fillipo di Sanginetto, Great Seneschal of Provence, and Admiral Giffredo di Marzano—and headed by Sancia. He ordered that Joanna could only start to rule alone after her 21st birthday, ignoring customary law which established 18 as the age of majority. 1771:

rhetorical phrase. Nancy Goldstone argues that Sancia of Majorca also defined herself in a similar way and was able to write, so she believes that Joanna knew how to do the same. The unclean Latin in the Queen's letters would indicate that she had written it in her own hand.

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visited Naples in 1372. Through the mediation of Gregory XI, the final peace treaty with Louis I of Anjou was signed on 11 April 1371, under which he gave up his claim over Tarascon. In addition, the Queen recovered her domains in Piedmont thanks to the success of the

1265:. The intervention of both Pope Urban V and King Charles V, as well the excommunication against du Guesclin on 1 September 1368, caused the retreat of the latter and the signing of a peace Treaty on 13 April 1369, which was followed by a truce signed on 2 January 1370. 644:, exercised an even greater influence on their education, and became a sort of second mother for the orphaned princesses. Sancia and Philippa were the most influential personalities in the court of Robert who did not make decisions without their consent, according to 1537:

Kingdom was left to decades of recurring wars of succession. Louis I of Anjou was able to retain the mainland counties of Provence and Forcalquier. James of Baux, the nephew of Philip II of Taranto, claimed the Principality of Achaea after her deposition in 1381.

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Agnes of Périgord wanted to secure the marriage of Joanna's sister Maria to her eldest son, Charles of Durazzo. The Dowager Queen Sancia and Joanna supported her plan, but they knew that Catherine of Valois would oppose the marriage. Agnes's brother,

530:, had explicitly acknowledged the right of Charles I's female descendants to inherit the throne, but it also stipulated that a female monarch was to marry and to allow her husband to rule. Furthermore, the Neapolitan royal house was a branch of the 447:

was performed without her permission, becoming both spouses in the heads of the political faction against Joanna. Trying to reconcile with the Durazzo branch and with the purpose to secure her succession, Joanna arranged the marriage of her niece

393:, King of Naples, but he died before his father in 1328. Three years later, King Robert appointed Joanna as his heir and ordered his vassals to swear fealty to her. To strengthen Joanna's position, he concluded an agreement with his nephew, King 3125:, Marseille, Archives départementales des Bouches-du-Rhône, 1924, 966 p., chap. XVII (« L'ère des troubles : la reine Jeanne (1343–1382), établissement de la seconde maison d'Anjou : Louis Ier (1382–1384) »), p. 391. 1192:, who was ten years her junior. The wedding took place in person five months later, in May 1363 at Castel Nuovo. Unfortunately, this marriage was also turbulent: her new husband had been imprisoned for almost 14 years by his uncle King 1445:

Joanna entrusted her husband Otto of Brunswick with the few troops she could muster, but he was unable to stop the forces of Charles of Durazzo, who on 28 June 1381 crossed the borders of the Kingdom of Naples. After Otto's defeat at

1450:, and bypassing the Neapolitan defences at Aversa, Charles entered in Naples on 16 July at 7 p.m. and besieged Joanna in Castel Nuovo. Without any help, Joanna was forced to surrender on 25 August and was imprisoned, firstly in 922:

Joanna informed the Papacy, as well as other states in Europe of the murder, expressing her disgust in letters, but her inner circle of friends were thought to be most suspect. On 25 December 1345, she gave birth to a son,

1502:, near Rome. But by that time the Queen was already dead. Charles of Durazzo, thinking that he couldn't resist Louis I of Anjou, decided on 28 May 1382 that Joanna should be transferred from the Castello del Parco to the 1425:

Louis I of Anjou may not have understood the gravity of the situation in Naples, and didn't intervene immediately because he was forced to remain in France after his brother's death as a regent of his nephew and new King

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described Joanna and Andrew as "two lambs entrusted to the care of a multitude of wolves, and I see a kingdom without a king". Most political factors resented the establishment of the regency council. Joanna approached

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on 26 February 1343, authorizing Charles of Durazzo to marry any woman. In possession of the bull, Maria was engaged to Charles of Durazzo in the presence of Joanna, Sancia and other members of the regency council at

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negotiations. According to the agreement, Andrew and Joanna were engaged, but Robert and Charles I also stipulated that Andrew was to marry Maria if he outlived Joanna, and one of Charles I's surviving sons—Louis or

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Louis I of Anjou finally decided to act and went to Avignon at the head of a powerful army on 31 May 1382 in order to rescue Joanna. He passed through Turin and Milan. Towards the beginning of September, he was in

1072:, where her reception was very different; the Provençal barons clearly demonstrated their hostility to her. She had to take an oath to do nothing against Provence and to appoint only locals in the county posts. 1367:

Joanna was now determined to undermine the position of Charles of Durazzo as potential heir. Indeed, with the approval of Pope Gregory XI, on 25 December 1375 she signed her fourth marriage contract, with

601:, as suitable husbands for Joanna and Maria. The Pope was resolute and issued a bull on 30 June 1331, ordering that Joanna and her sister were to marry Charles I's sons. Initially, Charles I's eldest son, 1532:

Since there is no testimony from witnesses present at the time of her murder, it is impossible to say definitively which of the reports is accurate. Another account states she was smothered with pillows.

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Despite her marital troubles, in January 1365 Joanna was found to be pregnant with James IV's child, but unfortunately in June she had a miscarriage, as was noted in a letter of condolence sent to her by

1701:" is a simplification used since 1805 by historiography to indicate the southern end of the Italian peninsula still under the Angevin government and which at the time was known as the Kingdom of Sicily 999:

and the latter's family. Louis was successful in driving his brother's forces back, but just as he reached Naples, it became known that the Hungarians planned to invade. Joanna made a pact with the

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Thierry Pécout: « Marseille et la reine Jeanne » dans Thierry Pécout (dir.), Martin Aurell, Marc Bouiron, Jean-Paul Boyer, Noël Coulet, Christian Maurel, Florian Mazel et Louis Stouff:

1320:: "Joanna, queen of Sicily and Jerusalem, is more renowned than other woman of her time for lineage, power, and character". Extant images reveal her to have been blonde-haired and fair-skinned. 1261:

were besieged, but while the first was captured, the latter was saved by Provençal troops after nineteen days of unsuccessful siege. The troops of Seneschal Raymond II d'Agoult were defeated at

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banded together with his cousin (and erstwhile rival) Charles of Durazzo against them. Some of Joanna's courtiers and servants were tortured and later executed, including her Sicilian governess

554:(whom the Pope regarded as heretics) and his negligence to pay the yearly tribute to the Holy See gave rise to tensions between Naples and the Papacy. Robert's two younger brothers, 784:, about Andrew's uncertain position. She and her eldest son, Louis I of Hungary, sent envoys to Avignon, urging the Pope to order Andrew's coronation. She also decided to visit the 668:. However, it seems that when she reached adulthood she was able to express herself in Latin (as her remaining letters could prove), French, Italian and Provençal. The chronicler 1003:, preventing them from invading at the same time. She married Louis on 22 August 1347, without seeking the necessary Papal dispensation, because of their being closely related. 1204:

Without hope of being King of Naples, James IV left Naples for Spain by the end of January 1366 and made an unsuccessful attempt to recapture Majorca. He was captured by King

1028:, Andrew's older brother, took this opportunity to seek the annexation of the Kingdom of Naples. He launched a military expedition and the first troops made their entrance to 895:

joined the Provençal army. They reoccupied Alba in the spring, but John II of Montferrat and the Visconti gathered their troops near Chieri and defeated Agoult's army in the

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Charles of Calabria died unexpectedly on 9 November 1328. With his death, his father faced the problem of succession, because Charles' posthumous child was also a daughter,

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He was a tutor and later castellan of Charles, Duke of Calabria, and ambassador to the King of France in 1323 to obtain the hand of Marie of Valois in marriage for Charles.

609:, was only Louis's substitute in case of his premature death. At one point during the negotiations, Charles I changed his decision and appointed Andrew to marry Joanna. 4125:

Léonard, Émile-G. (1932). "Histoire de Jeanne Ire, reine de Naples, comtesse de Provence (1343-1382) : La jeunesse de la reine Jeanne". In Picard, Auguste (ed.).

1528:, wife of Louis I of Anjou, states Joanna was killed by four men, presumably Hungarian, with her hands and feet tied and then smothered between two feather mattresses. 522:, born on 6 May 1329. Although Neapolitan law did not prevent women from inheriting the throne, the concept of a reigning queen was unusual. The agreement between the 805:

tactics. Queen Elizabeth left Naples for Rome and sent envoys to Avignon, urging the Pope to sanction Andrew's coronation. Petrarch, who visited Naples in October as

680:—should marry Joanna if Andrew died before her. The marriage contract was ceremoniously signed on 26 September. Next day, Robert invested Joanna and Andrew with the 1402:

developed, one of the largest fractures of Christianity in the Middle Ages. Two Popes were elected: Bartolomeo Prignano, Archbishop of Bari (who took the name of

1102:(who described Louis the Great as “’rabid’ and ‘more vicious than a snake’”), so it was easy for the Queen and her husband to gain popularity after their return. 404:

Joanna's personal life crucially affected the political stability of the Kingdom of Naples (murder of her first husband Andrew in 1345, the invasions of King

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and Bridget of Sweden, her court was notable for its extravagance, with her collection of exotic animals and servants of various origins including Turkish,

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Medieval European Coinage: Volume 14, South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia: With a Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, Volume 14, Part 3

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Joanna, by the Grace of God, Queen of Jerusalem and of Sicily, Duchess of Apulia, Princess of Capua, and Countess of Provence, Forqualquier, and Piedmont

1360:. Francis laid claim by force to the rights of Philip II, which Joanna had reverted to the crown. Joanna then confiscated his property by grounds of 1268:

After these periods of unrest, Joanna experienced a period of relative calm, thanks to her good relations with the Holy See under Popes Urban V and

927:, Andrew's posthumous child. The infant was proclaimed Duke of Calabria and Prince of Salerno on 11 December 1346 as heir of the Kingdom of Naples. 4041:

Duran, Michelle M. (2010). "The Politics of Art: Imaging Sovereignty in the Anjou Bible at Leuven". In Watteeuw, Lieve; Van der Stock, Jan (eds.).

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Clement VI as king and co-ruler until 1352, it is likely that Neapolitans considered him their monarch from the moment he started acting as such.

1216:. He was ransomed by Joanna in 1370 and returned to her briefly, only to depart again, this time for good. He failed in an attempt to recapture 616:

Miniature depicting Queen Sancia of Mallorca caressing her stepgranddaughters Joanna and Maria, presented to her by their mother Marie of Valois.

4140: 3916: 4230:. I classici Mondadori (in Italian). Vol. 10 of Tutte le opere di Giovanni Boccaccio (2nd ed.). Milan: Mondadori. Biography # 106. 924: 692:

for years, most probably because of Andrew's immaturity, but it gave rise to conflicts between the different branches of the House of Anjou.

298: 1257:, asserted a claim to Provence. With the help of the armies of Bertrand du Guesclin, he launched an attack. Avignon was ransomed, Arles and 672:

affirms that both Joanna and her sister Maria had been "informed of every art and virtue by the same Lord King Robert and by Queen Sancia".

1185:

replaced Roger of San Severino by Fouques d'Agoult as Seneschal of Provence, and promulgated various edicts to prevent internal disorders.

1168:

Louis of Taranto, who caught a cold while bathing, fell ill. His condition worsened over the course of a month and he died on 25 May 1362.

935:

When Joanna took the throne, several lords in northern Italy saw this as an opportunity to expand their territory at her expense. In 1344

747: 573:, accepted Robert's decision (possibly in the hope that one of their three sons could marry Joanna), but Philip I of Taranto and his wife, 1518:

Thomas of Niem, secretary to Urban VI, states Joanna was strangled with a silken chord whilst kneeling in prayer in the private chapel at

565:

Robert was determined to secure the succession to his own descendants and named Joanna and Maria as his heirs at a public ceremony at the

4557: 4385: 806: 4890: 1795: 880:. To placate the Pope, Joanna decided to conciliate Andrew and their conjugal union was restored. Before long, she became pregnant. 700:, claimed that the King "wanted his nephew, son of the King of Hungary, to succeed him after his death". However, miniatures of the 5163: 5143: 1336:

Without surviving children, Joanna sought a solution to her succession by arranging the marriage in January 1369 between her niece

1131:

Hotel di Taranto in Naples. A few days later, on 2 June, Françoise, by then the couple's only surviving child, died aged 8 months.

1090:, Joanna, with her husband and newborn daughter, left Avignon on 21 July and stayed in Marseille during 24–28 July, then moved to 5148: 4159:"The Journey of Charles I, King of Hungary, from Visegrád to Naples (1333): Its Political Implications and Artistic Consequences" 1693:

In reality, Joanna was crowned simply as "Queen of Sicily", despite her predecessors having lost control of the island after the

5233: 966:

in 1347. Together, they drove back the attackers through that July. John then added more forces to his alliance, bringing in

4360: 4341: 4206: 4187: 4103: 4069: 4050: 3942: 3727: 781: 1865: 5173: 5158: 4696: 3891: 849:

and continued their military campaign against other Piedmontese towns that acknowledged Joanna's sovereignty. They forced

5153: 4716: 1545: 1369: 988: 535: 417: 266: 1560: 821:

in a bull on 28 November 1343. Joanna's envoys made several efforts to delay the papal legate's departure from Avignon.

4818: 4813: 3787: 3668:

Chronicon Siculum incerti authoris ab anno m 340 ad annum 1396: in forma diarij ex inedito codice Ottoboniano Vaticano

5198: 5193: 5183: 4808: 4803: 4686: 4314: 4287: 4256: 3817: 3759: 3269:

The Cronaca Di Partenope: An Introduction to and Critical Edition of the First Vernacular History of Naples (c. 1350)

28: 2174: 1525: 17: 4158: 742:

administration of Naples. He rejected Joanna's proposal, but he rarely addressed letters directly to the council.

5213: 5093: 5074: 5058: 4550: 4028: 987:

was a seasoned warrior, who understood Neapolitan politics from his lifetime experiences, raised at the court of

936: 830: 487: 386: 339: 5228: 5203: 5168: 5046: 4839: 1236: 967: 580:

Charles I of Hungary had meanwhile asked the Pope to persuade Robert to restore the two fiefs that his father,

439:

With all her children having predeceased her, Joanna's heirs were the descendants of her only surviving sister

4351:

Wolf, Armin (1993). "Reigning Queens in Medieval Europe: When, Where, and Why". In Parsons, John Carmi (ed.).

48: 5178: 5016: 4883: 1482: 1340:(youngest daughter of her sister Maria and her first husband Charles, Duke of Durazzo), and her first-cousin 1240: 4705: 4612: 1349: 1158: 5243: 5218: 5208: 5188: 5128: 4660: 4617: 4607: 1694: 1433: 688:. The Pope granted the necessary dispensations for the marriages in November 1333. The marriage remained 574: 555: 456:, who eventually captured and imprisoned Joanna, and finally ordered her assassination on 27 July 1382. 5238: 5109: 4899: 4543: 4476: 4134: 3696: 963: 751: 465: 367: 363: 67: 4691: 4643: 3877: 1932: 1232: 992: 978: 594: 475: 382: 329: 3959:

Casteen, Elizabeth (3 June 2011). "Sex and Politics in Naples: The Regnant Queenship of Johanna I".

3953: 977:

When she made public her plans to marry one of her Taranto cousins and not Andrew's younger brother

4876: 4489: 4456: 4248: 939:

led attacks which conquered her cities of Alessandria, Asti, Tortona, Bra, and Alba. She sent her

801:. When meeting with her mother-in-law, Joanna was wearing her crown to emphasize her royal status. 606: 444: 398: 191: 3743: 3327:

The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325–1520

1596: 1142:, only to be forced to leave again after a serious naval defeat by the Catalans (29 June 1357) at 1114:

Provençal coin of "King Louis and Queen Joanna" (L· REX- E· I· REG), struck between 1349 and 1362.

4403: 1742: 1345: 873: 685: 589: 581: 469: 319: 3203:

Marseille au Moyen Âge, entre Provence et Méditerranée : Les horizons d'une ville portuaire

5004: 4989: 4921: 4757: 4517: 4500: 4024: 3837: 3807: 3775: 1750: 1618: 1352:. During a near fatal illness in November 1373, he bequeathed his claims to his brother-in-law 1246: 1060: 971: 708: 669: 637: 375: 1098:

Over time, the Hungarians came to be viewed as barbarians by the Neapolitan people, including

814: 5068: 4979: 4937: 4747: 4726: 4681: 4591: 4480: 4467: 4179: 4082:

Converà ti que aptengas la flor: profili di sovrani angioini, da Carlo I a Renato (1266-1442)

1657: 1519: 1503: 1455: 1438: 1341: 629: 628:, assumed responsibility for her daughters' education. Queen Sancia, a fervent patron of the 559: 551: 453: 371: 173: 99: 71: 3722:. Translated by Guido A. Guarino (2nd ed.). New York: Italica Press. pp. 248–249. 899:

on 23 April. Agoult died fighting in the battlefield and Chieri surrendered to the victors.

54: 5223: 5138: 5133: 5052: 4984: 4916: 4834: 4665: 4655: 4638: 4510: 3297: 1746: 1585: 1555: 1427: 1407: 1316: 1289: 1209: 542:, had been disinherited in Robert's favor in 1296, but he did not abandon his claim to the 539: 394: 1664:, narrating the passage of the Queen on her Provençal domains during her flying by Naples. 1139: 1039:

ready to invade the Kingdom of Naples. Faced with this threat, Joanna, who had retired at

570: 8: 5040: 5028: 4994: 4973: 4963: 4955: 4942: 4793: 4731: 3803: 1624: 1337: 1250: 1205: 1189: 996: 948: 944: 896: 884: 769: 657: 641: 491: 449: 413: 241: 1797:

Giovanna I d'Angiò, regina di Sicilia | Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani – volume 55

1273: 1048:

Durazzo's eldest daughter), who was left behind by his mother, was sent by his uncle to

5034: 5022: 4910: 4798: 4670: 4649: 4633: 4223: 4094:

The Lady Queen: The Notorious Reign of Joanna I, Queen of Naples, Jerusalem, and Sicily

4005: 3910: 3619: 3593: 3178:

The Lady Queen: The Notorious Reign of Joanna I, Queen of Naples, Jerusalem, and Sicily

1738: 1580: 1550: 1465: 1451: 1379: 1311: 1300: 1193: 1110: 1099: 1053: 1025: 877: 602: 527: 405: 1079:

on 15 March, to have a personal meeting with the Pope. Louis of Taranto joined her in

5010: 4950: 4932: 4859: 4752: 4676: 4356: 4337: 4320: 4310: 4293: 4283: 4262: 4252: 4231: 4202: 4183: 4099: 4065: 4046: 4012: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3938: 3887: 3843: 3813: 3783: 3755: 3723: 1698: 1293: 1277: 1150: 1000: 984: 959: 902: 892: 834: 681: 625: 598: 519: 440: 409: 290: 216: 149: 128: 5083: 4566: 4440: 4411: 4389: 3972: 1758: 1646: 1507: 1459: 1348:). This wedding was opposed by her former brother-in-law and Margaret's stepfather 1162: 1134:

In 1356 Louis and Joanna organized the reconquest of Sicily. They formally entered

697: 677: 495: 408:—justified as avenging the death of his brother—and her three later marriages with 355: 89: 4968: 4092: 1653:

by Hungarian born French artist Làszlò Barta); 1944 (published by Robert Laffont).

4447: 4118:

Medieval European Coinage, Volume 14: Italy (III) (South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia)

4113: 3968: 3935:

From She-Wolf to Martyr: The Reign and Disputed Reputation of Johanna I of Naples

1722: 1353: 1269: 1069: 798: 738: 702: 479: 390: 63: 3873: 1399: 1091: 1086:

Having learned that Louis the Great abandoned Naples after the outbreak of the

1044:

Louis of Taranto arrived in Naples the next day and escaped in another galley.

858: 661: 547: 531: 483: 429: 425: 5122: 5088: 4788: 4721: 4527: 4324: 4297: 4235: 3992: 3984: 1403: 1357: 1080: 991:, Joanna's aunt. After Joanna stated her intention to marry him, his brother 962:, who had supported Joanna. James called for help from his cousin and lord, 907: 854: 433: 3881: 1375: 3833: 1638: 1198: 1123:

later, on 8 June 1349, Catherine, Joanna and Louis' daughter, died aged 1.

1040: 1014: 760: 689: 633: 566: 4266: 510: 4270: 1282: 1213: 1188:

On 14 December 1362, Joanna contracted by proxy her third marriage, with

1087: 1029: 838: 790: 161: 1239:

crossed Avignon, and was crowned on 4 June 1365 as King of Arles at the

1049: 436:, who in retaliation declared her a heretic and usurper on 11 May 1380. 4376: 3847: 1714: 1217: 974:. Together, they captured nearly all of Joanna's lands in the region. 755: 665: 106: 1386: 1262: 1176: 550:

had ignored Charles's demands for years, but Robert's support for the

4999: 4868: 4282:. Guarino, Guido A., trans. (2nd ed.). New York: Italica Press. 3680: 1254: 1064: 1036: 940: 794: 645: 4535: 947:, to deal with it. He engaged the invaders on 23 April 1345 at the 502: 4334:

Avignon and Its Papacy, 1309–1417: Popes, Institutions, and Society

4080: 3685:

De mulieribus claris, CVI. DE IOHANNA, IERUSALEM ET SYCILIE REGINA.

1613:

A fictionalised account of her life can also be found in the novel

1567: 1499: 1477: 1328: 1258: 1224:

in 1375, and fled to Castile where he died of illness or poison at

1221: 1143: 846: 754:

at the Pope's court in Avignon. He persuaded Clement VI to issue a

733: 523: 421: 1583:

wrote a biography of Joanna in his series of biographies known as

1314:

has left us with the following description of Queen Joanna in his

1817: 1815: 1718: 1650: 1489: 1415: 1304: 1135: 1095:

public discontent forced Joanna to restore d'Agoult in his post.

1076: 850: 612: 314: 4062:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

4016: 3148:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

1157:), crossed the Durance on 13 July 1357 and plundered Provence. 3611: 3220: 2239: 2237: 1866:"La mort de Jeanne I, reine de Jérusalem et de Sicile, en 1382" 1754: 1447: 1018: 955: 888: 145: 3165:

Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig

1827: 1812: 1292:(1372), Joanna officially recognised as permanent the loss of 3416: 3404: 3117:

Paul Masson (dir.), Raoul Busquet et Victor Louis Bourrilly:

2034: 2032: 1225: 605:, was designated for husband to Joanna. His younger brother, 2972: 2376: 2304: 2261: 2234: 1645:(Queen Joanna), Société des Bibliophiles de Provence, 1936 ( 887:, Senechal of Provence, to invade Piedmont. The burghers of 569:

in Naples on 4 December 1330. John of Durazzo and his wife,

3886:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 488–514. 3883:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415

3302:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415

3099: 3087: 3012: 3010: 2445: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2222: 2142: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2051: 2049: 2047: 1411: 1299:

Despite the Queen's deep spirituality and friendships with

842: 653: 621: 3491: 3489: 3208: 3183: 2945: 2943: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2791: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2740: 2738: 2723: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2640: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2575: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2534: 2532: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2457: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2328: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2154: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2029: 2017: 1951: 624:

in 1332, Robert's second wife (Joanna's stepgrandmother),

4043:

The Anjou Bible. a Royal Manuscript Revealed: Naples 1340

3649: 3513: 3380: 3077: 3075: 3073: 1968: 1966: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1493:

Modern view of the entrance of the Castle of Muro Lucano.

817:

as his legate and charged him with the government of the

3161:

A középkori magyar állam virágzása és bukása, 1301–1506

3022: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2886: 2884: 2779: 2701: 2699: 2669: 2667: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2352: 2285: 2113: 2044: 1844: 1842: 562:, could also claim the throne against a female monarch. 3637: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3501: 3486: 3474: 3453: 3428: 3392: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3307: 3244: 3232: 3128: 2940: 2923: 2896: 2832: 2815: 2803: 2762: 2735: 2711: 2679: 2652: 2630: 2628: 2604: 2587: 2563: 2544: 2529: 2500: 2469: 2403: 2340: 2316: 2273: 2249: 2205: 2193: 2101: 2078: 2061: 2007: 2005: 1441:, who defeated the forces of Otto of Brunswick in 1381. 1231:

To assert the rights of the Holy Roman Empire over the

3070: 3046: 2393: 2391: 1963: 1930: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1884: 1190:

James IV, titular King of Majorca and Prince of Achaea

4011:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 3752:

Joan of Naples 1343 - 1382 (Celebrated Crimes Series)

3034: 2984: 2955: 2881: 2750: 2696: 2664: 2488: 2422: 2364: 2130: 1839: 1243:, but guaranteed the rights of Joanna over Provence. 1165:

obtained the discharge of these bands with payments.

3058: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2844: 2625: 2002: 1978: 1721:. The portion of the Kingdom that included only the 1575:. Currently in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. 4030:

Chronicon de Rebus in Apulia Gestis (AA. 1333-1350)

2388: 1990: 1905: 1757:, in front of the papal legate, Jean de Réveillon, 1454:and later, in December, she was transferred to the 981:, the Hungarians openly accused her of the murder. 506:

Joanna I with her grandfather King Robert the Wise.

452:with her first cousin (and Joanna's second cousin) 4091: 4004: 3717: 1237:Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia 780:Andrew's Hungarian retainers informed his mother, 728:When writing about the political situation in the 620:After Marie of Valois died during a pilgrimage to 3287:. Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 230, 511. 2856: 1510:, where she was killed on 27 July 1382, aged 56. 872:Cardinal Talleyrand-Périgord and Joanna's envoy, 5120: 4112: 3928:(1997 ed.). Imprimerie nationale de Monaco. 3119:Encyclopédie départementale des Bouches-du-Rhône 2179:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 47 2172: 1833: 1821: 1737:(on the other side of Faro) administered by the 1285:Otto of Brunswick, with whom she later married. 1035:On 11 January 1348 the Hungarian troops were at 4307:Medieval Naples: A Documentary History 400-1400 3842:. Robert Laffont (réédition numérique FeniXX). 3205:, Méolans-Revel, Désiris, 2009, 927 p., p. 216. 1549:Miniature of Queen Joanna from a manuscript of 1201:dated 19 July 1365. She never conceived again. 906:Murder of Andrew, Duke of Calabria, painted by 593:and block the marriage. She proposed her sons, 397:, about the marriage of Charles's younger son, 4247:. Brown, Virginia, trans. Cambridge, MA, USA: 3901:Busquet, Raoul (1978). Laffont, Robert (ed.). 3860:Pearson's Magazine, Volume 5, Issue 1, Page 25 3167:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó, 1981, p. 210. 793:in the summer of 1343. She and her son met at 389:to survive infancy. Her father was the son of 4884: 4551: 4309:. New York: Italica Press. pp. 234–302. 4176:The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300-1800 1789: 1787: 1732: 1708: 1406:) and Robert, Cardinal of Geneva (who became 797:, but Joanna received her only days later at 27:For other people named Joanna of Naples, see 4331: 3279: 3277: 1127:seriously injured, returned to his country. 4199:La reine Jeanne : comtesse de Provence 3742: 3304:. Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 510. 1872:(in French). Vol. 55. pp. 236–237 1793: 1726: 1702: 1056:, where he died after 10 May 1348, aged 2. 4891: 4877: 4854:1383–1396: purely nominal control, Achaea 4558: 4544: 4152:. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. 4139:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4023: 3915:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2255: 1784: 1149:At the same time, the troops of mercenary 640:to King Robert. Joanna and Maria's nurse, 514:Coat of arms of the House of Anjou-Naples. 47: 4386:Coat of arms of the House of Anjou-Sicily 4277: 4242: 4222: 4196: 4156: 4089: 4027:(1890). Ludovico Antonio Muratore (ed.). 3655: 3519: 3422: 3410: 3386: 3274: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3214: 3134: 3028: 3016: 2978: 2949: 2934: 2917: 2905: 2838: 2826: 2809: 2797: 2773: 2744: 2729: 2717: 2690: 2658: 2646: 2619: 2598: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2538: 2523: 2511: 2482: 2463: 2416: 2382: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2279: 2267: 2243: 2199: 2160: 2124: 2107: 2095: 2055: 2038: 2023: 1957: 1899: 1138:on 24 December 1356 after the victory of 474:Joanna was the eldest surviving child of 443:, whose first marriage with their cousin 4120:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4078: 3872: 2346: 2216: 1713:(on this side of Faro)—referring to the 1566: 1544: 1488: 1476: 1432: 1385: 1374: 1344:(in turn Joanna's second cousin; son of 1327: 1175: 1109: 1009: 901: 611: 509: 501: 4355:. Sutton Publishing. pp. 169–188. 4147: 4124: 3958: 3932: 3923: 3900: 3802: 3643: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3507: 3495: 3480: 3459: 3434: 3398: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3313: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3189: 3150:, I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2001, p. 160. 3105: 3093: 3081: 3052: 3040: 3001: 2966: 2890: 2785: 2756: 2705: 2673: 2494: 2451: 2439: 2370: 2358: 2228: 2148: 2136: 2072: 1984: 1972: 1918: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1394:, Castello del Parco, Nocera Inferiore. 951:, but was soundly defeated and killed. 420:) and undermined her position with the 256: 1363; died 1375) 231: 1347; died 1362) 206: 1333; died 1345) 14: 5121: 4898: 4173: 3774: 3683:mistakenly believes that Joanna died. 3256: 3195: 2011: 1937:Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Mediterranea 1749:, who was ratified by Joanna and King 534:of France and the French had recently 4872: 4565: 4539: 4304: 4059: 4040: 3832: 3617: 3591: 3159:László Solymosi, Adrienne Körmendi: " 2634: 2397: 1996: 1863: 1741:, a government not recognized by the 1571:Another miniature of Queen Joanna in 362:; December 1325 – 27 July 1382), was 4350: 1939:(in Italian). www.genmarenostrum.com 1854: 1668: 536:excluded women from royal succession 4002: 3924:Busquet, Raoul (30 November 1954). 3180:. Walker&Company, 2009, p. 151. 3064: 2875: 2850: 1870:Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes 1725:was known as the Kingdom of Sicily 1370:Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 1105: 954:Montferrat then went on to capture 636:, although the Pope had refused to 526:and Robert the Wise's grandfather, 418:Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 267:Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 24: 4226:(1970). Zaccaria, Vittorio (ed.). 4216: 4085:(in Italian). Milan: Academia.edu. 4036:. Naples: Ernesto Anfossi Editore. 1933:"GLI ANGIOINI — Dinastia di Angiò" 1673:Joanna's full style as queen was: 1606:, part of his eight-volume series 930: 424:; moreover afterwards, during the 381:Joanna was the eldest daughter of 25: 5255: 4370: 4127:Mémoires et documents historiques 3961:Journal of the Historical Society 3283:Philip Grierson, Lucia Travaini: 1323: 414:James IV, titular King of Majorca 242:James IV, titular King of Majorca 29:Joanna of Naples (disambiguation) 3977:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2011.00329.x 3952: 3876:(2000). "The Italian south". In 3854: 3826: 3796: 3768: 3736: 3711: 3689: 3673: 3661: 3620:"Letters of Catherine Benincasa" 3594:"Letters of Catherine Benincasa" 3585: 3465: 3440: 3325:D'Arcy Boulton, Jonathan Dacre: 3319: 3290: 1561:Bibliothèque Nationale de France 1540: 1472: 1171: 883:Joanna had meanwhile instructed 696:as his successor. For instance, 374:from 1343 to 1381; she was also 299:Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria 81:20 January 1343 – 25 August 1381 5164:14th-century countesses regnant 5144:14th-century monarchs of Naples 4201:. Librairie Académique Perrin. 3866: 3170: 3153: 3140: 3111: 2166: 1931:Lupis Macedonio, Marco (2005). 1764: 937:John II, Marquess of Montferrat 831:John II, Marquess of Montferrat 278: 253: 228: 203: 5149:14th-century murdered monarchs 3450:, Tarascon, 1977, 98 p., p. 5. 3329:, Boydell Press, 2000, p. 214. 1924: 1687: 1656:The Nobel Prize in Literature 1481:Bas-relief of Queen Joanna at 1356:, Duke of Andria, and his son 968:Thomas II, Marquess of Saluzzo 789:She and her retinue landed at 459: 13: 1: 5234:Women in 14th-century warfare 4332:Rollo-Koster, Joëlle (2015). 4197:Paladilhe, Dominique (1997). 2181:(in Italian). www.treccani.it 1794:Kiesewetter, Andreas (2001). 1778: 1483:Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume 1332:Queen Joanna's personal Seal. 494:). The Renaissance historian 4336:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4278:Boccaccio, Giovanni (2011). 4243:Boccaccio, Giovanni (2003). 3937:. Cornell University Press. 3812:. Könyvmolyképző Kiadó Kft. 1834:Grierson & Travaini 1998 1822:Grierson & Travaini 1998 1350:Philip II, Prince of Taranto 775: 748:Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord 719: 546:(or the Kingdom of Naples). 7: 5174:Claimant kings of Jerusalem 5159:14th-century queens regnant 4163:Hungarian Historical Review 3933:Casteen, Elizabeth (2015). 3718:Giovanni Boccaccio (2011). 1695:War of the Sicilian Vespers 750:, was the most influential 556:Philip I, Prince of Taranto 428:, she chose to support the 10: 5260: 5154:14th-century Italian women 4116:; Travaini, Lucia (1998). 4064:. I.B. Tauris Publishers. 4045:. Peeter. pp. 73–94. 1437:The conquest of Naples by 1212:, who held him captive in 964:Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy 466:absolute poverty of Christ 463: 117:27 May 1352 (with Louis I) 53:Queen Joanna I, fresco by 26: 5106: 4906: 4852: 4827: 4781: 4770: 4740: 4626: 4600: 4584: 4573: 4524: 4515: 4507: 4497: 4474: 4464: 4445: 4437: 4432: 4397: 4305:Musto, Ronald G. (2013). 4157:Lucherini, Vinni (2013). 4148:Léonard, Émile-G (1954). 4090:Goldstone, Nancy (2009). 3448:Tarascon cité du Roi René 3229:, p. 143-144, vol.2. 2173:Walter, Ingeborg (1997). 1208:, who transferred him to 1059:After a stop-over in the 861:into submission in 1344. 807:Cardinal Giovanni Colonna 595:Robert, Prince of Taranto 476:Charles, Duke of Calabria 383:Charles, Duke of Calabria 335: 330:Charles, Duke of Calabria 325: 313: 289: 180: 168: 155: 139: 135: 124: 105: 95: 85: 77: 62: 46: 41: 5199:French suo jure nobility 5194:Deaths from asphyxiation 5184:Queens regnant in Europe 4627:Angevin (various houses) 4249:Harvard University Press 4174:Monter, William (2012). 4079:Gaglione, Mario (2009). 4007:The Green Count of Savoy 3782:. Time Warner Books UK. 3446:Jean-Marie Grandmaison: 1680: 1660:wrote in 1890 the drama 1310:The contemporary writer 1276:was canonized in 1371. 714: 445:Charles, Duke of Durazzo 217:Louis, Prince of Taranto 4404:Capetian House of Anjou 4003:Cox, Eugene L. (1967). 3998:(subscription required) 1635:, 1968) about her life. 1346:Louis, Count of Gravina 686:Principality of Salerno 590:Principality of Salerno 478:(only surviving son of 470:Capetian House of Anjou 5214:Old House of Brunswick 4150:Les Angevins de Naples 4098:. Walker&Company. 3967:(2). Malden, MA, USA: 3618:Benincasa, Catherine. 3592:Benincasa, Catherine. 3123:Antiquité et Moyen Âge 1864:Jarry, Eugène (1894). 1800:(in Italian). Treccani 1751:Frederick IV of Sicily 1733: 1727: 1709: 1703: 1576: 1564: 1522:by Hungarian soldiers. 1494: 1486: 1442: 1410:). The first lived in 1398:During this time, the 1395: 1383: 1333: 1247:Louis I, Duke of Anjou 1241:Church of St. Trophime 1181: 1115: 1022: 972:Humbert II of Viennois 958:, within the lands of 911: 732:after Robert's death, 709:Philippe de Cabassoles 617: 515: 507: 359: 159:27 July 1382 (aged 56) 114:28 August 1344 (alone) 5229:Women in war in Italy 5204:Princesses of Taranto 5169:House of Anjou-Naples 5069:Parthenopean Republic 4180:Yale University Press 3903:Histoire de Marseille 3108:, p. 359, vol.1. 3096:, p. 351, vol.1. 2454:, p. 335, vol.1. 2231:, p. 172, vol.1. 2151:, p. 142, vol.1. 1570: 1548: 1504:Castle of Muro Lucano 1492: 1480: 1436: 1389: 1378: 1331: 1179: 1113: 1013: 905: 893:James of Savoy-Achaea 630:Spiritual Franciscans 615: 560:John, Duke of Durazzo 552:Spiritual Franciscans 513: 505: 5179:Princesses of Achaea 4477:Countess of Provence 4409:Cadet branch of the 4228:De mulieribus claris 4025:da Gravina, Domenico 3969:Blackwell Publishing 3926:Histoire de Provence 3624:Projectgutenberg.org 3298:Rosamond McKitterick 3192:, p. 52, vol.2. 3163:" László Solymosi: 2175:"FILIPPA da Catania" 1753:on 31 March 1373 at 1747:Treaty of Villeneuve 1743:Anjou–Naples dynasty 1586:De mulieribus claris 1573:De mulieribus claris 1556:De mulieribus claris 1392:Torre Normanno-Sveva 1317:De mulieribus claris 1290:Treaty of Villeneuve 1210:Bertrand du Guesclin 1159:Philip II of Taranto 1063:, Joanna arrived in 540:Charles I of Hungary 395:Charles I of Hungary 368:Countess of Provence 306:Françoise of Taranto 303:Catherine of Taranto 68:Countess of Provence 4399:Joanna I of Naples 4224:Boccaccio, Giovanni 4060:Engel, Pál (2001). 3413:, pp. 235–236. 2981:, pp. 101–102. 2385:, pp. 350–351. 2313:, pp. 348–349. 2270:, pp. 347–348. 2246:, pp. 321–322. 1559:. Currently in the 1338:Margaret of Durazzo 1251:Charles V of France 1206:Henry II of Castile 1180:James IV of Majorca 997:Philippa of Catania 989:Catherine of Valois 949:Battle of Gamenario 897:Battle of Gamenario 782:Elizabeth of Poland 670:Domenico da Gravina 642:Philippa of Catania 575:Catherine of Valois 538:. Robert's nephew, 492:Philip VI of France 450:Margaret of Durazzo 378:from 1373 to 1381. 174:Santa Chiara Church 164:, Kingdom of Naples 5244:Princesses regnant 5219:Dethroned monarchs 5209:Princes of Salerno 5189:Counts of Provence 5129:Joanna I of Naples 4900:Monarchs of Naples 4518:Princess of Achaea 4353:Medieval Queenship 4129:. Paris et Monaco. 3699:. Chestofbooks.com 3425:, p. 138-139. 1739:House of Barcelona 1710:al di qua del Faro 1581:Giovanni Boccaccio 1577: 1565: 1551:Giovanni Boccaccio 1495: 1487: 1466:Catherine of Siena 1456:Castello del Parco 1443: 1439:Charles of Durazzo 1396: 1384: 1342:Charles of Durazzo 1334: 1312:Giovanni Boccaccio 1301:Catherine of Siena 1253:and Lieutenant of 1249:, brother of King 1228:in February 1375. 1194:Peter IV of Aragon 1182: 1116: 1100:Giovanni Boccaccio 1075:Joanna arrived in 1054:Kingdom of Hungary 1023: 912: 878:Bishop of Chartres 638:annul her marriage 618: 584:, had held in the 528:Charles I of Anjou 516: 508: 454:Charles of Durazzo 406:Louis I of Hungary 376:Princess of Achaea 55:Niccolò di Tommaso 5239:Princes of Achaea 5116: 5115: 5110:Monarch of Sicily 5099: 5080: 5064: 4960: 4947: 4931: 4866: 4865: 4860:Navarrese Company 4848: 4847: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4741:Navarrese-Genoese 4578: 4567:Princes of Achaea 4534: 4533: 4525:Succeeded by 4498:Succeeded by 4465:Succeeded by 4362:978-0-7509-1831-2 4343:978-1-4422-1532-0 4208:978-2-262-00699-0 4189:978-0-300-17327-7 4135:cite encyclopedia 4105:978-0-8027-7770-6 4071:978-1-86064-061-2 4052:978-9-0429-2445-1 3944:978-0-8014-5386-1 3729:978-1-59910-266-5 3598:Project Gutenberg 3176:Nancy Goldstone: 2920:, pp. 96–97. 2853:, pp. 62–63. 2800:, pp. 90–91. 2788:, pp. 39–40. 2732:, pp. 85–86. 2649:, pp. 78–79. 2584:, pp. 75–76. 2526:, pp. 71–72. 2466:, pp. 67–68. 2361:, pp. 32–33. 2337:, pp. 63–64. 2163:, pp. 31–33. 2041:, pp. 40–41. 2026:, pp. 38–39. 1960:, pp. 17–18. 1699:Kingdom of Naples 1669:Titles and styles 1649:illustrated with 1608:Celebrated Crimes 1602:wrote a romance, 1597:Alexandre Dumas, 1364:on 8 April 1374. 1278:Bridget of Sweden 1151:Arnaud de Cervole 1140:Niccolò Acciaioli 1061:Fort de Brégançon 1001:Kingdom of Sicily 960:James of Piedmont 835:Visconti of Milan 682:Duchy of Calabria 626:Sancia of Majorca 571:Agnes of Périgord 345: 344: 192:Andrew of Hungary 150:Kingdom of Naples 16:(Redirected from 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3305: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3272: 3267:Samantha Kelly: 3265: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3217:, p. 87-89. 3212: 3206: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3068: 3067:, p. 63-68. 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3005: 2999: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2953: 2947: 2938: 2932: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2879: 2873: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2694: 2688: 2677: 2671: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2623: 2617: 2602: 2596: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2542: 2536: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2420: 2414: 2401: 2395: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2191: 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Naples 5259: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5102: 4902: 4897: 4867: 4862: 4844: 4840:Maria Maddalena 4823: 4772: 4771:Titular princes 4762: 4736: 4622: 4596: 4575: 4569: 4564: 4530: 4521: 4513: 4503: 4486: 4484: 4470: 4453: 4451: 4448:Queen of Naples 4443: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4407: 4400: 4373: 4363: 4344: 4317: 4290: 4280:On famous women 4259: 4219: 4217:Further reading 4209: 4190: 4132: 4131: 4106: 4072: 4053: 4033: 3997: 3951: 3945: 3908: 3907: 3894: 3874:Abulafia, David 3869: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3839:La reine Jeanne 3831: 3827: 3820: 3809:Nápolyi Johanna 3804:Passuth, László 3801: 3797: 3790: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3754:. White Press. 3741: 3737: 3730: 3720:On famous women 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3296:Michael Jones, 3295: 3291: 3282: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2956: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 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Night 3767: 3760: 3735: 3728: 3710: 3688: 3672: 3660: 3658:, p. 168. 3656:Paladilhe 1997 3648: 3646:, p. 187. 3636: 3610: 3584: 3582:, p. 465. 3572: 3570:, p. 464. 3560: 3558:, p. 200. 3548: 3546:, p. 203. 3536: 3534:, p. 452. 3524: 3522:, p. 149. 3520:Paladilhe 1997 3512: 3510:, p. 448. 3500: 3498:, p. 199. 3485: 3483:, p. 429. 3473: 3464: 3462:, p. 198. 3452: 3439: 3437:, p. 197. 3427: 3423:Paladilhe 1997 3415: 3411:Goldstone 2009 3403: 3401:, p. 130. 3391: 3389:, p. 135. 3387:Paladilhe 1997 3379: 3377:, p. 196. 3367: 3365:, p. 195. 3355: 3353:, p. 193. 3343: 3341:, p. 380. 3331: 3318: 3316:, p. 362. 3306: 3289: 3273: 3271:, 2005, p. 14. 3255: 3253:, p. 194. 3243: 3241:, p. 128. 3231: 3219: 3215:Paladilhe 1997 3207: 3194: 3182: 3169: 3152: 3139: 3135:Paladilhe 1997 3127: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3084:, p. 193. 3069: 3057: 3055:, p. 347. 3045: 3033: 3031:, p. 100. 3029:Goldstone 2009 3021: 3019:, p. 102. 3017:Goldstone 2009 3006: 2983: 2979:Goldstone 2009 2971: 2954: 2950:Goldstone 2009 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2233: 2221: 2219:, p. 335. 2204: 2200:Goldstone 2009 2192: 2165: 2161:Goldstone 2009 2153: 2141: 2129: 2127:, p. 344. 2125:Lucherini 2013 2112: 2108:Goldstone 2009 2100: 2096:Goldstone 2009 2077: 2060: 2058:, p. 343. 2056:Lucherini 2013 2043: 2039:Goldstone 2009 2028: 2024:Goldstone 2009 2016: 2001: 1989: 1977: 1962: 1958:Goldstone 2009 1950: 1923: 1904: 1900:Goldstone 2009 1883: 1853: 1851:, p. 468. 1838: 1836:, p. 270. 1826: 1824:, p. 255. 1811: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1763: 1734:di la del Faro 1685: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1654: 1636: 1627:wrote a novel 1625:László Passuth 1622: 1615:Queen of Night 1611: 1604:Joan of Naples 1594: 1542: 1539: 1530: 1529: 1526:Marie of Blois 1523: 1474: 1471: 1400:Western Schism 1325: 1324:Western Schism 1322: 1173: 1170: 1155:the Archpriest 1107: 1104: 1092:Sanary-sur-Mer 932: 929: 925:Charles Martel 777: 774: 721: 718: 716: 713: 582:Charles Martel 548:Pope John XXII 484:King of Naples 461: 458: 430:Avignon Papacy 426:Western 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4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4794:Carlo Antonio 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4769: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601:Villehardouin 4599: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4420:December 1325 4419: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4405: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4316:9781599102474 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4289:9781599102658 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4258:9780674003477 4254: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4169:(2): 341–362. 4168: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3834:Brion, Marcel 3829: 3821: 3819:9789632452777 3815: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3763: 3761:9781473326637 3757: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3739: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3576: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3482: 3477: 3468: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3149: 3143: 3137:, p. 78. 3136: 3131: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3043:, p. 44. 3042: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3004:, p. 43. 3003: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2969:, p. 42. 2968: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2952:, p. 98. 2951: 2946: 2944: 2937:, p. 97. 2936: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2919: 2914: 2908:, p. 96. 2907: 2902: 2900: 2893:, p. 41. 2892: 2887: 2885: 2878:, p. 63. 2877: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2852: 2847: 2841:, p. 93. 2840: 2835: 2829:, p. 92. 2828: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2812:, p. 91. 2811: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2776:, p. 95. 2775: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2759:, p. 40. 2758: 2753: 2747:, p. 88. 2746: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2726: 2720:, p. 85. 2719: 2714: 2708:, p. 38. 2707: 2702: 2700: 2693:, p. 89. 2692: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2676:, p. 39. 2675: 2670: 2668: 2661:, p. 79. 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2622:, p. 77. 2621: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2601:, p. 76. 2600: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2583: 2578: 2572:, p. 75. 2571: 2566: 2560:, p. 74. 2559: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2541:, p. 73. 2540: 2535: 2533: 2525: 2520: 2514:, p. 70. 2513: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2497:, p. 37. 2496: 2491: 2485:, p. 78. 2484: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2442:, p. 34. 2441: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2419:, p. 65. 2418: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2400:, p. 79. 2399: 2394: 2392: 2384: 2379: 2373:, p. 33. 2372: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2347:Abulafia 2000 2343: 2336: 2331: 2325:, p. 45. 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2282:, p. 42. 2281: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2217:Gaglione 2009 2213: 2211: 2209: 2202:, p. 33. 2201: 2196: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2150: 2145: 2139:, p. 10. 2138: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2110:, p. 41. 2109: 2104: 2098:, p. 40. 2097: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2025: 2020: 2014:, p. 61. 2013: 2008: 2006: 1999:, p. 76. 1998: 1993: 1986: 1981: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1959: 1954: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1902:, p. 15. 1901: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1858: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1799: 1798: 1790: 1788: 1783: 1767: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1676: 1663: 1662:La Rèino Jano 1659: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1647:Artist's book 1644: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1541:In literature 1538: 1534: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1491: 1484: 1479: 1473:Assassination 1470: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1393: 1388: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1178: 1172:Personal rule 1169: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1081:Aigues-Mortes 1078: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 980: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 928: 926: 920: 916: 909: 908:Karl Briullov 904: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 870: 868: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 822: 820: 816: 810: 808: 802: 800: 796: 792: 787: 783: 773: 771: 765: 764:consummated. 762: 757: 753: 749: 743: 740: 735: 731: 726: 712: 710: 705: 704: 699: 693: 691: 690:unconsummated 687: 683: 679: 673: 671: 667: 663: 662:Saint Gregory 659: 655: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 614: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532:Capet dynasty 529: 525: 521: 512: 504: 500: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 471: 467: 457: 455: 451: 446: 442: 437: 435: 434:Pope Urban VI 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 341: 338: 334: 331: 328: 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The term " 1689: 1674: 1672: 1661: 1642: 1639:Marcel Brion 1632: 1628: 1614: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1590: 1584: 1572: 1554: 1535: 1531: 1512: 1496: 1464: 1444: 1424: 1422:Hungarians. 1420: 1397: 1391: 1366: 1362:lèse-majesté 1361: 1335: 1315: 1309: 1298: 1287: 1267: 1245: 1230: 1203: 1199:Pope Urban V 1187: 1183: 1167: 1154: 1148: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1097: 1085: 1074: 1058: 1046: 1041:Castel Nuovo 1034: 1024: 1015:Castel Nuovo 1005: 983: 976: 953: 934: 921: 917: 913: 882: 871: 866: 863: 826: 823: 818: 811: 803: 785: 779: 766: 761:Castel Nuovo 744: 729: 727: 723: 701: 694: 674: 654:Titus Livius 650: 634:Clarisse nun 619: 585: 579: 567:Castel Nuovo 564: 543: 517: 473: 438: 403: 380: 351: 347: 346: 320:Anjou-Naples 33: 5224:Golden Rose 5139:1382 deaths 5134:1325 births 5098:(3rd reign) 5079:(2nd reign) 5063:(1st reign) 5053:Charles VII 4980:Ferdinand I 4959:(2nd reign) 4946:(1st reign) 4938:Charles III 4774:(1642–1933) 4727:Charles III 4613:Geoffrey II 4577:(1205–1432) 4494:(1352–1362) 4481:Forcalquier 4468:Charles III 4461:(1352–1362) 3971:: 183–210. 3748:, Alexandre 3146:Pál Engel: 3121:, vol. II: 2012:Monter 2012 1728:ultra Farum 1619:Alan Savage 1520:Muro castle 1408:Clement VII 1283:condottiero 1214:Montpellier 1088:Black Death 839:Alessandria 791:Manfredonia 703:Anjou Bible 460:Early years 372:Forcalquier 162:Muro Lucano 131:(1352–1362) 100:Charles III 86:Predecessor 72:Forcalquier 5123:Categories 5047:Charles VI 5035:Philip III 5017:Charles IV 5011:Joanna III 4985:Alfonso II 4917:Charles II 4858:under the 4758:Centurione 4706:Philip III 4639:Charles II 4618:William II 4608:Geoffrey I 4585:Champlitte 4522:1373–1381 4511:Philip III 4377:A. Dumas, 3848:B07MDLBN1P 3629:31 October 3603:31 October 2635:Engel 2001 2398:Duran 2010 2185:6 February 1997:Duran 2010 1779:References 1745:until the 1715:Faro Point 1610:(1839–40). 1428:Charles VI 1382:in Naples. 1270:Gregory XI 1218:Roussillon 756:papal bull 666:Marco Polo 464:See also: 360:Giovanna I 125:Co-monarch 107:Coronation 5089:Joachim I 5041:Charles V 5029:Philip II 5000:Louis III 4995:Frederick 4974:Alfonso I 4964:Joanna II 4956:Ladislaus 4943:Ladislaus 4911:Charles I 4814:Francesco 4732:Ladislaus 4687:Catherine 4666:Ferdinand 4661:Philip II 4634:Charles I 4592:William I 4485:1343–1382 4452:1343–1382 4325:810773043 4298:781678421 4267:606534850 4236:797065138 3993:729296907 3985:1529-921X 3911:cite book 3681:Boccaccio 1943:7 October 1804:5 October 1255:Languedoc 1065:Marseille 1037:Benevento 941:seneschal 837:captured 795:Benevento 776:Conflicts 720:Accession 646:Boccaccio 352:Johanna I 96:Successor 57:(c. 1360) 5084:Joseph I 5023:Philip I 4951:Louis II 4927:Joanna I 4856:de facto 4804:Restaino 4799:Leonardo 4753:Maria II 4656:Philip I 4644:Isabella 4501:Louis II 4382:: e-text 4271:45418951 4017:67-11030 3905:. Paris. 3836:(1944). 3806:(2010). 3778:(1993). 3750:(2015). 3697:"Joanna" 3065:Cox 1967 2876:Cox 1967 2851:Cox 1967 1876:20 March 1651:etchings 1506:held by 1500:Amatrice 1404:Urban VI 1259:Tarascon 1222:Cerdanya 1153:(called 1144:Acireale 1050:Visegrád 1030:L'Aquila 847:Piedmont 833:and the 752:cardinal 734:Petrarch 684:and the 524:Holy See 486:), and 432:against 422:Holy See 348:Joanna I 42:Joanna I 4933:Louis I 4789:Antonio 4697:Maria I 4671:Matilda 4650:Florent 4490:Louis I 4457:Louis I 4388:on the 3880:(ed.). 3744:Dumas, 3670:, p. 45 1719:Messina 1416:Avignon 1305:Saracen 1288:By the 1263:Céreste 1136:Messina 1077:Avignon 1052:in the 979:Stephen 851:Tortona 678:Stephen 356:Italian 283: 275: 271: 258: 250: 246: 233: 225: 221: 208: 200: 196: 181:Spouses 129:Louis I 5108:*Also 4969:René I 4922:Robert 4711:Joanna 4692:Robert 4441:Robert 4423: 4359: 4340: 4323: 4313: 4296: 4286: 4265: 4255: 4234: 4205: 4186: 4102: 4068: 4049: 4015: 3991: 3983: 3941: 3890: 3846: 3816: 3786: 3758: 3726: 3703:31 May 1755:Aversa 1448:Anagni 1294:Sicily 1019:Naples 993:Robert 956:Chieri 889:Chieri 607:Andrew 558:, and 399:Andrew 366:, and 336:Mother 326:Father 169:Burial 146:Naples 90:Robert 4835:Carlo 4819:Carlo 4809:Carlo 4782:Tocco 4748:Peter 4722:James 4677:Louis 4528:James 4488:with 4455:with 4425:Died: 4418:Born: 4034:(PDF) 3679:Here 1681:Notes 1589:(en: 1358:James 1226:Soria 867:Regno 827:Regno 819:Regno 786:Regno 730:Regno 715:Reign 603:Louis 599:Louis 588:—the 586:Regno 544:Regno 520:Maria 441:Maria 315:House 291:Issue 277:( 273: 252:( 248: 227:( 223: 202:( 198: 78:Reign 4930:with 4717:Otto 4714:with 4702:Hugh 4700:with 4682:John 4674:with 4647:with 4479:and 4357:ISBN 4338:ISBN 4321:OCLC 4311:ISBN 4294:OCLC 4284:ISBN 4263:OCLC 4253:ISBN 4232:OCLC 4203:ISBN 4184:ISBN 4141:link 4100:ISBN 4066:ISBN 4047:ISBN 4013:LCCN 3989:OCLC 3981:ISSN 3939:ISBN 3917:link 3888:ISBN 3844:ASIN 3814:ISBN 3784:ISBN 3756:ISBN 3746:père 3724:ISBN 3705:2013 3631:2014 3605:2014 2187:2022 1945:2020 1878:2023 1806:2020 1599:père 1412:Rome 1390:The 1220:and 970:and 891:and 859:Alba 857:and 843:Asti 841:and 664:and 622:Bari 597:and 468:and 416:and 385:and 370:and 156:Died 140:Born 70:and 4653:and 3973:doi 1731:or 1707:or 1617:by 1553:'s 1458:at 1017:in 855:Bra 845:in 652:of 5125:: 5096:* 5077:* 5061:* 4319:. 4292:. 4269:, 4261:. 4251:. 4182:. 4178:. 4165:. 4161:. 4137:}} 4133:{{ 3987:. 3979:. 3965:11 3963:. 3913:}} 3909:{{ 3622:. 3596:. 3488:^ 3300:: 3276:^ 3258:^ 3072:^ 3009:^ 2986:^ 2957:^ 2942:^ 2925:^ 2898:^ 2883:^ 2858:^ 2817:^ 2764:^ 2737:^ 2698:^ 2681:^ 2666:^ 2627:^ 2606:^ 2589:^ 2546:^ 2531:^ 2502:^ 2471:^ 2424:^ 2405:^ 2390:^ 2287:^ 2236:^ 2207:^ 2177:. 2115:^ 2080:^ 2063:^ 2046:^ 2031:^ 2004:^ 1965:^ 1935:. 1907:^ 1886:^ 1868:. 1856:^ 1841:^ 1814:^ 1786:^ 1677:. 1641:, 1462:. 1430:. 1272:. 1235:, 1146:. 943:, 869:. 853:, 829:. 772:. 660:, 656:, 648:. 482:, 412:, 358:: 279:m. 254:m. 229:m. 204:m. 148:, 5055:* 5049:* 5043:* 5037:* 5031:* 5025:* 5019:* 5013:* 5007:* 4976:* 4913:* 4892:e 4885:t 4878:v 4559:e 4552:t 4545:v 4365:. 4346:. 4327:. 4300:. 4273:. 4238:. 4211:. 4192:. 4167:2 4143:) 4108:. 4074:. 4055:. 4019:. 3995:. 3975:: 3947:. 3919:) 3896:. 3850:. 3822:. 3792:. 3764:. 3732:. 3707:. 3633:. 3607:. 2189:. 1947:. 1880:. 1808:. 1761:. 1631:( 1621:. 1563:. 1485:. 1021:. 910:. 354:( 31:. 20:)

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