630:, although she was unsuccessful. She ran under the slogans "Don't Call Me Lady", "JoAnn Evans, NOW" and "put this woman in her place". She ran on a platform of amending building codes to allow for prefabricated houses and sharing the city tax burden with people who commuted into Pittsburgh from the suburbs. Evansgardner was invited to participate in several talk shows and candidate forums, where she used the opportunity to discuss feminist issues and distribute brochures on the ERA. During her campaign, the chancellor at the University of Pittsburgh refused to set up childcare facilities despite NOW requests and Evansgardner organized an unofficial daycare in the lobby of the
322:(AWPA) with thirty-five other psychologists and served as the first interim president. The nascent organization petitioned the APA to establish a Task Force on the Status of Women in Psychology and as a result, the following annual conference featured eleven seminars on the topic of women's psychology. Evansgardner received a distinguished publication award for contributions in editing and publishing from the AWPA in 1977. She was also a co-founder, alongside
489:. She coordinated demonstrations across fifteen cities in New York, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Florida, Washington, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Alabama, Ohio, Missouri, New Mexico, Texas, and California. The NOW chapters protested the company's discrimination against women in the areas of hiring, appointments, promotions, and benefits. She was also involved in the landmark lawsuit against the company which began in November 1970 led by the
414:, who had organized one of the first women's rights conferences in the country, became involved with KNOW and agreed to allow the publishing house to print the materials that she had gathered from professors at a variety of universities who taught about women's issues. Through this partnership, KNOW printed the first women's studies course materials. The following year, Evansgardner proposed that the term
318:(APA), out of a total of 1700 speakers. Four years later, Evansgardner was one of nineteen featured women at the annual meeting, when she challenged the status quo by presentating a paper titled "What can the behavioral sciences do to modify the world so that women who want to participate meaningfully are not regarded as and are not in fact deviant?". In 1969, Evansgardner founded the
549:. A couple of years later, in 1974, she tried to hit a county official who told her to "get back to the kitchen where you belong." Evansgardner and Jeanne Clark went to Washington, D.C. in 1975 to protest in favor of reproductive rights at the Vatican embassy, where a man was arrested for spitting at her after she kicked him.
311:
they expressed anger or depression about receiving unfair treatment as the result of their gender. She also criticized the practice of using only male mice in experiments, a concern which was later validated by studies that showed medical research on male subjects was often less applicable to female patients.
460:
were unlawful sex discrimination. The newspaper would separate help wanted ads into separate columns depending on whether the employer was looking for a male or female employee. Her husband assisted the case by calculating the statistical chance that a woman would be hired for a job targeted at men.
653:
for the county, although it did not pass in the referendum. She did manage to convince the commission to back the position that there could not be a majority of members of any sex on an appointed board. She also contested the 1979 election to the
Pittsburgh school board, running as a Republican in
442:
to protest the managers not hiring enough
African Americans or using Black mannequins. When the police only arrested Black protesters, Evansgardner and Gardner called out to be arrested as well. The protest worked and Sears agreed to a thirty percent increase in African American employees. She was
310:
from 1964 to 1966, as well as lecturing at several other universities. She faced gender discrimination while in academia, writing an unpublished 1971 essay on her experiences. She was often critical of the psychology profession. She was frustrated that women were diagnosed with mental disorders if
286:, who worked as a mathematician and geophysicist. She initially hyphenated her surname with her husband's but, due to issues with computers not allowing hyphenated names, instead chose to combine their names. Shortly after they married, the couple spent five years in
520:
hearings to demand a focus on women's issues. On
February 17, 1970, she was among a group of Pittsburgh NOW chapter members who disrupted a hearing on lowering the voting age to eighteen, holding up signs and demanding that the Senate act on the
484:
Evansgardner served as eastern regional co‐director for NOW and contested the role of legal vice‐president, although she was not appointed to the latter position. In this role, she helped to coordinate the national protests against
699:
in
January 2009. At the end of her life, Evansgardner had diabetes, heart disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Her husband died on July 25, 2009, and she died seven months later on February 16, 2010, at Forbes Hospice in Pittsburgh.
665:
while her husband, who taught engineering at the university, served as the faculty adviser. While at the university, Evansgardner studied journalism and worked as a reporter for the student newspaper,
450:
In 1969, she was elected to the national board of NOW. In the same year, she and her husband worked with First
Pittsburgh NOW to file a complaint with the Pittsburgh Commission on Human Rights against
426:
Evansgardner served, alongside her husband, as the co-president of their local chapter of NOW, First
Pittsburgh NOW. Through her role in the organization, she was involved in picketing alongside the
314:
During her time in the profession, few women were involved in academic conferences. There were only twelve women who served as symposium chairs or gave addresses at the 1965 annual meeting of the
475:
and ruled by a 5–4 margin that segregating job advertising was discriminatory. The newspaper was forced to take out any references to sex from its classifieds, a ruling which also applied to the
207:, which ended the practice of newspapers segregating help-wanted advertisements by gender. She was appointed as eastern regional co‐director for NOW and coordinated the national protests against
580:
461:
The
Commission upheld the complaint filed by First Pittsburgh NOW and the newspaper lodged a court case, arguing that this decision infringed on its right to freedom of the press under the
35:
788:
471:
203:
447:(ERA) in Pennsylvania. Evansgardner and Gardner hosted weekly letter-writing parties in their home to write legislators on their and their friends' behalf between 1969 and 1978.
619:, which ended in 1974 with the league agreeing to allow girls to participate. She also organized funding and access to birth control, rape crisis centers, and women's shelters.
615:(NWPC), which was created on July 12, 1971, to increase the percentage of women in political office to fifty percent. She was also involved with the debate to include girls in
1545:
394:. It operated under the slogan, "Freedom of the press belongs to those who own the press". They printed speeches and articles from feminists and other NOW members, including "
675:
annual meeting in June 1985, where she argued that the word 'feminism' should be replaced with 'isocracism', implying equality of power. Her suggestion was not adopted.
431:
695:
plant in their neighborhood, which would have been heavily polluting. She was honored in an exhibit titled "In
Sisterhood: The Women's Movement in Pittsburgh" at the
584:
2031:"Federal Jurisdiction – Interlocutory Appeal – A Denial of Class Certification May Not Be Immediately Appealed Pursuuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 1292(a)(1)"
298:
Evansgardner received a doctorate in experimental psychology from the
University of Pittsburgh in 1965, where she was supervised in her dissertation on
1331:
683:
Later in her life, Evansgardner became involved in environmental activism. After retiring, she and
Gardner moved back to Hazelwood, where they built a
387:
1442:
591:
46 U.S.L.W. 4761 (1978), which ruled in a 9–0 decision that an order denying certification of a class by a federal judge cannot be appealed. Justice
462:
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while attending a protest against the hospital banning abortions after the twelfth week of pregnancy. In 1970, she interrupted two
1960:
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672:
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wrote in the decision that allowing appeals would harm the final judgment rule. The court compared the situation to a motion for
490:
275:
262:. As a child, she wanted to become a physician but was dissuaded from the male-dominated profession. She left Pittsburgh during
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2123:
612:
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1965:
1961:"The Limits of Section 1292(A)(1) Redefined: Appealability of the Class Determination as an Order Refusing an Injunction"
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on an international conference that was held on June 1, 1973, bringing together more than 300 women from 27 countries.
466:
315:
198:
1022:
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193:(NOW) and served as joint presidents of the First Pittsburgh NOW chapter. In this role, Evansgardner worked to found
905:
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in Pittsburgh failed to hire her as a talk show host. She was acting on behalf of herself and all other women under
627:
576:
537:
to sit down. In 1972, she was arrested alongside her husband for assisting in the effort to place a paper-mâché of
395:
108:
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338:(NAACP) with her husband in 1963. The couple were also active throughout the seventies and eighties with the
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688:
367:
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with instituting the creation of women's caucuses in professional organizations. She helped to found the
178:
after five years, where Evansgardner received a doctorate in experimental psychology. She co-founded the
542:
307:
1752:
2198:"Leave No Text Behind: Teaching the Psychology of Women During the Emergence of Second Wave Feminism"
1861:
560:
494:
439:
362:, and became well-known for recruiting other women to the movement. She was credited with convincing
267:
2086:
1757:
572:
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alleging racial and sexual discrimination. She helped organize the 1974 Wonder Woman Conference in
390:. The press was the first feminist publishing house, which operated out of Evansgardner's house in
299:
279:
163:
90:
1720:
1687:
623:
477:
227:
2079:
Dreams Realized and Dreams Deferred: Social Movements and Public Policy in Pittsburgh, 1960–1980
667:
616:
607:
Evansgardner was a founder of the Professional Women's Caucus in 1968, and she was credited by
587:
both rejected her application. Evansgardner appealed and her case went to the Supreme Court in
522:
457:
444:
391:
255:
158:(April 19, 1925 – February 16, 2010) was an American psychologist and social activist. Born in
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59:
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1946:
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282:. She graduated in 1950 with a bachelor's degree in psychology. The same year, she married
8:
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2035:
1888:
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1266:
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526:
251:
170:, whom she married the same year she received her bachelor's degree. The couple moved to
146:
2097:
Girls Like Us: Carole King, Joni Mitchell, Carly Simon – And the Journey of a Generation
1049:
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2153:
2141:
2101:
2017:
2009:
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2001:
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254:, a future state representative in West Virginia. She grew up in the neighborhood of
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1993:
635:
596:
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407:
1607:"Today in Feminist History: The National Women's Political Caucus (July 12, 1971)"
1262:"Gerald Gardner, 83, Dies; Statistical Research Led to Ruling on Bias in Want Ads"
1984:
512:
Evansgardner was known for being confrontational. She shoved a security guard at
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the 4th district. She received 421 votes and lost to Democrat Solomon Abrams.
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2005:
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567:, alleging sex discrimination in the radio station's hiring practices after
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which was being held at the same venue concurrently. She worked with Heide,
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564:
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263:
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534:
218:
for sex discrimination in 1977, a case that went to the Supreme Court in
789:"Obituary: Jo Ann Evansgardner / Zealous feminist who never backed down"
2124:"A Brief History of the Association for Women in Psychology: 1969–1991"
2013:
1979:
399:
259:
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78:
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to protest the inadequacy of these facilities. She was a co-chair of
568:
270:. In 1945, she moved back to her hometown and worked on research for
304:
The induction of mating behavior in very young white rock cockerels,
238:. They returned to Pittsburgh, where she died on February 16, 2010.
1997:
661:, from Pittsburgh in 1980. She founded a new chapter of NOW at the
404:
I'm Running Away from Home, But I'm Not Allowed to Cross the Street
334:
Evansgardner was active in the civil rights movement, joining the
658:
575:. She applied for class action status under Rule 23(b)(2) of the
486:
250:. Her parents were Eugene and Elizabeth Evans, and her niece was
231:
208:
472:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations
204:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations
287:
171:
1894:
A Feminist Legacy: The Ethics of Wilma Scott Heide and Company
1660:
1368:"NOW Expands the List of What It's For and What It's Against"
1222:
1086:
497:, which she described as a "counter pageant" to contrast the
435:
335:
326:, of the Pittsburgh University Committee for Women's Rights.
183:
2054:
Women Scientists in America: Forging a New World since 1972
552:
525:(ERA). She also interrupted a hearing on the nomination of
427:
234:, in 1980, where she founded a local chapter of NOW at the
1631:
1629:
1525:
336:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
266:
to move to North Carolina, where she drove trucks for the
1857:"Exhibit highlights city's role in equal rights movement"
415:
350:
in 1977, and reproductive rights groups. They joined the
246:
Evansgardner was born Jo Ann Evans on April 19, 1925, in
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District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
290:, where Evansgardner resisted her role as a housewife.
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906:"A look at 3 district feminists who made a difference"
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1075:"U. of Pittsburgh Retaliates Against Women Activists"
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Study Commission and in 1973 and 1974, she drafted a
599:, which cannot be appealed under section 1292(a)(1).
1506:
1155:
975:
443:
also heavily involved with the campaign to pass the
182:
in 1969 and was active alongside her husband in the
1470:
1105:
987:
948:"Gerald Gardner, 83, Dies; Bolstered Sex Bias Suit"
867:"JoAnn Evansgardner and Gerald H.F. Gardner Papers"
638:'s presidential campaign in Pittsburgh, alongside
366:, who would later become president of NOW and the
1211:"House Victory on ERA Swallowed by Senate Threat"
1002:
354:(NOW) in 1968. She was recruited to the group by
2241:
469:heard the case in its 1973 decision in the case
358:, her colleague at the psychology department of
1753:"2 Men Arrested at Anti-Abortion Demonstration"
456:, alleging that the newspaper's sex-segregated
2171:Handbook of the Psychology of Women and Gender
1546:"Court Bars Appeal If Class Action Is Denied"
871:University of Pittsburgh Digital Collections
864:
1958:
1798:"Seniors Blast Bush Environmental Programs"
1531:
1829:"The Heart and Soul of JoAnn Evansgardner"
226:and a failed Republican candidate for the
33:
573:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
278:, a job that allowed her to study at the
2047:
1918:Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975
1441:Sardella, Carlo M. (September 1, 1974).
1440:
1428:
1365:
1021:Cole, Elizabeth R. (December 27, 2012).
865:Smith, Carrie; Mirasol, Jessica (2006).
589:Gardner v. Westinghouse Broadcasting Co.
554:Gardner v. Westinghouse Broadcasting Co.
418:should be used instead of Mrs. or Miss.
220:Gardner v. Westinghouse Broadcasting Co.
1604:
1259:
1023:"Different Strokes for Different Folks"
786:
731:. Vol. 27, no. 4. May 1, 2010
622:In 1971, she ran for a position on the
491:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
421:
276:Mellon Institute of Industrial Research
135: 1950; died 2009)
2300:National Organization for Women people
2242:
2118:
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1942:"Significant Decisions in Labor Cases"
1939:
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1297:"Law on Sex‐Labeled Job Ads Is Upheld"
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585:Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
230:in 1971. She and her husband moved to
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1977:
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1649:"Special Survey on Women in Politics"
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186:and numerous feminist organizations.
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1221:(4): 1. August 28, 1970 – via
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673:National Women's Studies Association
2285:20th-century American psychologists
1795:
1721:"Mrs. Vitti Wins School Board Race"
1605:Dismore, David M. (July 12, 2020).
1332:"Sex as Job Basis is Barred in Ads"
1085:(10): 5. March 1, 1971 – via
1054:Association for Women in Psychology
428:Young Women's Christian Association
320:Association for Women in Psychology
180:Association for Women in Psychology
13:
2270:Carnegie Mellon University faculty
2142:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00436.x
1817:
1686:Walsh, Lawrence (March 16, 1974).
1659:(14): 2. June 1, 1971 – via
1260:Shapiro, T. Rees (July 31, 2009).
723:"In Memoriam: Jo Ann Evansgardner"
329:
316:American Psychological Association
293:
14:
2316:
2260:People from Latrobe, Pennsylvania
1366:Johnston, Laurie (June 1, 1974).
930:
904:Butler, Ann (December 19, 1989).
884:
851:
808:
743:
710:
613:National Women's Political Caucus
602:
561:Westinghouse Broadcasting Company
306:by Alan E. Fisher. She taught at
224:National Women's Political Caucus
222:She was also a co-founder of the
216:Westinghouse Broadcasting Company
18:American psychologist (1925–2010)
2305:Equal Rights Amendment activists
1827:Clark, Jeanne (March 10, 2010).
1688:"County Panel Completes Charter"
577:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
396:The Tyranny of Structurelessness
370:, to join the women's movement.
162:, she studied psychology at the
2275:University of Pittsburgh alumni
1966:University of Toledo Law Review
1855:Shaw, Kurt (January 15, 2009).
1848:
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1544:Mintz, Morton (June 22, 1978).
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671:. She presented a paper at the
559:In 1977, Evansgardner sued the
352:National Organization for Women
191:National Organization for Women
189:In 1968, the couple joined the
132:
2059:Johns Hopkins University Press
1880:
1803:The Edwardsville Intelligencer
1719:Marcus, Caren (May 16, 1979).
946:Weber, Bruce (July 29, 2009).
787:Rodgers, Ann (March 1, 2010).
697:Pittsburgh Center for the Arts
687:house. The couple blocked the
645:She was the only woman on the
533:and was instructed by Senator
378:In 1968, Evansgardner founded
340:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
2129:Psychology of Women Quarterly
1959:Nelson, John K. (1977–1978).
1761:. October 6, 1986. p. 48
703:
678:
373:
360:Pennsylvania State University
241:
197:and was involved in the 1973
2290:American women psychologists
1923:University of Illinois Press
1796:Lin, Judy (April 18, 2003).
1408:Feminist Majority Foundation
1141:Feminist Majority Foundation
837:Psychology's Feminist Voices
434:, and the NAACP outside the
368:Feminist Majority Foundation
7:
2295:20th-century American women
2076:Snow, Michael Sean (2004).
1940:Mounts, Gregory J. (1978).
1050:"Distinguished Publication"
794:The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
531:United States Supreme Court
348:National Women's Conference
10:
2321:
2036:Rutgers-Camden Law Journal
514:West Pennsylvania Hospital
344:International Women's Year
308:Carnegie Mellon University
2265:Activists from Pittsburgh
2216:10.1007/s11199-009-9740-3
1862:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
1443:"'Miss America' Faces Ms"
657:She and Gardner moved to
495:Atlantic City, New Jersey
458:classified advertisements
432:Women in the Urban Crisis
382:with her husband, Heide,
252:Barbara Evans Fleischauer
142:
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2087:University of Pittsburgh
1758:Fort Worth Star-Telegram
300:physiological psychology
280:University of Pittsburgh
260:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
164:University of Pittsburgh
91:University of Pittsburgh
79:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2094:Weller, Sheila (2008).
830:George, Meghan (2011).
626:as a candidate for the
624:Pittsburgh City Council
478:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
438:in the neighborhood of
272:Union Carbide & Co.
228:Pittsburgh City Council
2029:Press, Marcia (1978).
617:Little League Baseball
543:statue of Father Duffy
523:Equal Rights Amendment
445:Equal Rights Amendment
214:Evansgardner sued the
2176:John Wiley & Sons
2049:Rossiter, Margaret W.
1978:Offen, Karen (1989).
1897:. Margaretdaughters.
1581:"Jo Ann Evansgardner"
663:University of Houston
632:Cathedral of Learning
503:Patricia Hill Burnett
248:Latrobe, Pennsylvania
236:University of Houston
166:and met her husband,
160:Latrobe, Pennsylvania
60:Latrobe, Pennsylvania
1947:Monthly Labor Review
1889:Haney, Eleanor Humes
1726:The Pittsburgh Press
1693:The Pittsburgh Press
911:The Pittsburgh Press
832:"JoAnn Evansgardner"
565:class action lawsuit
518:United States Senate
499:Miss America pageant
453:The Pittsburgh Press
422:First Pittsburgh NOW
1551:The Washington Post
1267:The Washington Post
689:mayor of Pittsburgh
527:G. Harrold Carswell
156:Jo Ann Evansgardner
147:Barbara Fleischauer
27:Jo Ann Evansgardner
2280:American feminists
2102:Simon and Schuster
1786:, p. 206–209.
1676:, p. 208–209.
1638:, p. 191–193.
1448:The New York Times
1373:The New York Times
1340:. March 28, 1971.
1337:The New York Times
1302:The New York Times
1238:, p. 190–191.
1200:, p. 132–133.
1176:, p. 188–189.
1102:, p. 187–188.
953:The New York Times
563:in a civil rights
174:, but returned to
2185:978-0-471-65357-8
2111:978-1-4165-6477-5
2068:978-1-4214-0476-9
1932:978-0-252-03189-2
1904:978-0-931911-02-6
1305:. June 22, 1973.
728:Freethought Today
651:home rule charter
593:John Paul Stevens
541:on the head of a
356:Wilma Scott Heide
153:
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71:February 16, 2010
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1913:Love, Barbara J.
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1532:Nelson 1977–1978
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1503:, p. 60-61.
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1403:"Part II – 1971"
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1233:
1227:
1226:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1136:"Part II – 1969"
1132:
1126:
1120:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
943:
928:
927:
921:
919:
901:
882:
881:
879:
877:
862:
849:
848:
846:
844:
827:
806:
805:
803:
801:
784:
741:
740:
738:
736:
719:
691:from building a
668:The Daily Cougar
647:Allegheny County
636:Shirley Chisholm
628:Republican Party
597:summary judgment
539:Susan B. Anthony
408:Gabrielle Burton
388:Phyllis Wetherby
136:
134:
74:
55:
53:
37:
23:
22:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2194:Unger, Rhoda K.
2186:
2166:Unger, Rhoda K.
2120:Tiefer, Leonore
2112:
2082:
2069:
1980:"Reply to Cott"
1933:
1905:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1825:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1764:
1762:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1732:
1730:
1717:
1713:
1699:
1697:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1653:The Spokeswoman
1647:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1215:The Spokeswoman
1209:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1079:The Spokeswoman
1073:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
988:
980:
976:
966:
964:
944:
931:
917:
915:
902:
885:
875:
873:
863:
852:
842:
840:
828:
809:
799:
797:
785:
744:
734:
732:
721:
720:
711:
706:
681:
605:
557:
463:First Amendment
424:
376:
332:
330:Social activism
296:
294:Academic career
288:Dublin, Ireland
244:
172:Dublin, Ireland
138:
130:
126:
123:
105:Political party
87:Alma mater
82:
76:
72:
63:
57:
51:
49:
48:
47:
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2210:(3): 153–158.
2190:
2184:
2162:
2136:(4): 635–649.
2116:
2110:
2091:
2073:
2067:
2045:
2026:
1998:10.1086/494579
1992:(1): 206–209.
1975:
1956:
1937:
1931:
1909:
1903:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1847:
1816:
1788:
1776:
1771:Newspapers.com
1744:
1739:Newspapers.com
1711:
1706:Newspapers.com
1678:
1666:
1640:
1625:
1597:
1572:
1536:
1534:, p. 488.
1524:
1522:, p. 211.
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1433:
1431:, p. 345.
1421:
1394:
1358:
1323:
1288:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1202:
1190:
1188:, p. 333.
1178:
1166:
1164:, p. 130.
1154:
1127:
1125:, p. 138.
1104:
1092:
1066:
1041:
1013:
1001:
999:, p. 153.
986:
984:, p. 647.
974:
929:
924:Newspapers.com
883:
850:
807:
742:
708:
707:
705:
702:
680:
677:
659:Houston, Texas
640:Alma Speed Fox
604:
603:Other activism
601:
556:
551:
535:Edward Kennedy
423:
420:
375:
372:
331:
328:
295:
292:
284:Gerald Gardner
243:
240:
232:Houston, Texas
168:Gerald Gardner
151:
150:
144:
140:
139:
128:
124:
121:Gerald Gardner
119:
118:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
77:
75:(aged 84)
69:
65:
64:
58:
56:April 19, 1925
45:
43:
39:
38:
30:
29:
26:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2317:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1586:
1585:In Sisterhood
1582:
1576:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1479:, p. 94.
1478:
1473:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1429:Rossiter 2012
1425:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
991:
983:
978:
963:
959:
955:
954:
949:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
925:
913:
912:
907:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
872:
868:
861:
859:
857:
855:
839:
838:
833:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
796:
795:
790:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
730:
729:
724:
718:
716:
714:
709:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
676:
674:
670:
669:
664:
660:
655:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
609:Eleanor Smeal
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
482:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
467:Supreme Court
464:
459:
455:
454:
448:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
419:
417:
413:
412:Sheila Tobias
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
371:
369:
365:
364:Eleanor Smeal
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:in 1975, the
345:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
317:
312:
309:
305:
301:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
205:
200:
199:Supreme Court
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
148:
145:
141:
122:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
80:
70:
66:
61:
44:
40:
36:
31:
24:
21:
16:
2207:
2201:
2170:
2133:
2127:
2096:
2078:
2053:
2040:
2034:
1989:
1983:
1970:
1964:
1951:
1945:
1917:
1893:
1866:. Retrieved
1860:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1832:
1807:. Retrieved
1801:
1791:
1779:
1769:– via
1763:. Retrieved
1756:
1747:
1737:– via
1731:. Retrieved
1724:
1714:
1704:– via
1698:. Retrieved
1691:
1681:
1669:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1616:. Retrieved
1610:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1549:
1539:
1527:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1446:
1436:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1406:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1371:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1335:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1300:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1265:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1139:
1130:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:APS Observer
1026:
1016:
1011:, p. 7.
1004:
977:
965:. Retrieved
951:
922:– via
916:. Retrieved
914:. p. 19
909:
874:. Retrieved
870:
841:. Retrieved
835:
798:. Retrieved
792:
733:. Retrieved
726:
682:
666:
656:
644:
621:
606:
588:
558:
553:
547:Times Square
511:
483:
476:
470:
451:
449:
440:East Liberty
425:
403:
377:
342:(ACLU), the
333:
313:
303:
297:
264:World War II
245:
219:
213:
202:
188:
155:
154:
100:Psychologist
73:(2010-02-16)
46:Jo Ann Evans
20:
15:
2255:2010 deaths
2250:1925 births
1881:Works cited
1834:Ms Magazine
1729:. p. 4
1696:. p. 8
1612:Ms Magazine
1501:Mounts 1978
1186:Weller 2008
1059:November 6,
982:Tiefer 1991
507:Rona Fields
384:Jean Witter
268:Second Army
2244:Categories
1784:Offen 1989
1520:Press 1978
1489:Haney 1985
1477:Haney 1985
1351:August 13,
1248:Haney 1985
1162:Haney 1985
1034:August 13,
1009:Unger 2004
997:Unger 2010
704:References
685:geothermal
679:Later life
579:, but the
400:Jo Freeman
380:KNOW, Inc.
374:KNOW, Inc.
324:Ina Braden
242:Early life
195:KNOW, Inc.
176:Pittsburgh
109:Republican
97:Occupation
52:1925-04-19
2232:144920397
2224:1573-2762
2203:Sex Roles
2158:144921072
2150:0361-6843
2022:145505022
2006:0097-9740
1674:Snow 2004
1636:Snow 2004
1560:0190-8286
1457:0362-4331
1382:0362-4331
1346:0362-4331
1311:0362-4331
1276:0190-8286
1236:Snow 2004
1198:Snow 2004
1174:Snow 2004
1123:Love 2006
1100:Snow 2004
962:0362-4331
392:Shadyside
302:, titled
256:Hazelwood
143:Relatives
2196:(2010).
2168:(2004).
2122:(1991).
2051:(2012).
1915:(2006).
1891:(1985).
1868:June 25,
1840:June 24,
1809:June 25,
1765:June 25,
1733:June 25,
1700:June 25,
1618:June 25,
1590:June 25,
1462:June 25,
1414:June 25,
1387:June 25,
1316:June 25,
1281:June 25,
1147:June 25,
967:June 25,
918:June 24,
876:June 25,
843:June 24,
800:June 24,
735:June 25,
583:and the
487:AT&T
430:(YWCA),
209:AT&T
201:case of
2085:(PhD).
2014:3174721
1565:July 2,
529:to the
274:at the
149:(niece)
137:
129:
125:
2230:
2222:
2182:
2156:
2148:
2108:
2065:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1929:
1901:
1558:
1455:
1380:
1344:
1309:
1274:
960:
505:, and
465:. The
386:, and
115:Spouse
81:, U.S.
62:, U.S.
2228:S2CID
2154:S2CID
2083:(PDF)
2018:S2CID
2010:JSTOR
1985:Signs
1661:JSTOR
1223:JSTOR
1087:JSTOR
436:Sears
398:" by
184:NAACP
131:(
127:
2220:ISSN
2180:ISBN
2146:ISSN
2106:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2002:ISSN
1954:(7).
1927:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1870:2022
1842:2022
1811:2022
1767:2022
1735:2022
1702:2022
1620:2022
1592:2022
1567:2022
1556:ISSN
1464:2022
1453:ISSN
1416:2022
1389:2022
1378:ISSN
1353:2022
1342:ISSN
1318:2022
1307:ISSN
1283:2022
1272:ISSN
1149:2022
1061:2022
1036:2022
969:2022
958:ISSN
920:2022
878:2022
845:2022
802:2022
737:2022
693:coke
569:KDKA
402:and
68:Died
42:Born
2212:doi
2138:doi
1994:doi
1952:101
545:in
416:Ms.
406:by
258:in
2246::
2226:.
2218:.
2208:62
2206:.
2200:.
2178:.
2174:.
2152:.
2144:.
2134:15
2132:.
2126:.
2104:.
2100:.
2061:.
2057:.
2041:10
2039:.
2033:.
2016:.
2008:.
2000:.
1990:15
1988:.
1982:.
1969:.
1963:.
1950:.
1944:.
1925:.
1921:.
1859:.
1831:.
1819:^
1800:.
1755:.
1723:.
1690:.
1655:.
1651:.
1628:^
1609:.
1583:.
1554:.
1548:.
1508:^
1451:.
1445:.
1405:.
1376:.
1370:.
1334:.
1299:.
1270:.
1264:.
1217:.
1213:.
1138:.
1107:^
1081:.
1077:.
1052:.
1025:.
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956:.
950:.
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908:.
886:^
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791:.
745:^
725:.
712:^
642:.
481:.
410:.
211:.
133:m.
2234:.
2214::
2188:.
2160:.
2140::
2114:.
2089:.
2071:.
2043:.
2024:.
1996::
1973:.
1971:9
1935:.
1907:.
1872:.
1844:.
1813:.
1773:.
1741:.
1708:.
1663:.
1657:1
1622:.
1594:.
1569:.
1466:.
1418:.
1391:.
1355:.
1320:.
1285:.
1225:.
1219:1
1151:.
1089:.
1083:1
1063:.
1038:.
971:.
926:.
880:.
847:.
804:.
739:.
54:)
50:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
