632:
1 was composed of a single large pit in the floor. These lower occupational layers were not associated with kitchen rocks. Internal storage features were not present in later occupational levels of Semi-Subterranean
Structure 1. However, kitchen rocks were used during the later occupations of Semi-Subterranean Structure 1. Rectangular Structures were spaced further apart than the pithouses, but were not spaced as far apart as Semi-Subterranean structures. No recognizable internal storage features were encountered in either Rectangular Structure 1 or 2. This implies that either storage was practiced in a form that did not leave a recognizable archaeological signature, or all storage was exterior. Both of the Rectangular Structures contained kitchen rocks.
63:
669:. At Jiskairumoko, these same ochre pigments were found sprinkled at the base of graves found outside some of the other pithouses While rituals appear to have taken place within the site's oldest pithouse, regular domestic activities were also performed in this dwelling. Therefore, ritual and domestic activities were embedded spatially within the same architecture. During later periods of time in Andean Pre-Columbian history cultures became much more complex, and often ritual architecture is separated from domestic structures.
56:
571:
1157:
222:
583:
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40:
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be correlated with longer term residential occupations. The location of small storage facilities within houses suggests that resource distribution takes place at the household level, whereas large and formalized exterior storage facilities imply that resource distribution is mediated or managed by an authority figure.
352:
Nine gold beads were found in the grave of an older adult and a juvenile buried adjacent to a
Terminal Archaic pit house. Charcoal recovered from the burial dates the gold beads to 2155-1936 cal BC, which makes them the earliest known gold artifacts in the Americas. The burial of the objects with the
631:
Semi-Subterranean structures were spaced considerably further apart. This suggests a decline in the level of genetic relatedness between structure occupants and indicates that sharing between structure occupants also declined. Storage in the deepest occupational levels of Semi-subterranean
Structure
609:
research shows that among use labor of subsistence based economies, as space between structures increases there is a decrease in the level of genetic relatedness and sharing between occupants of the structures. Among mobile peoples, increased formality in the internal organization of space tends to
635:
At the
Archaic village of Jiskairumoko, it appears that over time genetic relatedness and sharing decreased. Storage appears to have become more centralized within structures and the use of internal storage pits was eventually abandoned. About this same time the occupants of the structures began
613:
The excavators of
Jiskairumoko defined three types of structures each of which showed differences in the spacing between like structure, the internal organization of space, and storage. These variations imply shifts in social relations during the occupation of the site.
660:
practice) were embedded rather than strongly differentiated. At
Jiskairumoko, the earliest pithouse, radiocarbon dated to ca. 3200 cal BC, appears to have served as a place of ritual preparation. Evidence for this comes in the form of thermal processing of
353:
deceased implies the wealth and prestige of its owner through the disposal and remove from display and recirculation. The find bolsters the concept that metalworking developed from multiple independent technologies that were focused on native materials.
602:
and resource sharing are important variables for understanding the social structure of a village. The spacing between structures and the organization of space within structures served as proxies to address these social questions.
369:
show that pithouses occurred early (ca. 3200 cal BC), the semisubterranean structure is intermediate, and above ground prepared floor structures occurred later (ca. 1400 cal BC). This change in residential structures from
839:
Radio San
Gabriel, "Instituto Radiofonico de Promoción Aymara" (IRPA) 1993, Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas-Amazónicas (ILLLA-A) 2011, Transcripción del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, P.
2194:
618:
1-3 had the lowest distance between structures, this implies "high relatedness" and sharing between structure occupants. These pithouses all contained small yet numerous internal alcoves. These were interpreted as
623:
facilities. The numerous small alcoves suggest that storage was limited, and that resource distribution was a household affair that was not mediated by an individual with supra-household authority like a
1799:
O'Connell, F. F., Hawkes, K. & Blurton Jones, N. (1991), "Distribution of Refuse-Producing
Activities at Hadza Residential Base Camps: Implications for Analyses of Archaeological Site Structure",
344:
due to: early prestige objects, architectural transitions, variation in structure internal organization, ritual preparation embedded in domestic use areas, and the formation of regular trade routes.
2069:
2869:
2004:
697:
MURR. This research constitutes the largest sourcing program of Andean
Archaic Period obsidian. Results eyes that all but two of the 68 obsidian fingers (97%) could be assigned to the
648:, the Late and Terminal Archaic residents of Jiskairumoko exhibited a simple cultural pattern. This does not imply the residents were simple, it indicates that components of culture (
2014:
3514:
1219:
Aldenderfer, Mark; Craig, Nathan M.; Speakman, Robert J.; Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel (2008), "Four-thousand-year-old gold artifacts from the Lake
Titicaca basin, southern Peru",
1823:
1565:
Flannery, Kent (1972), "The Origins of the Village as the Settlement Type in Meso America and the Near East", in Ucko, Peter; Tringham, Ruth; Dimbleby, G (eds.),
3069:
1321:
The Formation of Early Settled Villages and the Emergence of Leadership: A Test of Three Theoretical Models in the Rio Ilave, Lake Titicaca Basin, Southern Peru
1909:
1319:
2764:
1437:
Craig, Nathan; Speakman, Robert J.; Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel S.; Glascock, Michael D.; Robertson, J. David; Shackley, M. Steven; Aldenderfer, Mark S. (2007),
1781:
Maschner, H. D. G.; Patton, J. Q. (1996), "Kin Selection and the Origins of Hereditary Social Inequality: A Case Study from the Northern Northwest Coast",
3059:
1295:
Brooks, A. S., Gaelburd, D. E. & Yellen, J. (1984), "Food Production and Culture Change Among the !Kung San: Implications for Prehistoric Research",
1179:
3269:
2584:
2299:
2304:
2054:
1212:
Informe Preliminar: Excavaciones Arqueológicas a Tres Sitios Arcaicos de la Cuenca del Río Ilave, Sub-región de Puno, Región "Jose Carlos Mariategui"
3384:
3324:
1851:
1814:
1310:
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2009:
785:
320:, including Nathan Craig and Nicholas Tripcevich, conducted additional excavations at the site during the austral winters of 1999–2004. In-field
2749:
104:
325:
3224:
2134:
3600:
2199:
2139:
1821:
3249:
2169:
2034:
1944:
2589:
1396:"Preliminary Stages in the Development of a Real-Time Digital Data Recording System for Archaeological Excavation Using ArcView GIS 3.1"
1902:
120:
2209:
636:
using kitchen rocks. This suggests that processing or serving activities took on greater importance within residential architecture.
1417:
Craig, Nathan; Aldenderfer, Mark; Moyes, Holley (2006), "Multivariate visualization and analysis of photomapped artifact scatters",
3595:
1705:
Kaplan, Hillard; Hill, Kim; Hawkes, Kristen; Hurtado, Ana (1984), "Food Sharing Among Ache Hunter-Gatherers of Eastern Paraguay",
317:
781:"Late Archaic–Early Formative period microbotanical evidence for potato at Jiskairumoko in the Titicaca Basin of southern Peru"
361:
Domestic architecture exposed during excavation is the earliest evidence of reduced residential mobility in the region. Three
1895:
1574:
Garget, R.; Hayden, B. (1991), "Site Structure, Kinship, and Sharing in Aboriginal Australia: Implications for Archaeology",
1834:
374:
to above ground structures is another example of a classic architectural transition observed in many parts of the world.
628:. None of the pithouses contained kitchen rocks. (Large stones used to support containers or serving as work surfaces.)
3610:
1167:
1336:
2144:
1395:
55:
3129:
1822:
Popelka-Filcoff, R. S., Craig, N., Glascock, M. D., Robertson, D. J., Aldenderfer, M. S. & Speakman, R. J.,
689:
under the direction of Steven Shackley and by portable XRF by Jeff Speakman and Rachel Popelka-Filcoff from the
3234:
3079:
2884:
281:
201:
2074:
321:
2829:
2319:
1489:
Ember, Carol R. (1983), "The Relative Decline in Women's Contribution to Agriculture with Intensification",
1375:
365:, a semisubterranean structure, and two above ground structures were exposed during excavation. Twenty-five
1918:
17:
2724:
570:
2344:
1509:
Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R. (1971), "The Conditions Favoring Matrilocal versus Patrilocal Residence",
301:
2984:
1677:
Hawkes, Kristen (1993), "Why Hunter-Gatherers Work: An Ancient Version of the Problem of Public Goods",
1355:
312:
at the site were conducted in 1995. Jisk'a Iru Muqu is the first Archaic open-air site excavated in the
3605:
1529:
Flannery, Kent V. (2002), "The Origins of the Village Revisited: From Nuclear to Extended Households",
701:. The other two artifacts were assigned to the Alca obsidian source. Both sources are located in the
2714:
341:
2964:
1356:"Recording Large-Scale Archaeological Excavations with GIS: Jiskairumoko--Near Peru's Lake Titicaca"
3429:
3124:
2914:
2719:
740:
309:
2974:
2044:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2629:
2419:
2839:
2834:
2389:
1979:
1753:
Lechtman, Heather (1984), "Andean Value Systems and the Development of Prehistoric Metallurgy",
3214:
2624:
2404:
1733:
Kelly, Robert L. (1992), "Mobility/Sedentism: Concepts, Archaeological Measures, and Effects",
750:
706:
698:
582:
3109:
2334:
1984:
3389:
2619:
2539:
2449:
2439:
2399:
2384:
1585:"Man the hunted: Determinants of household spacing in desert and tropical foraging societies"
3444:
2064:
1376:"Real-Time GIS Construction and Digital Data Recording of the Jiskairumoko Excavation, Peru"
3564:
3339:
3119:
3099:
2954:
2634:
2579:
2394:
1934:
1328:
1228:
1175:
794:
272:. The site lies in the mountains at elevation 4,115 meters (13,500 feet), in the
3499:
2094:
8:
3529:
3024:
2989:
2754:
2569:
2414:
2129:
2089:
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1798:
1746:
1332:
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798:
3064:
3019:
2879:
2544:
2444:
1954:
1770:
1722:
1694:
1666:
1554:
1546:
1478:
1439:"Comparison of XRF and PXRF for analysis of archaeological obsidian from southern Perú"
1259:
1246:
817:
780:
745:
682:
366:
1881:
3274:
2959:
2919:
2784:
2564:
2469:
2454:
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2019:
1845:
1808:
1670:
1642:
1600:
1558:
1482:
1304:
1288:
1264:
841:
822:
3344:
1726:
1698:
731:
were identified from starch grains recovered from grinding tools found at the site.
645:
3574:
3439:
3434:
3399:
3294:
3114:
2604:
2529:
2509:
2269:
1939:
1877:
1762:
1742:
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1658:
1638:
1616:
1596:
1538:
1518:
1498:
1470:
1450:
1426:
1284:
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1236:
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606:
371:
362:
297:
3364:
2844:
2339:
1621:
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1502:
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3309:
3299:
2979:
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2554:
2459:
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2229:
1831:
Archaeological Chemistry: Analytical Techniques and Archaeological Interpretation
285:
233:
205:
3404:
3194:
3174:
2464:
2214:
3509:
3409:
3359:
2999:
2949:
2794:
2769:
2744:
2294:
2239:
1887:
1474:
1294:
558:
3549:
1454:
1430:
3589:
3139:
3039:
2849:
2574:
2499:
2409:
2349:
2279:
2224:
2029:
1969:
1297:
From Hunters to Farmers: Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa
599:
313:
277:
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261:
135:
122:
108:
3539:
2059:
1241:
807:
221:
3454:
3104:
3034:
3009:
2969:
2649:
2514:
2359:
2289:
2234:
2124:
2119:
2114:
1999:
1863:, Berkeley: University of California Berkeley Archaeological XRF Laboratory
1268:
826:
710:
657:
625:
620:
2874:
2329:
3544:
3484:
3474:
3419:
3304:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3229:
3094:
3084:
2994:
2944:
2909:
2814:
2809:
2709:
2679:
2669:
2654:
2644:
2599:
2534:
2504:
2429:
2354:
2314:
2309:
2249:
2219:
1974:
1949:
1327:, PhD Dissertation, University of California Santa Barbara, p. 140,
305:
90:
1250:
3524:
3479:
3449:
3354:
3319:
3264:
3199:
3184:
3169:
3144:
3074:
3054:
2924:
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2894:
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2864:
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2774:
2704:
2699:
2694:
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2639:
2559:
2434:
2424:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2109:
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1964:
1774:
1550:
1218:
253:
276:
community of Jachacachi, adjacent to the Ilave River drainage, of the
3469:
3464:
3424:
3394:
3369:
3334:
3329:
3259:
3219:
3179:
3154:
3134:
3089:
3044:
3014:
2854:
2824:
2819:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2494:
2474:
2379:
2179:
2149:
2079:
2039:
1994:
1461:
Ember, C. R. (1975), "Residential Variation among Hunter-Gatherers",
1214:, Puno: Report submitted to Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Lima, Peru
1156:
727:
714:
653:
3314:
3209:
2364:
1766:
1584:
1542:
1436:
690:
681:
tools. Elemental characterization of these fingers was performed by
3519:
3189:
3159:
2934:
2904:
2609:
2549:
2484:
2369:
2189:
2104:
2024:
1989:
1718:
1690:
1662:
1438:
702:
678:
649:
3289:
3204:
2939:
3379:
3374:
3164:
3029:
3004:
2779:
2674:
2614:
2594:
2324:
2184:
666:
1868:
Wiessner, Polly (2002), "Hunting, healing, and hxaro exchange",
1861:
Source Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts Jiskairumoko (189), Peru
694:
3559:
3459:
3414:
3349:
3284:
3149:
2929:
2759:
2524:
2519:
2159:
1959:
1929:
1780:
329:
340:
Jisk'a Iru Muqu plays a significant role in understanding the
3569:
3534:
3489:
3279:
3049:
2049:
662:
264:
archaeological site 54 kilometers (34 mi) south-east of
1833:, Washington D.C.: American Chemical Society, archived from
39:
2479:
1203:
Montane Foragers Asana and the South-Central Andean Archaic
686:
269:
265:
94:
280:, Peru. Occupation of Jisk'a Iru Muqu spans from the Late
847:
865:
1858:
1801:
The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning
1704:
1576:
The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning
672:
1607:
Hawkes, Kristen (1983), "Kin selection and culture",
1416:
1275:
Binford, Lewis R (1982), "The archaeology of place",
1209:
1115:
1573:
1133:
883:
1045:
1043:
1200:
1124:
677:Excavations at Jiskairumoko recovered sixty eight
316:. Under the direction of Aldenderfer, a team from
44:Excavations at the site of Jisk'a Iru Muqu in 2002
1824:"INAA of Ochre Artifacts from Jiskairumoko, Perú"
1031:
713:, and the Alca obsidian source is located at the
3587:
1917:
1859:Shackley, S.; Eklund, E.; Ogasawara, C. (2004),
1061:
1052:
1040:
844:1612 (Spanish-Aymara-Aymara-Spanish dictionary)
1393:
1221:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1210:Aldenderfer, Mark; de la Vega, Edmundo (1996),
1106:
1097:
934:
932:
922:
920:
786:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1789:
968:
335:
1903:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
1850:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1813:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1309:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1022:
977:
929:
917:
779:Rumold, Claudia Ursula; et al. (2016).
356:
1583:Gould, Richard A.; Yellen, John E. (1987),
1582:
1079:
941:
910:
908:
906:
904:
892:
62:
1910:
1896:
1649:Hawkes, K. (1992), "On Sharing and Work",
1508:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
763:
38:
1620:
1380:Society for American Archaeology Bulletin
1258:
1240:
1088:
959:
950:
816:
806:
347:
225:Gold necklace recovered from Jiskairumoko
1867:
1752:
1564:
1528:
1394:Craig, Nathan; Adenderfer, Mark (2003),
901:
874:
856:
593:
296:The site was first formally recorded by
220:
1629:Hawkes, Kristen (1991), "Showing off",
1274:
695:University of Missouri Research Reactor
318:University of California, Santa Barbara
14:
3588:
1676:
1648:
1628:
1606:
1589:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
1277:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
778:
639:
1891:
1732:
1488:
1460:
1373:
1353:
1317:
1205:, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press
1299:, Berkeley: University of California
1150:
379:Jisk'a Iru Muqu Structure Dimensions
342:pre-Columbian history of Andean Peru
3601:Archaeological sites in Puno Region
1747:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.000355
673:Development of regular trade routes
24:
326:used in recording exposed surfaces
25:
3622:
1794:, New York: The MacMillan Company
1443:Journal of Archaeological Science
1419:Journal of Archaeological Science
1121:Popelka-Filcoff et al. (in press)
1070:
853:Aldenderfer and de la Vega (1996)
1155:
720:
581:
569:
557:
553:Jisk'a Iru Muqu Structure Images
61:
54:
3596:Former populated places in Peru
833:
13:
1:
3130:Quriwayrachina, La Convención
1882:10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00096-X
1735:Annual Review of Anthropology
1622:10.1525/ae.1983.10.2.02a00090
1567:Man, Settlement, and Urbanism
1523:10.1525/aa.1971.73.3.02a00040
1503:10.1525/aa.1983.85.2.02a00020
1403:Journal of GIS in Archaeology
1146:
576:Semi Subterranean Structure 1
322:geographic information system
300:in 1994, during a pedestrian
252:knot; joint of a part of the
155:3,890 m (12,762 ft)
1919:Archaeological sites in Peru
1870:Evolution and Human Behavior
1643:10.1016/0162-3095(91)90011-E
1601:10.1016/0278-4165(87)90017-1
1405:, vol. 1, pp. 1–22
1289:10.1016/0278-4165(82)90006-X
871:Craig and Aldenderfer (2003)
7:
3235:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
1201:Aldenderfer, M. S. (1998),
734:
336:Results and interpretations
291:
258:Jiskairumoko, Jisk'airumoko
27:Archaeological site in Peru
10:
3627:
2830:Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
2320:Huamanmarca, La Convención
1475:10.1177/106939717501000302
1382:, vol. 18, no. 1
725:The remains of potato and
3611:High-altitude archaeology
1925:
1631:Ethology and Sociobiology
1455:10.1016/j.jas.2007.01.015
1431:10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.018
357:Architectural transitions
211:
196:
188:
180:
175:
167:
159:
151:
114:
100:
86:
78:
49:
37:
3430:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
3125:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
2985:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
2915:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
1785:, New York: Plenum Press
1037:Garget and Hayden (1991)
756:
171:0.4 ha (0.99 acres)
2630:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
2420:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
1790:Murdock, G. P. (1949),
1783:Darwinian Archaeologies
1511:American Anthropologist
1491:American Anthropologist
1463:Cross-Cultural Research
1242:10.1073/pnas.0710937105
1076:O'Connell et al. (1991)
1049:Gould and Yellen (1987)
889:Aldenderfer et al. 2008
808:10.1073/pnas.1604265113
691:Archaeometry Laboratory
687:Berkeley XRF laboratory
588:Rectangular Structure 1
3275:The Toads of Wiraqucha
2725:Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
2715:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
2625:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
2405:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
1755:Technology and Culture
1374:Craig, Nathan (2000),
1354:Craig, Nathan (2002),
1318:Craig, Nathan (2005),
1130:Shackley et al. (2004)
707:Chivay obsidian source
699:Chivay obsidian source
348:Early prestige objects
226:
215:South-Central Highland
192:Approximately 1,600 BC
184:Approximately 3,400 BC
3390:Ventanillas de Otuzco
2975:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
2720:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
2620:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
2540:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
2450:Inti Watana, Urubamba
2440:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
2400:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
1139:Craig et al. in press
665:for use as a mineral
644:In the sense used by
594:Organization of space
246:(Festuca orthophylla)
224:
163:open-air village site
136:16.21111°S 69.76389°W
79:Alternative name
3565:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
3120:Quriwayrachina, Anta
2840:Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
2835:Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
2740:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
2735:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
2730:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
2635:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
2580:Laguna de las Momias
2395:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
2390:Inka Raqay, Apurímac
1980:Awkimarka (Apurímac)
1935:Ahuila Gencha Machay
1707:Current Anthropology
1679:Current Anthropology
1651:Current Anthropology
1609:American Ethnologist
1170:for the books listed
1067:Kaplan et al. (1984)
1058:Brooks et al. (1984)
974:Ember and Ember 1971
491:Semi-Subterranean 1
332:by tractor in 2005.
324:(GIS) methods were
141:-16.21111; -69.76389
3215:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
3110:Qurimarka, Apurímac
3025:Purunllacta, Soloco
2990:Pumamarka, Urubamba
2415:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
2335:Huaycán de Pariachi
2130:Choquequirao Puquio
2090:Chauchilla Cemetery
1985:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
1569:, London: Duckworth
1333:2005PhDT.......140C
1233:2008PNAS..105.5002A
799:2016PNAS..11313672R
793:(48): 13672–13677.
751:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
640:Ritual preparations
607:Ethnoarchaeological
600:genetic relatedness
381:
314:Lake Titicaca Basin
278:Lake Titicaca Basin
132: /
109:Lake Titicaca Basin
34:
3445:Wanakawri, Huánuco
3020:Purunllacta, Cheto
2880:Paracas Candelabra
2545:Kunturmarka, Pasco
2445:Inti Watana, Calca
1803:, New York: Plenum
1578:, New York: Plenum
1531:American Antiquity
1362:, vol. Spring
1112:Craig et al. 2006)
1103:Aldenderfer (1998)
746:GIS in archaeology
683:X-ray fluorescence
377:
227:
32:
3606:Andean preceramic
3583:
3582:
2960:Pukara, Coporaque
2920:Pirca Pirca, Lima
2285:Huaca Huallamarca
2095:Chavín de Huantar
1197:
1196:
842:Ludovico Bertonio
709:is linked to the
550:
549:
431:Pithouse 1 Outer
367:radiocarbon dates
244:a type of grass,
219:
218:
70:Shown within Peru
16:(Redirected from
3618:
3440:Wanakawri, Cusco
3435:Wamanmarka, Lima
3270:Templo del Zorro
3115:Qurimarka, Cusco
2605:Llamachayuq Qaqa
2585:Lauricocha Caves
2570:K'allapayuq Urqu
2555:Kusichaka valley
2300:Huaca San Marcos
2275:Huaca del Dragón
2270:Huaca de la Luna
1940:Amaru Marka Wasi
1912:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1795:
1792:Social Structure
1786:
1777:
1749:
1729:
1701:
1673:
1645:
1625:
1624:
1603:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1525:
1505:
1485:
1457:
1433:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1335:, archived from
1326:
1314:
1308:
1300:
1291:
1271:
1262:
1244:
1215:
1206:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1159:
1151:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
984:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
957:
954:
948:
945:
939:
936:
927:
924:
915:
912:
899:
896:
890:
887:
881:
878:
872:
869:
863:
860:
854:
851:
845:
837:
831:
830:
820:
810:
776:
598:The patterns of
585:
573:
561:
382:
376:
298:Mark Aldenderfer
147:
146:
144:
143:
142:
137:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
65:
64:
58:
42:
35:
31:
21:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3555:Wiraqucha Pirqa
3300:Toquepala Caves
3065:Qillqay Mach'ay
2965:Pukara, Fajardo
2690:Marcahuamachuco
2660:Machu Pitumarka
2490:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
2460:Intini Uyu Pata
2375:Incahuasi, Lima
2305:Huaca Santa Ana
2230:Guitarrero Cave
2055:Caves of Sumbay
1955:Asiru Phat'jata
1921:
1916:
1843:
1842:
1840:on 23 July 2011
1837:
1826:
1806:
1805:
1767:10.2307/3104667
1543:10.2307/1593820
1408:
1406:
1398:
1385:
1383:
1365:
1363:
1345:
1343:
1342:on 23 July 2011
1339:
1324:
1302:
1301:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1173:
1160:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:Maschner (1996)
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
983:Weissner (2002)
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:Flannery (2002)
937:
930:
926:Flannery (1972)
925:
918:
913:
902:
898:Lechtman (1984)
897:
893:
888:
884:
879:
875:
870:
866:
861:
857:
852:
848:
838:
834:
777:
764:
759:
737:
723:
675:
642:
596:
589:
586:
577:
574:
565:
562:
405:
400:
395:
359:
350:
338:
328:. The site was
294:
256:, also spelled
230:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
140:
138:
134:
131:
126:
123:
121:
119:
118:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
67:
66:
45:
33:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:Wayna Tawqaray
3507:
3502:
3500:Wat'a, Huánuco
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Viracochapampa
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Venado cautivo
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:Usnu, Ayacucho
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Uchkus Inkañan
3342:
3340:T'uqu T'uquyuq
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2565:Khuchi Mach'ay
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:Intiyuq K'uchu
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2295:Huaca Pucllana
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2240:Hatun Misapata
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Cerro Trinidad
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1876:(6): 407–436,
1865:
1856:
1819:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1750:
1730:
1719:10.1086/203089
1702:
1691:10.1086/204182
1685:(4): 341–361,
1674:
1663:10.1086/204089
1657:(4): 404–407,
1646:
1626:
1615:(2): 345–363,
1604:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1526:
1506:
1497:(2): 285–304,
1486:
1469:(3): 199–227,
1458:
1434:
1414:
1391:
1371:
1351:
1315:
1292:
1272:
1227:(13): 5002–5,
1216:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
967:
958:
949:
947:Murdock (1949)
940:
928:
916:
900:
891:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
832:
761:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
748:
743:
736:
733:
722:
719:
685:(XRF), at the
674:
671:
646:Émile Durkheim
641:
638:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
580:
578:
575:
568:
566:
563:
556:
554:
548:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:Rectangular 2
528:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
511:Rectangular 1
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
448:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
408:
407:
402:
397:
396:Thickness (cm)
392:
389:
386:
385:Structure Type
358:
355:
349:
346:
337:
334:
293:
290:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
116:
112:
111:
102:
98:
97:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
69:
60:
59:
53:
52:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3623:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3576:
3575:Yuraq Mach'ay
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Usnu, Huánuco
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Qhapaq Kancha
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Puyupatamarca
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:Ollantaytambo
2848:
2846:
2845:Ñusta Hispana
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Killa Mach'ay
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Inka Tunuwiri
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Huayna Picchu
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Huánuco Pampa
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Huaca del Sol
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Hatun Rumiyoc
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Guellayhuasin
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:El Cañoncillo
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3505:Wayna Q'inti
3495:Wat'a, Cusco
3455:Waqra Pukara
3405:Vilcashuamán
3175:Sacsayhuamán
3105:Quri Winchus
3035:Pusuquy Pata
3010:Puqin Kancha
2970:Pukara, Puno
2665:Machu Q'inti
2650:Machu Picchu
2515:Killarumiyuq
2489:
2465:Intipa Ñawin
2385:Inka Mach'ay
2360:Huchuy Qosqo
2290:Huaca Prieta
2235:Hatun Machay
2215:Gran Pajatén
2125:Choquequirao
2120:Choquepuquio
2115:Chipaw Marka
2065:Cerro Pátapo
1873:
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1422:
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1402:
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1379:
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1360:ESRI ArcNews
1359:
1344:, retrieved
1337:the original
1320:
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1202:
1185:
1180:citation bot
1174:Please help
1165:
1135:
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1117:
1108:
1099:
1094:Kelly (1992)
1090:
1085:Binford 1982
1081:
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1024:
1019:Hawkes(1993)
1015:
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965:Ember (1983)
961:
956:Ember (1975)
952:
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914:Craig (2005)
894:
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880:Craig (2002)
876:
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862:Craig (2000)
858:
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726:
724:
711:Colca Canyon
705:Region. The
676:
656:structures,
643:
634:
630:
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612:
605:
597:
406:Storage (l)
378:
360:
351:
339:
308:. The first
295:
257:
249:
245:
241:
237:
229:
228:
105:Ilave Valley
82:Jiskairumoko
29:
18:Jiskairumoko
3550:Wiñay Wayna
3545:Willkaraqay
3530:Wila Wilani
3485:Wari Willka
3475:Waraqu Urqu
3420:Waman Pirqa
3325:Tunay Q'asa
3305:Toro Muerto
3255:Taqrachullu
3245:Tanqa Tanqa
3240:Tampukancha
3230:Tambomachay
3225:Tambo Totem
3095:Qunchamarka
3085:Qullqapampa
2995:Pumaq Hirka
2945:Puka Pukara
2910:Pinkuylluna
2900:Pikimach'ay
2815:Nazca Lines
2810:Muyuq Marka
2795:Mullu Q'awa
2770:Mirq'imarka
2745:Mawk'ataray
2680:Maray Qalla
2670:Mallkuamaya
2655:Machu Pirqa
2645:Machu Colca
2600:Llamachayuq
2535:Kuntur Wasi
2430:Inkilltambo
2355:Huayrapongo
2315:Hualpayunca
2310:Huacramarca
2250:Hatun Uchku
2220:Gran Vilaya
2020:Buena Vista
1975:Awkin Punta
1761:(1): 1–36,
1713:: 113–115,
1178:or run the
652:practices,
471:Pithouse 3
451:Pithouse 2
411:Pithouse 1
401:Storage (l)
310:excavations
306:Ilave River
139: /
115:Coordinates
91:Puno Region
3590:Categories
3540:Wilcahuaín
3480:Warawtampu
3450:Waqlamarka
3400:Vilcabamba
3355:Uskallaqta
3320:Tunanmarca
3265:Tarmatambo
3200:Sillustani
3185:Sayacmarca
3170:Runkuraqay
3100:Qunchupata
3075:Quillarumi
3055:Qillqatani
2950:Puka Tampu
2925:Pirhuaylla
2895:Pikillaqta
2890:Patallaqta
2865:Pachatusan
2860:Pachacamac
2775:Miyu Pampa
2765:Miraflores
2705:Markapukyu
2700:Markansaya
2695:Markahirka
2685:Marayniyoq
2640:Llaqtapata
2575:K'ipakhara
2560:Khichuqaqa
2455:Intikancha
2435:Inti Punku
2425:Inkapintay
2265:Honcopampa
2260:Hatunmarka
2255:Hatun Usnu
2205:El Paraíso
2200:El Ingenio
2175:Coricancha
2165:Condorcaga
2155:Colcampata
2145:Cochabamba
2110:Chichakuri
2100:Chawaytiri
2085:Chanquillo
2075:Chacamarca
2060:Cerro Baúl
1965:Auga Punta
1595:: 77–103,
1517:(3): 571,
1409:9 February
1386:9 February
1366:9 February
1346:9 February
1188:April 2014
1147:References
741:Excavation
564:Pithouse 1
127:69°45′50″W
124:16°12′40″S
3470:Waraqayuq
3465:Warahirka
3425:Wamanilla
3395:Ventarron
3370:Usnu Muqu
3330:Tupu Inka
3310:Trinchera
3260:Tarahuasi
3250:Tantarica
3220:Susupillu
3180:Sara Sara
3155:Rumicolca
3135:Qasa Pata
3090:Qulu Qulu
3045:Qaqapatan
3015:Puruchuco
2955:Puka Urqu
2875:Pañamarca
2855:Pacatnamu
2825:Ninamarca
2820:Nina Kiru
2805:Muyu Urqu
2800:Muyu Muyu
2790:Mulinuyuq
2495:Kanamarka
2475:Iskuqucha
2380:Ingatambo
2330:Huankarán
2180:Cumbemayo
2170:Cota Coca
2150:Cochapata
2080:Chan Chan
2040:Carachupa
2035:Cao Viejo
2015:Bandurria
2000:Ayawayq'u
1995:Ayamachay
1945:Arhuaturo
1741:: 43–66,
1671:145710421
1637:: 29–54,
1559:164082882
1483:145418284
728:Phaseolus
715:Cotahuasi
658:spiritual
654:political
616:Pithouses
391:Perim (m)
372:pithouses
363:pithouses
286:Formative
206:Formative
204:to Early
189:Abandoned
3520:Wichqana
3295:Titiqaqa
3190:Sayhuite
3160:Rumiwasi
3080:Quishuar
3000:Pumawasi
2980:Pukarani
2935:Pirwayuq
2905:Pilluchu
2885:Paraccra
2610:Llamayuq
2550:Kuntuyuq
2485:Jinkiori
2370:Inca Uyo
2190:El Brujo
2135:Churajón
2105:Cheqollo
2025:Cahuachi
2005:Azángaro
1990:Aya Muqu
1846:citation
1809:citation
1727:67854139
1699:62877593
1305:citation
1283:: 5–31,
1269:18378903
1251:25461542
827:27849582
735:See also
717:Valley.
703:Arequipa
679:obsidian
650:economic
540:0.15-0.2
404:External
399:Internal
388:Area (m)
292:Research
212:Cultures
152:Altitude
87:Location
3525:Wich'un
3515:Wichama
3380:Uyu Uyu
3375:Usqunta
3165:Runayoc
3145:Raqch'i
3030:Pusharo
3005:Punkuri
2780:Molloko
2755:Miculla
2675:Mameria
2615:Llamuqa
2595:Llactan
2500:Kanichi
2325:Huamboy
2210:Garagay
2185:Cutimbo
2045:Carajía
1775:3104667
1551:1593820
1329:Bibcode
1260:2278197
1229:Bibcode
818:5137686
795:Bibcode
693:at the
667:pigment
626:headman
621:storage
304:of the
284:to the
282:Archaic
260:) is a
240:small,
202:Archaic
197:Periods
181:Founded
176:History
3560:Yanaca
3460:Waqutu
3415:Vitcos
3350:Urpish
3335:T'akaq
3315:Túcume
3285:Tinyaq
3210:Sóndor
3195:Sechín
3150:Revash
3070:Quiaca
3060:Qillqa
2930:Piruro
2870:Paiján
2760:Millka
2590:Layzón
2530:Kukuli
2525:Kuelap
2520:Kotosh
2365:Huiñao
2160:Collor
1960:Aspero
1930:Acaray
1773:
1725:
1697:
1669:
1557:
1549:
1481:
1267:
1257:
1249:
1166:lacks
825:
815:
394:Depth/
330:plowed
302:survey
274:Aymara
238:jisk'a
234:Aymara
101:Region
3570:Yaynu
3535:Wilca
3490:Waruq
3290:Tipón
3280:Tikra
3205:Sipán
3050:Qenko
2940:Písac
2785:Moray
2750:Mazur
2710:Marpa
2505:Kenko
2345:Huari
2140:Chuya
2050:Caral
1950:Asana
1838:(PDF)
1827:(PDF)
1771:JSTOR
1723:S2CID
1695:S2CID
1667:S2CID
1555:S2CID
1547:JSTOR
1479:S2CID
1399:(PDF)
1340:(PDF)
1325:(PDF)
1247:JSTOR
1168:ISBNs
757:Notes
663:ochre
537:20.66
534:22.96
517:12.95
506:1400
497:14.76
494:15.18
437:14.56
434:18.69
417:12.92
414:13.20
200:Late
2480:Isog
1852:link
1815:link
1411:2007
1388:2007
1368:2007
1348:2007
1311:link
1265:PMID
823:PMID
514:9.85
500:0.25
486:510
480:0.32
477:7.92
474:5.21
466:860
460:0.18
454:8.47
440:0.16
420:0.41
270:Peru
266:Puno
254:reed
250:muqu
168:Area
160:Type
95:Peru
1878:doi
1763:doi
1743:doi
1715:doi
1687:doi
1659:doi
1639:doi
1617:doi
1597:doi
1539:doi
1519:doi
1499:doi
1471:doi
1451:doi
1427:doi
1285:doi
1255:PMC
1237:doi
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813:PMC
803:doi
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520:0.1
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