Jim Crow laws - Knowledge

4267: 3676:, stipulated a guarantee that everyone, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, was entitled to the same treatment in public accommodations, such as inns, public transportation, theaters, and other places of recreation. This Act had little effect in practice. An 1883 Supreme Court decision ruled that the act was unconstitutional in some respects, saying Congress was not afforded control over private persons or corporations. With white southern Democrats forming a solid voting bloc in Congress, due to having outsize power from keeping seats apportioned for the total population in the South (although hundreds of thousands had been disenfranchised), Congress did not pass another civil rights law until 1957. 4054: 3840: 2626: 3391: 60: 14399: 4555: 4006:(ACC) of flagship state universities in the Southeast took the lead. First they started to schedule integrated teams from the North. Finally, ACC schools – typically under pressure from boosters and civil rights groups – integrated their teams. With an alumni base that dominated local and state politics, society and business, the ACC schools were successful in their endeavor – as Pamela Grundy argues, they had learned how to win: 4454: 4541: 18921: 16966: 16146: 12356: 12320: 3929: 4156:; and allowed federal funds to be cut off in cases of discrimination. Furthermore, racial, religious and gender discrimination was outlawed for businesses with 25 or more employees, as well as apartment houses. The South resisted until the last moment, but as soon as the new law was signed by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, it was widely accepted across the nation. There was only a scattering of diehard opposition, typified by restaurant owner 12366: 16986: 3653: 3855:(NAACP) had been engaged in a series of litigation cases since the early 20th century in efforts to combat laws that disenfranchised black voters across the South. Some of the early demonstrations achieved positive results, strengthening political activism, especially in the post-World War II years. Black veterans were impatient with social oppression after having fought for the United States and freedom across the world. In 1947 621: 18931: 16976: 16175: 4527: 4397:

for conviction. Oregon and Louisiana, however, allowed juries of at least 10–2 to decide a criminal conviction. Louisiana's law was amended in 2018 to require a unanimous jury for criminal convictions, effective in 2019. Prior to that amendment, the law had been seen as a remnant of Jim Crow laws, because it allowed minority voices on a jury to be marginalized. In 2020, the Supreme Court found, in

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Additionally, some all-black communities, such as Mound Bayou, Mississippi and Ruthville, Virginia served as sources of pride and inspiration for black society as a whole. Over time, pushback and open defiance of the oppressive existing laws grew, until it reached a boiling point in the aggressive, large-scale activism of the 1950s civil rights movement.

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era, libraries were only available sporadically. Prior to the 20th century, most libraries established for African Americans were school-library combinations. Many public libraries for both European-American and African-American patrons in this period were founded as the result of middle-class activism aided by matching grants from the

3586: – an appointee of the President – was heard to express his opinion of black and white women working together in one government office: "I feel sure that this must go against the grain of the white women. Is there any reason why the white women should not have only white women working across from them on the machines?" 4396:

grants criminal defendants the right to a trial by a jury of their peers. While federal law required that convictions could only be granted by a unanimous jury for federal crimes, states were free to set their own jury requirements. All but two states, Oregon and Louisiana, opted for unanimous juries

4112:, who had been calling for moderation, threatened to use federal troops to restore order in Birmingham. The result in Birmingham was compromise by which the new mayor opened the library, golf courses, and other city facilities to both races, against the backdrop of church bombings and assassinations. 3707:

In 1892, Plessy bought a first-class ticket from New Orleans on the East Louisiana Railway. Once he had boarded the train, he informed the train conductor of his racial lineage and took a seat in the whites-only car. He was directed to leave that car and sit instead in the "coloreds only" car. Plessy

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By 1965, efforts to break the grip of state disenfranchisement by education for voter registration in southern counties had been underway for some time, but had achieved only modest success overall. In some areas of the Deep South, white resistance made these efforts almost entirely ineffectual. The

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and his police forces by using young teenagers as demonstrators – and Connor arrested 900 on one day alone. The next day Connor unleashed billy clubs, police dogs, and high-pressure water hoses to disperse and punish the young demonstrators with a brutality that horrified the nation. It was very bad

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has explored the defensive techniques developed inside the African American community to avoid the worst features of Jim Crow as expressed in the legal system, unbalanced economic power, and intimidation and psychological pressure. Chafe says "protective socialization by black people themselves" was

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In 1890, Louisiana passed a law requiring separate accommodations for colored and white passengers on railroads. Louisiana law distinguished between "white", "black" and "colored" (that is, people of mixed European and African ancestry). The law had already specified that black people could not ride

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Like schools, public libraries for black people were underfunded, if they existed at all, and they were often stocked with secondhand books and other resources. These facilities were not introduced for African Americans in the South until the first decade of the 20th century. Throughout the Jim Crow

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Voter turnout dropped dramatically through the South as a result of these measures. In Louisiana, by 1900, black voters were reduced to 5,320 on the rolls, although they comprised the majority of the state's population. By 1910, only 730 black people were registered, less than 0.5% of eligible black

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discusses the present-day Jim Crow legacy of felony disenfranchisement, and states that part of Mississippi's 1890 constitution was not erased by the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s. The article states the constitutional felony disenfranchisement clause "takes away – for life – the right to

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ended legally sanctioned state barriers to voting for all federal, state and local elections. It also provided for federal oversight and monitoring of counties with historically low minority voter turnout. Years of enforcement have been needed to overcome resistance, and additional legal challenges

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legislatures for the first time in most Southern states, those for black children were consistently underfunded compared to schools for white children, even when considered within the strained finances of the postwar South where the decreasing price of cotton kept the agricultural economy at a low.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most powerful affirmation of equal rights ever made by Congress. It guaranteed access to public accommodations such as restaurants and places of amusement, authorized the Justice Department to bring suits to desegregate facilities in schools, gave new powers to

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One rationale for the systematic exclusion of African Americans from southern public society was that it was for their own protection. An early 20th-century scholar suggested that allowing black people to attend white schools would mean "constantly subjecting them to adverse feeling and opinion",

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being challenged throughout the South, many whites sought to protect their former status by threatening African Americans who exercised their new rights." White Southerners used their power to segregate public spaces and facilities in law and reestablish social dominance over black people in the

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Those who could not vote were not eligible to serve on juries and could not run for local offices. They effectively disappeared from political life, as they could not influence the state legislatures, and their interests were overlooked. While public schools had been established by Reconstruction

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Black people were still elected to local offices throughout the 1880s in local areas with large black populations, but their voting was suppressed for state and national elections. States passed laws to make voter registration and electoral rules more restrictive, with the result that political

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The Wilson administration introduced segregation in federal offices, despite much protest from African-American leaders and white progressive groups in the north and midwest. He appointed segregationist Southern politicians because of his own firm belief that racial segregation was in the best

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However, this did build the foundation for later generations to advance racial equality and de-segregation. Chafe argued that the places essential for change to begin were institutions, particularly black churches, which functioned as centers for community-building and discussion of politics.

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The widespread admiration that athletic ability inspired would help transform athletic fields from grounds of symbolic play to forces for social change, places where a wide range of citizens could publicly and at times effectively challenge the assumptions that cast them as unworthy of full

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editorial wondered if the "reunion" of 1913 was a reunion of those who fought for "the extinction of slavery" or a reunion of those who fought to "perpetuate slavery and who are now employing every artifice and argument known to deceit" to present emancipation as a failed venture. Historian

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around it, which lasted more than a year and resulted in desegregation of the privately run buses in the city. Civil rights protests and actions, together with legal challenges, resulted in a series of legislative and court decisions which contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system.

3288:; sometimes, there were no facilities for the black community at all. Far from equality, as a body of law, Jim Crow institutionalized economic, educational, political and social disadvantages and second class citizenship for most African Americans living in the United States. After the 5687:, 30 July 1887: "No 'Jim Crow' Cars": "The answer further avers that the cars provided for the colored passengers are equally as safe, comfortable, clean, well ventilated, and cared for as those provided for whites. The difference, it says, if any, relates to matters aesthetical only." 3506:

meant that black voters were eliminated from voter rolls during the period from 1896 to 1904. The growth of their thriving middle class was slowed. In North Carolina and other Southern states, black people suffered from being made invisible in the political system: "ithin a decade of

3239:. Formal and informal racial segregation policies were present in other areas of the United States as well, even as several states outside the South had banned discrimination in public accommodations and voting. Southern laws were enacted by white-dominated state legislatures ( 4228:, persuaded the President and Congress to overcome Southern legislators' resistance to effective voting rights enforcement legislation. President Johnson issued a call for a strong voting rights law and hearings soon began on the bill that would become the Voting Rights Act. 4011:

participation in U.S. society. While athletic successes would not rid society of prejudice or stereotype – black athletes would continue to confront racial slurs... the discipline, intelligence, and poise to contend for position or influence in every arena of national life.

3565:"), was exempted from the literacy requirement; but the only men who had the franchise before that year were white or European-American. European Americans were effectively exempted from the literacy testing, whereas black Americans were effectively singled out by the law. 4428:

Interpretation of the Constitution and its application to minority rights continues to be controversial as Court membership changes. Observers such as Ian F. Lopez believe that in the 2000s, the Supreme Court has become more protective of the status quo.

4091:, sponsored by rural segregationists who largely controlled the state legislatures. Southern liberals, who counseled moderation, were shouted down by both sides and had limited impact. Much more significant was the civil rights movement, especially the 3908:

created inside the community in order to accommodate white-imposed sanctions while subtly encouraging challenges to those sanctions. Known as "walking the tightrope", such efforts at bringing about change were only slightly effective before the 1920s.

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It largely displaced the old, much more moderate NAACP in taking leadership roles. King organized massive demonstrations, that seized massive media attention in an era when network television news was an innovative and universally watched phenomenon.

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project. The disappearance of the three activists captured national attention and the ensuing outrage was used by Johnson and civil rights activists to build a coalition of northern and western Democrats and Republicans and push Congress to pass the

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murder of the three voting-rights activists in Mississippi in 1964 and the state's refusal to prosecute the murderers, along with numerous other acts of violence and terrorism against black people, had gained national attention. Finally, the

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called for immediate passage of Kennedy civil rights legislation as a memorial to the martyred president. Johnson formed a coalition with Northern Republicans that led to passage in the House, and with the help of Republican Senate leader

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Racial integration of all-white collegiate sports teams was high on the Southern agenda in the 1950s and 1960s. Involved were issues of equality, racism, and the alumni demand for the top players needed to win high-profile games. The

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had become by 1838 a pejorative expression meaning "Negro". When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation directed against African Americans at the end of the 19th century, these statutes became known as Jim Crow laws.

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to gain Southern support in the presidential election resulted in the government withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South. White Democrats had regained political power in every Southern state. These Southern, white,

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disrupted Republican organizing, ran Republican officeholders out of town, and lynched black voters as an intimidation tactic to suppress the black vote. Extensive voter fraud was also used. In one instance, an outright coup or

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to file federal lawsuits against segregated schools, and to deny funds for discriminatory programs. Martin Luther King launched a huge march on Washington in August 1963, bringing out 200,000 demonstrators in front of the

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during the first half of the 20th century. Because opportunities were very limited in the South, African Americans moved in great numbers to cities in Northeastern, Midwestern, and Western states to seek better lives.

4136:, at the time the largest political assembly in the nation's history. The Kennedy administration now gave full-fledged support to the civil rights movement, but powerful southern congressmen blocked any legislation. 3894:

As the civil rights movement gained momentum and used federal courts to attack Jim Crow statutes, the white-dominated governments of many of the southern states countered by passing alternative forms of resistance.

3714:(1896), in which the Court ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional. The finding contributed to 58 more years of legalized discrimination against black and colored people in the United States. 3691:

company for discrimination, citing its provision of different cars for white and black/colored passengers. The company successfully appealed for relief on the grounds it offered "separate but equal" accommodation.

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After World War II, people of color increasingly challenged segregation, as they believed they had more than earned the right to be treated as full citizens because of their military service and sacrifices. The

3635:, several towns adopted residential segregation laws between 1910 and the 1920s. Legal strictures called for segregated water fountains and restrooms. The exclusion of African Americans also found support in the 9754: 4329:

was hired as the first African American to play in Major League Baseball; he permanently broke the color bar. Baseball teams continued to integrate in the following years, leading to the full participation of

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Although in theory, the "equal" segregation doctrine governed public facilities and transportation too, facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to facilities for

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New Orleans, Dec 20. – The Supreme Court yesterday declared constitutional the law passed two years ago and known as the 'Jim Crow' law, making it compulsory on railroads to provide separate cars for black

3819:(1944) issued that day). Murphy used the word in five separate opinions, but after he left the court, "racism" was not used again in an opinion for two decades. It next appeared in the landmark decision of 3546:(1890s–1920s), it was also becoming customary. Even in cases in which Jim Crow laws did not expressly forbid black people from participating in sports or recreation, a segregated culture had become common. 13771: 13766: 8448: 3810:

during World War II, the Court was sinking into "the ugly abyss of racism". This was the first time that "racism" was used in Supreme Court opinion (Murphy used it twice in a concurring opinion in

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was steeply slanted against the interests of African Americans. Most black Americans still lived in the South, where they had been effectively disfranchised, so they could not vote at all. While

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to outlaw discrimination in public accommodations (privately owned restaurants, hotels, and stores, and in private schools and workplaces). This use of the Commerce Clause was upheld by the

4167:, Johnson asked Congress to "let this session of Congress be known as the session which did more for civil rights than the last hundred sessions combined." On June 21, civil rights workers 3557:

and literacy requirements banned many poor or illiterate people from voting, these stipulations frequently had loopholes that exempted European Americans from meeting the requirements. In

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SCLC, student activists and smaller local organizations staged demonstrations across the South. National attention focused on Birmingham, Alabama, where protesters deliberately provoked

9081: 8518: 8164: 8038: 8010: 4087:(1954), declaring segregation of public schools unconstitutional. Enforcement was rapid in the North and border states, but was deliberately stopped in the South by the movement called 3773:. Social segregation, from housing to laws against interracial chess games, was justified as a way to prevent black men from having sex with white women and in particular the rapacious 15431: 15360: 13783: 9801: 9243: 8712: 4148:

with passage in the Senate early in 1964. For the first time in history, the southern filibuster was broken and the Senate finally passed its version on June 19 by vote of 73 to 27.

9538: 9196: 8901: 8668: 8385: 3863:'s Urban League, for instance, led a demonstration against employment discrimination by the city's department stores. It was the beginning of his own influential political career. 8792: 8733: 8028: 4081:. A complex interaction of factors came together unexpectedly in the period 1954–1965 to make the momentous changes possible. The Supreme Court had taken the first initiative in 3610:

How complete the union has become and how dear to all of us, how unquestioned, how benign and majestic, as state after state has been added to this, our great family of free men!

9474: 8850: 8590: 8549: 8370: 8314: 8151: 7963: 13454: 9544: 8815: 8754: 8600: 8511: 8043: 8033: 6711: 8686: 3519:, tens of thousands of poor whites were also disenfranchised, although initially legislators had promised them they would not be affected adversely by the new restrictions. 3327:

The earliest known use of the phrase "Jim Crow law" can be dated to 1884 in a newspaper article summarizing congressional debate. The term appears in 1892 in the title of a

3579:. Some quickly began to press for segregated workplaces, although the city of Washington, D.C., and federal offices had been integrated since after the Civil War. In 1913, 14512: 9087: 8365: 8267: 8048: 7395: 4403:, that unanimous jury votes are required for criminal convictions at state levels, thereby nullifying Oregon's remaining law, and overturning previous cases in Louisiana. 10023: 8931: 8797: 8524: 8281: 7305: 4290:

African American athletes faced much discrimination during the Jim Crow era with white opposition leading to their exclusion from most organized sporting competitions.

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Smith, J. Douglas. "The Campaign for Racial Purity and the Erosion of Paternalism in Virginia, 1922–1930: "Nominally White, Biologically Mixed, and Legally Negro."

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men. "In 27 of the state's 60 parishes, not a single black voter was registered any longer; in 9 more parishes, only one black voter was." The cumulative effect in

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wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."

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White Southerners encountered problems in learning free labor management after the end of slavery, and they resented African Americans, who represented the

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led to the violent removal of democratically elected Republican party executive and representative officials, who were either hunted down or hounded out.

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refused and was immediately arrested. The Citizens Committee of New Orleans fought the case all the way to the United States Supreme Court. They lost in

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have been made in the courts to ensure the ability of voters to elect candidates of their choice. For instance, many cities and counties introduced

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vote upon conviction for several low-level crimes, like theft and bribery, that the 1890 drafters felt would be mostly committed by Black people."

3535: 2590: 1250: 3733:. Despite Jim Crow's legal pretense that the races be "separate but equal" under the law, non-whites were given inferior facilities and treatment. 3280:

in 1861–1865. Companion laws excluded almost all African Americans from the vote in the South and deprived them of any representative government.

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Blackman, Dexter Lee (2016). ""The Negro Athlete and Victory": Athletics and Athletes as Advancement Strategies in Black America, 1890s–1930s".

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election of council members, which resulted in many cases of diluting minority votes and preventing election of minority-supported candidates.

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with white people, but colored people could ride with white people before 1890. A group of concerned black, colored and white citizens in

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In summer 1963, there were 800 demonstrations in 200 southern cities and towns, with over 100,000 participants, and 15,000 arrests. In

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was a Democrat elected from New Jersey, but he was born and raised in the South, and was the first Southern-born president of the post-

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In January 1865, an amendment to the Constitution abolishing slavery in the United States was proposed by Congress and ratified as the

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In 1954, segregation of public schools (state-sponsored) was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case

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article about Louisiana requiring segregated railroad cars. The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" has often been attributed to "

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John McCutheon. The Mysterious Stranger and Other Cartoons by John T. McCutcheon, New York, McClure, Phillips & Co. 1905.

5541: 5485: 5248: 5218: 5183: 5156: 4762: 4706: 4639: 4508: 4302: 3868: 3632: 3414:, African Americans who were former slaves, and the minority of black people who had been free before the war. In the 1870s, 3165: 3160: 1078: 803: 587: 11269: 7084:

Demas, Lane. “Beyond Jackie Robinson: Racial Integration in American College Football and New Directions in Sport History.”

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Pauley, Garth E., "Presidential rhetoric and interest group politics: Lyndon B. Johnson and the Civil Rights Act of 1964."

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Martin, Charles H., "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow in Southern College Sports: The Case of the Atlantic Coast Conference".

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Miller, Patrick B. "Slouching toward a new expediency: College football and the color line during the depression decade."

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Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asians, 1910 to 1950

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Litigating Across the Color Line: Civil Cases Between Black and White Southerners from the End of Slavery to Civil Rights

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Smith, J. Douglas. "Patrolling the Boundaries of Race: Motion Picture Censorship and Jim Crow in Virginia, 1922–1932."

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The politics of rage: George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics

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which might lead to "a morbid race consciousness". This perspective took anti-black sentiment for granted, because

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Romero, Francine Sanders. "'There are only white champions': The rise and demise of segregated boxing in Texas."

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was energized by a number of flashpoints, including the 1946 police beating and blinding of World War II veteran

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observed that the "Peace Jubilee" at which Wilson presided at Gettysburg in 1913 "was a Jim Crow reunion, and

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Martin, Charles H. "Jim Crow in the gymnasium: the integration of college basketball in the American South."

6631: 5660:"Constitutional Amendments and Major Civil Rights Acts of Congress Referenced in Black Americans in Congress" 3738: 3680: 3475: 3255: 3029: 2896: 2826: 2811: 2719: 2490: 2198: 883: 232: 17: 3254:

In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former

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Numerous boycotts and demonstrations against segregation had occurred throughout the 1930s and 1940s. The

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Hutchison, Phillip. "The legend of Texas Western: journalism and the epic sports spectacle that wasn’t."

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In January 1964, President Lyndon Johnson met with civil rights leaders. On January 8, during his first

4127:. Kennedy responded by sending Congress a comprehensive civil rights bill, and ordered Attorney General 4053: 18857: 17642: 17329: 17060: 16573: 15745: 15692: 15233: 15056: 14826: 14821: 14537: 14239: 14176: 14166: 13716: 13474: 13434: 12791: 12485: 11797: 11782: 11647: 11161: 10503: 10279: 10249: 10214: 9319: 8679: 8605: 6649: 6588: 4164: 3798: 3034: 3024: 2936: 2876: 2841: 2806: 2763: 2631: 2510: 1267: 938: 653: 340: 6248: 3993:) public school segregation was unconstitutional. The decision had far-reaching social ramifications. 3839: 444: 313: 18210: 18024: 17926: 17811: 17478: 17446: 17116: 17050: 16889: 16733: 15717: 15712: 15155: 14878: 14579: 14148: 13961: 13793: 13354: 12853: 12691: 12498: 12287: 12272: 12262: 12221: 12143: 12108: 11678: 10745: 10572: 10542: 10311: 9705: 9432: 9324: 9217: 9202: 8914: 8835: 8625: 8327: 8085: 7839: 7152: 6562: 6485:"Relics of Racism: Big Rapids Museum Lets Its Memorabilia Tell the Ugly Story of Jim Crow in America" 6215:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21" 6027:"The Other Rosa Parks: Now 73, Claudette Colvin Was First to Refuse Giving Up Seat on Montgomery Bus" 5645:"Colored Methodists Indignant Over the Expulsion of Their Senior Bishop From a Florida Railway Car", 5423:

The History of Public Library Access for African Americans in the South, or, Leaving Behind the Plow.

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temporarily permitted some illiterate white people to vote but gave no relief to most black people.

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The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South

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The NAACP Legal Defense Committee (a group that became independent of the NAACP) – and its lawyer,

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to test it; he was a man of color who was of fair complexion and one-eighth "Negro" in ancestry.

3243:) to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by African Americans during the 3137: 2931: 2871: 2866: 2801: 2796: 2406: 2386: 2240: 2230: 2188: 1806: 1647: 1501: 1471: 1466: 1409: 1344: 1329: 1262: 1235: 1220: 604: 76: 43: 17821: 15800: 10199: 7365: 1446: 18852: 18825: 18815: 18295: 18275: 18138: 18009: 17906: 17856: 17826: 17806: 17734: 17714: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17590: 17561: 17534: 17510: 17505: 17101: 17091: 16864: 16767: 16687: 16516: 16457: 16359: 16256: 16199: 16120: 16039: 15740: 15223: 15165: 15106: 14086: 13816: 13054: 12848: 12838: 12776: 12586: 12525: 12313: 12297: 12236: 12063: 11978: 11922: 11206: 11138: 11074: 11002: 10767: 10520: 10465: 10376: 10299: 10204: 10189: 8840: 8747: 8479: 8021: 7900: 7655: 4096: 4041: 3888: 3657: 3595: 3450:

for years, with increasing violence against black Americans during campaigns from 1868 onward.

3407: 3220: 3107: 3044: 2921: 2911: 2886: 2816: 2505: 2478: 2468: 1928: 1908: 1771: 1642: 1531: 1481: 1451: 1431: 1359: 1339: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1215: 1178: 1151: 1127: 1122: 702: 692: 154: 122: 6607: 5531: 5475: 5238: 5146: 4028:. This was not the first time this happened – for example, Parks was inspired by 15-year-old 18965: 18820: 18780: 18713: 18610: 18558: 18485: 18240: 18004: 17916: 17891: 17886: 17871: 17866: 17861: 17801: 17749: 17709: 17615: 17585: 17488: 17111: 16919: 16811: 16806: 16721: 16682: 16489: 16484: 16089: 16022: 15790: 15659: 15111: 15096: 15091: 14870: 14816: 14703: 14663: 14626: 14527: 14497: 14161: 13674: 13539: 13494: 13310: 13029: 12994: 12813: 12796: 12603: 12520: 12098: 12093: 11968: 11691: 11242: 11225: 11201: 11094: 11089: 11036: 10858: 10826: 10634: 10619: 10209: 10184: 10169: 9588: 9559: 9425: 9402: 9383: 8885: 8739: 8719: 8638: 8554: 7482: 7388: 7334: 7132: 7100:

The new plantation: Black athletes, college sports, and predominantly white NCAA institutions

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An African American man drinking at a "colored" drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in

4186:, where they were volunteering in the registration of African American voters as part of the 4124: 4037: 3965: 3830: 3591: 3258:

and in some others, beginning in the 1870s. Jim Crow laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of

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Buddy, J., & Williams, M. (2005). "A dream deferred: school libraries and segregation",

4935: 4739:

Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Accommodations Laws

3806:(1944). In his dissenting opinion, Murphy stated that by upholding the forced relocation of 18691: 18225: 18099: 17816: 17774: 17724: 17699: 17520: 17483: 17224: 17086: 16874: 16740: 16384: 16321: 16291: 16276: 16261: 16150: 16099: 16094: 15785: 15026: 14831: 14791: 14753: 14584: 14403: 13811: 13574: 13385: 13337: 13209: 13099: 13004: 12771: 12761: 12733: 12598: 12452: 12369: 12188: 12153: 12058: 12033: 11722: 11219: 11171: 11111: 10947: 10868: 10728: 10651: 10609: 10488: 10438: 10423: 10406: 10306: 10194: 10164: 9996: 9593: 9487: 9295: 9159: 9135: 9122: 8782: 8583: 8443: 7938: 7883: 7724: 7492: 7200:

From desegregation to integration: Race, football, and 'Dixie' at the University of Florida

6768:

Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920

5779: 5763: 5439:

Fultz, M. (2006). "Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation".

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In 1908, Congress defeated an attempt to introduce segregated streetcars into the capital.

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Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

5601:"Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South" 5295: 5278: 4780:"Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South" 4123:

escalated the crisis by defying court orders to admit the first two black students to the

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Learning to win: Sports, education, and social change in twentieth-century North Carolina

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The decisive action ending segregation came when Congress in bipartisan fashion overcame

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Bond, Horace Mann. "The Extent and Character of Separate Schools in the United States."

2625: 18640: 18635: 18625: 18573: 18563: 18538: 18480: 18438: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18250: 17551: 16924: 16904: 16563: 16494: 16462: 16429: 16419: 16301: 15857: 15840: 15835: 15810: 15795: 15727: 15707: 15697: 15667: 15372: 15263: 15218: 15185: 14996: 14984: 14980: 14865: 14635: 14604: 14487: 14259: 14196: 13939: 13397: 13164: 13144: 13049: 12974: 12801: 12706: 12696: 12684: 12575: 12472: 12447: 12193: 12168: 12073: 12013: 11988: 11958: 11948: 11547: 11542: 11532: 11522: 11235: 11213: 10733: 10592: 10567: 10537: 10498: 10381: 10224: 9850: 9637: 9494: 9390: 9340: 9106: 8880: 8830: 8775: 8692: 8610: 8342: 8177: 8170: 8157: 8117: 7990: 7958: 7851: 7795: 7685: 7665: 7537: 7245: 7013: 6694:

Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism

6513: 6316: 6092:

Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution

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had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the

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On July 2, 1964, Johnson signed the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964. It invoked the

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most black people and tens of thousands of poor white people through a combination of

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Racial Etiquette: The Racial Customs and Rules of Racial Behavior in Jim Crow America

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From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality

6775: 6757: 6730: 6716: 6697: 6683: 6653: 6635: 6617: 6566: 6548: 6523: 6463: 6348: 6283: 5891: 5804: 5759: 5632: 5620: 5537: 5481: 5389: 5300: 5244: 5214: 5179: 5152: 5116: 4866: 4811: 4799: 4758: 4702: 4675: 4668: 4515:, for the purpose of academic research and education about their cultural influence. 4437: 4168: 4140: 4128: 3951: 3833: 3807: 3786: 3766: 3089: 2724: 2552: 2463: 2391: 2376: 2159: 2102: 1903: 1811: 1702: 1622: 1461: 742: 523: 412: 391: 7230: 6727:

Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century

5729:

Congress rejected by a majority of 140 to 59 a transport bill amendment proposed by

5458:

Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction

4108:

for business, and for the image of a modernizing progressive urban South. President

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Spivey, Donald. "The black athlete in big-time intercollegiate sports, 1941–1968."

7065: 7028: 6455: 6182:

A More Beautiful and Terrible History: The Uses and Misuses of Civil Rights History

6177: 6075:

Framing the South: Hollywood, television, and race during the Civil Rights Struggle

5612: 5557: 5290: 4917: 4909: 4791: 4645: 4594: 4363: 4358:

were also passed by other states. Anti-miscegenation laws were not repealed by the

4133: 4029: 3534:

In some cases, progressive measures intended to reduce election fraud, such as the

3463: 3232: 3122: 2951: 2515: 2500: 2428: 2349: 2319: 2134: 1972: 1672: 1230: 1225: 1068: 958: 518: 7315: 7117:

And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Basketball Game That Changed American Sports

5862: 4325:, which featured many famous players. A major breakthrough occurred in 1947, when 3390: 481: 18877: 18785: 18681: 18630: 18490: 18475: 18455: 18420: 18133: 18044: 17979: 17779: 17729: 17515: 17374: 16969: 16934: 16826: 16659: 16578: 16553: 16521: 16511: 16479: 16474: 16369: 16326: 16316: 16306: 16271: 16251: 16236: 16104: 15876: 15765: 15022: 15008: 14954: 14806: 14492: 14477: 13857: 13684: 13594: 13589: 13520:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

13370: 13325: 13179: 13169: 13149: 13134: 13034: 12909: 12899: 12538: 12226: 12163: 12118: 12018: 11024: 10957: 10853: 10814: 10698: 10641: 10513: 10416: 10314: 10234: 10229: 10179: 9898: 9679: 9533: 9334: 9042: 9029: 8921: 8487: 8454: 8139: 7943: 7866: 7785: 7707: 7557: 7497: 7487: 7472: 7354: 7309: 7263: 7193: 6823: 6806: 6662: 6536: 6345:

Interracialism black-white intermarriage in American history, literature, and law

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The Integration of the Pacific Coast League: Race and Baseball on the West Coast

6577:

The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s.

4993: 4862:

Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation

59: 18872: 18830: 18800: 18790: 18708: 18701: 18686: 18676: 18512: 18448: 18390: 18385: 18370: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18029: 17964: 17493: 17466: 17319: 17031: 16946: 16600: 16469: 16156: 16074: 16049: 16044: 15957: 15436: 15086: 14781: 14776: 14678: 14549: 14544: 14294: 13699: 13662: 13652: 13412: 13407: 13349: 13184: 13114: 13044: 13039: 12543: 12467: 11906: 10974: 10952: 10930: 10908: 10903: 10428: 10359: 10289: 10034: 9991: 9808: 9761: 9674: 9510: 9209: 8890: 8855: 7895: 7824: 7802: 7690: 7542: 7532: 7477: 7462: 6929: 6751: 6614:

More Justice, More Peace: The Black Person's Guide to the American Legal System

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The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s

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instituted in the 1880s had informally barred black people from playing in the

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State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States

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Although sometimes counted among Jim Crow laws of the South, statutes such as

18949: 18884: 18507: 18428: 18290: 18255: 18235: 18106: 18049: 17984: 17396: 17299: 16762: 16409: 16374: 16286: 16246: 16139: 15935: 15820: 15677: 15247: 15066: 14904: 14886: 14874: 14851: 14796: 14668: 14482: 14462: 13252: 13234: 13224: 13194: 13139: 13094: 13079: 13024: 13014: 12999: 12949: 12944: 12914: 12711: 12462: 11116: 10893: 10001: 9938: 9698: 9649: 7834: 7807: 7734: 7077: 6961:"Complex Relations: An African-American Attorney Navigates Jim Crow Atlanta". 6789: 6304:

Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy

5974:

Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy

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Robert E. Gilbert, "John F. Kennedy and civil rights for black Americans."

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formed an association dedicated to rescinding the law. The group persuaded

3471: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3302: 3301:. In some states, it took many years to implement this decision, while the 3273: 3247:. Such continuing racial segregation was also supported by the successful 2758: 2736: 2731: 2371: 2250: 2072: 2039: 2019: 1943: 1933: 1913: 1893: 1521: 1419: 1414: 1142: 1117: 973: 913: 878: 848: 7069: 5370:

The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama

195: 18620: 18580: 18548: 18415: 18375: 18215: 18128: 18079: 18054: 17954: 17647: 17386: 17369: 17324: 17244: 16854: 16821: 16399: 16379: 15815: 15180: 15071: 14912: 14900: 14846: 14836: 14801: 14786: 14761: 14683: 14564: 14414: 13584: 13569: 13417: 13380: 13219: 13174: 13159: 12924: 12919: 12766: 10997: 10925: 10841: 10661: 10386: 8825: 8803: 7780: 7572: 7159:

Breaking the Ice: The Racial Integration of Southwest Conference Football

6862:"A nation of minorities": race, ethnicity, and reactionary colorblindness 6426:"A nation of minorities: race, ethnicity, and reactionary colorblindness" 6267:"A nation of minorities: race, ethnicity, and reactionary colorblindness" 5801:

Loving: Interracial Intimacy in America and the Threat to White Supremacy

5768:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

4381: 4306: 4220:, by county and state troopers on peaceful Alabama marchers crossing the 4104: 3976: 3943: 3697: 3395: 2265: 2225: 2193: 2054: 2014: 1848: 1761: 1712: 1687: 1587: 1272: 995: 978: 933: 853: 501: 15653:

Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

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was chosen, symbolically, as an important catalyst in the growth of the

3629:

might be said to have been the silent, invisible master of ceremonies".

3494:

and comprehension tests, and residency and record-keeping requirements.

3337:", a song-and-dance caricature of black people performed by white actor 3272:" legal doctrine concerning facilities for African Americans. Moreover, 18894: 18889: 18770: 18765: 18661: 18645: 18502: 18395: 18353: 18315: 18123: 18111: 18084: 18074: 17994: 17413: 17408: 17379: 17314: 17163: 16750: 16404: 16394: 16331: 16125: 15982: 15977: 15962: 15344: 15041: 15031: 15018: 14976: 14946: 14895: 14771: 13119: 13104: 13074: 13069: 12818: 12786: 12625: 12593: 11084: 10992: 10898: 10831: 10604: 10006: 8255: 8235: 8068: 7590: 7110: 6956:

1941. Reprint, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1993.

6706: 5958: 4546: 4021: 3928: 3860: 3774: 3720: 3311:(1964). In general, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overturned by the 3216: 3112: 3059: 2961: 2547: 2542: 2423: 2418: 2314: 2290: 2139: 2034: 1992: 1948: 1756: 1744: 1717: 1707: 1627: 1022: 1017: 988: 923: 764: 323: 98: 13455:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

10920: 7258:, Ronald L. F. Davis – A series of essays on the history of Jim Crow. 6371: 5327:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001, Introduction. 5277:

Parker, Christopher Sebastian; Towler, Christopher C. (May 11, 2019).

5047: 4922: 3946:

ruled unanimously that public school segregation was unconstitutional.

3883:, ending racial discrimination in the armed services. That same year, 3305:

continued to rule against Jim Crow legislation in other cases such as

18795: 18743: 18460: 18059: 17189: 16914: 16849: 16354: 16017: 15950: 15805: 15268: 15175: 15061: 15051: 14971: 14962: 14841: 13733: 13579: 13084: 12868: 12806: 12701: 10750: 10369: 10219: 7846: 7758: 5210:

Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619–2019

4913: 4574: 4298: 3459: 3447: 3419: 3342: 3240: 3009: 2664: 2448: 2396: 2097: 1692: 798: 538: 328: 259: 254: 249: 188: 132: 12380: 6935:

Worse than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice

4895:"Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans" 4540: 3891:, effectively starting the desegregation of education in the South. 3652: 3406:

of 1865–1877, federal laws provided civil rights protections in the

18760: 18590: 18517: 18168: 18094: 17999: 17959: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17259: 17254: 17199: 16884: 16110: 15170: 15076: 14966: 14958: 14934: 14929: 14688: 14206: 14201: 13711: 11126: 11064: 10836: 10755: 7890: 7819: 7775: 7746: 7741: 7697: 5515:

Separate and Unequal: Black Americans and the US Federal Government

5356: 4604: 4279: 4237: 3558: 3474:

began to decrease. Between 1890 and 1910, ten of the eleven former

3411: 2413: 2235: 2154: 1801: 1727: 1632: 1592: 953: 948: 943: 868: 863: 808: 15361:

List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations

15289:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

13470:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

6646:

Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights

6644:

Dailey, Jane; Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth and Simon, Bryant (eds.),

5953:, "Presidential Address: 'The Gods Bring Threads to Webs Begun'." 17264: 17168: 17148: 17121: 17096: 17000: 16844: 16084: 16054: 14743: 14673: 12823: 8543: 7719: 7660: 6519:

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

6398:"Louisiana votes to eliminate Jim Crow jury law with Amendment 2" 5357:"Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", 2000, pp. 12, 27 3989: 3755: 3516: 3418:

gradually regained power in the Southern legislatures as violent

873: 769: 749: 722: 697: 620: 402: 6442:"How Mississippi's Jim Crow Laws Still Haunt Black Voters Today" 5887:

Freedom to Serve: Truman, Civil Rights, and Executive Order 9981

4032:

doing the same thing nine months earlier – but the Parks act of

18220: 17249: 17153: 17131: 17126: 17076: 16222: 16079: 13657: 7380: 7105:

Clement, Rufus E. "Racial integration in the field of sports."

6241:"LBJ for Kids – Civil rights during the Johnson Administration" 5362: 3793: 3598:, Wilson addressed the crowd on July 4, the semi-centennial of 1853: 858: 754: 732: 727: 677: 14636:

Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)

8755:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History

8213:

Tennessee implements poll tax (state constitution 1870) (1889)

7033:

The Strange Career of Jim Crow: A Brief Account of Segregation

6978:

Managing: Race, Politics, and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia

6798:

The Age of Segregation: Race Relations in the South, 1890–1945

5325:

Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908

5022:"Two Landmark Decisions in the Fight for Equality and Justice" 3725: 18230: 17081: 16859: 13469: 7878: 6923:

Jim Crow's Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900–1930.

6559:

Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit.

6347:. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 26–34. 5372:, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004, pp. 135–36. 3759: 3127: 1863: 682: 93: 14513:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

7009:"Churches once abandoned by Jim Crow are being rediscovered" 6916:

An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy.

4313:

in Berlin) gained prominence during the era. In baseball, a

4024:

refused to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man in

18842: 18671: 13514: 10024:

Category:History of racial segregation in the United States

7350:

Reports of the Death of Jim Crow Prove Greatly Exaggerated.

7042:. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1951. 6754:: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow 5240:

Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South

2495: 2324: 8646:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

8229:

Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas Railroad v. Mississippi

6712:

Reconstruction, America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

5530:; Christopher Miller; Robert Cherny; James Gormly (2011). 3853:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

3758:

was widespread in the South after slavery became a racial

3482:, passed new constitutions or amendments that effectively 3371: 3290:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

16191: 6880:

Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow

6845:

Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow

4488:

took inspiration from the Jim Crow laws when writing the

3987:

decision. The Supreme Court found that legally mandated (

15239:

Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States

9503:

Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

7303:

Interview with David Pilgrim, founder of Jim Crow Museum

6954:

Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son.

6925:

Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1965.

6541:

The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction.

5707:. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from 5599:

Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffery A. (January 6, 2020).

3656:

Sign for the "colored" waiting room at a bus station in

3223:

in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced

9267:

Alston v. School Board of the City of Norfolk, Virginia

8863:

Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States 1889-1918

7176:

Joe Louis: Sports and Race in Twentieth-Century America

6873:

Ben Tillman & the Reconstruction of White Supremacy

5502:

The United States Supreme Court: The Pursuit of Justice

5026:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

3729:

1904 caricature of "White" and "Jim Crow" rail cars by

3590:

interest of black and European Americans alike. At the

3345:, first performed in 1828. As a result of Rice's fame, 6628:

The Folly of Jim Crow: Rethinking the Segregated South

5316: 5314: 6676:

Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949

3875:

while he was in U.S. Army uniform. In 1948 President

3796:" into the lexicon of U.S. Supreme Court opinions in 6321:"How a Pivotal Voting Rights Act Case Broke America" 6051:. Virginia Commonwealth University. January 20, 2011 6005:(University of North Carolina Press, 2003), p. 297, 4522: 3765:

Justifications for white supremacy were provided by

3721:

Racism in the United States and defenses of Jim Crow

9467:

Levi Pearson v. Clarendon County Board of Education

6741:

The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking

6458:(2020). "The Nazis and the Acceleration of Caste". 5415: 5311: 5094:Woodward, C. Vann, and McFeely, William S. (2001), 4778:Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffery A. (April 2020). 4741:, 7 N.Y.U. Rev.L. & Soc.Change 215, 238 (1978). 3647: 9226:Mills v. Board of Education of Anne Arundel County 6813:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969. 5586:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory 4830:"Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native Americans" 4667: 18806:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 16910:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 6994:Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television 6595:Brown, Nikki L.M., and Barry M. Stentiford, eds. 5825:"Full text of Korematsu v. United States opinion" 4754:Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past 4418:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education 4394:Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution 3470:participation by most black people and many poor 2459:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 18947: 15589:List of Indian reservations in the United States 15254:Native American recognition in the United States 13505:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 10064: 7326:, Missouri (esp. see section "Jim Crow is Born") 5520: 5279:"Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics" 4865:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 0–339. 4698:Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee 4670:The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History 4282:in the South were major factors that led to the 3996: 3780: 3466:rule specifically directed at one racial group. 3235:. The last of the Jim Crow laws were overturned 18466:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 13550:Black players in professional American football 13500:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 8001:Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era 7285:PBS documentary on first Freedom Ride, in 1947. 7025:Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2019. 6195:The Civil Rights Movement: A Documentary Reader 5598: 5480:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 108–. 5477:Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900–1920 5243:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 138–. 5048:"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States" 4777: 4585:Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 3515:from the minds of white North Carolinians." In 2103:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 30:"Jim Crow" redirects here. For other uses, see 17948:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 15314:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 9755:The Disfranchisement of the Negro in the South 8467:Booker T. Washington dinner at the White House 5855:"Former Pa. House speaker K. Leroy Irvis dies" 5533:Making America: A History of the United States 5199:Harriot, Michael (2021). "Reconstruction". In 3915: 3813:Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railway Co 3446:elections were close and had been disputed in 1581:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 19026:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period 17016: 16207: 15638: 14739:Native American identity in the United States 14430: 12396: 10335:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 10050: 9924:Judicial aspects of race in the United States 8405:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education 7396: 7142:International Journal of the History of Sport 7021:Wood, Amy Louise and Natalie J. Ring (eds.), 5335: 5333: 4688: 3360:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 3308:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 3192: 2584: 581: 18961:1960s disestablishments in the United States 15990:Residential segregation in the United States 15584:State-recognized tribes in the United States 15366:Modern social statistics of Native Americans 13263:Historically black colleges and universities 11259:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 9527:Rosana Aubert v. Orleans Parish School Board 9365:Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education 6971:Race Relations in the Urban South, 1856–1890 6729:. University of North Carolina Press, 1996. 6626:Cole, Stephanie and Natalie J. Ring (eds.), 6284:"Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws" 6049:VCU Libraries Social Welfare History Project 5917:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture 5435: 5433: 5431: 5276: 5165: 4432: 4344:Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States 4224:en route from Selma to the state capital of 19016:Democratic backsliding in the United States 18164:List of people killed for being transgender 7023:Crime and Punishment in the Jim Crow South. 6830:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 6193:For primary sources see John A. Kirk, ed., 5464: 5263:Woodward, C. Vann, and McFeely, William S. 4744: 4048: 3843:Educational segregation in the US prior to 1797:List of people killed for being transgender 18996:Political terminology of the United States 17023: 17009: 16214: 16200: 15645: 15631: 14560:Native Americans in the American Civil War 14444: 14437: 14423: 12403: 12389: 10057: 10043: 9182:New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co. 7403: 7389: 7035:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955. 6315: 5877: 5330: 5227: 5138: 5115:. New York. December 21, 1892. p. 1. 4694: 4256: 4139:After Kennedy was assassinated, President 3199: 3185: 2591: 2577: 588: 574: 18956:1870s establishments in the United States 16880:Interminority racism in the United States 15567:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 14575:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 13480:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 10783:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 8449:Alabama Constitutional Convention of 1901 7271:– Origins of the term and system of laws. 7246:The Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia 7131:Cougars of Any Color: The Integration of 6989:vol. 68 (February 2002), pp. 65–106. 6980:University of North Carolina Press, 2002. 6966:, Winter 2007, vol. 91, issue 4, 453–477. 6512: 6454: 5605:Studies in American Political Development 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5428: 5351: 5349: 5343:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974. 5294: 5213:. New York: One World. pp. 234–238. 5178:. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–. 4921: 4784:Studies in American Political Development 4610:Mass racial violence in the United States 4484:There is evidence that the government of 4350:Interracial marriage in the United States 3642: 3171:Mass racial violence in the United States 19021:Human rights abuses in the United States 18976:History of African-American civil rights 17280:Social determinants of health in poverty 14925:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 9019:Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith 7316:Jim Crow Era, History in the Key of Jazz 7055: 6928: 6602:Chin, Gabriel, and Karthikeyan, Hrishi. 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 5904: 5592: 5171: 5148:Encyclopedia of African American Society 5090: 5088: 5086: 4750: 4701:. Enslow Publishing, LLC. pp. 27–. 4265: 4261: 4093:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 4052: 3927: 3838: 3724: 3651: 3575:period. He appointed Southerners to his 3389: 3370: 889:Social determinants of health in poverty 10938:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 9144:Garner v. Mississippi Light & Power 9002:Jessie De Priest tea at the White House 8706:Universal Negro Improvement Association 7124:Critical Studies in Media Communication 7040:The Origins of the New South: 1877–1913 6339: 5470: 5460:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 5198: 4994:"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka" 4892: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4823: 4821: 4620:Racial segregation in the United States 4337: 4278:The Jim Crow laws and the high rate of 4209:Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 14: 18948: 16952:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 14379:Topics related to the African diaspora 13485:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 9914:Voter suppression in the United States 9884:List of Jim Crow law examples by state 8147:Ohio Public Accommodations Law of 1884 7289:List of laws enacted in various states 6820:. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943. 6696:. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003. 6483:Carter, Kelley L. (February 5, 2001). 6482: 6293:. United States Department of Justice. 6045:"Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation" 5883: 5795: 5695: 5693: 5567: 5562:Woodrow Wilson: A Life for World Peace 5550: 5346: 5233: 5144: 4858: 4827: 4665: 4600:List of Jim Crow law examples by state 3983:unanimously (9–0) overturned the 1896 3898: 3440:insurrection in coastal North Carolina 3040:1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County 17004: 16195: 15626: 15299:National Congress of American Indians 15244:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women 15207:National Congress of American Indians 15146:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 14734:Native American disease and epidemics 14508:European colonization of the Americas 14418: 14359:Landmark African-American legislation 12410: 12384: 11866: 11628: 11290: 10094: 10038: 9969:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia 9768:Southern Politics in State and Nation 9408:President's Committee on Civil Rights 8420:Little River County race riot of 1899 7384: 7312:from the US Holocaust Memorial Museum 6904:. 2d ed. 1997 (Davison Douglas ed.). 6592:vol. 4 (July 1935), pp. 321–327. 6460:Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents 6395: 6366: 6364: 6261: 6200: 5652: 5381: 5296:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519 5257: 5083: 5016: 5014: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4958: 4956: 4886: 4659: 4640:Timeline of the civil rights movement 4509:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia 4411:In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court (the 3957:Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 3511:campaign had erased the image of the 3298:Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 19011:White supremacy in the United States 18930: 17970:Capital punishment for homosexuality 17285:Social determinants of mental health 16975: 16174: 15304:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 15161:Native American people and Mormonism 15005:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 13490:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 9743:The Three Phases of Colored Suffrage 9461:Southern Conference Educational Fund 8016:Tennessee State Constitution of 1870 7366:A History of Central Florida Podcast 7006: 6811:Populism to Progressivism in Alabama 6715:. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. 6671:vol. 87 (June 2000), pp. 65–91. 5910: 5741:'Jim Crow Cars' Denied by Congress". 5452: 5446: 4847: 4818: 4757:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 24–. 4448: 4425:of students to achieve integration. 4406: 4321:, leading to the development of the 3979:. In its pivotal 1954 decision, the 1603:Capital punishment for homosexuality 894:Social determinants of mental health 18971:Discrimination in the United States 18090:Genital modification and mutilation 16365:Discrimination based on nationality 15995:Segregation academy (United States) 15910:Sex segregation in public restrooms 15572:List of federally recognized tribes 13844:African-American Vernacular English 9781:Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 8967:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 7277:– The basics of Jim Crow etiquette. 6847:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. 6389: 6037: 5690: 5536:. Cengage Learning. pp. 578–. 5441:Libraries & The Cultural Record 5385:History, Education, and the Schools 4334:in the Major Leagues in the 1960s. 1723:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 19006:Repealed United States legislation 18986:Legal history of the United States 17030: 15335:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 15330:Black Indians in the United States 15294:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 14570:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood 13762:U.S. cities with large populations 13465:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 10625:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 10615:Assassination of James A. Garfield 9290:Fair Employment Practice Committee 9025:Sainte Genevieve race riot of 1930 8376:Ohio Anti-Mob Violence Act of 1896 7636:Fair Employment Practice Committee 7324:Washington University in St. Louis 7283:"You Don't Have to Ride Jim Crow!" 6772:University of North Carolina Press 6756:. New York: Penguin Press, 2019. 6743:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970. 6506: 6396:Lopez, German (November 6, 2018). 6361: 5847: 5283:Annual Review of Political Science 5109:"Louisiana's 'Jim Crow' Law Valid" 5011: 4981: 4953: 4828:Perdue, Theda (October 28, 2011). 4303:world heavyweight boxing champions 4218:unprovoked attack on March 7, 1965 25: 19037: 15259:Native American women in politics 14610:Native Americans and World War II 14595:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 12635:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 12631:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 12438:African American founding fathers 10657:Assassination of William McKinley 9868:Sproule v. Fredericks (Tennessee) 9623:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 9174:Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada 9082:Costigan-Wagner antilynching bill 8519:Streetcar Segregation Act of 1903 8165:Illinois Civil Rights Act of 1885 8039:Arkansas Civil Rights Act of 1873 8011:Arkansas Civil Rights Act of 1868 7996:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 7210: 7166:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 7007:Toth, Casey (December 26, 2017). 6891:We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson 6793:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961. 6137:Southern Journal of Communication 5784:The Problems of the Present South 4309:(who won four gold medals at the 3231:" being a pejorative term for an 3219:and local laws introduced in the 3166:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 3161:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 2792:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 18929: 18920: 18919: 18569:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 18406:Law for Protection of the Nation 18306:White genocide conspiracy theory 16984: 16974: 16965: 16964: 16173: 16145: 16144: 14891:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 14879:Antelope Hills expedition (1858) 14615:American Indian boarding schools 14397: 13515:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 12660:Nadir of American race relations 12364: 12355: 12354: 12319: 12318: 10876:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 10669:Nadir of American race relations 10548:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 9974:Stereotypes of African Americans 9802:The Shaping of Southern Politics 9244:Wagner-Gavagan antilynching bill 8184:Assassination of John M. Clayton 8006:Nadir of American race relations 7518:African-American representatives 7410: 6581:Louisiana State University Press 5987:North Carolina Historical Review 4580:Black Codes in the United States 4553: 4539: 4525: 4513:stereotypes of African Americans 4452: 4444: 3771:stereotypes of African Americans 3648:Early attempts to break Jim Crow 2852:Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker 2624: 2214:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 2045:Law for Protection of the Nation 1939:White genocide conspiracy theory 619: 206: population exchange 58: 18411:MSM blood donation restrictions 18159:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 16985: 15309:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 12521:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 12511:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 10578:First transcontinental railroad 9539:Virginia referendum on poll tax 9197:Arkansas referendum on poll tax 9100:National Council of Negro Women 8989:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 8902:North Carolina repeals poll tax 8669:Jack Johnson race riots of 1910 8399:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 8386:Nevada County race riot of 1897 6918:New York: Harper and Row, 1944. 6801:University Press of Mississippi 6668:The Journal of American History 6476: 6448: 6434: 6415: 6333: 6309: 6296: 6277: 6255: 6233: 6187: 6171: 6155: 6142: 6129: 6113: 6100: 6081: 6063: 6019: 5995: 5979: 5963: 5944: 5931: 5835: 5817: 5789: 5773: 5753: 5744: 5723: 5678: 5639: 5507: 5494: 5402: 5375: 5270: 5192: 5101: 5079:. December 18, 1884. p. 2. 5065: 5040: 4859:Lowery, Malinda Maynor (2010). 4038:post-1954 civil rights movement 4015: 3614:In sharp contrast to Wilson, a 3005:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 2995:Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895 2715:Expulsions of African Americans 2050:MSM blood donation restrictions 1792:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 18424:(as religious or racial quota) 16870:Go back to where you came from 15409:Native American Pidgin English 15214:American Indian Movement (AIM) 14590:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 14473:Archaic period in the Americas 13510:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 12516:Civil right movement 1896–1954 9789:The Strange Career of Jim Crow 9094:National Labor Relations Board 8793:Philadelphia race riot of 1918 8734:Walnut Ridge race riot of 1912 8538:Mississippi State Penitentiary 8029:Chicot County massacre of 1871 7631:National Labor Relations Board 7375:American Civil Liberties Union 6632:Texas A&M University Press 6121:Presidential Studies Quarterly 5265:The Strange Career of Jim Crow 5096:The Strange Career of Jim Crow 4771: 4732: 4715: 4695:Schmermund, Elizabeth (2016). 4495: 4387: 4305:) and track and field athlete 3685:Interstate Commerce Commission 3637:Republican lily-white movement 3375:Cover of an early edition of " 2063:(as religious or racial quota) 13: 1: 18838:Second-generation gender bias 18554:Constitutional colorblindness 17275:Social determinants of health 15107:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 14883:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 14871:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 13690:Cherokee freedmen controversy 12666:The Negro Motorist Green Book 9071:Home Owners' Loan Corporation 8851:Washington, D.C. riot of 1919 8768:The Passing of the Great Race 8633:Springfield race riot of 1908 8591:Springfield race riot of 1906 8550:Springfield race riot of 1904 8371:Polk County race riot of 1896 8315:Ohio Civil Rights Act of 1894 8152:Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1884 7964:Union Labor Party of Arkansas 7626:Home Owners' Loan Corporation 6898:States' Law on Race and Color 6818:Patterns of Negro Segregation 6616:. Lawrence Hill Books, 2002. 5666:. US House of Representatives 5556:Schulte Nordholt, J. W., and 5425:Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. 4964:"Brown v. Board of Education" 4727:Upfront Magazine - Scholastic 3997:Integrating collegiate sports 3781:World War II and post-war era 3551:presidential election of 1912 3549:In the Jim Crow context, the 3380: 3256:Confederate States of America 3030:Springfield race riot of 1908 2491:Second-generation gender bias 2199:Constitutional colorblindness 884:Social determinants of health 52:Racial and ethnic segregation 15202:Native American civil rights 15112:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 15097:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 15092:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 15014:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 14641:Native American civil rights 11746:Hispanic and Latino American 10600:Second Industrial Revolution 10434:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 10140:Exploration of North America 10066:History of the United States 9545:Texas referendum on poll tax 9077:National Housing Act of 1934 9036:Federal Home Loan Bank Board 8945:Racial Integrity Act of 1924 8816:Charleston race riot of 1919 8761:Lynching of Jesse Washington 8601:Greensburg race riot of 1906 8512:Brownfield v. South Carolina 8473:Louisiana State Penitentiary 8444:Robert Charles riots of 1900 8044:Illinois School Laws of 1874 8034:Illinois School Laws of 1872 7236:Resources in other libraries 7204:Florida Historical Quarterly 7095:(U of Nebraska Press, 2018). 7064:(1). Human Kinetics: 46–68. 6964:Georgia Historical Quarterly 6884:University of Illinois Press 6150:The South in Modern America 4968:Landmark Supreme Court Cases 4721:Bubar, Joe (March 9, 2020). 4653: 4533:Civil rights movement portal 3954:– brought the landmark case 3683:lodged a complaint with the 3322: 3070:Washington race riot of 1919 7: 18749:Medical model of disability 18601:Hate speech laws by country 15852:Brown v. Board of Education 15555:Native American politicians 15545:Native American War Leaders 15023:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 15009:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 15001:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 14997:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 14981:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 14909:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 14631:Native American Rights Fund 13560:Black players in ice hockey 13495:National Urban League (NUL) 13321:American Society of Muslims 12559:Selma to Montgomery marches 12479:Brown v. Board of Education 11270:Indictments of Donald Trump 10461:First Industrial Revolution 10295:Declaration of Independence 10285:Second Continental Congress 9584:Counterculture of the 1960s 9315:Congress of Racial Equality 8788:East St. Louis riot of 1917 8687:El Dorado race riot of 1910 7251:Jim Crow and Reconstruction 7102:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). 6986:Journal of Southern History 6902:University of Georgia Press 6766:Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. 6680:University of Alabama Press 5955:Journal of American History 5664:History, Art & Archives 5359:. Retrieved March 10, 2008. 4625:Racism in the United States 4518: 4184:Neshoba County, Mississippi 4084:Brown v. Board of Education 3935:Brown v. Board of Education 3924:Brown v. Board of Education 3917:Brown v. Board of Education 2957:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 2402:Medical model of disability 2246:Hate speech laws by country 10: 19042: 18858:Social model of disability 17330:Discrimination against men 16221: 15761:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 15234:Occupation of Wounded Knee 14951:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 14939:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 14921:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 14917:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 14822:American Revolutionary War 13717:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 13475:Nashville Student Movement 12486:Children of the plantation 11867: 11629: 11291: 11162:Killing of Osama bin Laden 10250:First Continental Congress 10095: 9420:Columbia race riot of 1946 9320:Beaumont race riot of 1943 9088:Louisiana repeals poll tax 8831:Longview race riot of 1919 8680:Franklin v. South Carolina 8606:1906 Atlanta race massacre 8525:Bonanza race riot of 1904 8366:Canfield race riot of 1896 8268:Separate Coach Law of 1891 8049:Vagrancy Law (Mississippi) 7107:Journal of Negro Education 7003:(1943) detailed statistics 6952:Percy, William Alexander. 6650:Princeton University Press 6589:Journal of Negro Education 6012:December 15, 2018, at the 5890:. Routledge. p. 159. 5172:Milewski, Melissa (2017). 5145:Jaynes, Gerald D. (2005). 4893:Wolfley, Jeanette (1990). 4347: 4341: 4165:State of the Union address 3921: 3799:Korematsu v. United States 3357: 3353: 2632:1906 Atlanta race massacre 2511:Social model of disability 939:Discrimination against men 29: 18915: 18654: 18531: 18324: 18211:Opposition to immigration 17935: 17575: 17422: 17182: 17132:Race / Ethnicity 17069: 17038: 16960: 16837: 16670: 16438: 16340: 16229: 16134: 16008: 15923: 15875: 15806:Apartheid in South Africa 15726: 15658: 15602: 15522: 15424: 15416:Native American languages 15386: 15353: 15322: 15277: 15194: 15156:Native American religions 15138: 15120: 14905:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 14887:Red River War (1874–1875) 14875:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 14752: 14654: 14580:Indian Appropriations Act 14453: 14387: 14354:Index of related articles 14232: 14147: 13871: 13804: 13742: 13642: 13603: 13535: 13528: 13443: 13363: 13355:Doctrine of Father Divine 13301: 13243: 12892: 12747: 12739:Women's suffrage movement 12692:Reconstruction Amendments 12499:Voting Rights Act of 1965 12418: 12340: 12306: 12250: 12214: 12202: 11941: 11915: 11877: 11873: 11862: 11635: 11624: 11297: 11286: 11152: 11055: 10983: 10884: 10795: 10746:Wall Street Crash of 1929 10677: 10558: 10543:Emancipation Proclamation 10474: 10397: 10345: 10312:Articles of Confederation 10265: 10150:Native American epidemics 10130: 10105: 10101: 10090: 10072: 10019: 9859: 9838: 9825: 9724: 9615: 9608: 9576: 9433:Journey of Reconciliation 9325:Detroit race riot of 1943 9236: 9203:Alexandria Library sit-in 9011: 8932:Catcher race riot of 1923 8927:Rosewood massacre of 1923 8915:Newberry v. United States 8873: 8836:Chicago race riot of 1919 8798:Chester race riot of 1918 8713:United States v. Reynolds 8655: 8626:Berea College v. Kentucky 8428: 8328:Atlanta Exposition Speech 8282:Hampton race riot of 1892 8220: 8086:Strauder v. West Virginia 8077: 7983: 7976: 7911: 7646: 7513:African-American senators 7425: 7418: 7346:Examples of Jim Crow laws 7231:Resources in your library 7049: 6996:21 (August 2001): 273–91. 6597:The Jim Crow Encyclopedia 6563:Columbia University Press 5617:10.1017/S0898588X19000208 5388:. Springer. p. 145. 4796:10.1017/S0898588X19000208 4729:. Retrieved June 7, 2021. 4433:Felony disenfranchisement 4233:Voting Rights Act of 1965 4079:Voting Rights Act of 1965 4004:Atlantic Coast Conference 3604:all men are created equal 3581:Secretary of the Treasury 3317:Voting Rights Act of 1965 3065:Chicago race riot of 1919 1844:Opposition to immigration 733:Race / Ethnicity 32:Jim Crow (disambiguation) 18206:Occupational segregation 17975:Compulsory sterilization 15229:Trail of Broken Treaties 15057:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 15047:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) 15027:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 14989:Colorado War (1863–1865) 14404:United States portal 13839:African-American English 13268:Inventors and scientists 12960:George Washington Carver 12564:Chicago Freedom Movement 12232:Northern Mariana Islands 10805:Strike wave of 1945–1946 9919:Historical race concepts 9732:Bibliography of Jim Crow 9414:Airport Homes race riots 9372:Georgia repeals poll tax 9283:United States v. Classic 9167:Florida repeals poll tax 8846:Elaine race riot of 1919 8596:Chattanooga riot of 1906 8381:Atkins race riot of 1897 6938:. New York: Free Press. 5564:. 1991, pp. 99–100. 5500:Tomlins, Christopher L. 4751:Bartlett, Bruce (2008). 4374:) in a unanimous ruling 4360:Civil Rights Act of 1964 4193:Civil Rights Act of 1964 4075:Civil Rights Act of 1964 4063:Civil Rights Act of 1964 4049:End of legal segregation 3666:Civil Rights Act of 1875 3313:Civil Rights Act of 1964 3025:Atlanta Massacre of 1906 1839:Occupational segregation 1608:Compulsory sterilization 409:West Bank settlement law 18991:Native American history 18734:Internalized oppression 18596:Fighting Discrimination 18586:Fat acceptance movement 18544:Anti-discrimination law 18184:Native American mascots 16900:Psychometrics of racism 16350:Anti-miscegenation laws 16030:Anti-miscegenation laws 15865:Anti-miscegenation laws 15404:American Indian English 15340:Louisiana Creole people 15130:Native American studies 15082:Bannock Uprising (1895) 15037:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 14993:Powder River War (1865) 14901:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 14719:Mesoamerican literature 14714:Indigenous Peoples' Day 14523:Partus sequitur ventrem 14327:African-American firsts 13376:Back-to-Africa movement 13345:Black Hebrew Israelites 13125:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 12673:Partus sequitur ventrem 11767:Middle Eastern American 11584:Technology and industry 10454:Seneca Falls Convention 10255:Continental Association 10155:Settlement of Jamestown 9949:Residential segregation 9879:Anti-miscegenation laws 9749:William Alexander Mabry 9716:Moving polling stations 9665:Property qualifications 9534:Peekskill riots of 1949 9439:Fernwood Park race riot 9335:Agana race riot of 1944 9067:(1933) (North Carolina) 8922:Tulsa race riot of 1921 8908:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 8821:Omaha race riot of 1919 8674:Slocum massacre of 1910 8618:Hodges v. United States 8576:Clyatt v. United States 8496:The Souls of Black Folk 8462:Omaha race riot of 1901 8392:Williams v. Mississippi 8288:Baltimore Afro-American 8126:United States v. Harris 7256:The History of Jim Crow 7192:March 19, 2022, at the 6893:. Pelican. March, 2003. 6630:. College Station, TX: 6545:Oxford University Press 6522:. New York: New Press. 5989:, 76.3 (1999): 253–84. 5884:Taylor, Jon E. (2013). 5859:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 5421:Battles, D. M. (2009). 5151:. Sage. pp. 864–. 4570:Anti-miscegenation laws 4501:Ferris State University 4356:anti-miscegenation laws 4257:Influence and aftermath 4250:Shelby County v. Holder 4154:Civil Rights Commission 4119:in June 1963, Governor 3971: (1954) before the 3138:Back to Africa movement 2685:Anti-miscegenation laws 2387:Internalized oppression 2241:Fighting Discrimination 2231:Fat acceptance movement 2189:Anti-discrimination law 1817:Native American mascots 184:French colonial empire 77:Anti-miscegenation laws 18853:Social identity threat 18826:Reverse discrimination 18816:Racial color blindness 18296:Violence against women 18276:Sex-selective abortion 16865:Ethnic plastic surgery 16360:Biological determinism 16121:White Australia policy 16040:Corporative federalism 15224:Occupation of Alcatraz 15166:Native American church 15032:Mohave War (1858–1859) 15019:Yakima War (1855–1858) 14977:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 14955:White River War (1879) 14943:Walker War (1853–1854) 14827:Cherokee–American wars 14295:Spingarn Medal winners 13784:States and territories 13555:Black NFL quarterbacks 13055:Martin Luther King Jr. 12587:Dred Scott v. Sandford 12526:Montgomery bus boycott 11887:Admission to the Union 11253:Afghanistan withdrawal 11248:January 6 insurrection 11167:Rise in mass shootings 11139:Virginia Tech shooting 10692:Paris Peace Conference 10466:Second Great Awakening 10205:American Enlightenment 9475:To Secure These Rights 9058:Highlander Folk School 8891:Ocoee massacre of 1920 8841:Knoxville riot of 1919 8748:Guinn v. United States 8262:Tillman Act (Arkansas) 8208:Dortch Law (Tennessee) 8022:Blyew v. United States 7901:Allen Caperton Braxton 7713:Ambrose H. Sevier, Jr. 7656:Southern United States 7301:Voices on Antisemitism 7294:Ferris University page 6969:Rabinowitz, Howard N. 6889:Medley, Keith Weldon. 6289:March 4, 2007, at the 5957:86.4 (2000): 1531–51. 4666:Fremon, David (2000). 4380:(1967). Chief Justice 4332:black baseball players 4275: 4097:Martin Luther King Jr. 4066: 4042:Montgomery bus boycott 4040:; activists built the 3947: 3889:University of Arkansas 3848: 3734: 3661: 3658:Durham, North Carolina 3643:Historical development 3612: 3507:disfranchisement, the 3399: 3387: 3368:on December 18, 1865. 3221:Southern United States 3108:Anti-lynching movement 3045:1917 Chester race riot 3035:Johnson–Jeffries riots 2902:Laura and L. D. Nelson 2506:Social identity threat 2479:Reverse discrimination 2469:Racial color blindness 1929:Violence against women 1909:Sex-selective abortion 213: in Europe 123:Housing discrimination 18821:Religious intolerance 18781:Political correctness 18611:Intersex human rights 18559:Cultural assimilation 18241:Religious persecution 18005:Disability hate crime 17790:Jewish / Antisemitism 16785:In Jewish communities 16763:Hispanic & Latino 16090:Religious intolerance 15087:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 15062:Modoc War (1872–1873) 15052:Snake War (1864–1869) 14967:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 14963:Bluff War (1914–1915) 14913:Tonto War (1871–1875) 14664:Mississippian culture 14627:Civil rights movement 14528:Five Civilized Tribes 13605:Athletic associations 13540:Negro league baseball 13311:African-American Jews 13030:Ketanji Brown Jackson 12995:Henry Highland Garnet 12854:Negro National Anthem 12604:George Floyd protests 12569:Post–civil rights era 11879:Territorial evolution 11243:George Floyd Protests 11226:Unite the Right rally 11095:Oklahoma City bombing 11090:Republican Revolution 11037:Space Shuttle program 10859:Civil Rights Movement 10827:North Atlantic Treaty 10635:Sherman Antitrust Act 10620:Chinese Exclusion Act 10210:French and Indian War 10200:Prelude to Revolution 10185:First Great Awakening 10145:European colonization 9589:Civil Rights Movement 9560:State of Iowa v. Katz 9446:Patton v. Mississippi 9426:Mendez v. Westminster 9403:1946 Georgia lynching 9384:Civil Rights Congress 8886:1920 Duluth lynchings 8856:"If We Must Die" poem 8740:The Birth of a Nation 8720:National Urban League 8639:Twining v. New Jersey 8555:Watkinsville lynching 8351:Gibson v. Mississippi 8242:Sevier Law (Arkansas) 8196:Myers Law (Tennessee) 8055:Pig Law (Mississippi) 7483:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7335:National Park Service 7185:44.2 (1983): 116–25. 7168:108.1 (2004): 26–41. 7157:Pennington, Richard. 7133:University of Houston 7070:10.1123/shr.2015-0006 6871:Kantrowitz, Stephen. 6747:Gates, Henry Louis Jr 6608:9 Asian L.J. 1 (2002) 6557:Barnes, Catherine A. 6123:12.3 (1982): 386–99. 6096:online free to borrow 5911:Buckelew, Richard A. 5803:. 2017 Beacon Press. 5780:Murphy, Edgar Gardner 4301:(both of whom became 4269: 4262:African American life 4206:in the landmark case 4125:University of Alabama 4056: 3932:In the landmark case 3931: 3869:civil rights movement 3842: 3792:introduced the word " 3728: 3655: 3608: 3602:'s declaration that " 3592:Great Reunion of 1913 3393: 3374: 3000:Phoenix election riot 2985:Rock Springs massacre 2642:Historical background 2474:Religious intolerance 2434:Political correctness 2256:Intersex human rights 2204:Cultural assimilation 1874:Religious persecution 1638:Disability hate crime 1415:Jewish / Antisemitism 544:Racial discrimination 368:South Asian labourers 301:Contemporary examples 18226:Political repression 17235:Anti-left handedness 17225:Anti-intellectualism 16875:Herrenvolk democracy 16100:Second-class citizen 16095:Reservation in India 15821:United Arab Emirates 15751:Bulgaria and Romania 15102:Last Massacre (1911) 15067:Nez Perce War (1877) 14935:Ute Wars (1850–1923) 14832:Northwest Indian War 14585:Racial Integrity Act 13812:Afro-Seminole Creole 13338:Azusa Street Revival 13210:Booker T. Washington 12734:Underground Railroad 12599:Free people of color 12453:Atlantic slave trade 11793:Palestinian American 11220:Obergefell v. Hodges 11112:September 11 attacks 10948:Second-wave feminism 10869:Cuban Missile Crisis 10729:Bath School disaster 10647:Spanish–American War 10610:The Gospel of Wealth 10489:California Gold Rush 10449:Mexican–American War 10439:Nullification crisis 10407:Era of Good Feelings 10307:Confederation period 10215:Proclamation of 1763 10165:Atlantic slave trade 9944:Military segregation 9815:Struggle for Mastery 9643:Understanding clause 9594:Black Power movement 9488:Executive Order 9981 9482:Executive Order 9980 9378:Executive Order 9908 9296:Executive Order 8802 9160:Breedlove v. Suttles 9152:University v. Murray 9136:Brown v. Mississippi 9123:Patterson v. Alabama 8896:Nineteenth Amendment 8783:Houston riot of 1917 8584:The Chicago Defender 8359:Smith v. Mississippi 8190:Paragould race riots 7884:Alexander W. Terrell 7622:Federal bureaucracy 7493:Dwight D. Eisenhower 7308:May 6, 2009, at the 7206:88.4 (2010): 469–96. 7135:Athletics, 1964–1968 7126:33.2 (2016): 154–67. 7115:Fitzpatrick, Frank. 7058:Sport History Review 6959:Pye, David Kenneth. 6816:Johnson, Charles S. 6785:Griffin, John Howard 6491:on December 24, 2007 6424:(February 1, 2007), 6372:"Loving v. Virginia" 6265:(February 1, 2007). 6221:on December 29, 2011 6148:Grantham, Dewey W., 5913:"Silas Herbert Hunt" 5842:Steele v. Louisville 5737:, 23 February 1908: 5701:"Plessy v. Ferguson" 5504:. 2005, p. 195. 4723:"The Jim Crow North" 4630:Second-class citizen 4561:United States portal 4505:Big Rapids, Michigan 4423:desegregation busing 4362:, but were declared 4338:Interracial marriage 4311:1936 Summer Olympics 4222:Edmund Pettus Bridge 4071:Southern filibusters 3975:under Chief Justice 3942:under Chief Justice 3881:Executive Order 9981 3584:William Gibbs McAdoo 3425:groups, such as the 3366:Thirteenth Amendment 3050:East St. Louis riots 3020:Evansville race riot 3015:Robert Charles riots 1859:Political repression 844:Anti-left handedness 834:Anti-intellectualism 397:Palestinian enclaves 228:Portugal & Spain 108:Institutional racism 18729:Historical eugenics 18266:Segregation academy 18246:Religious terrorism 18035:Enemy of the people 17943:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 17462:Jehovah's Witnesses 17355:Perpetual foreigner 16895:Perpetual foreigner 15968:Exclusionary zoning 15915:Separatist feminism 15693:Partition of Bengal 15378:Reservation poverty 15323:Ethnic subdivisions 15195:Political movements 14856:Second Seminole War 14767:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 14207:Trinidad and Tobago 13822:Black American Sign 13649:By African descent 13643:Ethnic subdivisions 13630:Southwestern (SWAC) 13545:Baseball color line 13460:Black Panther Party 13364:Political movements 13281:in computer science 12940:Carol Moseley Braun 12729:Tulsa race massacre 12722:Treatment of slaves 12554:March on Washington 12549:Birmingham movement 12242:U.S. Virgin Islands 11728:Lithuanian American 11684:Vietnamese American 11030:End of the Cold War 11020:Invasion of Grenada 10970:Iran hostage crisis 10719:Tulsa race massacre 10526:Election of Lincoln 10521:Dred Scott decision 10509:Kansas–Nebraska Act 10412:Missouri Compromise 10330:Northwest Ordinance 10320:Pennsylvania Mutiny 10315:and Perpetual Union 10275:American Revolution 10190:War of Jenkins' Ear 9959:Housing segregation 9687:Multiple box ballot 9660:Cumulative poll tax 9567:Englewood race riot 9357:An American Dilemma 9349:Pollock v. Williams 9330:Harlem riot of 1943 9310:"Double V" campaign 9251:Chambers v. Florida 9130:Harlem riot of 1935 8974:Corrigan v. Buckley 8826:Bisbee riot of 1919 8504:Tarrance v. Florida 8480:The Leopard's Spots 8413:Imperium in Imperio 8301:Lea Law (Tennessee) 8295:Sayre Law (Alabama) 8202:Lea Law (Tennessee) 7769:Ernest Kruttschnitt 7528:William E. Chandler 7458:William Howard Taft 7198:White, Derrick E. " 7151:40.3 (1999): 5–30. 7144:10.1 (1993): 68–86. 7088:5.2 (2007): 675–90. 7038:Woodward, C. Vann. 7014:News & Observer 6976:Smith, J. Douglas. 6868:, February 1, 2007. 6866:Stanford Law Review 6858:Lopez, Ian F. Haney 6770:. Chapel Hill, NC: 6514:Alexander, Michelle 6430:Stanford Law Review 6422:Lopez, Ian F. Haney 6317:Newkirk II, Vann R. 6271:Stanford Law Review 6263:Lopez, Ian F. Haney 6245:University of Texas 5970:Patterson, James T. 5937:Bartley, Numan V., 5731:James Thomas Heflin 5355:Richard H. Pildes, 5339:Kousser, J. Morgan, 4212:379 US 241 (1964). 4026:Montgomery, Alabama 3899:Decline and removal 3529:Carnegie Foundation 3496:Grandfather clauses 3394:Freedmen voting in 3249:Lily-white movement 3113:Exodusters movement 3080:Tulsa race massacre 2974:Massacres and riots 2382:Historical eugenics 1899:Segregation academy 1879:Religious terrorism 1668:Enemy of the people 1576:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 1079:Jehovah's Witnesses 964:Perpetual foreigner 514:Forced assimilation 148:Historical examples 128:Exclusionary zoning 118:Forced displacement 19001:Reconstruction Era 18641:Social integration 18636:Self-determination 18626:Racial integration 18574:Diversity training 18564:Cultural pluralism 18539:Affirmative action 18439:Racial segregation 18349:Crime of apartheid 18251:Religious violence 17754:Indigenous people 17159:Sexual orientation 16925:Racial integration 16905:Race and sexuality 16710:Japanese Americans 16430:Racial segregation 16420:Racial nationalism 15858:Massive resistance 15846:School segregation 15841:Separate but equal 15766:Dominican Republic 15668:Partition of India 15279:Civic and economic 15264:Tribal sovereignty 15219:Red Power Movement 15186:Longhouse Religion 15121:Education, science 15072:Bannock War (1878) 14866:American Civil War 14817:Lord Dunmore's War 14605:Blood quantum laws 14488:Post-Classic stage 14305:US representatives 14300:US cabinet members 14192:Dominican Republic 13779:Metropolitan areas 13620:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 13445:Civic and economic 13423:Self-determination 13244:Education, science 13165:Fred Shuttlesworth 13145:A. Philip Randolph 13050:Coretta Scott King 12975:Frederick Douglass 12802:Harlem Renaissance 12707:Separate but equal 12697:Reconstruction era 12685:Plessy v. Ferguson 12576:Cornerstone Speech 12490:Civil Rights Acts 12473:Black Lives Matter 12448:American Civil War 11892:Historical regions 11848:Transgender people 11406:Capital punishment 11265:Support of Ukraine 11214:Black Lives Matter 11122:War in Afghanistan 11047:Invasion of Panama 11003:Iran–Contra affair 10864:Early–mid Cold War 10734:Harlem Renaissance 10593:Compromise of 1877 10568:Reconstruction era 10504:Fugitive Slave Act 10499:Compromise of 1850 10444:Westward expansion 10382:Louisiana Purchase 10225:Stamp Act Congress 10170:King William's War 9954:School segregation 9934:Racial segregation 9851:Harlem Renaissance 9638:Grandfather clause 9495:Shelley v. Kraemer 9391:Morgan v. Virginia 9341:Smith v. Allwright 9218:Gone with the Wind 9107:Grovey v. Townsend 8881:Harlem Renaissance 8776:Buchanan v. Warley 8693:Pittsburgh Courier 8611:Brownsville Affair 8544:Day Law (Kentucky) 8343:Plessy v. Ferguson 8311:(1894) (Arkansas) 8178:Thibodaux massacre 8171:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 8158:Ex parte Yarbrough 8118:Civil Rights Cases 7991:Reconstruction Era 7959:Agricultural Wheel 7852:Robert Love Taylor 7796:Horatio F. Simrall 7686:George P. Harrison 7666:Joseph F. Johnston 7453:Theodore Roosevelt 7427:Federal government 7178:(Routledge, 2018). 7161:(McFarland, 1987). 7137:(McFarland, 2008). 7129:Lopez, Katherine. 7109:23.3 (1954): 222– 6999:Sterner, Richard. 6930:Oshinsky, David M. 6878:McMillen, Neil R. 6824:Klarman, Michael J 6796:Haws, Robert, ed. 6692:Fireside, Harvey. 6678:. Tuscaloosa, AL: 6575:Bartley, Numan V. 6139:63.1 (1997): 1–19. 6110:(LSU Press, 2000). 5941:(LSU Press, 1999). 5760:Gates, Henry Louis 5735:The New York Times 5647:The New York Times 5410:American Libraries 5382:Reese, W. (2010). 5267:. 2001, p. 6. 5113:The New York Times 5077:Sioux City Journal 5028:. October 11, 2017 4464:. You can help by 4400:Ramos v. Louisiana 4377:Loving v. Virginia 4368:U.S. Supreme Court 4276: 4089:Massive Resistance 4067: 4034:civil disobedience 3973:U.S. Supreme Court 3948: 3940:U.S. Supreme Court 3885:Silas Herbert Hunt 3849: 3822:Loving v. Virginia 3808:Japanese Americans 3735: 3731:John T. McCutcheon 3711:Plessy v. Ferguson 3674:Benjamin F. Butler 3662: 3563:grandfather clause 3513:black middle class 3476:Confederate states 3455:Compromise of 1877 3404:Reconstruction era 3400: 3388: 3270:separate but equal 3261:Plessy v. Ferguson 3245:Reconstruction era 3225:racial segregation 3118:Atlanta Compromise 2990:Thibodaux massacre 2980:Opelousas massacre 2754:Indiana White Caps 2725:Lynching postcards 2670:Compromise of 1877 2648:Reconstruction era 2286:Social integration 2281:Self-determination 2271:Racial integration 2219:Diversity training 2209:Cultural pluralism 2184:Affirmative action 2078:Racial segregation 1988:Crime of apartheid 1884:Religious violence 1379:Indigenous people 760:Sexual orientation 336:Bosnia–Herzegovina 285:Separate but equal 223:Partition of India 218:Pale of Settlement 113:Ethnic nationalism 82:Crime of apartheid 18943: 18942: 18811:Racism by country 18739:Intersectionality 18724:Heteronormativity 18523:Voter suppression 18271:Sexual harassment 18070:Forced conversion 17990:Cultural genocide 17653:African Americans 17472:post–Cold War era 17457:Eastern Orthodoxy 17220:Anti-drug addicts 17215:Anti-homelessness 17142:Scientific racism 16998: 16997: 16746:African Americans 16693:Chinese Americans 16390:Ethnic stereotype 16189: 16188: 16065:Majority minority 15946:Ethnic federalism 15728:Ethnic and racial 15688:Greece and Turkey 15620: 15619: 15151:Eagle feather law 15042:Paiute War (1860) 14985:Dakota War (1862) 14947:Tintic War (1856) 14861:Osage Indian War 14792:King Philip's War 14412: 14411: 14240:African Americans 14112:Dallas–Fort Worth 13707:Black Southerners 13638: 13637: 13090:Thurgood Marshall 13060:Bernard Lafayette 12655:Million Man March 12412:African Americans 12378: 12377: 12336: 12335: 12332: 12331: 11897:American frontier 11858: 11857: 11788:Lebanese American 11773:Egyptian American 11708:Estonian American 11698:Albanian American 11692:European American 11669:Japanese American 11659:Filipino American 11620: 11619: 11282: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11231:COVID-19 pandemic 11134:Hurricane Katrina 11075:Los Angeles riots 10965:Watergate scandal 10810:Start of Cold War 10778:Manhattan Project 10365:Whiskey Rebellion 10195:King George's War 10160:Thirteen Colonies 10121:Pre-Columbian Era 10032: 10031: 10015: 10014: 9796:J. Morgan Kousser 9604: 9603: 9398:Boswell Amendment 9275:Hasqett v. Werner 9155:(1936) (Maryland) 9115:Norris v. Alabama 9051:Powell v. Alabama 8727:Bailey v. Alabama 8531:Rogers v. Alabama 8252:(1890) (Michigan) 8133:Danville Massacre 8102:Ex parte Virginia 8094:Virginia v. Rives 7972: 7971: 7939:Farmers' Alliance 7919:African Americans 7813:Furnifold Simmons 7791:James K. Vardaman 7648:State governments 7569:US Supreme Court 7563:Joseph B. Foraker 7548:Benjamin Harrison 7523:Henry Cabot Lodge 7503:Lyndon B. Johnson 7468:Warren G. Harding 7443:Benjamin Harrison 7269:Creating Jim Crow 7217:Library resources 7029:Woodward, C. Vann 7001:The Negro's Share 6910:978-0-8203-1883-7 6648:. Princeton, NJ: 6612:Campbell, Nedra. 6599:(Greenwood, 2008) 6579:Baton Rouge, LA: 6529:978-1-59558-103-7 6456:Wilkerson, Isabel 6444:. April 12, 2024. 6319:(July 10, 2018). 6251:on July 20, 2012. 6178:Theoharis, Jeanne 5951:Chafe, William H. 5897:978-0-415-89449-4 5865:on March 19, 2022 5558:Rowen, Herbert H. 5543:978-0-495-90979-8 5487:978-0-252-00813-9 5250:978-0-8078-3324-7 5220:978-0-593-13404-7 5185:978-0-19-024919-9 5158:978-0-7619-2764-8 4941:on April 12, 2019 4902:Indian Law Review 4764:978-0-230-61138-2 4708:978-0-7660-7914-4 4482: 4481: 4438:Mississippi Today 4407:Later court cases 4169:Michael Schwerner 4141:Lyndon B. Johnson 4129:Robert F. Kennedy 4095:(SCLC) headed by 3952:Thurgood Marshall 3787:Associate Justice 3767:scientific racism 3478:, beginning with 3209: 3208: 3090:Rosewood massacre 2653:Voter suppression 2616:Nadir of American 2601: 2600: 2464:Racism by country 2392:Intersectionality 2377:Heteronormativity 2160:Voter suppression 1904:Sexual harassment 1703:Forced conversion 1623:Cultural genocide 1278:African Americans 1089:post–Cold War era 1074:Eastern Orthodoxy 829:Anti-drug addicts 824:Anti-homelessness 743:Scientific racism 598: 597: 524:Income inequality 16:(Redirected from 19033: 18933: 18932: 18923: 18922: 18863:Social privilege 18848:Social exclusion 18776:Police brutality 18697:Multiculturalism 18667:Amatonormativity 18498:Social exclusion 18334:Age of candidacy 18134:Homeless dumping 18040:Ethnic cleansing 17025: 17018: 17011: 17002: 17001: 16988: 16987: 16978: 16977: 16968: 16967: 16822:Racial supremacy 16780:Jewish Americans 16758:Native Americans 16727:Zainichi Koreans 16715:Japanese Koreans 16698:Zainichi Chinese 16671:Racism by target 16448:Global apartheid 16440:Racism by region 16425:Racial profiling 16415:Racial hierarchy 16216: 16209: 16202: 16193: 16192: 16177: 16176: 16148: 16147: 16116:Social apartheid 16000:Social exclusion 15973:Forced migration 15941:Ethnic cleansing 15931:Auto-segregation 15673:Northern Ireland 15647: 15640: 15633: 15624: 15623: 15530:Native Americans 15399:American English 14972:Posey War (1923) 14689:Iroquois culture 14555:Indian Territory 14503:Age of Discovery 14439: 14432: 14425: 14416: 14415: 14402: 14401: 14400: 14364:Lynching victims 13863:Louisiana Creole 13834:American English 13722:Louisiana Creole 13695:Choctaw freedmen 13533: 13532: 13070:Huddie Ledbetter 13010:Fannie Lou Hamer 12980:W. E. B. Du Bois 12970:Claudette Colvin 12965:Shirley Chisholm 12782:Family structure 12650:Military history 12532:Browder v. Gayle 12405: 12398: 12391: 12382: 12381: 12368: 12358: 12357: 12322: 12321: 12251:Outlying islands 12208:Washington, D.C. 12203:Federal District 11902:Manifest destiny 11875: 11874: 11864: 11863: 11806:Native Americans 11778:Iranian American 11752:Mexican American 11738:Serbian American 11723:Italian American 11713:Finnish American 11703:English American 11654:Chinese American 11641:African American 11626: 11625: 11431:Direct democracy 11421:The Constitution 11380:Higher education 11303:American Century 11288: 11287: 10741:Great Depression 10714:Women's suffrage 10704:Roaring Twenties 10630:Haymarket affair 10588:Enforcement Acts 10377:Jeffersonian era 10325:Shays' Rebellion 10245:Intolerable Acts 10240:Boston Tea Party 10175:Queen Anne's War 10103: 10102: 10092: 10091: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10036: 10035: 9980:The New Jim Crow 9909:Disfranchisement 9894:Social Darwinism 9775:C. Vann Woodward 9633:Character clause 9628:Loophole clauses 9613: 9612: 9552:Davis v. Schnell 9190:Hale v. Kentucky 9064:Hocutt v. Wilson 8982:Nixon v. Herndon 8960:Chandler v. Neff 8952:Love v. Griffith 8938:Moore v. Dempsey 8561:Niagara Movement 8275:Southern Horrors 8249:Ferguson v. Gies 8110:Neal v. Delaware 8062:Ex parte Siebold 7981: 7980: 7949:Bourbon Democrat 7934:Republican Party 7929:Democratic Party 7862:Josiah H. Dortch 7830:Benjamin Tillman 7764:Murphy J. Foster 7730:Thomas E. Watson 7681:William C. Oates 7448:William McKinley 7438:Grover Cleveland 7423: 7422: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7382: 7381: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7174:Sacks, Marcy S. 7149:American Studies 7098:Hawkins, Billy. 7091:Essington, Amy. 7081: 7018: 6949: 6914:Myrdal, Gunnar. 6807:Hackney, Sheldon 6739:Gaston, Paul M. 6674:Feldman, Glenn. 6663:Fairclough, Adam 6533: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6487:. Archived from 6480: 6474: 6473: 6462:. Random House. 6452: 6446: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6368: 6359: 6358: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6313: 6307: 6300: 6294: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6247:. Archived from 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6217:. Archived from 6211: 6198: 6191: 6185: 6175: 6169: 6159: 6153: 6146: 6140: 6133: 6127: 6117: 6111: 6104: 6098: 6088:McWhorter, Diane 6085: 6079: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6023: 6017: 5999: 5993: 5983: 5977: 5967: 5961: 5948: 5942: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5861:. Archived from 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5799:(June 6, 2017). 5793: 5787: 5777: 5771: 5770:. 1999, p. 1211. 5757: 5751: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5711:on July 30, 2018 5697: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5656: 5650: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5596: 5590: 5581:Blight, David W. 5578: 5565: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5524: 5518: 5511: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5426: 5419: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5379: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5353: 5344: 5337: 5328: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5298: 5274: 5268: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5205:Blain, Keisha N. 5196: 5190: 5189: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5105: 5099: 5092: 5081: 5080: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4990: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4960: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4940: 4934:. Archived from 4925: 4914:10.2307/20068694 4899: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4856: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4673: 4663: 4646:The New Jim Crow 4595:Jim Crow economy 4563: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4477: 4474: 4456: 4449: 4364:unconstitutional 4274:, Oklahoma, 1939 4134:Lincoln Memorial 4030:Claudette Colvin 3887:enrolled in the 3689:Georgia Railroad 3681:Rev. W. H. Heard 3668:, introduced by 3385: 3382: 3274:public education 3233:African American 3201: 3194: 3187: 3123:Niagara Movement 2927:Anthony Crawford 2917:Jesse Washington 2857:John Henry James 2847:Stephen Williams 2832:Ephraim Grizzard 2827:People's Grocery 2743:Vigilante groups 2658:Disfranchisement 2630:Violence in the 2628: 2603: 2602: 2593: 2586: 2579: 2516:Social privilege 2501:Social exclusion 2429:Police brutality 2350:Multiculturalism 2320:Amatonormativity 2135:Social exclusion 1973:Age of candidacy 1767:Homeless dumping 1673:Ethnic cleansing 623: 600: 599: 590: 583: 576: 519:Gender apartheid 440:Northern Ireland 302: 212: 205: 173:Indian hospitals 168:Separate schools 62: 39: 38: 21: 19041: 19040: 19036: 19035: 19034: 19032: 19031: 19030: 18946: 18945: 18944: 18939: 18911: 18786:Polyculturalism 18682:Civil liberties 18650: 18631:Reappropriation 18532:Countermeasures 18527: 18456:Racial steering 18422:Numerus clausus 18326: 18320: 18045:Ethnic conflict 17980:Corrective rape 17931: 17571: 17418: 17310:HIV/AIDS stigma 17178: 17127:Mental disorder 17065: 17034: 17029: 16999: 16994: 16956: 16935:Racism in sport 16833: 16827:White supremacy 16666: 16434: 16370:Ethnic conflict 16342: 16336: 16230:Types of racism 16225: 16220: 16190: 16185: 16130: 16105:Separate school 16010: 16004: 15919: 15871: 15722: 15654: 15651: 15621: 15616: 15598: 15518: 15420: 15382: 15349: 15318: 15282: 15280: 15273: 15190: 15134: 15122: 15116: 15077:Crow War (1887) 14748: 14674:Hohokam culture 14650: 14493:Woodland period 14478:Formative stage 14449: 14446:Native American 14443: 14413: 14408: 14398: 14396: 14383: 14349:Historic places 14342:US state firsts 14228: 14143: 13867: 13800: 13772:2010 majorities 13767:2000 majorities 13738: 13685:Black Seminoles 13634: 13625:Southern (SIAC) 13608: 13607:and conferences 13606: 13599: 13595:Serena Williams 13590:Jackie Robinson 13524: 13448: 13446: 13439: 13359: 13326:Nation of Islam 13297: 13245: 13239: 13180:Sojourner Truth 13170:Clarence Thomas 13135:Gabriel Prosser 13035:Michael Jackson 12910:Crispus Attucks 12900:Ralph Abernathy 12888: 12844:Musical theater 12743: 12609:Great Migration 12581:COVID-19 impact 12539:Sit-in movement 12414: 12409: 12379: 12374: 12328: 12302: 12246: 12210: 12198: 11937: 11911: 11869: 11854: 11760:Jewish American 11733:Polish American 11674:Korean American 11664:Indian American 11631: 11616: 11471:Merchant Marine 11441:Law enforcement 11293: 11274: 11148: 11144:Great Recession 11051: 11025:Reagan Doctrine 10979: 10958:Stonewall riots 10880: 10854:Project Mercury 10815:Truman Doctrine 10791: 10699:First Red Scare 10673: 10642:Progressive Era 10554: 10514:Bleeding Kansas 10470: 10417:Monroe Doctrine 10393: 10341: 10300:Treaty of Paris 10261: 10235:Boston Massacre 10230:Sons of Liberty 10126: 10097: 10086: 10068: 10063: 10033: 10028: 10011: 9899:White supremacy 9855: 9846:Great Migration 9834: 9821: 9720: 9706:At-large voting 9680:White primaries 9671:Voting devices 9600: 9572: 9232: 9043:Nixon v. Condon 9030:Scottsboro Boys 9007: 8995:Rope and Faggot 8869: 8700:Crumpacker Bill 8663:Great Migration 8651: 8488:Giles v. Harris 8455:Up from Slavery 8437:Carter v. Texas 8424: 8308:Dodson v. State 8216: 8140:Pace v. Alabama 8073: 7968: 7944:Greenback Party 7907: 7867:Benjamin J. Lea 7857:Thomas R. Myers 7786:James Z. George 7708:John N. Tillman 7676:Stouten H. Dent 7649: 7642: 7558:James G. Blaine 7538:John J. Ingalls 7498:John F. Kennedy 7488:Harry S. Truman 7473:Calvin Coolidge 7428: 7414: 7409: 7355:The Daily Beast 7339: 7337: 7331:"Jim Crow Laws" 7329: 7310:Wayback Machine 7264:Wayback Machine 7242: 7241: 7240: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7194:Wayback Machine 7086:History Compass 7052: 6946: 6896:Murray, Pauli. 6841:Litwack, Leon F 6725:Gaines, Kevin. 6537:Ayers, Edward L 6530: 6509: 6507:Further reading 6504: 6494: 6492: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6453: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6394: 6390: 6380: 6378: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6341:Sollors, Werner 6338: 6334: 6314: 6310: 6301: 6297: 6291:Wayback Machine 6282: 6278: 6260: 6256: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6213: 6212: 6201: 6192: 6188: 6176: 6172: 6160: 6156: 6152:(1994), 228–45. 6147: 6143: 6134: 6130: 6118: 6114: 6106:Carter, Dan T. 6105: 6101: 6086: 6082: 6070:Allison, Graham 6068: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6014:Wayback Machine 6001:Pamela Grundy, 6000: 5996: 5984: 5980: 5968: 5964: 5949: 5945: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5919:. Butler Center 5909: 5905: 5898: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5797:Cashin, Sheryll 5794: 5790: 5778: 5774: 5764:Appiah, Anthony 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5699: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5644: 5640: 5597: 5593: 5579: 5568: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5525: 5521: 5513:King, Desmond. 5512: 5508: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5469: 5465: 5451: 5447: 5438: 5429: 5420: 5416: 5412:, 36(2), 33–35. 5407: 5403: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5368:Glenn Feldman, 5367: 5363: 5354: 5347: 5338: 5331: 5321:Perman, Michael 5319: 5312: 5275: 5271: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5235:Perman, Michael 5232: 5228: 5221: 5201:Kendi, Ibram X. 5197: 5193: 5186: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5125: 5123: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5073:"Congressional" 5071: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4992: 4991: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4857: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4826: 4819: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4590:Group Areas Act 4559: 4554: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4498: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4462:needs expansion 4447: 4435: 4409: 4390: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4327:Jackie Robinson 4284:Great Migration 4264: 4259: 4200:Commerce Clause 4146:Everett Dirksen 4110:John F. Kennedy 4051: 4018: 3999: 3926: 3920: 3901: 3877:Harry S. Truman 3783: 3747:white supremacy 3723: 3650: 3645: 3627:white supremacy 3623:David W. Blight 3600:Abraham Lincoln 3544:Progressive Era 3509:white supremacy 3484:disenfranchised 3383: 3379:" sheet music ( 3362: 3356: 3325: 3286:white Americans 3264:, in which the 3205: 3176: 3175: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3133:Great Migration 3103: 3095: 3094: 3085:Perry race riot 3055:Elaine massacre 2975: 2967: 2966: 2782:Andrew Richards 2777: 2769: 2768: 2705: 2697: 2696: 2692:Convict leasing 2643: 2635: 2634: 2617: 2597: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2439:Polyculturalism 2335:Civil liberties 2307: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2276:Reappropriation 2176: 2175:Countermeasures 2168: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2093:Racial steering 2061:Numerus clausus 1965: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1678:Ethnic conflict 1613:Corrective rape 1568: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1203: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1041: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 919:HIV/AIDS stigma 791: 783: 782: 781: 780: 779: 728:Mental disorder 670: 662: 661: 660: 659: 658: 631: 594: 549: 548: 497: 496: 487: 486: 304: 303: 300: 292: 291: 150: 149: 140: 139: 72: 71: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19039: 19029: 19028: 19023: 19018: 19013: 19008: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18988: 18983: 18978: 18973: 18968: 18963: 18958: 18941: 18940: 18938: 18937: 18927: 18916: 18913: 18912: 18910: 18909: 18904: 18903: 18902: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18881: 18880: 18875: 18870: 18860: 18855: 18850: 18845: 18840: 18835: 18834: 18833: 18831:Reverse racism 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18801:Prisoner abuse 18798: 18793: 18791:Power distance 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18757: 18756: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18709:Ethnic penalty 18706: 18705: 18704: 18702:Neurodiversity 18699: 18689: 18687:Dehumanization 18684: 18679: 18677:Cisnormativity 18674: 18669: 18664: 18658: 18656: 18655:Related topics 18652: 18651: 18649: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18577: 18576: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18535: 18533: 18529: 18528: 18526: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18513:State religion 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18494: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18468: 18463: 18458: 18453: 18452: 18451: 18449:Nuremberg Laws 18446: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18391:Ghetto benches 18388: 18386:Gerrymandering 18383: 18378: 18373: 18371:Gender pay gap 18368: 18367: 18366: 18361: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18330: 18328: 18325:Discriminatory 18322: 18321: 18319: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18202: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18156: 18154:Lavender scare 18151: 18149:Kill Haole Day 18146: 18144:Indian rolling 18141: 18136: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18120: 18119: 18109: 18104: 18103: 18102: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18030:Eliminationism 18027: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18002: 17997: 17992: 17987: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17967: 17965:Cancel culture 17962: 17957: 17952: 17951: 17950: 17939: 17937: 17936:Manifestations 17933: 17932: 17930: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17832:Middle Eastern 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17798: 17797: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17771: 17770: 17765: 17760: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17666: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17634: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17582: 17580: 17573: 17572: 17570: 17569: 17567:Zoroastrianism 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17543: 17542: 17532: 17531: 17530: 17529: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17498: 17497: 17496: 17494:Untouchability 17491: 17481: 17476: 17475: 17474: 17469: 17464: 17459: 17454: 17444: 17439: 17434: 17428: 17426: 17420: 17419: 17417: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17405: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17384: 17383: 17382: 17377: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17320:Leprosy stigma 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17186: 17184: 17180: 17179: 17177: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17145: 17144: 17139: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17073: 17071: 17067: 17066: 17064: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17042: 17040: 17036: 17035: 17032:Discrimination 17028: 17027: 17020: 17013: 17005: 16996: 16995: 16993: 16992: 16982: 16972: 16961: 16958: 16957: 16955: 16954: 16949: 16947:Reverse racism 16944: 16943: 16942: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16920:Racial figleaf 16917: 16912: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16841: 16839: 16838:Related topics 16835: 16834: 16832: 16831: 16830: 16829: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16797:Middle Eastern 16794: 16789: 16788: 16787: 16782: 16772: 16771: 16770: 16760: 16755: 16754: 16753: 16748: 16738: 16737: 16736: 16731: 16730: 16729: 16719: 16718: 16717: 16712: 16702: 16701: 16700: 16695: 16680: 16674: 16672: 16668: 16667: 16665: 16664: 16663: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16642: 16641: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16620: 16619: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16593: 16592: 16591: 16589:United Kingdom 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16531: 16526: 16525: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16504: 16503: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16467: 16466: 16465: 16460: 16450: 16444: 16442: 16436: 16435: 16433: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16346: 16344: 16341:Manifestations 16338: 16337: 16335: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16233: 16231: 16227: 16226: 16219: 16218: 16211: 16204: 16196: 16187: 16186: 16184: 16183: 16171: 16170: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16142: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16129: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16075:Nuremberg Laws 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16050:Ghetto benches 16047: 16045:Discrimination 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16026: 16025: 16014: 16012: 16006: 16005: 16003: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15986: 15985: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15958:Ethnopluralism 15955: 15954: 15953: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15927: 15925: 15921: 15920: 15918: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15881: 15879: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15862: 15861: 15860: 15855: 15843: 15838: 15828: 15826:United Kingdom 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15732: 15730: 15724: 15723: 15721: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15664: 15662: 15656: 15655: 15650: 15649: 15642: 15635: 15627: 15618: 15617: 15615: 15614: 15609: 15603: 15600: 15599: 15597: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15580: 15579: 15569: 15564: 15563: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15526: 15524: 15520: 15519: 15517: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15494:North Carolina 15491: 15486: 15481: 15480: 15479: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15428: 15426: 15422: 15421: 15419: 15418: 15413: 15412: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15390: 15388: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15369: 15368: 15357: 15355: 15351: 15350: 15348: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15326: 15324: 15320: 15319: 15317: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15285: 15283: 15278: 15275: 15274: 15272: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15210: 15209: 15198: 15196: 15192: 15191: 15189: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15142: 15140: 15136: 15135: 15133: 15132: 15126: 15124: 15123:and technology 15118: 15117: 15115: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15016: 15011: 14974: 14969: 14959:Ute War (1887) 14932: 14927: 14898: 14893: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14782:Peach Tree War 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14758: 14756: 14750: 14749: 14747: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14679:Plains Indians 14676: 14671: 14666: 14660: 14658: 14652: 14651: 14649: 14648: 14646:Discrimination 14643: 14638: 14633: 14624: 14623: 14622: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14550:Trail of Tears 14547: 14545:Indian removal 14542: 14541: 14540: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14459: 14457: 14451: 14450: 14442: 14441: 14434: 14427: 14419: 14410: 14409: 14407: 14406: 14394: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14345: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14324: 14323: 14322: 14317: 14315:Visual artists 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14275:Mathematicians 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14236: 14234: 14230: 14229: 14227: 14226: 14225: 14224: 14216: 14211: 14210: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14181: 14180: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14153: 14151: 14145: 14144: 14142: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14125: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14099: 14094: 14092:South Carolina 14089: 14084: 14083: 14082: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14062:North Carolina 14059: 14058: 14057: 14047: 14042: 14041: 14040: 14030: 14025: 14024: 14023: 14015: 14014: 14013: 14007:Massachusetts 14005: 14004: 14003: 13993: 13988: 13987: 13986: 13976: 13971: 13970: 13969: 13959: 13954: 13953: 13952: 13942: 13937: 13936: 13935: 13925: 13924: 13923: 13918: 13908: 13903: 13902: 13901: 13896: 13886: 13881: 13875: 13873: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13854: 13853: 13852: 13851: 13849:social context 13846: 13836: 13826: 13825: 13824: 13814: 13808: 13806: 13802: 13801: 13799: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13781: 13776: 13775: 13774: 13769: 13759: 13758: 13757: 13746: 13744: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13736: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13703: 13702: 13700:Creek Freedmen 13697: 13692: 13687: 13677: 13675:Alabama Creole 13672: 13671: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13646: 13644: 13640: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13615:Central (CIAA) 13611: 13609: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13536: 13530: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13451: 13449: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13437: 13432: 13431: 13430: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13408:Pan-Africanism 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13389: 13388: 13378: 13373: 13367: 13365: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13357: 13352: 13350:Black theology 13347: 13342: 13341: 13340: 13330: 13329: 13328: 13323: 13313: 13307: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13295: 13294: 13293: 13291:in STEM fields 13288: 13283: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13249: 13247: 13246:and technology 13241: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13185:Harriet Tubman 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13115:Michelle Obama 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13045:Barbara Jordan 13042: 13040:Harriet Jacobs 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12930:Amelia Boynton 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12896: 12894: 12893:Notable people 12890: 12889: 12887: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12829:LGBT community 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12810: 12809: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12753: 12751: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12681: 12676: 12669: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12628: 12623: 12622: 12621: 12616: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12544:Freedom Riders 12541: 12536: 12528: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12507: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12488: 12483: 12475: 12470: 12468:Black genocide 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12424: 12422: 12416: 12415: 12408: 12407: 12400: 12393: 12385: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12372: 12362: 12352: 12350:Historiography 12347: 12341: 12338: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12326: 12316: 12310: 12308: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12288:Navassa Island 12285: 12280: 12275: 12273:Johnston Atoll 12270: 12265: 12263:Howland Island 12260: 12254: 12252: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12222:American Samoa 12218: 12216: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12204: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12144:South Carolina 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12109:North Carolina 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11945: 11943: 11939: 11938: 11936: 11935: 11933:The West Coast 11930: 11925: 11919: 11917: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11909: 11907:Indian removal 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11883: 11881: 11871: 11870: 11860: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11852: 11851: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11828: 11821: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11798:Saudi American 11795: 11790: 11785: 11783:Iraqi American 11780: 11775: 11763: 11756: 11755: 11754: 11742: 11741: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11718:Irish American 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11688: 11687: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11648:Asian American 11644: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11622: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11580: 11579: 11578: 11576:Sexual slavery 11566: 11559: 11552: 11551: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11513: 11512: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11459: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11446:Postal service 11443: 11438: 11436:Foreign policy 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11391: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11370: 11369: 11368: 11356: 11355: 11354: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11313: 11306: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11239: 11238: 11228: 11223: 11216: 11211: 11210: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11164: 11158: 11156: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11114: 11109: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11061: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11012: 11010:Crack epidemic 11007: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10989: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10977: 10975:Moral Majority 10972: 10967: 10962: 10961: 10960: 10953:Gay liberation 10950: 10945: 10943:Counterculture 10940: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10931:Fall of Saigon 10928: 10923: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10909:Apollo program 10906: 10904:Project Gemini 10896: 10890: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10878: 10873: 10872: 10871: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10822:Early Cold War 10819: 10818: 10817: 10807: 10801: 10799: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10775: 10770: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10701: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10683: 10681: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10671: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10639: 10638: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10602: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10564: 10562: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10545: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10506: 10501: 10494:Prelude to War 10491: 10486: 10484:Antebellum Era 10480: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10429:Trail of Tears 10424:Jacksonian era 10421: 10420: 10419: 10414: 10403: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10384: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10360:Federalist Era 10357: 10355:Bill of Rights 10351: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10290:Lee Resolution 10287: 10282: 10271: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10136: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10117: 10109: 10107: 10099: 10098: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10062: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10039: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10026: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9992:All-white jury 9989: 9984: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9964:Public housing 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9819: 9811: 9809:Michael Perman 9806: 9798: 9793: 9785: 9777: 9772: 9764: 9762:V. O. Key, Jr. 9759: 9751: 9746: 9739: 9737:Walter C. Hamm 9734: 9728: 9726: 9725:Historiography 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9711:Gerrymandering 9708: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9675:Direct primary 9669: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9652: 9647: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9625: 9619: 9617: 9610: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9580: 9578: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9564: 9556: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9531: 9523: 9519:Elmore v. Rice 9515: 9511:Perez v. Sharp 9507: 9499: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9471: 9463: 9458: 9454:Elmore v. Rice 9450: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9422: 9417: 9411: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9369: 9361: 9353: 9345: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9279: 9271: 9263: 9259:Smith v. Texas 9255: 9247: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9222: 9214: 9210:Lane v. Wilson 9206: 9200: 9194: 9186: 9178: 9170: 9164: 9156: 9148: 9140: 9132: 9127: 9119: 9111: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9074: 9068: 9060: 9055: 9047: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9022: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9005: 8999: 8991: 8986: 8978: 8970: 8964: 8956: 8948: 8942: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8911: 8905: 8899: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8877: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8867: 8859: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8772: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8744: 8736: 8731: 8723: 8717: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8689: 8684: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8643: 8635: 8630: 8622: 8614: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8580: 8572: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8527: 8522: 8516: 8508: 8500: 8492: 8484: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8459: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8409: 8401: 8396: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8355: 8347: 8339: 8335:The Red Record 8331: 8325: 8321:Mills v. Green 8317: 8312: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8284: 8279: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8167: 8162: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8136: 8130: 8122: 8114: 8106: 8098: 8090: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7985: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7896:Alfred P. Thom 7888: 7887: 7886: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7840:Coleman Blease 7837: 7832: 7825:South Carolina 7822: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7803:North Carolina 7800: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7778: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7722: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7691:Frank S. White 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7658: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7543:Henry W. Blair 7540: 7535: 7533:George F. Hoar 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7478:Herbert Hoover 7475: 7470: 7465: 7463:Woodrow Wilson 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7408: 7407: 7400: 7393: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7368: 7362:Jim Crow Signs 7359: 7347: 7327: 7313: 7297: 7296:about Jim Crow 7291: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7272: 7253: 7248: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211:External links 7209: 7208: 7207: 7196: 7179: 7172: 7162: 7155: 7145: 7138: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7036: 7026: 7019: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6957: 6950: 6944: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6894: 6887: 6882:. Urbana, IL: 6876: 6869: 6855: 6838: 6821: 6814: 6804: 6794: 6782: 6764: 6752:Stony the Road 6744: 6737: 6723: 6704: 6690: 6672: 6660: 6642: 6624: 6610: 6600: 6593: 6584: 6573: 6555: 6534: 6528: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6475: 6468: 6447: 6433: 6414: 6388: 6360: 6353: 6332: 6308: 6295: 6276: 6254: 6232: 6199: 6186: 6170: 6154: 6141: 6128: 6112: 6099: 6080: 6062: 6036: 6031:Democracy Now! 6018: 5994: 5978: 5962: 5943: 5930: 5903: 5896: 5876: 5846: 5834: 5816: 5810:978-0807058275 5809: 5788: 5786:. 1910, p. 37. 5772: 5752: 5743: 5722: 5705:Know Louisiana 5689: 5685:New York Times 5677: 5651: 5638: 5591: 5566: 5549: 5542: 5519: 5506: 5493: 5486: 5463: 5445: 5427: 5414: 5401: 5395:978-0230104822 5394: 5374: 5361: 5345: 5329: 5310: 5289:(1): 503–519. 5269: 5256: 5249: 5226: 5219: 5191: 5184: 5164: 5157: 5137: 5100: 5082: 5064: 5039: 5010: 4980: 4952: 4908:(1): 167–202. 4885: 4871: 4846: 4817: 4770: 4763: 4743: 4731: 4714: 4707: 4687: 4680: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4550: 4536: 4520: 4517: 4497: 4494: 4490:Nuremberg Laws 4480: 4479: 4459: 4457: 4446: 4443: 4434: 4431: 4408: 4405: 4389: 4386: 4342:Main article: 4339: 4336: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4188:Freedom Summer 4173:Andrew Goodman 4121:George Wallace 4050: 4047: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4012: 3998: 3995: 3922:Main article: 3919: 3914: 3900: 3897: 3857:K. Leroy Irvis 3782: 3779: 3745:defeat: "With 3722: 3719: 3670:Charles Sumner 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3617:Washington Bee 3569:Woodrow Wilson 3540:South Carolina 3504:North Carolina 3358:Main article: 3355: 3352: 3339:Thomas D. Rice 3330:New York Times 3324: 3321: 3268:laid out its " 3207: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3156:Black genocide 3152: 3150:Related topics 3149: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3075:Ocoee massacre 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2947:John Hartfield 2944: 2939: 2937:Jim McIlherron 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2877:Marie Thompson 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2842:Samuel J. Bush 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2812:Joe Vermillion 2809: 2807:George Meadows 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2709:Common actions 2706: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2620: 2618:race relations 2612: 2611: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2484:Reverse racism 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2454:Prisoner abuse 2451: 2446: 2444:Power distance 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2362:Ethnic penalty 2359: 2358: 2357: 2355:Neurodiversity 2352: 2342: 2340:Dehumanization 2337: 2332: 2330:Cisnormativity 2327: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2306:Related topics 2305: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2150:State religion 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2086:Nuremberg Laws 2083: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2030:Ghetto benches 2027: 2025:Gerrymandering 2022: 2017: 2012: 2010:Gender pay gap 2007: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1787:Lavender scare 1784: 1782:Kill Haole Day 1779: 1777:Indian rolling 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1663:Eliminationism 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1598:Cancel culture 1595: 1590: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1567:Manifestations 1566: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1457:Middle Eastern 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1184:Zoroastrianism 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1111:Untouchability 1108: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 993: 992: 991: 986: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 929:Leprosy stigma 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 795: 794: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 746: 745: 740: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 674: 673: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 635: 634: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 616: 615: 613:Discrimination 609: 608: 596: 595: 593: 592: 585: 578: 570: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 551: 550: 547: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 510: 509: 498: 494: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 479: 474: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 416: 415: 406: 399: 389: 388: 387: 382: 372: 371: 370: 365: 360: 350: 345: 344: 343: 333: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 309:Anti-Romanyism 305: 299: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 288: 287: 282: 277: 271:United States 269: 267:United Kingdom 264: 263: 262: 257: 247: 242: 241: 240: 238:Nuremberg Laws 230: 225: 220: 215: 211:Jewish ghettos 208: 201: 200: 199: 192: 182: 177: 176: 175: 170: 165: 157: 151: 147: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 136: 135: 130: 120: 115: 110: 101: 96: 91: 90: 89: 79: 73: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 55: 54: 48: 47: 46:of articles on 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19038: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18953: 18951: 18936: 18928: 18926: 18918: 18917: 18914: 18908: 18905: 18901: 18898: 18897: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18885:Social stigma 18883: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18865: 18864: 18861: 18859: 18856: 18854: 18851: 18849: 18846: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18832: 18829: 18828: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18755: 18752: 18751: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18694: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18659: 18657: 18653: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18575: 18572: 18571: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18536: 18534: 18530: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18508:State atheism 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18473: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18454: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18444:Jim Crow laws 18442: 18441: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18429:One-drop rule 18427: 18425: 18423: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18356: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18344:Blood quantum 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18331: 18329: 18323: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18291:Victimisation 18289: 18287: 18286:Trans bashing 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18256:Religious war 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18236:Racialization 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18186: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18150: 18147: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18107:Glass ceiling 18105: 18101: 18098: 18097: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18050:Ethnic hatred 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17985:Counter-jihad 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17949: 17946: 17945: 17944: 17941: 17940: 17938: 17934: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17796: 17793: 17792: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17769: 17768:United States 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17755: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17650: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17632: 17631:United States 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17618: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17583: 17581: 17579: 17574: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17552:Protestantism 17550: 17548: 17545: 17541: 17538: 17537: 17536: 17533: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17508: 17507: 17504: 17503: 17502: 17499: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17486: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17473: 17470: 17468: 17467:LDS or Mormon 17465: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17449: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17429: 17427: 17425: 17421: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17397:Transmisogyny 17395: 17393: 17390: 17389: 17388: 17385: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17372: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17300:Gerontophobia 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17230:Anti-intersex 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17205:Anti-albinism 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17187: 17185: 17181: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17134: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17074: 17072: 17068: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17046:Institutional 17044: 17043: 17041: 17037: 17033: 17026: 17021: 17019: 17014: 17012: 17007: 17006: 17003: 16991: 16983: 16981: 16973: 16971: 16963: 16962: 16959: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16941: 16938: 16937: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16842: 16840: 16836: 16828: 16825: 16824: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16817:Wine industry 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16777: 16776: 16773: 16769: 16766: 16765: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16739: 16735: 16732: 16728: 16725: 16724: 16723: 16720: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16707: 16706: 16703: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16690: 16689: 16686: 16685: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16669: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16645:South America 16643: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16633:United States 16631: 16629: 16626: 16625: 16624: 16623:North America 16621: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16598: 16597: 16594: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16536: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16509: 16508: 16505: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16468: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16441: 16437: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16410:Racialization 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16375:Ethnic hatred 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16347: 16345: 16339: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16292:Laissez-faire 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16277:Institutional 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16262:Environmental 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16234: 16232: 16228: 16224: 16217: 16212: 16210: 16205: 16203: 16198: 16197: 16194: 16182: 16181: 16172: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16154: 16153: 16152: 16143: 16141: 16140:Pillarisation 16137: 16136: 16133: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16060:Jim Crow laws 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16024: 16021: 16020: 16019: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16007: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15984: 15981: 15980: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15952: 15949: 15948: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15936:Balkanization 15934: 15932: 15929: 15928: 15926: 15922: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15878: 15874: 15866: 15863: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15853: 15849: 15848: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15831:United States 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15733: 15731: 15729: 15725: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15665: 15663: 15661: 15657: 15648: 15643: 15641: 15636: 15634: 15629: 15628: 15625: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15604: 15601: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15578: 15575: 15574: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15532: 15531: 15528: 15527: 15525: 15521: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15478: 15475: 15474: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15429: 15427: 15425:By state/city 15423: 15417: 15414: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15396: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15389: 15385: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15367: 15364: 15363: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15352: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15327: 15325: 15321: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15286: 15284: 15276: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15249: 15248:Red handprint 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15208: 15205: 15204: 15203: 15200: 15199: 15197: 15193: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15137: 15131: 15128: 15127: 15125: 15119: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14964: 14960: 14956: 14952: 14948: 14944: 14940: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14922: 14918: 14914: 14910: 14906: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14853: 14852:Seminole Wars 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14812:Pontiac's War 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14797:Tuscarora War 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14759: 14757: 14755: 14751: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14729:Neighborhoods 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14669:Adena culture 14667: 14665: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14657: 14653: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14628: 14625: 14621: 14618: 14617: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14600:Jim Crow laws 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14483:Classic stage 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14463:Paleo-Indians 14461: 14460: 14458: 14456: 14452: 14447: 14440: 14435: 14433: 14428: 14426: 14421: 14420: 14417: 14405: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14389: 14386: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14374:Neighborhoods 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14337:Sports firsts 14335: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14328: 14325: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14242: 14241: 14238: 14237: 14235: 14231: 14223: 14220: 14219: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14159: 14158: 14155: 14154: 14152: 14150: 14146: 14140: 14139:West Virginia 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14077: 14076:Pennsylvania 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14056: 14055:New York City 14053: 14052: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14012: 14009: 14008: 14006: 14002: 13999: 13998: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13968: 13965: 13964: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13951: 13948: 13947: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13926: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13913: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13900: 13899:San Francisco 13897: 13895: 13892: 13891: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13872:By state/city 13870: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13841: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13831: 13830: 13827: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13818: 13817:American Sign 13815: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13807: 13803: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13760: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13751: 13750:Neighborhoods 13748: 13747: 13745: 13741: 13735: 13732: 13728: 13725: 13724: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13682: 13681: 13680:Black Indians 13678: 13676: 13673: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13647: 13645: 13641: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13602: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13537: 13534: 13531: 13527: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13442: 13436: 13433: 13429: 13426: 13425: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13362: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13339: 13336: 13335: 13334: 13331: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13308: 13306: 13304: 13300: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13258:Black schools 13256: 13254: 13253:Black studies 13251: 13250: 13248: 13242: 13236: 13235:Whitney Young 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13225:Oprah Winfrey 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13195:Denmark Vesey 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13140:Joseph Rainey 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13095:Toni Morrison 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13080:Joseph Lowery 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13025:Jesse Jackson 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13015:Kamala Harris 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 13000:Marcus Garvey 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12950:Blanche Bruce 12948: 12946: 12945:Edward Brooke 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12935:James Bradley 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12915:James Baldwin 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12897: 12895: 12891: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12859:Neighborhoods 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12746: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12712:Silent Parade 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12687: 12686: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12674: 12670: 12668: 12667: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12640:Jim Crow laws 12638: 12636: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12611: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12463:Black cowboys 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12406: 12401: 12399: 12394: 12392: 12387: 12386: 12383: 12371: 12367: 12363: 12361: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12345:List of years 12343: 12342: 12339: 12325: 12317: 12315: 12314:Urban history 12312: 12311: 12309: 12305: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12293:Palmyra Atoll 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12268:Jarvis Island 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12249: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12215:Insular areas 12213: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12184:West Virginia 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12089:New Hampshire 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12049:Massachusetts 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11940: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11920: 11918: 11914: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11882: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11865: 11861: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11829: 11827: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11808: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11764: 11762: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11679:Thai American 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11649: 11645: 11643: 11642: 11638: 11637: 11634: 11627: 11623: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11572: 11571: 11567: 11565: 11564: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11517:Party Systems 11514: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11479: 11475: 11473: 11472: 11468: 11466: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11456:Voting rights 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11392: 11390: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11376: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11318: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11307: 11305: 11304: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11289: 11285: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11221: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11117:War on terror 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11015:Late Cold War 11013: 11011: 11008: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10901: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10894:Great Society 10892: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10883: 10877: 10874: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10849:Post-war boom 10847: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10823: 10820: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10761: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10743: 10742: 10739: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10676: 10670: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10607: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10536: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10422: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10396: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10362: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10305: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10264: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10118: 10116: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10093: 10089: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10060: 10055: 10053: 10048: 10046: 10041: 10040: 10037: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10018: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10002:Convict lease 10000: 9998: 9997:Sharecropping 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9939:Miscegenation 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9816: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9699:Secret ballot 9697: 9693: 9692:Eight-box law 9690: 9689: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9657: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9650:Literacy test 9648: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9607: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9575: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9543: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9415: 9412: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9303:Hill v. Texas 9300: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9171: 9168: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9072: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8865: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7835:Robert Smalls 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7808:Marion Butler 7806: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7735:M. Hoke Smith 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7703:J.E. Williams 7701: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7645: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7406: 7401: 7399: 7394: 7392: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7376: 7372: 7371:Black Justice 7369: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7352:Bill Morris, 7351: 7348: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7260:Archive index 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7222:Jim Crow laws 7218: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6945:0-684-82298-9 6941: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6853:0-3945-2778-X 6850: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6836:0-1951-2903-2 6833: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790:Black Like Me 6786: 6783: 6781: 6780:0-8078-2287-6 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6763: 6762:0-5255-5953-1 6759: 6755: 6753: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6736: 6735:0-8078-2239-6 6732: 6728: 6724: 6722: 6721:0-0601-5851-4 6718: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6702:0-7867-1293-7 6699: 6695: 6691: 6689: 6688:0-8173-0984-5 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6658:0-6910-0192-8 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6641: 6640:1-6034-4582-X 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6623: 6622:1-5565-2468-4 6619: 6615: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6572: 6571:0-2310-5380-0 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6553:0-1950-3756-1 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6471: 6469:9780593230251 6465: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6381:September 29, 6377: 6373: 6367: 6365: 6356: 6354:1-280-65507-0 6350: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6305: 6299: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6196: 6190: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6167: 6163: 6162:Barrow, David 6158: 6151: 6145: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5880: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5747: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5686: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5648: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5528:Berkin, Carol 5523: 5517:. 1995, p. 3. 5516: 5510: 5503: 5497: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5472:Dittmer, John 5467: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5443:, 41(3), 338. 5442: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5424: 5418: 5411: 5405: 5397: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5378: 5371: 5365: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5342: 5336: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5260: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5222: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5141: 5134: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5057:September 29, 5053: 5049: 5043: 5032:September 29, 5027: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5003:September 29, 4999: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4973:September 29, 4969: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4874: 4872:9780807833681 4868: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4822: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4691: 4683: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4537: 4534: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4507:, houses the 4506: 4502: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4476: 4467: 4463: 4460:This section 4458: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4445:International 4442: 4439: 4430: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4323:Negro leagues 4320: 4319:major leagues 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4272:Oklahoma City 4268: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4245:Roberts Court 4243:In 2013, the 4241: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4158:Lester Maddox 4155: 4149: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4005: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3905:William Chafe 3896: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3873:Isaac Woodard 3870: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3836: (1967). 3835: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3769:and negative 3768: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3727: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3654: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536:Eight Box Law 3532: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3465: 3464:authoritarian 3461: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3444:Gubernatorial 3441: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3392: 3378: 3377:Jump Jim Crow 3373: 3369: 3367: 3361: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3335:Jump Jim Crow 3332: 3331: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3266:Supreme Court 3263: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3213:Jim Crow laws 3202: 3197: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2942:George Taylor 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2897:Walker family 2895: 2893: 2892:William Burns 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2837:Alfred Blount 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787:Michael Green 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2675:Jim Crow laws 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2538:Social stigma 2536: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2172: 2171: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2145:State atheism 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2082:Jim Crow laws 2081: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2068:One-drop rule 2066: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1983:Blood quantum 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1924:Victimisation 1922: 1920: 1919:Trans bashing 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1889:Religious war 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1869:Racialization 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1740:Glass ceiling 1738: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1683:Ethnic hatred 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1618:Counter-jihad 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1564: 1563: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1393:United States 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1256:United States 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1169:Protestantism 1167: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1084:LDS or Mormon 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1006:Transmisogyny 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 994: 990: 987: 985: 982: 981: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 909:Gerontophobia 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 839:Anti-intersex 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 814:Anti-albinism 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 787: 786: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 666: 665: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 639:Institutional 637: 636: 627: 626: 622: 618: 617: 614: 611: 610: 606: 602: 601: 591: 586: 584: 579: 577: 572: 571: 569: 568: 563: 560: 558: 555: 554: 553: 552: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 529:One-drop rule 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 508: 507:Statelessness 505: 504: 503: 500: 499: 491: 490: 483: 480: 478: 475: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 451: 450:United States 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 414: 410: 407: 405: 404: 400: 398: 395: 394: 393: 390: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 376: 373: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 354: 351: 349: 346: 342: 339: 338: 337: 334: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 310: 307: 306: 296: 295: 286: 283: 281: 280:Jim Crow laws 278: 276: 273: 272: 270: 268: 265: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 246: 243: 239: 236: 235: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 209: 207: 204:Greek–Turkish 202: 198: 197: 193: 191: 190: 186: 185: 183: 181: 180:Fascist Italy 178: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 160: 158: 156: 153: 152: 144: 143: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 105: 104:Environmental 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 88: 85: 84: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 66: 65: 61: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Jim Crow Laws 18966:Debt bondage 18719:Gender-blind 18606:Human rights 18443: 18434:Racial quota 18421: 18401:Jewish quota 18381:Gerontocracy 18376:Gender roles 18354:Disabilities 18339:Blood purity 18311:Wife selling 18301:White flight 18281:Slut-shaming 18261:Scapegoating 18179:Murder music 17852:Palestinians 17795:Anti-Zionism 17663:South Africa 17648:Black people 17626:South Africa 17447:Christianity 17437:Baháʼí Faith 17365:Sectarianism 17305:Heterosexism 17270:Ephebiphobia 17240:Anti-Masonry 17107:Hair texture 16940:in Australia 16930:Racial quota 16574:Soviet Union 16517:Saudi Arabia 16458:South Africa 16385:Ethnic slurs 16380:Ethnic jokes 16282:Internalized 16178: 16149: 16059: 15900:Saudi Arabia 15850: 15816:Saudi Arabia 15703:Saudi Arabia 15373:Reservations 15354:Demographics 15025: / 15021: / 15007: / 15003: / 14999: / 14995: / 14991: / 14987: / 14983: / 14979: / 14965: / 14961: / 14957: / 14953: / 14949: / 14945: / 14941: / 14937: / 14923: / 14919: / 14915: / 14911: / 14907: / 14903: / 14889: / 14885: / 14881: / 14877: / 14873: / 14854: / 14807:Dummer's War 14629: / 14599: 14468:Lithic stage 14290:Sportspeople 14260:Billionaires 14177:Sierra Leone 14080:Philadelphia 13916:Jacksonville 13743:Demographics 13575:Jack Johnson 13565:Muhammad Ali 13398:Conservatism 13333:Black church 13230:Andrew Young 13215:Ida B. Wells 13205:David Walker 13200:C. T. Vivian 13155:Paul Robeson 13150:Hiram Revels 13130:Colin Powell 13110:Barack Obama 13065:James Lawson 13020:Jimi Hendrix 12990:James Farmer 12985:Medgar Evers 12955:Ralph Bunche 12905:Maya Angelou 12879:Middle class 12757:Afrofuturism 12683: 12671: 12664: 12639: 12585: 12530: 12477: 12443:Afrocentrism 12433:Abolitionism 12283:Midway Atoll 12278:Kingman Reef 12258:Baker Island 12237:Puerto Rico 12149:South Dakota 12139:Rhode Island 12134:Pennsylvania 12114:North Dakota 11830: 11823: 11804: 11765: 11758: 11744: 11690: 11646: 11639: 11582: 11568: 11561: 11554: 11515: 11489:Marine Corps 11476: 11469: 11462: 11426:Debt ceiling 11411:Civil Rights 11393: 11386: 11372: 11358: 11344: 11315: 11310:Antisemitism 11308: 11301: 11257: 11218: 11154:2008–present 11106:Bush v. Gore 11104: 11042:War on drugs 10916:Mid Cold War 10768:Pearl Harbor 10763:World War II 10583:Ku Klux Klan 10180:Dummer's War 10119: 10112: 10106:Pre-Colonial 9987:Sundown town 9978: 9866: 9860:Other topics 9813: 9800: 9787: 9779: 9766: 9753: 9558: 9550: 9525: 9517: 9509: 9501: 9493: 9473: 9465: 9452: 9444: 9424: 9389: 9363: 9355: 9347: 9339: 9301: 9281: 9273: 9265: 9257: 9249: 9224: 9216: 9208: 9188: 9180: 9172: 9158: 9150: 9142: 9134: 9121: 9113: 9105: 9062: 9049: 9041: 8993: 8980: 8972: 8958: 8950: 8936: 8913: 8861: 8802: 8774: 8766: 8746: 8738: 8725: 8711: 8691: 8678: 8637: 8624: 8616: 8582: 8574: 8568:The Clansman 8566: 8529: 8510: 8502: 8494: 8486: 8478: 8453: 8435: 8411: 8403: 8390: 8357: 8349: 8341: 8333: 8319: 8306: 8286: 8273: 8247: 8227: 8169: 8156: 8138: 8124: 8116: 8108: 8100: 8092: 8084: 8060: 8020: 7924:Ku Klux Klan 7752:James Hargis 7671:John B. Knox 7615:Warren Court 7609:Vinson Court 7597:Hughes Court 7579:Fuller Court 7553:John Sherman 7419:Participants 7412:Jim Crow Era 7411: 7353: 7340:November 17, 7338:. Retrieved 7320:Gerald Early 7300: 7221: 7203: 7182: 7175: 7165: 7158: 7148: 7141: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7061: 7057: 7039: 7032: 7022: 7012: 7000: 6993: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6953: 6934: 6922: 6921:Newby, I.A. 6915: 6897: 6890: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6844: 6827: 6817: 6810: 6797: 6788: 6767: 6750: 6740: 6726: 6710: 6693: 6675: 6666: 6645: 6627: 6613: 6603: 6596: 6587: 6576: 6558: 6540: 6518: 6493:. Retrieved 6489:the original 6478: 6459: 6450: 6436: 6429: 6417: 6405:. Retrieved 6401: 6391: 6379:. Retrieved 6375: 6344: 6335: 6326:The Atlantic 6324: 6311: 6303: 6298: 6279: 6270: 6257: 6249:the original 6235: 6223:. Retrieved 6219:the original 6194: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6165: 6157: 6149: 6144: 6136: 6131: 6120: 6115: 6107: 6102: 6091: 6083: 6074: 6065: 6053:. Retrieved 6048: 6039: 6030: 6021: 6002: 5997: 5986: 5981: 5973: 5965: 5954: 5946: 5938: 5933: 5921:. Retrieved 5916: 5906: 5886: 5879: 5867:. Retrieved 5863:the original 5858: 5849: 5837: 5828: 5819: 5800: 5791: 5783: 5775: 5767: 5755: 5746: 5734: 5725: 5713:. Retrieved 5709:the original 5704: 5684: 5680: 5668:. Retrieved 5663: 5654: 5646: 5641: 5611:(1): 71–90. 5608: 5604: 5594: 5584: 5561: 5552: 5532: 5522: 5514: 5509: 5501: 5496: 5476: 5466: 5457: 5454:Holt, Thomas 5448: 5440: 5422: 5417: 5409: 5404: 5384: 5377: 5369: 5364: 5340: 5324: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5264: 5259: 5239: 5229: 5209: 5194: 5174: 5167: 5147: 5140: 5131: 5124:. Retrieved 5112: 5103: 5095: 5076: 5067: 5055:. Retrieved 5051: 5042: 5030:. Retrieved 5025: 5001:. Retrieved 4997: 4971:. Retrieved 4967: 4945:November 27, 4943:. Retrieved 4936:the original 4905: 4901: 4888: 4878:November 27, 4876:. Retrieved 4861: 4839:November 27, 4837:. Retrieved 4833: 4790:(1): 71–90. 4787: 4783: 4773: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4717: 4697: 4690: 4669: 4661: 4644: 4635:Sundown town 4499: 4486:Nazi Germany 4483: 4470: 4466:adding to it 4461: 4436: 4427: 4416: 4413:Burger Court 4410: 4398: 4391: 4375: 4372:Warren Court 4353: 4295:Jack Johnson 4292: 4289: 4277: 4248: 4242: 4230: 4214: 4207: 4204:Warren Court 4197: 4177:James Chaney 4162: 4160:in Georgia. 4150: 4138: 4114: 4102: 4082: 4073:to pass the 4068: 4019: 4016:Public arena 4000: 3988: 3984: 3981:Warren Court 3955: 3949: 3938:(1954), the 3933: 3916: 3910: 3902: 3893: 3865: 3850: 3844: 3820: 3811: 3804:323 U.S. 214 3797: 3790:Frank Murphy 3784: 3777:stereotype. 3764: 3752: 3736: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3702:Homer Plessy 3694: 3687:against the 3678: 3663: 3631: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3588: 3567: 3548: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3500: 3472:white people 3468: 3452: 3431:White League 3427:Ku Klux Klan 3423:paramilitary 3401: 3363: 3328: 3326: 3306: 3303:Warren Court 3296: 3294: 3282: 3259: 3253: 3212: 3210: 2922:Newberry Six 2907:King Johnson 2882:Watkinsville 2759:Ku Klux Klan 2749:Black Legion 2737:Whitecapping 2732:Sundown town 2674: 2372:Gender-blind 2251:Human rights 2073:Racial quota 2060: 2040:Jewish quota 2020:Gerontocracy 2015:Gender roles 1993:Disabilities 1978:Blood purity 1944:Wife selling 1934:White flight 1914:Slut-shaming 1894:Scapegoating 1812:Murder music 1477:Palestinians 1420:Anti-Zionism 1288:South Africa 1273:Black people 1251:South Africa 1064:Christianity 1054:Baháʼí Faith 974:Sectarianism 914:Heterosexism 879:Ephebiphobia 849:Anti-Masonry 708:Hair texture 411: / 401: 358:Saudi Arabia 279: 250:South Africa 233:Nazi Germany 194: 187: 106: / 36: 18621:Nonviolence 18616:LGBT rights 18581:Empowerment 18549:Anti-racism 18471:Segregation 18416:No kid zone 18216:Persecution 18129:Hate speech 18080:Gay bashing 18055:Ethnic joke 18010:Dog whistle 17955:Blood libel 17643:Azerbaijani 17547:Neopaganism 17540:Persecution 17506:Persecution 17489:Persecution 17452:Catholicism 17387:Transphobia 17370:Supremacism 17325:Lesbophobia 17245:Aporophobia 17210:Anti-autism 17061:Taste-based 17056:Statistical 16855:Anti-racism 16596:Middle East 16490:South Korea 16485:North Korea 16400:Hate speech 16322:Substantive 16302:Neocolonial 16035:Black Codes 15983:labor camps 15890:Afghanistan 15181:Sweat lodge 14847:Arikara War 14837:War of 1812 14802:Yamasee War 14787:Esopus Wars 14777:Kieft's War 14762:Beaver Wars 14684:Anishinaabe 14565:Dawes Rolls 14310:US senators 14280:Republicans 14265:Journalists 14122:San Antonio 14087:Puerto Rico 14028:Mississippi 13921:Tallahassee 13894:Los Angeles 13585:Jesse Owens 13570:Arthur Ashe 13428:Nationalism 13418:Raised fist 13381:Black power 13286:in medicine 13220:Roy Wilkins 13175:Emmett Till 13160:Al Sharpton 12925:Julian Bond 12920:James Bevel 12884:Upper class 12874:Stereotypes 12767:Black mecca 12679:Plantations 12458:Black Codes 12298:Wake Island 12064:Mississippi 11979:Connecticut 11923:New England 11590:Agriculture 11509:Coast Guard 11504:Space Force 11352:Immigration 11080:WTC bombing 10998:Reaganomics 10926:Vietnam War 10842:McCarthyism 10724:Second Klan 10709:Prohibition 10687:World War I 10662:Square Deal 10652:Imperialism 10387:War of 1812 10114:Prehistoric 9929:Segregation 8804:Negro World 8192:(1888–1908) 7781:Mississippi 7617:(1953-1969) 7603:Stone Court 7585:White Court 7581:(1888–1910) 7573:Waite Court 7434:Presidents 6707:Foner, Eric 6302:Patterson, 6055:January 27, 5869:January 27, 5715:January 27, 5670:January 27, 5589:, pp. 9–11. 5126:February 6, 4615:Penal labor 4496:Remembrance 4388:Jury trials 4382:Earl Warren 4307:Jesse Owens 4293:The boxers 4180:disappeared 4105:Bull Connor 3977:Earl Warren 3944:Earl Warren 3739:Confederacy 3698:New Orleans 3480:Mississippi 3402:During the 3396:New Orleans 3384: 1832 2952:1920 Duluth 2932:Ell Persons 2872:David Wyatt 2867:George Ward 2802:Amos Miller 2797:Eliza Woods 2680:Segregation 2266:Nonviolence 2261:LGBT rights 2226:Empowerment 2194:Anti-racism 2108:Segregation 2055:No kid zone 1849:Persecution 1762:Hate speech 1713:Gay bashing 1688:Ethnic joke 1643:Dog whistle 1588:Blood libel 1268:Azerbaijani 1164:Neopaganism 1157:Persecution 1123:Persecution 1106:Persecution 1069:Catholicism 996:Transphobia 979:Supremacism 934:Lesbophobia 854:Aporophobia 819:Anti-autism 654:Taste-based 649:Statistical 502:Citizenship 470:Residential 353:Gulf states 275:Black Codes 163:Pass system 87:Allegations 18950:Categories 18895:Stereotype 18890:Speciesism 18771:Oppression 18766:Oikophobia 18662:Allophilia 18646:Toleration 18503:Sodomy law 18396:Internment 18316:Witch-hunt 18194:Blackhawks 18124:Hate group 18112:Hate crime 18085:Gendercide 18075:Freak show 18065:Excellence 18025:Employment 17995:Defamation 17927:Vietnamese 17922:Venezuelan 17812:Lithuanian 17479:Falun Gong 17414:Xenophobia 17409:Vegaphobia 17392:Non-binary 17350:Pedophobia 17315:Homophobia 17137:Skin color 17097:Disability 17070:Attributes 17051:Structural 16734:Vietnamese 16507:Arab world 16405:Hate group 16395:Hate crime 16332:Xenophobia 16312:Scientific 16297:Linguistic 16138:See also: 16126:Xenophobia 15978:Internment 15963:Ethnocracy 15447:California 15345:Pretendian 14896:Cayuse War 14772:Pequot War 14620:gravesites 14255:Astronauts 14045:New Jersey 13889:California 13393:Capitalism 13190:Nat Turner 13120:Rosa Parks 13105:Diane Nash 13075:John Lewis 12864:Newspapers 12834:Literature 12819:Juneteenth 12772:Businesses 12626:Exodusters 12594:Free Negro 12179:Washington 12099:New Mexico 12094:New Jersey 11969:California 11464:Journalism 11416:Corruption 11395:Government 11346:Demography 11333:Newspapers 11182:Sandy Hook 11085:Waco siege 10993:Reagan era 10899:Space Race 10832:Korean War 10773:home front 10605:Gilded Age 10573:Amendments 10007:Chain gang 9904:Color line 8947:(Virginia) 8811:Red Summer 8521:(Arkansas) 8270:(Arkansas) 8256:Lodge Bill 8236:Lodge Bill 8069:Exodusters 7872:J.C. Myers 7591:Taft Court 6561:New York: 6543:New York: 6225:October 2, 5844:, Findlaw. 4923:1903/22633 4681:0766012972 4674:. Enslow. 4547:Law portal 4348:See also: 4315:color line 4226:Montgomery 4061:signs the 4057:President 4022:Rosa Parks 3903:Historian 3861:Pittsburgh 3775:Black Buck 3660:, May 1940 3596:Gettysburg 3555:poll taxes 3488:poll taxes 3435:Red Shirts 3408:U.S. South 3060:Red Summer 2962:Joe Pullen 2912:John Evans 2887:Ed Johnson 2817:Jim Taylor 2764:Red Shirts 2548:Stereotype 2543:Speciesism 2424:Oppression 2419:Oikophobia 2315:Allophilia 2291:Toleration 2140:Sodomy law 2035:Internment 1949:Witch-hunt 1827:Blackhawks 1757:Hate group 1745:Hate crime 1718:Gendercide 1708:Freak show 1698:Excellence 1658:Employment 1628:Defamation 1552:Vietnamese 1547:Venezuelan 1437:Lithuanian 1096:Falun Gong 1023:Xenophobia 1018:Vegaphobia 1001:Non-binary 959:Pedophobia 924:Homophobia 738:Skin color 698:Disability 669:Attributes 644:Structural 425:Mauritania 329:Roma walls 255:Bantustans 99:Xenophobia 18868:Christian 18796:Prejudice 18744:Masculism 18692:Diversity 18486:religious 18461:Redlining 18060:Ethnocide 18020:Education 17912:Ukrainian 17847:Pakistani 17837:Mongolian 17758:Australia 17740:Hungarian 17695:Colombian 17675:Bulgarian 17557:Rastafari 17511:Ahmadiyya 17424:Religious 17402:Trans men 17360:Pregnancy 17295:Gayphobia 17290:Fatphobia 17195:Acephobia 17190:Arophobia 17174:Viewpoint 16915:Race card 16850:Alt-right 16650:Argentina 16611:Palestine 16529:Australia 16355:Apartheid 16343:of racism 16018:Apartheid 15951:Bantustan 15836:Civil War 15660:Religious 15594:Massacres 15550:musicians 15514:Wisconsin 15477:Baltimore 15387:Languages 15269:Land Back 15176:Sun Dance 14842:Creek War 14538:ownership 14369:Monuments 14245:Activists 14097:Tennessee 14017:Michigan 14001:Baltimore 13991:Louisiana 13984:Lexington 13967:Davenport 13906:Cleveland 13805:Languages 13734:Melungeon 13712:Blaxicans 13580:Joe Louis 13435:Socialism 13371:Anarchism 13100:Bob Moses 13085:Malcolm X 13005:Fred Gray 12869:Soul food 12807:New Negro 12792:Folktales 12702:Redlining 12189:Wisconsin 12154:Tennessee 12059:Minnesota 12034:Louisiana 11928:The South 11499:Air Force 11374:Education 11236:recession 11192:Las Vegas 11100:Columbine 11057:1991–2008 10985:1980–1991 10886:1964–1980 10797:1945–1964 10751:Dust Bowl 10679:1917–1945 10560:1865–1917 10538:Civil War 10531:Secession 10476:1849–1865 10399:1815–1849 10370:Quasi-War 10347:1789–1815 10267:1776–1789 10220:Sugar Act 9577:Aftermath 9237:1940–1949 9012:1930–1939 8874:1920–1929 8656:1910–1919 8429:1900–1909 8221:1890–1899 8078:1880–1889 7847:Tennessee 7759:Louisiana 7611:(1946–53) 7605:(1941–46) 7599:(1930–41) 7593:(1921–30) 7587:(1910–21) 7575:(1874–88) 7509:Congress 7078:1087-1659 6516:(2012) . 6495:March 21, 6407:April 20, 5633:213551748 5625:0898-588X 5305:1094-2939 5121:0362-4331 4812:213551748 4804:0898-588X 4654:Footnotes 4575:Apartheid 4421:, upheld 4299:Joe Louis 4280:lynchings 4020:In 1955, 3785:In 1944, 3743:Civil War 3679:In 1887, 3573:Civil War 3448:Louisiana 3420:insurgent 3416:Democrats 3343:blackface 3323:Etymology 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