319:
29:
372:
503:
520:(later known as Dr. Ruth) arrived in New York City in 1956, at 26 years of age a single mother with a newborn daughter, Jewish Family Service paid for her daughter to stay with a foster family during the day, and then when her daughter was three years old for her to stay at a German Jewish Orthodox nursery school, as Westheimer worked as a maid and attended
824:
of Dr. Neubauer's former research assistants proving that they were indeed part of the study. The Jewish Board says Dr. Neubauer's study records are sealed to the public until 2065 to protect the privacy of those studied. To this date, all study subjects who have requested their personal records have received them, albeit heavily redacted and inconclusive.
447:
and in aiding needy families of Jewish prisoners around the New York City area in order to support religiously appropriate treatment for all Jewish people incarcerated at state and city levels and their families. By 1902, it became The New York Jewish
Protectory and Aid Society to address an increase
298:
It merged in 1946 with the Jewish Family
Welfare Society of Brooklyn to form Jewish Family Services (JFS). The present-day Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services (the Jewish Board) resulted in 1978 from a further merger with the Jewish Board of Guardians, which itself had been founded in 1907
2288:
A spokesperson for the Jewish Board told the News that all individuals were notified of their participation in the study and "provided with copies of their records that relate directly to Dr. Neubauer's study of them." The Jewish Board did not clarify when individuals had been notified, but did note
1932:
In the late 1950s and before Peter
Neubauer was involved, Dr. Bernard created a policy to separate identical twins for adoption. Dr. Bernard's intent with the separations was benign. In a recently uncovered memo, she expressed her hope that "early mothering would be less burdened and divided and the
823:
In 2011, two identical twins who reunited as adults, Doug Rausch and Howard Burack, sent a letter to the Jewish Board requesting to see their records. The Jewish Board initially denied that Rausch and Burack had been part of the study, until the brothers were able to produce archived notes from one
785:
As a condition of the adoption, the parents agreed to in-person visits of up to four times a year by the study's research team, during which the children would be observed, questioned, tested, and/or filmed, without knowing the true nature of the study. The parents of the adopted children were also
282:
The Jewish Board was created through the successive mergers of New York-area Jewish charitable organizations. The United Hebrew
Charities was established in 2005 as an umbrella organization for the Hebrew Benevolent Fuel Association, the Ladies Benevolent Society of the Congregation of the Gates of
2014:
Bernard, trained in classical
Freudian psychiatry, believed that bonding between a mother and child was the most important aspect of childhood development. This theory led the agency to place twins in separate homes, thinking that giving each child its own mother would be best for the child. By
268:
The Jewish Board was created through the successive mergers of New York-area Jewish charitable organizations. The present-day Jewish Board of Family and
Children's Services resulted in 1978 from a further merger with the Jewish Board of Guardians, which itself had been founded in 1907.
368:, and in addition to financial aid and loans without interest, supplied coal, clothing, bedding, sewing machines, materials, medical and surgical care, medicine, aid for pregnant women, aid for orphans, educational expenses, and aid in finding employment to needy Jews.
790:
to a set of twins separated by
Bernard and studied by Neubauer reported that Louise Wise Services did not inform her that her children would be separated. Ultimately, one of separated siblings committed suicide. Some have drawn ethical comparisons with the notorious
459:
served on the board of the United Hebrew
Charities for a decade, beginning in 1909, and in 1924 was elected vice president of the Hebrew Charities' Desertion Bureau, an organization founded in 1905 that helped Jewish immigrant women whose husbands had deserted them.
234:, and nearly half of its clients are not Jewish. It has over 3,300 employees and 2,200 volunteers serving over 43,000 New Yorkers annually at its community-based programs, residential facilities, and day-treatment centers in each of the five
470:
In 1926, United Hebrew
Charities merged with the Jewish Social Service Association (JSSA), taking their name because of the stigma associated with the term “charity,” and to better represent the organization’s focus on
153:
Family
Services Family Violence Living with Mental Illness Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Sadness, Worry or Loss Supportive Housing Services for Early Childhood Services for Children Services for Teens
700:
Bob Zielony, who directed of the HIV/AIDS Prevention and Education department of the Jewish Board for six years, was involved with outreach to Jewish communities in the New York area to educate them on the
1485:
562:, psychologists, doctors, and nurses, and 2,200 volunteers, serving over 43,000 New Yorkers annually at its community-based programs, residential facilities, and day-treatment centers in each of the five
539:
donated $ 1 million to the Jewish Board in memory of his partner psychoanalyst Eugene Glynn after Glynn’s death in 2007; Glynn had treated young people there. The gift was to name a clinic for Glynn.
778:
to observe how the separated siblings would fare in different environments, from birth to age 12, throughout the 1960s and 1970s. This involved at least eight sets of identical twins and one set of
805:
In 1990, a decade after suddenly ending the study, Neubauer and the Child Development Center of the Jewish Board of Family and Children’s Services arranged to have the locked records kept at
68:
The Hebrew Benevolent Fuel Association, the Ladies Benevolent Society of the Congregation of the Gates of Prayer, the Hebrew Relief Society, and the Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Society into
1711:
1663:
338:
organizations across the city, serving New York’s Jewish community and acting as a central relief organization for Jewish charities in the area. Educator, philanthropist, and rabbi
802:
Dr. Neubauer's study was never completed, and in 1978 the Jewish Board of Guardians merged with Jewish Family Services to form the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services.
558:, as it serves people from all religious, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds, and by 1991 40% of its clients were not Jewish. It has over 3,300 employees, including over 350
829:
1001:
2552:
1819:
117:
2350:
2221:
381:
In the early 1880s, among the most famous volunteers of the Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society (whose work was taken over by United Hebrew Charities in 1884), was poet
2103:
The irony of a Jewish researcher and a Jewish adoption agency conducting a twin study after the atrocities waged against Jewish people in Nazi Germany is clear.
1866:
1791:
310:
program service obligations, and 9,000 clients, from the Federation Employment & Guidance Service (FEGS) social services agency, which declared bankruptcy.
2028:
748:
816:
until October 25, 2065, and cannot be released to the public without authorization from the Jewish Board. Louise Wise Services' adoption records are held by
1071:
2547:
2542:
1580:
1189:
2423:
2003:
1090:
1921:
625:
of veterans in the New York City area, many of whom avoided care because they felt there was a stigma around seeking help, the Jewish Board and the
2517:
1719:
1117:
Fifty years of social service: The history of the United Hebrew Charities of the city of New York, now the Jewish Social Service Association, Inc.
1015:
2180:"In 1978 the Jewish Board of Guardians merged with the Jewish Family Services, and they became the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services
817:
744:
1408:
1150:
1033:
291:), the Yorkville Ladies Benevolent Society, and the Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Society (organized in 1822). In 1884 it took over the work of
2047:
1894:
1346:
1103:
2537:
2272:
2193:
1955:
1176:
1554:
763:, with the intent that "early mothering would be less burdened and divided, and the child’s developing individuality would be facilitated."
2249:
860:
2328:
1980:
1441:
809:. The Jewish Board established terms that gave it the power to approve or deny any requests to access the records for the next 75 years.
2237:
Louise Wise has since closed, and in 2004, all of its records related to voluntary adoptions were given over to the Spence-Chapin agency
2577:
2567:
1686:
1260:
864:
2572:
2562:
2532:
941:
265:
and preventive services, housing, Jewish community services, counseling, volunteering, and professional and leadership development.
925:
1218:
799:
that Neubauer himself had escaped, while others have opined that the study was ethically defensible by the standards of the time.
2557:
2527:
1240:
669:) to address gaps in children’s mental health resources. It connects middle schools and high schools in New York City with local
2117:"Three Identical Strangers and The Twinning Reaction—Clarifying History and Lessons for Today From Peter Neubauer's Twins Study"
2522:
1766:
610:
1841:
634:
606:
357:
of the City of New York, the first attempt at bringing together charitable efforts through a singular board’s supervision.
2382:
673:
and trains teachers and staff on the basics of diagnostic and intervention methods to help support student’s mental and
2173:
2302:
1511:
439:
The Jewish Prisoners Aid Society had begun in 1893 as a group of volunteer concerned citizens interested in providing
413:
on the corner of East 21st Street in Manhattan in New York City, and was the headquarters of United Hebrew Charities.
1137:
782:
deliberately separated and placed into adoptive families by Louise Wise Services under Dr. Viola Bernard's policies.
626:
1151:"Hebrew Charities Building—The Gift of Solomon Loeb to Jewish Charity Dedicated—Mr. Rice Appeals for Endowment Fund"
1034:"Hebrew Charities Building—The Gift of Solomon Loeb to Jewish Charity Dedicated—Mr. Rice Appeals for Endowment Fund"
964:. p. 40. Quote: "HEAS ... ceased functioning in 1884. The work of HEAS was taken over by United Hebrew Charities..."
253:
and learning, children and adolescent services, mental health outpatient clinics for teenagers, people living with
2450:
689:
service organization, was one of the first to recognize the importance of mental health services for people with
216:
2467:
334:
United Hebrew Charities was formed in 1874 in New York City to organize relief and charitable work for the many
2250:"Twins make astonishing discovery that they were separated shortly after birth and then part of a secret study"
1842:"Currents June 2013: In Memoriam - Dr. Jerome Goldsmith - National Association of Social Workers New York City"
1058:
961:
452:
and incarceration. United Hebrew Charities merged with the New York Jewish Protectory and Aid Society in 1907.
303:(who was known for her social work, particularly with regard to female Jewish immigrant juvenile delinquency).
306:
In 2015, with the urging of New York State and New York City, the Jewish Board acquired $ 75 million worth of
1535:
770:, then director of New York's Child Development Center of the Jewish Board of Guardians, began a multi-year "
694:
666:
662:
1533:
Bermudez, Caroline (August 12, 2010). "Famed Children's Book Author Gives $ 1-Million for Social Services".
2015:
studying this process, Neubauer's team could potentially solve the age-old debate about nurture vs. nature.
354:
288:
397:. In the 1890s, it received large charitable contributions from brothers, and department store co-owners,
869:
856:
292:
73:
2321:
1606:
686:
492:
629:
worked toward creating family-focused mental health services for veterans and veteran families of the
1871:
1741:
1273:
1076:
851:
658:
563:
410:
349:
At the time, movements towards overseeing charitable organizations were widespread in New York City.
323:
235:
2477:
590:
318:
254:
2472:
942:
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/01/27/102445585.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
842:
705:
virus, as well as ways to prevent transmission, occasionally using Jewish-centric themes such as
654:
2303:"Lost and Found: Twin sister separated at birth are reunited and work toward a new relationship"
926:
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1877/02/04/80365158.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
2387:
2163:
954:
At the Edge of a Dream: The Story of Jewish Immigrants on New York's Lower East Side, 1880-1920
670:
425:
417:
106:
28:
2351:"'Three Identical Strangers': How triplets separated at birth became the craziest doc of 2018"
535:
has been a trustee of the Jewish Board since 1992. Illustrator and writer of children's books
2582:
1664:"Jewish Board of Family & Children's Services (JBFCS): Greenberg/Youth Counseling League"
1203:
771:
693:, and advocated to increase the availability of mental health care for those affected by the
491:, worked at the Jewish Board of Guardians in New York, a care center for girls and boys with
350:
284:
2116:
88:(1978); acquired obligations of Federation Employment & Guidance Service programs (2015)
2078:
2066:
1422:
786:
not informed by Louise Wise Services that they were part of a twin or triplet set, and one
449:
421:
405:. In 1895, its headquarters were at 128 Second Avenue in Manhattan. Banker and businessman
353:, part of the State Board of Charities of New York, crafted a report that later formed the
1867:"Focus on Issues: Jewish Aids Educator in N.Y. Battles Prudishness and Denialin Community"
1364:
8:
2008:
581:, children and adolescent services, volunteering, Jewish community services, counseling,
506:
488:
361:
2082:
1383:
839:
Deliberately Divided: Inside the Controversial Study of Twins and Triplets Adopted Apart
496:
2144:
2094:
1981:"Lessons From a Controversial Study That 'Deliberately Divided' Twins | CSUF News"
1446:
722:
In 2018, the Jewish Board acquired the Alpha Workshops, which provides training in the
567:
513:
464:
456:
433:
339:
300:
239:
121:
58:
2169:
2148:
2136:
1133:
957:
837:; 2007), written by two of the identical twins, and Professor Nancy L. Segal’s book,
787:
767:
674:
582:
577:
Its programs cover mental health outpatient clinic for teenagers, adults living with
394:
307:
262:
2098:
1072:"New York United Hebrew Charities Changes Name to Jewish Social Service Association"
601:
The Jewish Board's Jewish Community Services program provides religious support for
424:
was a member of the board of the United Hebrew Charities, lawyer and philanthropist
2289:
that redactions to the materials were made to ensure the privacy of other subjects.
2128:
2086:
1926:
1092:
Jewish Renaissance and Revival in America; Essays in Memory of Leah Levitz Fishbane
882:
702:
390:
1116:
2454:
2360:
2198:
806:
792:
756:
752:
723:
586:
517:
250:
166:
2222:"A Son Given Up for Adoption Is Found After Half a Century, and Then Lost Again"
1820:"NYC Health + Hospitals Tackles the Special Behavioral Health Needs of Children"
1792:"A new program will give 100 New York City schools extra mental health training"
909:
653:
The 100 Schools Project was started in 2016 in partnership with OneCity Health (
1645:
707:
642:
578:
548:
536:
532:
525:
521:
484:
432:
was its vice president. From 1904-05, rabbi, social worker, and philanthropist
343:
335:
258:
224:
96:
2408:
2004:"'Three Identical Strangers': The high cost of experimentation without ethics"
1468:
393:" ("Give me your tired, your poor ..."), now inscribed on the pedestal of the
2511:
622:
602:
559:
402:
398:
2090:
1607:"JEWISH BOARD OF FAMILY AND CHILDREN'S SERVICES, INC.; FINANCIAL STATEMENTS"
2431:
2140:
2132:
834:
555:
444:
429:
406:
382:
375:
231:
467:
was a member of the executive committee of the Jewish Board of Guardians.
295:. In 1926 it changed its name to the Jewish Social Services Association.
80:(1926); merged with the Jewish Family Welfare Society of Brooklyn to form
989:
796:
571:
472:
243:
220:
409:
donated the Hebrew Charities Building, built in 1899, that stood at 356
878:
813:
775:
712:
463:
After moving to New York City in 1922, civic leader and philanthropist
371:
2444:
1219:"Solomon Lowenstein Dead; Mourned by All Leading Jewish Organizations"
428:
also served on the board, and lawyer and New York Supreme Court judge
330:
in New York City, and was the headquarters of United Hebrew Charities.
2355:
1796:
685:
Former CEO Dr. Jerome Goldsmith, who also served on the board of the
638:
365:
327:
213:
1712:"Opioid Epidemic Claims Lives in Queens' Bukharian Jewish Community"
322:
The Hebrew Charities Building, built in 1899, formerly stood at 356
50:(establishment of predecessor organization, United Hebrew Charities)
1623:
812:
The study records are currently in the custody of Yale University,
779:
760:
716:
690:
630:
593:, homeless, refugees, and professional and leadership development.
502:
440:
84:(1946); merged with Jewish Board of Guardians to the present-day
2273:"Records from controversial twin study sealed at Yale until 2065"
2194:"Records from controversial twin study sealed at Yale until 2065"
1956:"Records from controversial twin study sealed at Yale until 2065"
730:
adults and/or those living with HIV/AIDS and other disabilities.
1687:"NYC religious groups increase focus on mental health treatment"
2048:"Four Lessons from the Covert Separation and Study of Triplets"
1347:"Mrs. Julius Ochs Adler Is Dead; Times Official's Widow Was 68"
990:
Guide to the Jewish Family Service collection, 1875–1940; I-375
386:
1646:"Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services - NYC Service"
1442:"At Home With: Dr. Ruth Westheimer; The Bible as Sex Manual?"
830:
Identical Strangers: A Memoir of Twins Separated and Reunited
727:
1016:"Podcast: After the fall of FEGS, The Jewish Board steps in"
715:
to save lives under any circumstances" as justification for
2322:"91st Oscars Shortlists in Nine Award Categories Announced"
1279:
641:
in New York City. The program was then expanded to provide
921:
919:
845:; 2021). It was also the subject of the documentary films
342:
was one of its founders, as was his son, lawyer and judge
196:
2501:
1324:
1767:"Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services (JBFCS)"
1742:"Breaking the Silence: Community at a Crossroads | WFUV"
1309:
992:, Center for Jewish History. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
1933:
child's developing individuality would be facilitated."
1581:"Meet New York's new largest social-services nonprofit"
1294:
1003:
Human Services Contracting; A Public Solutions Handbook
916:
1895:"Alpha Workshops founder Ken Wampler passes the torch"
1262:
Annual Report of the Jewish Protectory and Aid Society
977:, Nov. 28, 1881, p. 8. Mentions founding date of HEAS.
863:, and on the shortlist of 15 films considered for the
1975:
1973:
1388:
Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
616:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
861:
U.S. Documentary Special Jury Award for Storytelling
1486:"Jean Shafiroff: Executive Profile & Biography"
1335:. New York, New York. November 21, 1874. p. 4.
1305:. New York, New York. November 4, 1929. p. 52.
1970:
1555:"David Rivel shakes up the venerable Jewish Board"
1290:. Cincinnati, Ohio. September 29, 1921. p. 2.
645:and access for veterans and families of veterans.
2427:: the bizarre tale of triplets separated at birth
2165:The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition
2029:"Separated Triplets Had Been Studied Since Birth"
1953:
1938:
1320:. New York, New York. March 23, 1894. p. 11.
827:The Neubauer study was the subject of the memoir
2509:
1132:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977: 123.
605:and social services, including education on the
531:Philanthropist, author, advocate, and socialite
2553:Jewish organizations based in the United States
1407:Dr. Ruth Westheimer, Dr. Steven Kaplan (2020).
1241:"Aid Group Tries to Save Services in Tough Era"
818:Spence-Chapin Services to Families and Children
665:), and Bronx Partners for Healthy Communities (
2502:Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services
1130:The Poetry of American Women from 1632 to 1945
648:
495:. Also in the 1930s, physician and politician
206:Jewish Board of Family and Children’s Services
86:Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services
22:Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services
1922:"The Truth About "Three Identical Strangers""
1478:
1175:New York (State). Board of Charities (1906).
985:
983:
680:
1469:America's Significant Other: Dr. Ruth (1991)
1381:
937:
935:
933:
738:
596:
2548:Jewish charities based in the United States
2543:Human subject research in the United States
2329:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
2121:Journal of the American Medical Association
1382:Freidenreich, Harriet (February 27, 2009),
867:. On television, it was the subject of the
755:in the 1960s, created a policy to separate
2383:"Sundance Film Festival 2018 winners list"
1122:
980:
865:Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature
313:
277:
27:
2270:
2191:
2045:
2035:– via Greensboro News & Record.
1919:
1301:"Open New Galleries for Sculpture Show".
946:
930:
455:Lawyer, artist, humanitarian, and writer
1532:
1526:
1503:
1461:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
877:(2018), with ABC television journalists
542:
501:
370:
317:
287:), the Hebrew Relief Society (formed by
2518:1845 establishments in New York (state)
2504:, Official site of present organization
2161:
2114:
1684:
1512:"Jean Shafiroff Feted at JBFCS Benefit"
1353:. June 4, 1971 – via NYTimes.com.
1256:
1254:
904:
902:
900:
898:
613:, to New York City's Jewish community.
212:) is one of the United States' largest
2510:
2380:
2271:McCormack, William (October 1, 2018).
2219:
2192:McCormack, William (October 1, 2018).
2064:
2001:
1983:. News.fullerton.edu. October 18, 2021
1439:
1433:
1415:
551:'s largest social services nonprofit.
227:'s largest social services nonprofit.
2319:
2300:
2162:Jackson, Kenneth (December 1, 2010).
2027:Saul, Stephanie (January 31, 1998) .
1954:William Mccormack (October 1, 2018).
1225:
849:(2017; following reunited twins) and
326:on the corner of East 21st Street in
2538:Human subject research in psychiatry
2348:
2320:Kojen, Natalie (December 17, 2018).
2065:Kardon, Gabrielle (March 16, 2018).
2026:
1509:
1251:
1238:
895:
743:In the late 1950s, psychiatrist Dr.
2301:Flaim, Denise (November 25, 2007).
2242:
2220:Glaser, Gabrielle (July 10, 2015).
1375:
751:, a prominent New York City Jewish
726:as a licensed school of design for
499:worked with Jewish Family Service.
72:(1845); took over the work of the
13:
2381:Kilday, Gregg (January 27, 2018).
2046:Savulescu, Julian (July 2, 2019).
1920:Oppenheim, Lois (April 4, 2019) .
1666:. Newyorkcity.ny.networkofcare.org
1140:. Citation for "The New Colossus".
1061:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
617:Mental health support for veterans
78:Jewish Social Services Association
14:
2594:
2578:Organizations established in 1845
2568:Jews and Judaism in New York City
2495:
2002:Lerner, Barron (April 4, 2019) .
1440:Morris, Bob (December 21, 1995).
589:and learning, people living with
2573:Organizations based in Manhattan
2563:Jewish refugee aid organizations
2533:Charities based in New York City
1771:New York State Health Foundation
1274:"Cedar Knolls School for Girls,"
1239:Howe, Marvine (March 31, 1991).
2460:
2438:
2417:
2402:
2374:
2349:Ryan, Patrick (June 26, 2018).
2342:
2313:
2294:
2264:
2213:
2185:
2155:
2108:
2058:
2039:
2020:
1995:
1913:
1887:
1859:
1834:
1812:
1784:
1759:
1734:
1704:
1685:Schmidt, Ann W. (May 4, 2016).
1678:
1656:
1638:
1616:
1599:
1573:
1547:
1401:
1357:
1339:
1267:
1211:
1197:
1183:
1169:
1143:
1110:
1097:
1084:
1064:
1052:
956:(2007), John Wiley & Sons,
657:), Community Care of Brooklyn (
416:In the early 1900s, lawyer and
16:American nonprofit organization
2558:Jewish community organizations
2528:Adoption-related organizations
1510:Leon, Masha (April 29, 2013).
1026:
1008:
995:
967:
733:
478:
1:
2523:Adoption in the United States
1536:The Chronicle of Philanthropy
1119:, HathiTrust Digital Library.
888:
820:. Dr. Neubauer died in 2008.
671:community-based organizations
663:Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center
360:In 1877 it had offices at 13
973:"Aid for Hebrew Emigrants",
355:Charity Organization Society
289:Congregation Shearith Israel
76:(1884); name changed to the
41:; 179 years ago
7:
1423:"Dr. Ruth Westheimer, 1928"
1331:"United Hebrew Charities".
1316:"To Aid Hebrew Charities".
857:2018 Sundance Film Festival
649:NYC students' mental health
483:From 1934 to 1936, teacher
293:Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society
74:Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society
70:The United Hebrew Charities
10:
2599:
2453:November 22, 2020, at the
2414:. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
1157:. May 19, 1899. p. 12
1040:. May 19, 1899. p. 12
766:In 1961, psychiatrist Dr.
681:AIDS education and support
591:developmental disabilities
493:developmental disabilities
385:, best known for her 1883
272:
255:developmental disabilities
2457:. Retrieved July 23, 2018
2425:Three Identical Strangers
2410:Three Identical Strangers
2252:. ABC News. March 9, 2018
2168:. Yale University Press.
1872:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1585:Crain's New York Business
1559:Crain's New York Business
1205:American Jewish Year Book
1077:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
855:(2018); premiered at the
852:Three Identical Strangers
739:Dr. Neubauer's twin study
659:Maimonides Medical Center
597:Jewish Community Services
585:and preventive services,
564:boroughs of New York City
487:, one of the pioneers of
236:boroughs of New York City
192:
182:
172:
160:
147:
127:
112:
102:
92:
64:
54:
35:
26:
1390:, Jewish Women's Archive
1247:– via NYTimes.com.
843:Rowman & Littlefield
661:), Bronx Health Access (
2091:10.1126/science.aat0954
1624:"Programs and Services"
711:, the obligation under
687:Gay Men's Health Crisis
627:Bronx VA Medical Center
314:United Hebrew Charities
278:Mergers and acquisition
2388:The Hollywood Reporter
2133:10.1001/jama.2019.8152
2115:Hoffman, Leon (2019).
1369:Jewish Women's Archive
1276:Jewish Women's Archive
655:NYC Health + Hospitals
509:
426:Joseph L. Buttenwieser
418:New York Supreme Court
378:
331:
118:7th Avenue, 18th Floor
107:501(c)(3) organization
82:Jewish Family Services
2446:The Twinning Reaction
1128:Watts, Emily Stipes.
1105:Encyclopaedia Judaica
952:Lawrence J. Epstein,
847:The Twinning Reaction
772:nature versus nurture
543:Services and programs
505:
374:
351:Josephine Shaw Lowell
321:
285:Temple Shaaray Tefila
283:Prayer (organized by
257:, adults living with
249:Its programs include
2067:"Life in triplicate"
1365:"Barbara Ochs Adler"
1191:Who's who in America
749:Louise Wise Services
547:The Jewish Board is
450:juvenile delinquency
422:Mitchell L. Erlanger
2083:2018Sci...359.1222K
2009:The Washington Post
1800:. September 6, 2016
1722:on November 6, 2019
1221:. January 21, 1942.
1020:City & State NY
873:television episode
507:Dr. Ruth Westheimer
489:group psychotherapy
23:
2412:: Official Trailer
1901:. December 4, 2018
1899:businessofhome.com
1650:www.nycservice.org
1626:. The Jewish Board
1561:. January 26, 2014
1447:The New York Times
1384:"Käte Frankenthal"
1351:The New York Times
1288:American Israelite
1286:"New York Notes".
1245:The New York Times
1022:. August 19, 2016.
975:The New York Times
697:in New York City.
568:Westchester County
514:Holocaust survivor
510:
465:Barbara Ochs Adler
457:James N. Rosenberg
434:Solomon Lowenstein
379:
340:Samuel Myer Isaacs
332:
301:Alice Davis Menken
240:Westchester County
122:New York, New York
59:New York, New York
21:
2476:. March 9, 2018.
2468:"Secret Siblings"
2429:(June 28, 2018),
2327:(Press release).
1958:. Yale Daily News
1208:, Volume 6, 1904.
859:where it won the
788:biological mother
768:Peter B. Neubauer
695:HIV/AIDS epidemic
675:behavioral health
667:SBH Health System
611:domestic violence
583:domestic violence
554:Its services are
395:Statue of Liberty
308:behavioral health
263:domestic violence
230:Its services are
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151:Emotional Crisis
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793:Nazi twin study
757:identical twins
753:adoption agency
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637:Wars living in
621:To support the
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587:early childhood
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1746:www.wfuv.org
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1720:the original
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