Jesuits - Knowledge

5676: 13110: 3239:, the total number of Jesuit Missions were reduced to 40 by 1744. The Jesuit missions offered the Indigenous people Christianity, iron tools, and a small degree of protection from the slavers and the colonists. In exchange, the Indigenous had to submit to Jesuit discipline and adopt, at least superficially, a lifestyle foreign to their experience. The population of the missions was only sustained by frequent expeditions into the jungle by Jesuits, soldiers, and Christian Indians to capture Indigenous people and force them to return or to settle in the missions. At the time when the Jesuits were expelled from Spanish America in 1767, the Jesuits registered 36 missions run by 25 Jesuits in the Audiencia of Quito – 6 in the Napo and Aguarico Missions and 19 in the Pastaza and Iquitos Missions, with a population at 20,000 inhabitants. 1153:

chastity, poverty and obedience, keep what follows in mind. He is a member of a Society founded chiefly for this purpose: to strive especially for the defence and propagation of the faith and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine, by means of public preaching, lectures and any other ministration whatsoever of the Word of God, and further by means of retreats, the education of children and unlettered persons in Christianity, and the spiritual consolation of Christ's faithful through hearing confessions and administering the other sacraments. Moreover, he should show himself ready to reconcile the estranged, compassionately assist and serve those who are in prisons or hospitals, and indeed, to perform any other works of charity, according to what will seem expedient for the glory of God and the common good.

3210: 1697: 5717: 5939: 5786: 2026: 5822: 5850: 2793: 5747: 839:" ("as if he was a lifeless body") and to accept orders to go anywhere in the world, even if required to live in extreme conditions. This was so because Ignatius, its leading founder, was a nobleman who had a military background. Accordingly, the opening lines of the founding document declared that the society was founded for "whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God, to strive especially for the defense and propagation of the faith, and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine". Jesuits are thus sometimes referred to colloquially as "God's soldiers", "God's marines", or "the Company". The society participated in the 16919: 5873: 5921: 5652: 5834: 5732: 5889: 5810: 2428:

Drogheda, as well as Dublin and Galway. At Limerick there appears to have been a long hiatus following the defeat of the Jacobite forces and Begley states that Fr. Thomas O'Gorman was the first Jesuit to return to Limerick after the siege, arriving in 1728 and he took up residence in Jail Lane, near the Castle in the Englishtown. There he opened a school to "impart the rudiments of the classics to the better class youth of the city." O'Gorman left in 1737 and was succeeded by Fr. John McGrath. Next came Fr. James McMahon, who was a nephew of the Primate of Armagh,

5798: 2424:, the school moved back to Castle Lane, and remained largely undisturbed for the next 40 years, until the surrender of the city to Williamite forces in 1692. In 1671, Dr. James Douley was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Limerick and during his visitation to the diocese reported to the Holy See that the Jesuits had a house and "taught schools with great fruit, instructing the youth in the articles of faith and good morals." Douley also noted that this and other Catholic schools operating in the Diocese were also attended by local Protestants. 6045: 1158: 5774: 5759: 3397: 14915: 2603:, the Jesuits undertook the task of converting the Iroquois, something they had attempted in 1642 with little success. In 1653 the Iroquois nation had a fallout with the Dutch. They then signed a peace treaty with the French and a mission was established. The Iroquois soon turned on the French again. In 1658, the Jesuits were having little success and were under constant threat of being tortured or killed, but continued their effort until 1687 when they abandoned their permanent posts in the Iroquois homeland. 5905: 1136: 2816: 2404:. Nevertheless, in spite of this occasional persecution, the Jesuits were able to exert a degree of discreet influence within the province and in Limerick. For instance in 1606, largely through their efforts, a Catholic named Christopher Holywood was elected Mayor of the city. Four years earlier the resident Jesuit had raised a sum of "200 cruzados" for the purpose of founding a hospital in the city, though the project was disrupted by a severe outbreak of plague and repression by the Lord President 2003: 2388:- at Limerick, ordered all Jesuits from the city and Province, and offered £7 to anyone willing to betray a Jesuit priest to the authorities, and £5 for a seminarian. Jesuit houses and schools throughout the province, in the years thereafter, were subject to periodic crackdown and the occasional destruction of schools, imprisonment of teachers and the levying of heavy money penalties on parents are recorded in publications of the time. In 1615-17 the Royal Visitation Books, written up by 6305:

Congregation specified that "The impediment of origin extends to all who are descended from the Jewish race, unless it is clear that their father, grandfather, and great grandfather have belonged to the Catholic Church." In 1946, the 29th General Congregation dropped the requirement but still called for "cautions to be exercised before admitting a candidate about whom there is some doubt as to the character of his hereditary background". Robert Aleksander Maryks interprets the 1593

17032: 4147: 3267: 2322:'s Commentarli grammatici, and read a few letters of Cicero or the dialogues of Frusius (André des Freux, SJ). The second class committed Donatus' texts in Latin to memory and read dialogues as well as works by Ēvaldus Gallus. Students in the third class learned Donatus by heart, though translated into English rather than through Latin. Young boys in the fourth class were taught to read. Progress was slow because there were too few teachers to conduct classes simultaneously. 5701: 14666: 4001: 1590: 1463:. Today, Jesuit colleges and universities are located in over one hundred nations around the world. Under the notion that God can be encountered through created things and especially art, they encouraged the use of ceremony and decoration in Catholic ritual and devotion. Perhaps as a result of this appreciation for art, coupled with their spiritual practice of "finding God in all things", many early Jesuits distinguished themselves in the visual and 3564: 2805: 17309: 16931: 15656: 14680: 6165: 5333: 2984: 1777: 1297: 628: 13694: 1979: 1277: 2478: 13682: 2381:

impossible for a time. It was not until the early 1600s that the Jesuit mission could again re-establish itself in the city, though the Jesuits kept a low profile existence in lodgings here and there. For instance a mission led by Fr. Nicholas Leinagh re-established itself at Limerick in 1601, though the Jesuit presence in the city numbered no more than 1 or 2 at a time in the years immediately following.

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certain knowledge, and the fulness of our apostolical power, suppress and abolish the said company: we deprive it of all activity whatever. ...And to this end a member of the regular clergy, recommendable for his prudence and sound morals, shall be chosen to preside over and govern the said houses; so that the name of the Company shall be, and is, for ever extinguished and suppressed.

3037: 2565:, which was meant to be a replica of European society. It became the Jesuit headquarters and an important part of Canadian history. Throughout most of the 1640s the Jesuits had modest success, establishing five chapels in Huronia and baptising more than one thousand Huron out of a population which may have exceeded 20,000 before the epidemics of the 1630s. However, the 3119:, later canonized, met slave transport ships in the harbour, went below decks where 300–600 slaves were chained, and gave physical aid with water, while introducing the Africans to Christianity. In his treatise, he did not condemn slavery or the ill-treatment of slaves, but sought to instruct fellow Jesuits to this ministry and describe how he catechized the slaves. 4162:, while biographers characterised him as working to save the lives of other Jesuits. As a Jesuit pope, he has stressed discernment over following rules, changing the culture of the clergy to steer away from clericalism and to move toward an ethic of service, i.e. to have the "smell of sheep," staying close to the people. After his papal election, Superior General 2918:

order holding real estate, surpassing the Dominicans and Augustinians who had accumulated significant property, this was no small matter. They argued that they were exempt, due to special pontifical privileges. Bishop De Palafox took on the Jesuits over this matter and was so soundly defeated that he was recalled to Spain, where he became the bishop of the minor

3828:, originally read: "The Evangelical-Lutheran religion remains the public religion of the State. Those inhabitants, who confess thereto, are bound to raise their children to the same. Jesuits and monastic orders are not permitted. Jews are still prohibited from entry to the Realm." Jews were first allowed into the realm in 1851 after the famous Norwegian poet 2573:, rivals of the Hurons, grew jealous of the Hurons' wealth and control of the fur trade system and attacked Huron villages in 1648. They killed missionaries and burned villages, and the Hurons scattered. Both de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant were tortured and killed in the Iroquois raids; for this, they have been canonized as martyrs in the Catholic Church. 3640:

natural defenses. Slave labor and trade were essential for the economy of Brazil and other American colonies, and the Jesuits usually did object to the enslavement of African peoples, criticized the conditions of slavery. In cases where individual Jesuit priests criticized the institution of African slavery, they were censored and sent back to Europe.

5306:(1889–1964) of Belgium, Alphonse Lambrette (1884–1970) of Belgium, Emile Planckaert (1906–2006) of France, Jacob Raile (1894–1949) of Hungary, Henri Revol (1904–1992) of France, Adam Sztark (1907–1942) of Poland, Henri Van Oostayen (1906–1945) of Belgium, Ioannes Marangas (1901–1989) of Greece, and Raffaele de Chantuz Cubbe (1904–1983) of Italy. 3084:, wanting to put them in charge of parishes, but Acosta adhered to the Jesuit position that they were not subject to the jurisdiction of bishops and to catechize in Indigenous parishes would bring them into conflict with the bishops. For that reason, the Jesuits in Peru focused on education of elite men rather than the indigenous populations. 1368:, and spiritual lassitude within the Catholic Church. Ignatius insisted on a high level of academic preparation for the clergy in contrast to the relatively poor education of much of the clergy of his time. The Jesuit vow against "ambitioning prelacies" can be seen as an effort to counteract another problem evidenced in the preceding century. 2417:

Lenihan records that the Limerick Crescent College in 1656 moved to a hut in the middle of a bog which was difficult for the authorities to find. This foundation was headed up by Fr. Nicholas Punch who was aided by Frs. Maurice Patrick, Piers Creagh and James Forde and the school attracted a large number of students from around the locality.

3509:, by reverting Jose Rizal from Freemasonry back to Catholicism. They argued that since the Philippine Revolution was inspired by the allegedly Masonic ideals behind the French and American revolutions, the French and American Freemasons themselves betrayed their own founding ideals when the American Freemasons annexed the Philippines in the 5074:(1593) which proclaimed that either Jewish or Muslim ancestry, no matter how distant, was an insurmountable impediment for admission to the Society of Jesus. This new rule was contrary to the original wishes of Ignatius who "said that he would take it as a special grace from our Lord to come from Jewish lineage". The 16th-century 2361:, Daniel persuaded the Portuguese Province to agree a surety for the ransom of Wolfe, who was quickly banished on release. Daniel returned to Ireland the following year, but was immediately captured and incriminating documents were found on his person, which were taken as proof of his involvement with the rebellious cousin of the 2432:. McMahon lived at Limerick for thirteen years until his death in 1751. In 1746 Fr Joseph Morony was sent from Bordeaux to join McMahon and the others. Morony remained at the Jail Lane site teaching at what Begley states was a "high class school" until 1773 when he was ordered to close the school and oratory following the 4448:, estimated that by 2034 the number would decrease to about 10,000 Jesuits, with a much younger average age than in 2019, and with a shift away from Europe and into Latin America, Africa, and India. In 2008, their average age was 57.3 years: 63.4 years for priests, 29.9 years for scholastics, and 65.5 years for brothers. 3298:

Bandeirantes and ended the worst of the slave trade in their region. From this point on the Jesuit missions enjoyed growth and prosperity, punctuated by epidemics. At the peak of their importance in 1732, the Jesuits presided over 141,000 Guaraní (including a sprinkling of other peoples) who lived in about 30 missions.

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Assistancy) or an area of ministry (for instance higher education). The assistants normally reside with Father General in Rome and along with others form an advisory council to the General. A vicar general and secretary of the society run day-to-day administration. The General is also required to have an

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in the 1930s passed laws banning the Jesuits on grounds that they were obedient to a power different from the state. Pope Pius XI wrote about this: "It was an expression of a soul deeply hostile to God and the Catholic religion, to have disbanded the Religious Orders that had taken a vow of obedience

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Detractors say that "the Jesuits took away the Indians' freedom, forced them to radically change their lifestyle, physically abused them, and subjected them to disease." Moreover, the missions were inefficient and their economic success "depended on subsidies from the Jesuit order, special protection

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in 1759 and New France came under British control. The British barred the immigration of more Jesuits to New France, and by 1763, only 21 Jesuits were stationed in New France. By 1773 only 11 Jesuits remained. During the same year the British crown declared that the Society of Jesus in New France was

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For much of the 17th century, the Limerick Jesuit foundation established a more permanent and stable presence and the Jesuit Annals record a 'flourishing' school at Limerick in the 1640s. During the Confederacy the Jesuits had been able to go about their business unhindered and were invited to preach

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in December 1565 under the protection of the Earl of Desmond, where they lived in more comfort than the primitive conditions they experienced in the city. However they were unable to support themselves at Kilmallock and three months later they returned to the city in Easter 1566, and strangely set up

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who acts as a sort of secretary and chief of staff. With the approval of the Superior General, the Provincial Superior appoints a novice master and a master of tertians to oversee formation, and rectors of local communities of Jesuits. For better cooperation and apostolic efficacy in each continent,

4133:"Wherever in the Church, even in the most difficult and extreme fields, at the crossroads of ideologies, in the social trenches, there has been and there is confrontation between the burning exigencies of man and the perennial message of the Gospel, here also there have been, and there are, Jesuits". 3776:

The period following the Restoration of the Jesuits in 1814 was marked by tremendous growth, as evidenced by the large number of Jesuit colleges and universities established during the 19th century. During this time in the United States, 22 of the society's 28 universities were founded or taken over

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Having further considered that the said Company of Jesus can no longer produce those abundant fruits, ... in the present case, we are determining upon the fate of a society classed among the mendicant orders, both by its institute and by its privileges; after a mature deliberation, we do, out of our

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The Jesuits had frequent disputes with other colonists who wanted to enslave the natives. The action of the Jesuits saved many natives from being enslaved by Europeans, but also disturbed their ancestral way of life and inadvertently helped spread infectious diseases against which the natives had no

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founded 14 years before, no fee was requested from pupils, though as a result the two Jesuits lived in very poor conditions and were very overworked with teaching and administering the sacraments to the public. In late 1568 the Castle Lane School, in the presence of Daniel and Good, was attacked and

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Ignatius laid out his original vision for the new order in the "Formula of the Institute of the Society of Jesus", which is "the fundamental charter of the order, of which all subsequent official documents were elaborations and to which they had to conform". He ensured that his formula was contained

7793:"Entry from Irish Jesuit Archives website by Vera Orschel (archivist&editor) entitled 4 / 2015 Irish Jesuit Documents in Rome: Part 17 (1 April 2015) 'Not giving the Jesuit martyr Edmund Daniel (O'Donnell) a bad name'. This document contains some scanned copies of Good's original correspondence" 5968:

Although the work of the Jesuits today embraces a wide variety of apostolates, ministries, and civil occupations, they are probably most well known for their educational work, on all continents. Since the inception of the order, Jesuits have been teachers. Besides serving on the faculty of Catholic

4973:. The Jesuits were accused of inspiring Châtel's attack. Two of his former teachers were exiled and a third was hanged. The Collège de Clermont was closed, and the building was confiscated. The Jesuits were banned from France, although this ban was quickly lifted and the school eventually reopened. 4181:

The General Congregation that elected Arturo Sosa in 2016 asked him to bring to completion the process of discerning Jesuit priorities for the time ahead. Sosa devised a plan that enlisted all Jesuits and their lay collaborators in the process of discernment over a 16-month period. Then in February

3321:(1721 to 1735) was a serious protest by Spanish and mestizo Paraguayans against the Jesuit missions. The residents of Paraguay violently protested the pro-Jesuit government of Paraguay, Jesuit control of Guaraní labor, and what they regarded as unfair competition for the market for products such as 3301:

The opinions of historians differ with regard to the Jesuit missions. The missions are much-romanticized with the Guaraní portrayed as innocent children of nature and the Jesuits as their wise and benevolent guides to an earthly utopia. "Proponents...highlight that the Jesuits protected the Indians

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With Daniel dead and Wolfe dismissed, the Irish Jesuit foundation suffered a severe setback. Good is recorded as resident at Rome by 1577 and in 1586 the seizure of Earl of Desmond's estates resulted in a new permanent Protestant plantation in Munster, making the continuation of the Limerick school

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were significant in their roles both as a missionary order and as the first religious order to operate colleges and universities as a principal and distinct ministry. By the time of Ignatius' death in 1556, the Jesuits were already operating a network of 74 colleges on three continents. A precursor

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available to all people in active life. Further, he used it as a means of rebuilding the spiritual life of the church. The Exercises became both the basis for the training of Jesuits and one of the essential ministries of the order: giving the exercises to others in what became known as "retreats".

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of a conversation with the Archbishop of Santo Domingo. In the words of one historian: "The use of the name Jesus gave great offense. Both on the Continent and in England, it was denounced as blasphemous; petitions were sent to kings and to civil and ecclesiastical tribunals to have it changed; and

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or "Friends in the Lord", because they felt "they were placed together by Christ." The name "company" had echoes of the military (reflecting perhaps Ignatius' background as Captain in the Spanish army) as well as of discipleship (the "companions" of Jesus). The Spanish "company" would be translated

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of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church. The Jesuits have experienced a decline in numbers in recent decades. As of 2022, the society had 14,439 members (10,432 priests, 837 brothers, 2,587 scholastics, and 583 novices). This represents a 59% percent decline since the Second Vatican Council

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The General Congregation is a meeting of all of the assistants, provincials, and additional representatives who are elected by the professed Jesuits of each province. It meets irregularly and rarely, normally to elect a new superior general and/or to take up some major policy issues for the order.

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As my Predecessors have said to you on various occasions, the Church needs you, relies on you and continues to turn to you with trust, particularly to reach those physical and spiritual places which others do not reach or have difficulty in reaching. Paul VI's words remain engraved on your hearts:

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The Guaraní people of eastern Paraguay and neighboring Brazil and Argentina were in crisis in the early 17th century. Recurrent epidemics of European diseases had reduced their population by up 50 percent and the forced labor of the encomiendas by the Spanish and mestizo colonists had made virtual

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wrote to the Jesuit general in Rome praising the work of the Rector of the Limerick College, Fr. William O'Hurley, who was aided by Fr. Thomas Burke. However just a few years later, during the Protectorate era, only 18 of the Jesuits resident in Ireland managed to avoid capture by the authorities.

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Whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God beneath the banner of the Cross in our Society, which we desire to be designated by the Name of Jesus, and to serve the Lord alone and the Church, his spouse, under the Roman Pontiff, the Vicar of Christ on earth, should, after a solemn vow of perpetual

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Jesuits have become increasingly involved in works directed primarily toward social and economic development for the poor and marginalized. Included in this would be research, training, advocacy, and action for human development, as well as direct services. Most Jesuit schools have an office that

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The Father General is assisted by "assistants", four of whom are "assistants for provident care" and serve as general advisors and a sort of inner council, and several other regional assistants, each of whom heads an "assistancy", which is either a geographic area (for instance the North American

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In the immense territory of Maynas, the Jesuits of Quito made contact with a number of indigenous tribes which spoke 40 different languages, and founded a total of 173 Jesuit missions encompassing 150,000 inhabitants. Because of the constant epidemics (smallpox and measles) and warfare with other

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The principal activities of the order within the city at this time were devoted to preaching, administration of the sacraments and teaching. The school opened and closed intermittently in or around the area of Castle Lane, near Lahiffy's lane. During demolition work stones marked I.H.S., 1642 and

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They established contact with Wolfe, but were only able to meet with him at night, as the English authorities were attempting to arrest the legate. Wolfe charged them initially with teaching to the boys of Limerick, with an emphasis on religious instruction, and Good translated the catechism from

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province (present day Brazil and Paraguay), about 500 km (310 mi) southwest to the three borders region of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. About 10,000 of 30,000 Guaraní in the missions chose to accompany the Jesuits. In 1641 and 1642, armed by the Jesuits, Guaraní armies defeated the

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The Jesuits engaged in conflict with the episcopal hierarchy over the question of payment of tithes, the ten percent tax on agriculture levied on landed estates for support of the church hierarchy from bishops and cathedral chapters to parish priests. Since the Jesuits were the largest religious

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Many of Jesuit haciendas were huge, with Palafox asserting that just two colleges owned 300,000 head of sheep, whose wool was transformed locally in Puebla to cloth; six sugar plantations worth a million pesos and generating an income of 100,000 pesos. The immense Jesuit hacienda of Santa Lucía

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The number of scholars in their care was very small. An early example of a school play in Ireland is sent in one of Good's reports, which was performed on the Feast of St. John in 1566. The school was conducted in one large aula, but the students were divided into distinct classes. Good gives a

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The Jesuit presence in Ireland, in the so-called Penal era after the Battle of the Boyne, ebbed and flowed. By 1700 they were only 6 or 7, recovering to 25 by 1750. Small Jesuit houses and schools existed at Athlone, Carrick-on-Suir, Cashel, Clonmel, Kilkenny, Waterford, New Ross, Wexford, and

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sent a detailed report to Rome of his activities via the Portuguese Jesuits. He informed the Jesuit superior general that he and Edmund Daniel had arrived at Limerick city two years beforehand and their situation there had been perilous. Both had arrived in the city in very bad health, but had

1261:(of 15th-century origin, meaning "one who used too frequently or appropriated the name of Jesus") was first applied to the society in reproach (1544–1552). The term was never used by Ignatius of Loyola, but over time, members and friends of the society adopted the name with a positive meaning. 2074:

made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences. They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out the first modern cartographic work in China. They also learned to appreciate the

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notes that in every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews, and that the Jesuits were one of the Catholic Orders that hid Jewish children in monasteries and schools to protect them from the Nazis. Fourteen Jesuit priests have been formally recognized by

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The suppression of the Jesuits alienated the colonial empires from the natives they governed in the Americas and Asia, as the Jesuits were active protectors of native rights against the colonial empires. With the supression of the Order, the profitable Jesuit reductions which gave wealth and

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Jesuit scholar John Padberg states that the restriction on Jewish/Muslim converts was limited only to the degree of parentage. Fourteen years later this was extended back to the fifth degree. Over time the restriction relating to Muslim ancestry was dropped. In 1923, the 27th Jesuit General

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They recommenced teaching at Castle Lane, and imparting the sacraments, though their activities were restricted by the arrival of Royal Commissioners. Good reported that as he was an Englishman, English officials in the city cultivated him and he was invited to dine with them on a number of

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and members of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits acquired landed estates that were run with the best-practices for generating income in that era. A number of these haciendas were donated by wealthy elites. The donation of a hacienda to the Jesuits was the spark igniting a conflict between

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structure of Catholic thought. This method of teaching was important in the context of the Scientific Revolution, as these universities were open to teaching new scientific and mathematical methodology. Further, many important thinkers of the Scientific Revolution were educated by Jesuit

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Châtel fut écartelé, le jésuite Guignard fut pendu; et ce qui est bien étrange, Jouvency, dans son Histoire des Jésuites, le regarde comme un martyr et le compare à Jésus-Christ. Le régent de Châtel, nommé Guéret, et un autre jésuite, nommé Hay, ne furent condamnés qu'à un bannissement

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The 20th century witnessed both growth and decline of the order. Following a trend within the Catholic priesthood at large, Jesuit numbers peaked in the 1950s and have declined steadily since. Meanwhile, the number of Jesuit institutions has grown considerably, due in large part to a

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and the preferential option for the poor emerged as dominant themes of the work of the Jesuits. When Arrupe was paralyzed by a stroke in 1981, Pope John Paul II, not entirely pleased with the progressive turn of the Jesuits, took the unusual step of appointing the venerable and aged

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1609 were, in the 19th century, found inserted in a wall behind a tan yard near St Mary's Chapel which, according to Lenihan, were thought to mark the site of an early Jesuit school and oratory. This building, at other times, had also functioned as a dance house and candle factory.

4293:, Latin for "provost-general", more commonly called Father General. He is elected by the General Congregation for life or until he resigns; he is confirmed by the pope and has absolute authority in running the Society. The current Superior General of the Jesuits is the Venezuelan 2505:, a reform branch of the Franciscans in France, to convert the native inhabitants. In 1624 the French Recollects realized the magnitude of their task and sent a delegate to France to invite the Society of Jesus to help with this mission. The invitation was accepted, and Jesuits 858:

the native peoples. The Jesuits have always been controversial within the Catholic Church and have frequently clashed with secular governments and institutions. Beginning in 1759, the Catholic Church expelled Jesuits from most countries in Europe and from European colonies.

4493:. A typical conception of the mission of a Jesuit school will often contain such concepts as proposing Christ as the model of human life, the pursuit of excellence in teaching and learning, lifelong spiritual and intellectual growth, and training men and women for others. 786:. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also conduct retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social and humanitarian ministries, and promote 5161:

and had particular disdain for the Jesuits. According to John Pollard, the Jesuits' "ethos represented the most intransigent opposition to the philosophy of Nazism", and so the Nazis considered them as one of their most dangerous enemies. A Jesuit college in the city of

4098:". He said "St Ignatius of Loyola was above all a man of God, who gave the first place of his life to God, to his greater glory and his greater service. He was a man of profound prayer, which found its center and its culmination in the daily Eucharistic Celebration." 2888:

sap whose main consumers were the lower classes and Indigenous peoples in Spanish cities. Although most haciendas had a free work force of permanent or seasonal labourers, the Jesuit haciendas in Mexico had a significant number of enslaved people of African descent.

1773:, and education of indigenous nations. They also built schools, organized people into villages, and created a writing system for the local languages of Brazil. José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega were the first Jesuits that Ignacio de Loyola sent to the Americas. 2458:

Following the restoration of the Society of Jesus in 1814, the Jesuits gradually re-established a number of their schools throughout the country, starting with foundations at Kildare and Dublin. They returned to Limerick at the invitation of the Bishop of Limerick,

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16th and 17th-century Jesuit institutions intended to train priests were hotbeds for the persecution of Catholics in Britain, where men suspected of being Catholic priests were routinely imprisoned, tortured, and executed. Jesuits were among those killed, including

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in 1580. This was removed in 1587 due to fears over their growing influence. Jesuits did, however, have much success in Latin America. Their ascendancy in societies in the Americas accelerated during the seventeenth century, wherein Jesuits created new missions in

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The society is divided into geographic areas called provinces, each of which is headed by a Provincial Superior, formally called Father Provincial, chosen by the Superior General. He has authority over all Jesuits and ministries in his area, and is assisted by a

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fosters social awareness and social service in the classroom and through extracurricular programs, usually detailed on their websites. The Jesuits also run over 500 notable or stand-alone social or economic development centres in 56 countries around the world.

4624:, the fifth general of the society, but was probably written by former Jesuit Jerome Zahorowski. It purports to describe the methods to be adopted by Jesuits for the acquisition of greater power and influence for the society and for the Catholic Church. The 4158:. Before he became pope, he had been appointed a bishop when he was in "virtual estrangement from the Jesuits" since he was seen as "an enemy of liberation theology" and viewed by others as "still far too orthodox". He was criticised for colluding with the 6080:, a periodical produced in Rome by the Jesuits, has often been used as a semi-official platform for popes and officials of the Roman Curia to float ideas for discussion or hint at future statements or positions, though authorship is limited to Jesuits. 4434:(1965), when the society had a total membership of 36,038, of which 20,301 were priests. This decline is most pronounced in Europe and the Americas, with relatively modest membership gains occurring in Asia and Africa. According to Patrick Reilly of the 4545:

Jesuit scholar Andrew Dial has calculated that the Jesuits owned more than 20,000 slaves worldwide in 1760, the great majority of them in the Americas. The Jesuits in some places protected the indigenous people of the Americas from slavers, notably the

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in 1717. In 1602, Ferrer began to explore the Aguarico, Napo, and Marañon rivers (Sucumbios region, in what is today Ecuador and Peru), and between 1604 and 1605 set up missions among the Cofane natives. He was martyred by an apostate native in 1610.

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Ignatius and the Jesuits who followed him believed that the reform of the church had to begin with the conversion of an individual's heart. One of the main tools the Jesuits have used to bring about this conversion is the Ignatian retreat, called the

13471: 3845:– with the hope, perhaps, of then being able with less difficulty to overthrow in the near future, the Christian faith and morale in the heart of the Spanish nation, which gave to the Church of God the grand and glorious figure of Ignatius Loyola." 4505:

gives the following instructions: "The clothing too should have three characteristics: first, it should be proper; second, conformed to the usage of the country of residence; and third, not contradictory to the poverty we profess." (Const. 577)

1239:("For the greater glory of God"). This phrase is designed to reflect the idea that any work that is not evil can be meritorious for the spiritual life if it is performed with this intention, even things normally considered of little importance. 17291: 3262:

in 1609. The objectives of the Jesuits were to make Christians of the Guaraní, impose European values and customs (which were regarded as essential to a Christian life), and isolate and protect the Guaraní from European colonists and slavers.

830:

Members of the Society of Jesus make profession of "perpetual poverty, chastity, and obedience" and "promise a special obedience to the sovereign pontiff in regard to the missions" to the effect that a Jesuit is expected to be directed by the

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signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550. The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life, and apostolate of the new religious order. Its famous opening statement echoed Ignatius' military background:

2346:, was sent to Limerick charged with a Royal Commission to seek out and expel the Jesuits. Daniel was immediately ordered to quit the city and went to Lisbon, where he resumed his studies with the Portuguese Jesuits. Good moved on to 4276:

normally takes between eight and fourteen years, depending on the man's background and previous education, and final vows are taken several years after that, making Jesuit formation among the longest of any of the religious orders.

2588:(Isle de Saint-Joseph). However, facing starvation, lack of supplies, and constant threats of Iroquois attack, the small Sainte-Marie II was abandoned in June 1650; the remaining Christian Hurons and Jesuits departed for Quebec and 3306:, "the Jesuits established a monarchical authority in Paraguay, founded solely on their powers of persuasion and on their lenient methods of government. Masters of the country, they rendered happy the people under their sway." 2831:

distinguished themselves in several ways. They had high standards for acceptance to the order and many years of training. They attracted the patronage of elite families whose sons they educated in rigorous newly founded Jesuit

2690:

Provinces. At their height, there were ten provinces. Though there had been mergers in the past, a major reorganization of the provinces began in early 21st century, with the aim of consolidating into four provinces by 2020.

5309:

Several other Jesuits are known to have rescued or given refuge to Jews during that period. A plaque commemorating the 152 Jesuit priests who gave their lives during the Holocaust was installed in April 2007 at the Jesuits'

4483:. The degree to which the Jesuits are involved in the administration of each institution varies. As of September 2018, 15 of the 27 Jesuit universities in the US had non-Jesuit lay presidents. According to a 2014 article in 2496:

established the foundations of the French colony at Québec in 1608. The native tribes that inhabited modern day Ontario, Québec, and the areas around Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay were the Montagnais, the Algonquins, and the

5267:. As his health declined, the Nazis feared the creation of a martyr and sent him to the Abbey of Ettal in 1940. There he continued to give sermons and lectures against the evils of the Nazi régime, until his death in 1945. 1724:

became controversial in Europe, especially in Spain and Portugal where they were seen as interfering with the proper colonial enterprises of the royal governments. The Jesuits were often the only force standing between the

4093:

to Rome, and took the opportunity to thank God "for having granted to your Company the gift of men of extraordinary sanctity and of exceptional apostolic zeal such as St Ignatius of Loyola, St Francis Xavier, and Blessed

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Reforms and finding suitable men to fill vacant sees. He established a house of religious women in Limerick known as the Menabochta ("poor women" ) and in 1565 preparations began for establishing a school at Limerick.

15288: 5174:. Vincent Lapomarda lists some 30 Jesuits as having died at Dachau. Of the total of 152 Jesuits murdered by the Nazis across Europe, 43 died in the death camps and an additional 27 died from captivity or its results. 1175:

In fulfilling the mission of the "Formula of the Institute of the Society", the first Jesuits concentrated on a few key activities. First, they founded schools throughout Europe. Jesuit teachers were trained in both

5189:

to carry on its campaign against the Nazis in Poland. Vatican Radio was run by the Jesuit Filippo Soccorsi and spoke out against Nazi oppression, particularly with regard to Poland and to Vichy-French antisemitism.

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initiated the Church in the 21st Century program as a means of moving the church "from crisis to renewal". The initiative has provided the society with a platform for examining issues brought about by the worldwide

3965:, Avery Dulles was long known for his carefully reasoned argumentation and fidelity to the teaching office of the church. An author of 22 books and over 700 theological articles, Dulles died on 12 December 2008 at 17159: 13763: 5872: 4169:

On 2 October 2016, General Congregation 36 convened in Rome, convoked by Nicolás, who had announced his intention to resign at age 80. On 14 October, the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected

1038:(Augustinians). Ignatius of Loyola and his followers appropriated the name of Jesus for their new order, provoking resentment by other orders who considered it presumptuous. The resentment was recorded by Jesuit 14863: 6071:

Jesuits are also known for their involvement in publications. Most Jesuit colleges and universities have their own presses which produce a variety of books, book series, textbooks, and academic publications.

4267:

The formation (training) of Jesuits seeks to prepare men spiritually, academically, and practically for the ministries they will be called to offer the church and world. Ignatius was strongly influenced by the

5809: 11237: 4444:" in counteracting the fall of vocations among the Jesuits. Twenty-eight novices took first vows in the Jesuits in the United States and Haiti in 2019. In September 2019, the superior general of the Jesuits, 13466: 9862: 3329:. In 1756, the Guaraní protested the relocation of seven missions, fighting (and losing) a brief war with both the Spanish and Portuguese. The Jesuits were accused of inciting the Guaraní to rebel. In 1767, 5382:, the latter of which has been described as "the Jesuit science". The Jesuits have been described as "the single most important contributor to experimental physics in the seventeenth century". According to 8846: 4929: 9952: 3839:

to an authority different from the legitimate authority of the State. In this way it was sought to do away with the Society of Jesus – which can well glory in being one of the soundest auxiliaries of the

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Desideri, Ippolito. "Mission to Tibet: The Extraordinary Eighteenth-Century Account of Father Ippolito Desideri." Translated by Michael J. Sweet. Edited by Leonard Zwilling. Boston: Wisdom Publications,

10372: 5821: 7117: 5785: 17154: 13734: 9652: 8798:

Image–Object–Performance: Mediality and Communication in Cultural Contact Zones of Colonial Latin America and the Philippines, ed. Astrid Windus and Eberhard Crailsheim (Munster: Waxmann Verlag, 2013)

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Each Jesuit community within a province is normally headed by a rector who is assisted by a "minister", from the Latin word for "servant", a priest who helps oversee the community's day-to-day needs.

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Los tres siglos de México durante el gobierno español, hasta la entrada del ejército trigarante. Obra escrita en Roma por el P. Andrés Cavo, de la Compañía de Jesús; publicada con notas y suplemento

5849: 5457:, "a substantial body of scientific knowledge and a vast array of mental tools for understanding the physical universe, including the Euclidean geometry that made planetary motion comprehensible". 2530:

in 1626 and lived among the Huron peoples. Brébeuf learned the native language and created the first Huron language dictionary. Outside conflict forced the Jesuits to leave New France in 1629 when

17144: 4272:, and he wanted Jesuits to be able to offer whatever ministries were most needed at any given moment and, especially, to be ready to respond to missions (assignments) from the pope. Formation for 2377:. His execution was carried out on 25 October 1572 and a report of it was sent by Fitzmaurice to the Jesuit Superior General in 1576, where he said that Daniel was "cruelly killed because of me". 1478:. They were an important force in the Counter-Reformation and in the Catholic missions, in part because their relatively loose structure (without the requirements of living and celebration of the 1100:("To the Government of the Church Militant"), on 27 September 1540. This is the founding document of the Society of Jesus as an official Catholic religious order. Ignatius was chosen as the first 13722: 9584: 5138:

Goa is sadly famous for its inquisition, equally contrary to humanity and commerce. The Portuguese monks made us believe that the people worshipped the devil, and it is they who have served him.

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has been beatified. Mayer was a Bavarian Jesuit who clashed with the Nazis as early as 1923. Continuing his critique following Hitler's rise to power, Mayer was imprisoned in 1939 and sent to

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beginning in the year 1705. In 1768, the only Omagua mission that was left was San Joaquin de Omaguas, since it had been moved to a new location on the Napo river away from the Bandeirantes.

2550:. After a series of epidemics of European-introduced diseases beginning in 1634, some Huron began to mistrust the Jesuits and accused them of being sorcerers casting spells from their books. 2876:

in that city. Since the Jesuits resisted paying the tithe on their estates, this donation effectively took revenue out of the church hierarchy's pockets by removing it from the tithe rolls.

1561:

After much training and experience in theology, Jesuits went across the globe in search of converts to Christianity. Despite their dedication, they had little success in Asia, except in the

9091: 6798: 4740: 4489:, "the number of Jesuit priests who are active in everyday operations at the schools isn't nearly as high as it once was". Worldwide it runs 322 secondary schools and 172 colleges and 3227:

founded 38 missions along the length of the Amazon river, between the Napo and Negro rivers, that were called the Omagua Missions. These missions were continually attacked by the Brazilian

1231:, adopted in 1553, which created a centralised organization and stressed acceptance of any mission to which the pope might call them. His main principle became the unofficial Jesuit motto: 5746: 17259: 15401: 9408: 3946:, El Salvador, because they had been labeled as subversives by the government. The assassinations galvanized the society's peace and justice movements, including annual protests at the 3314:

and privileges from the Crown, and the lack of competition" The Jesuits are portrayed as "exploiters" who "sought to create a kingdom independent of the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns."

1622:, Jesuits thrived in Goa and until 1759 successfully expanded their activities to education and healthcare. In 1594 they founded the first Roman-style academic institution in the East, 9982: 7668: 5103: 17365: 9809: 7554: 3655:

protection to natives were sequestered by royal authorities and the natives enslaved. Faced with this supression; the natives, mestizos, and creoles were galvinized into starting the

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scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence, European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture.

3624:

The success of the Jesuits in converting the Indigenous peoples is linked to their efforts to understand the native cultures, especially their languages. The first grammar of the

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and a Spanish plot. He was removed from Limerick, taken to Cork "just as if he were a thief or noted evildoer". After being court-martialled by the Lord President of Munster, Sir

9121: 5797: 3969:, where he had taught for twenty years as the Laurence J. McGinley Professor of Religion and Society. He was, at his passing, one of ten Jesuit cardinals in the Catholic Church. 16707: 15543: 10398: 2633:

The Jesuit mission in Quebec was re-established in 1842. There were a number of Jesuit colleges founded in the decades following; one of these colleges evolved into present-day

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The Jesuits, nevertheless, have made numerous significant contributions to the development of science. For example, the Jesuits have dedicated significant study to fields from

4205:

Pope Francis gave his approval to these priorities, saying that they were in harmony with the church's present priorities and with the programmatic letter of his pontificate,

9770: 3549: 1647: 13867: 11137: 5449:. One modern historian writes that in late Ming courts, the Jesuits were "regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy, calendar-making, mathematics, 17214: 17011: 3290:, they discovered the richly populated Jesuit missions. Initially, the missions had few defenses against the slavers and thousands of Guaraní were captured and enslaved. 2970:

was once more president of Mexico. Their re-introduction to Mexico was "to assist in the education of the poorer classes and much of their property was restored to them".

2198:, displayed such extreme ignorance that the emperor mandated the expulsion of Christian missionaries unable to abide by the terms of Ricci's Chinese catechism. Tournon's 15300: 15090: 4894: 4068: 3478:

The eventual temporary suppression of the Jesuits due their role in anti-colonial and anti-slavery revolts among the Paraguay reductions, alongside cooperation with the

1364:

Ignatius and the early Jesuits did recognize, though, that the hierarchical church was in dire need of reform. Some of their greatest struggles were against corruption,

1184:, and their schools reflected this. These schools taught with a balance of Aristotelian methods with mathematics. Second, they sent out missionaries across the globe to 7694:

Life in Tudor Limerick: William Good's 'Annual Letter' of 1566. By Thomas M. McCoog SJ & Victor Houliston. From Archivium Hibernicum, 2016, Vol. 69 (2016), pp. 7-36

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Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem, for risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust of World War II: Roger Braun (1910–1981) of France,

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in South America, but in other places they enslaved indigenous people after "just wars" in which indigenous people who resisted European colonization were defeated.

3961:, an internationally known author, lecturer, and theologian, was created a cardinal of the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II. The son of former Secretary of State 3781:

among the Jesuits. While this claim is debatable, Jesuits were generally supportive of papal authority within the church, and some members became associated with the

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in the Philippines. The Jesuits were instrumental in the sciences of medicine, botany, zoology, astronomy and seismology. They trained the Philippines' second saint,

1455:

The Jesuit schools played an important part in winning back to Catholicism a number of European countries which had for a time been predominantly Protestant, notably

17360: 16983: 16596: 13022:

Warren, J. Benedict (1973). "An Introductory Survey of Secular Writings in the European Tradition on Colonial Middle America, 1503–1818". In Cline, Howard F. (ed.).

4025:, resigned at the request of the society. The move was widely published in the media as the result of pressure from the Vatican, following years of criticism by the 9854: 4769: 15693: 15512: 5996:, Jesuit schools had become a very controversial place of instruction as they abandoned teaching traditional Catholic education with things such as the mastery of 3482:, allowed their vacated parishes to be put under control by the local nationalistic diocesan clergy; the martyrdom of three of them, the diocesan priests known as 1047:

had signed a Brief to do away with it." But nothing came of all the opposition; there were already congregations named after the Trinity and as "God's daughters".

9377: 8838: 14717: 13314: 10133: 9944: 8935: 8405:

Cipolletti, Maria Susana; Magnin, Juan (2008). "'Nostalgia del monte'. Indigenas del Oriente peruano segun un manuscripto del jesuita Juan Magnin (Borja 1743)".

11891: 10362: 9914: 4245:, whose purpose is "to conquer oneself and to regulate one's life in such a way that no decision is made under the influence of any inordinate attachment". The 2898:. Jesuits did significantly expand missions to the Indigenous in the northern frontier area and a number were martyred, but the crown supported those missions. 1753:

to protect the natives from enslavement by Spanish and Portuguese colonizers would contribute to the call for the society's suppression. Jesuit priests such as

17139: 16903: 16898: 7109: 13731: 11788: 10537: 10453: 10254: 9644: 2869: 1444:, classical literature, poetry, and philosophy as well as non-European languages, sciences, and the arts. Furthermore, Jesuit schools encouraged the study of 8195: 5651: 3947: 1634:, it had a great influence on the learning of Eastern languages (Chinese and Japanese) and culture by missionary Jesuits, becoming home to the first western 9610: 1689:

language and culture, writing a long and very detailed account of the country and its religion as well as treatises in Tibetan that attempted to refute key

15446: 9291:"Votation No 236 Tableau récapitulatif: Arrêté fédéral abrogeant les articles de la constitution fédérale sur les jésuites et les couvents (art. 51 et 52)" 7761: 7723: 7631: 3302:

from exploitation and preserved the Guaraní language and other aspects of indigenous culture." "By means of religion," wrote the 18th century philosopher

3161:, Brazil, on the banks of the Amazon river on 12 December 1639. In 1641, Acuña published in Madrid a memoir of his expedition to the Amazon river entitled 11620: 3769:, who had been elected as superior in Russia in 1805, acquired universal jurisdiction. On his death in 1820 the Jesuits were expelled from Russia by tsar 15168: 14815: 12379:

The Age of Reason Begins: A History of European Civilization in the Period of Shakespeare, Bacon, Montaigne, Rembrandt, Galileo, and Descartes, 1558–1648

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to assert more Spanish control over its American colonies. In total, 78 Jesuits departed from the missions leaving behind 89,000 Guaraní in 30 missions.

13719: 9576: 9512: 6942:

through the agency of the superior as if he were a lifeless body which allows itself to be carried to any place and to be treated in any manner desired.

3934:, Joaquin López y López, Juan Ramon Moreno, and Amado López), Elba Ramos their housekeeper, and Celia Marisela Ramos her daughter, were murdered by the 3416:

In addition to missionary work, the Jesuits compiled artifacts and chronicled the precolonial history and culture of the Philippines. Jesuit chronicler

3072:(1590) introduced Europeans to Spain's American empire via fluid prose and keen observation and explanation, based on 15 years in Peru and some time in 2854:

to the priesthood would be accepted as a Jesuit. Jesuits were also zealous in evangelization of the indigenous, particularly on the northern frontiers.

17016: 16247: 15727: 15407: 14767: 11601: 11552: 11472: 11168: 10216: 5773: 5731: 5185:

was particularly severe. Lapomarda wrote that Ledóchowski helped "stiffen the general attitude of the Jesuits against the Nazis" and that he permitted

4305:, a confidential advisor whose task is to warn the General honestly and confidentially when he might be acting imprudently or contrary to the church's 2949:

published in the early 19th century. An earlier Jesuit who wrote about the history of Mexico was Diego Luis de Motezuma (1619–99), a descendant of the

12906: 11658: 9675: 5888: 2592:. As a result of the Iroquois raids and outbreak of disease, many missionaries, traders, and soldiers died. Today, the Huron tribe, also known as the 17021: 16622: 15553: 8950: 8087: 5904: 5182: 2623: 2584:

instead of allowing the Iroquois the satisfaction of destroying it. By late June 1649, the French and some Christian Hurons built Sainte-Marie II on

9446: 5110:. At the same time, Jesuits have been appointed to prominent doctrinal and theological positions in the church; under Pope Benedict XVI, Archbishop 16697: 15570: 15457: 14598: 12871: 5276: 4467:

and, most notably, higher education. It operates colleges and universities in various countries around the world and is particularly active in the

4227:

The spirituality practiced by the Jesuits, called Ignatian spirituality, ultimately based on the Catholic faith and the gospels, is drawn from the

10906: 10655: 9083: 6806: 2455:. It was finally forced to close, not for religious or confessional reasons, but due to the political difficulties of the Jesuit Order elsewhere. 15418: 14961: 14892: 11041: 11007: 5716: 4476: 2839: 2656: 11498: 11106: 10971: 10940: 9018:

Bullock, Steven C. Revolutionary brotherhood: Freemasonry and the transformation of the American social order, 1730-1840 (UNC Press Books, 2011)

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The dissolution of the order left in place substantial estates and investments, amounting to an income of approximately £5,000 a year, and the

1054:. Pope Paul III gave them a commendation, and permitted them to be ordained priests. These initial steps led to the official founding in 1540. 8954: 6099:, founded by a Jesuit, is an independent publisher of Catholic books, most of which are of the popular academic or lay-intellectual variety. 16976: 16007: 15734: 15026: 15014: 13403: 12655:

Global Capitalism, Liberation Theology, and the Social Sciences: An Analysis of the Contradictions of Modernity at the Turn of the Millennium

12650: 11861: 10250: 9974: 9331: 7663: 6149:, edited by the Newman Institute, covers a broad spectrum of issues concerning faith, culture, research, and society. The printed version of 3389:

in particular was run like the Jesuit reductions in Paraguay and housed a large population of Peruvian and Latin American immigrants whereas

2902:

that had real estate were less economically integrated, so that some individual houses were wealthy while others struggled economically. The

1826: 222: 13109: 10304: 10277: 9884: 9801: 9542: 9184: 6541: 5758: 3153:

In 1639, the Audiencia of Quito organized an expedition to renew its exploration of the Amazon river and the Quito Jesuit (Jesuita Quiteño)

2700: 1905:

in the Elizabethan times, an English province was only established in 1623. The first pressing issue for early Jesuits in what today is the

15686: 12423: 6259: 5722: 5171: 4113:, because the Jesuits have always been "extremely active in the promotion of this essential devotion". In his 3 November 2006 visit to the 13833: 9481: 8816: 8777: 6892: 6761: 3325:. Although the revolt ultimately failed and the missions remained intact, the Jesuits were expelled from institutions they had created in 1921:

in Seville (1592), which culminated in a place of study in Louvain (1614). This was the earliest foundation of what would later be called

17244: 16280: 15773: 15533: 15434: 15050: 14710: 8898:

2007 Institutional Brochure, Ateneo de Manila University. Published by the Office of International Programs, Ateneo de Manila University.

6620: 6417: 16662: 15961: 15138: 10831: 10339: 9113: 8172: 5986: 5115: 4026: 3939: 1204:. One of the original seven arrived in India already in 1541. Finally, though not initially formed for the purpose, they aimed to stop 656: 10394: 5170:

persecution, and many Jesuit priests were deported to death camps. Jesuits made up the largest contingent of clergy imprisoned in the

4117:, Benedict XVI cited the university as "one of the greatest services that the Society of Jesus carries out for the universal Church". 17046: 15580: 15538: 14845: 12923: 11145: 10421: 9247: 8877: 7564: 6571: 6199: 4872: 4241: 4188: 3863: 3433: 2963:

was completed in 1696. He "aimed to show that Mexican emperors were a legitimate dynasty in the 17th-century in the European sense".

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Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó in the 18th century, the first permanent Jesuit mission in Baja California, established by

2342:, which resulted in a new wave of repression of Catholicism in England and Ireland. At the end of 1568 the Anglican Bishop of Meath, 2314:

with his students and congregation, and that his sermons should emphasize obedience to secular princes if he wished to avoid arrest.

1373: 907: 11199: 10736: 6593: 6027:. This is a Jesuit tradition that focuses on cultivating a person as a whole, as one learns to speak and write for the common good. 4194:

To walk with the poor, the outcasts of the world, those whose dignity has been violated, in a mission of reconciliation and justice;

3729:, the Society was able to maintain its continuity and carry on its work all through the stormy period of suppression. Subsequently, 3209: 2892:

The Jesuits operated their properties as an integrated unit with the larger Jesuit order; thus revenues from haciendas funded their

16969: 16415: 15630: 15607: 15595: 14549: 13750: 11684: 9778: 9298: 7467: 6465: 5815:

St. Francis Xavier Church, a Jesuit parish church across the street from the Rockhurst University campus, Kansas City, Missouri, US

4452: 4286: 3448:, its re-establishment in Mindanao and its alliance against the Sultanates of Ternate and Lanao as vassals under Christian Spain. 2393: 1101: 902: 901:

area of northern Spain, founded the society after discerning his spiritual vocation while recovering from a wound sustained in the

806: 465: 297: 12814:. Maury A. Bromsen Lecture in Humanistic Bibliography. Vol. 5. Boston: Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston. 7262: 6360: 4101:

In May 2006, Benedict XVI also wrote a letter to Kolvenbach on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Pope Pius XII's encyclical

3459:, to convert it to Christianity. The Jesuits also founded many towns, farms, haciendas, educational institutes, libraries, and an 15679: 15548: 14591: 13864: 13026:. Vol. 13: Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Part Two. Austin: University of Texas Press (published 2015). pp. 42–137. 11981: 5970: 5963: 5154: 3490:(also Jesuit-educated upon the restoration of the order), who became the Philippines' national hero. He successfully started the 1265: 513: 7591: 1791:

Jesuit scholars working in foreign missions were very dedicated in studying the local languages and strove to produce Latinized

1696: 17350: 16109: 16051: 15528: 15496: 15413: 15343: 14703: 14018: 13615: 10174: 7141:

Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics Prior to 1650 – Pionniers Portugais de la Linguistique Vietnamienne Jusqu'en 1650

6234: 4480: 2615: 2543: 1922: 1902: 606: 6838: 6495: 5920: 5126:

In the quest to evangelize, Jesuits persecuted people of other religions, including Hindus, Muslims and other Christians. The

3602: 30:

This article is about the Society of Jesus, also known as Jesuit Order. For philosophy concerning the teachings of Jesus, see

17249: 17239: 15173: 15002: 13611: 13088: 13062: 13031: 12993: 12962: 12857: 12819: 12780: 12761: 12734: 12684: 12662: 12630: 12611: 12592: 12565: 12537: 12515: 12491: 12433: 12409: 12387: 12337: 12309: 12290: 12243: 12177: 10007: 8723: 6856: 6057: 5855: 3361:, who evangelized the Philippines in support of Spanish colonization. The Jesuits worked particularly hard in converting the 2298:

their house in accommodation owned by the Lord Deputy of Ireland, which was conveyed to them by certain influential friends.

1857: 919: 13775: 13154: 9061: 5700: 5588: 4882: 3757:

to restore the Jesuits universally, and on his return to Rome he did so without much delay. On 7 August 1814, with the bull

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was a part of this expedition. The expedition disembarked from the Napo river 16 February 1639 and arrived in what is today

2261:

Wolfe's mission in Ireland initially concentrated on setting the sclerotic Irish Church on a sound footing, introducing the

17006: 15919: 15815: 15363: 15203: 15150: 14857: 13012: 11826: 11435: 11083: 7438: 2925:

As elsewhere in the Spanish empire, the Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in 1767. Their haciendas were sold off and their

2919: 2274: 995: 12623:

The Jesuit Order As a Synagogue of Jews: Jesuits of Jewish Ancestry and Purity-of-Blood Laws in the Early Society of Jesus

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2019 he presented the results of the discernment, a list of four priorities for Jesuit ministries for the next ten years.

3248: 17062: 16781: 16679: 16566: 15316: 13991: 12011: 8909: 6249: 5545: 3656: 3649: 2930: 2433: 1643: 864: 444: 12067: 9369: 7232: 7083: 5371:("The Official Plan of studies for the Society of Jesus") of 1599, was almost entirely based on the works of Aristotle. 4598:

The Jesuits justified their ownership of slaves and participation in the slave trade as a means of converting slaves to

4250: 16819: 16121: 15872: 15590: 14984: 13493: 12264: 9003: 8548: 8389: 7165: 5982: 5879: 5250: 3318: 3198:

rivers. Jesuit de la Cueva and Raimundo de Santacruz opened up two new routes of communication with Quito, through the

2191: 1946: 1726: 1217: 13794: 13311: 11549: 10129: 7835:

T. Corcoron, Early Jesuit Educators, in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. 29, No. 116 (Dec., 1940), pp. 545-560

6684: 4910: 3528:, the Jesuits relocated their organization's nexus in Asia from China to the Philippines and brought along a sizeable 2025: 15951: 15618: 15601: 15294: 14973: 13899: 13686: 13226: 12221: 12199: 11883: 11524: 10818: 10524: 9922: 9231: 9037: 8679: 8478: 7537: 7481: 7406: 7199: 7148: 6931: 5978: 5682: 4889: 4667: 4038: 3023: 2527: 2311: 2225: 1536: 1336: 746: 17: 14195: 13353:

The Jesuits in Latin America: 1549–2000:: 450 Years of Inculturation, Defense of Human Rights, and Prophetic Witness

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Seah, Audrey (2017), "The 1670 Chinese Missal: A Struggle for Indigenization amidst the Chinese Rites Controversy",

5556:). He founded numerous missions and served as the peace-bringer between the tribes and the government of New Spain. 5036:

lists "equivocating" as a secondary denotation of the word "Jesuit". Modern critics of the Society of Jesus include

2666:

The Society of Jesus, in the United States, is organized into geographic provinces, each of which being headed by a

2334:

during the pacification of Munster. The political and religious climate had become more uncertain in the lead up to

1614:) in 1541 to carry out evangelical service in the Indies. In a 1545 letter to John III of Portugal, he requested an 16722: 16202: 16092: 15502: 15481: 15395: 15162: 15056: 15044: 15020: 14809: 14584: 13005:

Come Le Armadure e L'Armi. Per una storia delle antiche biblioteche della Compagnia di Gesù. Con il caso di Perugia

11796: 10698: 10545: 7498: 7321: 7110:"24 de abril de 2014: Santa Misa de acción de gracias por la canonización de San José de Anchieta | Francisco" 5614: 5438:), the theoretical possibility of flight, the way the moon affected the tides, and the wave-like nature of light." 5261: 2652: 2472: 11850:"The "New" Jesuits: The Response to the Society of Jesus to Vatican II, 1962-2012: Some Alacrity, Some Resistance" 10461: 9611:"Letter to the Superior General of the Society of Jesus on the 50th anniversary of the Encyclical Haurietis Aquas" 4852: 4648: 16217: 16141: 15761: 15739: 15338: 15267: 15185: 15067: 14990: 14839: 14755: 14556: 13651: 12867: 10037: 7558: 6978: 5617:

was a Jesuit priest and psychotherapist who became widely known for his books which introduced Westerners to the

5299: 4818: 4569:, accumulated large debts which he was unable to pay which led to the banning of the Jesuits in France in 1764. 4159: 4114: 4009: 3271: 2581: 2444: 2159: 2100: 1883:, considered the most extensive among works of the missionaries. Extensive documentation was left in the form of 1623: 11921: 11389:

Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p. 264.

8995:

The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History

6443: 5166:

served as a center for anti-Nazi resistance and was closed down by the Nazis in 1938. Jesuits were a target for

4915: 2439:

Despite the efforts of the Castle authorities and English government the Limerick school managed to survive the

2373:, he was sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered for treason and refused pardon in return for swearing the 17286: 17115: 17078: 16456: 16075: 15722: 15714: 15702: 15261: 15238: 14978: 14914: 13238: 13007:. Biblioteca di bibliografia – Documents and Studies in Book and Library History, vol. 205. Florence: Olschki. 11598: 10567: 8503: 7041: 5944: 5911: 5367:

Between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, the teaching of science in Jesuit schools, as laid down in the

4755: 3832:

had campaigned for it. Monastic orders were permitted in 1897, but the ban on Jesuits was only lifted in 1956.

3760: 3005: 2627: 1318: 1104:. Paul III's bull had limited the number of its members to sixty. This limitation was removed through the bull 854:

established missions around the world from the 16th to the 18th century and had both successes and failures in

649: 13698: 11577: 10075: 9709: 5840: 3258:

in the 1580s. The first Jesuits arrived in Asunción in 1588 and founded their first mission (or reduction) of

2967: 2436:, 208 years after its foundation by Wolfe. Morony then went to live in Dublin and worked as a secular priest. 1565:. For instance, early missions in Japan resulted in the government granting the Jesuits the feudal fiefdom of 16751: 16330: 16305: 15914: 15353: 14605: 14570: 14563: 13965: 13504: 12283:

The Renewed, The Destroyed, and the Remade: The Three Thought Worlds of the Iroquois and the Huron, 1609–1650

10484: 9740: 6646: 6621:"Documents of the Jesuits and of Michael de Villanueva (Servetus) in the register of the University of Paris" 3575: 2847: 2809: 2558: 2258:. He was charged with setting up grammar schools "as a remedy against the profound ignorance of the people". 1918: 1670: 1095: 1074: 431: 11464: 11176: 10201: 7796: 3911:

for an interim to oversee "the authentic renewal of the Church", instead of the progressive American priest

2946: 2792: 2216:—led to the swift collapse of all the missions in China; the last Jesuits were finally expelled after 1721. 17355: 16791: 16310: 16300: 15756: 15469: 15440: 15424: 15332: 15321: 15221: 15102: 14181: 12886: 11662: 10809:

see Malachi Martin (1987) The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church,

8145: 6219: 4558: 4054: 3954:, Georgia, United States, where several of the assassins had been trained under US government sponsorship. 2748: 2646: 2366: 2052: 1070: 616: 8079: 3617:

natives, who had previously fought the Portuguese. The Jesuits took part in the foundation of the city of

2797: 17345: 17180: 16756: 16126: 15899: 15575: 15463: 15429: 15378: 14286: 14160: 13072: 12933:. Area Handbook Series (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 1–49. 10594: 9520: 9430: 8308:

Corona mexicana, o historia de los Motezumas, por el Padre Diego Luis de Motezuma de la Compañía de Jesús

5859: 5383: 5210: 5060:

Although in the first 30 years of the existence of the Society of Jesus there were many Jesuits who were

4748: 3579: 2413: 2385: 2331: 2307: 1914: 1023:, a partner or comrade. From this came "Society of Jesus" (SJ) by which they would be known more widely. 14398: 11951: 7286:"Global Science and Comparative History: Jesuits, Science, and Philology in China and Europe, 1550-1850" 5737: 2318:

highly detailed report of the curriculum taught and the top class studied the first and second parts of

16765: 15790: 15373: 15348: 15278: 15232: 15179: 15144: 15114: 15061: 14641: 14508: 14473: 14429: 10625: 10309: 6413: 6204: 6017: 5707: 5537: 5485:, educators, scientists, artists, philosophers, and a pope. Among many distinguished early Jesuits was 5472: 4436: 4430: 4059: 3797: 3456: 3409: 3303: 3146: 3081: 2934: 2820: 2150:

and other monastic orders, Jesuit accommodation of Chinese culture and rituals led to the long-running

2104: 1619: 1387:

The retreat follows a "Purgative-Illuminative-Unitive" pattern in the tradition of the spirituality of

1251: 1092:

reported favourably upon the Constitution presented, and Paul III confirmed the order through the bull

943: 763: 611: 11049: 11015: 10914: 10832:"El Estatuto de Limpieza de Sangre de la Compañía de Jesús (1593) y su influencia en el Perú Colonial" 5178: 4804: 3804:

Catholic defence alliance. The ban was lifted on 20 May 1973, when 54.9 per cent of voters accepted a

17340: 16992: 16824: 16526: 15837: 15612: 15523: 15273: 15108: 14955: 14670: 14370: 14118: 12604:

Catholic Higher Education in Protestant America: The Jesuits and Harvard in the Age of the University

11494: 11114: 10981: 10976: 10948: 8588: 6264: 6091: 6086:

is an international journal of contemporary Christian spirituality published by the British Jesuits.

5863: 5764: 5476: 5327: 5090:

Within the Catholic Church, there has existed a sometimes tense relationship between Jesuits and the

5041: 5033: 4532:

and black clothing of diocesan priests while most Jesuits in Europe are dressed in civilian clothes.

4021: 3891:, a movement that was controversial in the Catholic community after the negative assessment of it by 3722: 3506: 3472: 2865: 2448: 2151: 1268:, favored the order and she is reputed to have been admitted surreptitiously under a male pseudonym. 642: 393: 13482: 12041: 8910:"A Catechetical Primer on the Life, Martyrdom and Glorification of Blessed Pedro Calungsod – Part 1" 5985:.) They also run elementary schools at which they are less likely to teach. Many of the schools are 2596:, have a First Nations reserve in Quebec, Canada, and three major settlements in the United States. 16657: 16232: 15749: 15507: 15389: 15384: 15306: 15156: 15085: 14886: 14577: 13670: 10097: 8939: 6107: 5148: 4877: 4630:

states the book is a forgery, fabricated to ascribe a sinister reputation to the Society of Jesus.

3982: 3931: 3001: 2683: 2059: 1973: 1784: 1658: 1514: 1314: 116: 13855: 13412: 11690:. Translated by Allan P. Farrell. Conference of Major Supporters of Jesuits. 1970 . Archived from 9320: 6529: 4329:

The Superior General meets more regularly with smaller councils composed of just the provincials.

2293:

Latin into English for this purpose. They remained in the city for eight months, before moving to

1467:

as well as in music. The theater was a form of expression especially prominent in Jesuit schools.

1384:

who guides their choice of exercises and helps them to develop a more discerning love for Christ.

1139:

A fresco depicting Ignatius receiving the papal bull from Pope Paul III was created after 1743 by

1088:

Again in 1540, they presented the project to Paul III. After months of dispute, a congregation of

16952: 16275: 16131: 15858: 15368: 15120: 14851: 14761: 13254: 13244: 13212: 12749: 12256:

The Jesuits, 1534–1921: A History of the Society of Jesus from Its Foundation to the Present Time

12209: 12187: 11849: 10281: 9892: 9550: 9156: 5803:

The Church of the Gesu in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US, is the school church of Marquette University.

5557: 5302:(1896–1968) of Belgium, Jean Fleury (1905–1982) of France, Emile Gessler (1891–1958) of Belgium, 4847: 4799: 4719: 3578:, brought the first group of Jesuits to the colony. The Jesuits were officially supported by the 3525: 3510: 3154: 2994: 1876: 1853: 1750: 1307: 1140: 438: 14534: 14139: 13813: 12097: 8540: 6076: 4970: 4690: 3777:

by the Jesuits. It has been suggested that the experience of suppression had served to heighten

3721:

had forbidden its promulgation. Because millions of Catholics (including many Jesuits) lived in

1119:

entered the Company. Ignatius sent him to Messina, where he founded the first Jesuit college in

16746: 16632: 16345: 15475: 15226: 15038: 14321: 14293: 14153: 14034: 13947: 13829: 12397: 11292: 11286: 9489: 8747: 6758: 6224: 6179: 5993: 5827:

St. Francis Xavier College Church in the Saint Louis University campus, St. Louis, Missouri, US

5791:

Holy Name of Jesus Church in the Loyola University New Orleans campus, New Orleans Louisiana US

5303: 4700: 4695: 4595:. In other parts of Europe, slaves were probably employed in Jesuit schools and institutions. 4585: 4513:, called a "soutane" is similar to a robe which is wrapped around the body and was tied with a 4046: 3873: 3817: 3734: 3514: 3479: 3358: 3122: 2679: 2070:

brought by the Jesuits coincided with a time when scientific innovation had declined in China:

1358: 1234: 1089: 844: 489: 284: 13523:

Making the New World their own: Chinese encounters with Jesuit science in the age of discovery

11269: 11263: 11230:"Pope Francis names Luis Ladaria as new prefect of Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith" 9855:"Dominican Master urges Jesuits to adopt 'audacity and humility' in electing Superior General" 8993: 8808: 8715: 8709: 7398: 7384: 6254: 5571: 4662: 4128:

as the new superior general on 19 January 2008. In a letter to the order, Benedict XVI wrote:

2517:

arrived in Quebec in 1625. Lalemant is considered to have been the first author of one of the

17123: 16642: 16627: 16340: 16197: 16104: 15904: 15887: 15800: 15744: 15585: 15518: 15191: 15079: 15073: 14932: 14363: 13892: 13706: 13199:

Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond, 1540–1750

12876: 12625:. Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions. Vol. 146. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. 12449: 12300:

Cline, Sarah L. (1997). "Church and State: Habsburg New Spain". In Werner, Michael S. (ed.).

11265:

Oeuvres completes de Voltaire, avec des notes et une notice historique sur la vie de Voltaire

11203: 6848: 6402: 6310: 6184: 5610: 5442: 5336: 5315: 5017: 4997: 4981: 4626: 4581: 4222: 4075: 3916: 3770: 3491: 3333:(1759–88) expelled the Jesuits from the Americas. The expulsion was part of an effort in the 3259: 2906:, who were founded as an order embracing poverty, did not accumulate real estate, unlike the 2843: 2687: 2675: 2671: 2421: 2389: 2319: 2285: 2067: 2063: 1910: 1471: 1445: 16692: 14623: 10847: 10331: 8164: 5658: 1838: 1654: 1380:

on the purpose of life and contemplations on the life of Christ. They meet regularly with a

946:, to pronounce promises of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Ignatius' six companions were: 820: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16801: 16728: 16571: 16531: 16350: 16252: 16227: 16166: 15971: 15946: 15882: 15032: 14821: 14631: 14542: 14487: 14314: 11207: 11003: 10936: 6407: 6229: 5643: 5604: 5570:

was a 17th-century Spanish Jesuit and baroque prose writer and philosopher. He was born in

5552:

is renowned in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico (an area then called the

5536:

was notable for his mission to African slaves, building on the work of Alonso de Sandoval.

5494: 5403: 5348: 5311: 5023: 4685: 4554: 4121: 4090: 4041:, and the right of life for the unborn. Following his resignation, Reese spent a year-long 3869: 3841: 3685: 3445: 3421: 3401: 3330: 2780:

characterizes much of the ornate decoration, especially in the interior walls; finally the

2773: 2518: 2452: 2247: 2132: 1995: 1926: 1885: 1770: 1631: 1479: 1413: 939: 798: 460: 329: 13849:

Archives of Jezuïeten – Belgische (1832–1935) En Vlaamse (1935–) Provincie. 16de Eeuw–2012

12458: 11618:

yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4042826 Fleury Jean (1905–1982)

9577:"Address of his Holiness Benedict XVI to the Fathers and Brothers of the Society of Jesus" 9255: 9210:

The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867

8869: 8370:"The Western Margins of Amazonia from the Early Sixteenth to the Early Nineteenth Century" 6563: 5502: 3923: 3590: 3552: 3170:

In 1637, the Jesuits Gaspar Cugia and Lucas de la Cueva from Quito began establishing the

1754: 1709: 8: 16923: 16647: 16637: 16586: 16444: 16430: 16290: 16032: 15795: 14874: 14726: 14356: 14244: 14216: 14202: 13938: 13930: 12957:. Translated by von Germeten, Nicole. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company. 10810: 10744: 9885:"The first session in the aula and Father Nicolás' resignation – General Congregation 36" 6597: 6049: 6024: 6001: 5597: 5593: 5111: 5107: 4790: 4441: 4034: 3888: 3786: 3733:

granted formal permission for the continuation of the society in Russia and Poland, with

3718: 3502: 3441: 3179: 3142: 3106: 3095: 3077: 3051: 2667: 2660: 2611: 2535: 2493: 2343: 2062:

of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy, then undergoing

2018: 2014: 1868: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:, "Vocabulary of the Japanese Language", a Japanese–Portuguese dictionary written 1603); 1717: 1506: 1475: 1452:, and thereby became important centres for the training of lawyers and public officials. 1354: 931: 923: 840: 802: 591: 576: 482: 325: 205: 14452: 14377: 13547: 11691: 9290: 9157:"Silencing Genocide: The Jesuit Ministry in Colonial Cartagena de Indias and its Legacy" 6469: 5843:

is at the heart of Santa Clara University's historic campus Santa Clara, California, US.

5567: 5498: 5489:, a missionary to Asia who converted more people to Catholicism than anyone before, and 5094:, due to questioning of official church teaching and papal directives, such as those on 4517:, rather than the customary buttoned front cassock worn by diocesan priests. A tuftless 3437: 2634: 2557:

decided that the missionaries among the Hurons needed a local residence and established

1758: 1705: 918:

On 15 August 1534, Ignatius of Loyola (born Íñigo López de Loyola), a Spaniard from the

556: 17313: 16935: 16712: 16481: 16405: 16373: 16192: 16161: 15998: 15986: 15847: 15785: 15660: 15486: 14938: 14868: 14684: 14349: 14342: 14237: 14027: 13555: 13551: 13367: 13363: 12707: 12584: 12580: 12377: 12358: 11645: 11641: 10690: 10647: 9176: 8533: 8430: 7755: 7717: 7313: 7254: 7188:

Các nhà truyền giáo Bồ Đào Nha và thời kỳ đầu của Giáo hội Công giáo Việt Nam (Quyển 1)

6352: 6170: 6065: 5974: 5352: 5264: 5242: 5079: 4966: 4762: 3966: 3962: 3912: 3879: 3821: 3766: 3738: 3726: 3610: 3594: 3460: 3187: 3175: 3102: 2781: 2734: 2539: 2510: 2460: 2116: 1845: 1603: 1566: 1381: 1035: 967: 951: 890: 884: 779: 632: 531: 133: 16501: 14083: 13760: 13460:

Missio Moscovitica: The Role of the Jesuits in the Westernization of Russia, 1582–1689

13130: 12679:. Monumenta Serica Monograph Series. Vol. 33. Nettetal, Germany: Steyler Verlag. 12236:

The First America: Spanish Monarchs, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867

11973: 10363:"Father Sosa: Attacks against Pope Francis are aimed at influencing the next conclave" 5752:

Christ the King Church in the Ateneo de Naga University campus, Naga City, Philippines

5510: 2506: 2482: 1618:

to be installed in Goa to combat heresies like crypto-Judaism and crypto-Islam. Under

987: 143: 16881: 16786: 16561: 16547: 16521: 16506: 16410: 16395: 16325: 16315: 16184: 16116: 16017: 15981: 15877: 15358: 15283: 15244: 14996: 14648: 14328: 14265: 14048: 14041: 13640:

Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten: Bd. 5: Quellen, Glossar, Biogramme, Gesamtregister

13607: 13565: 13234: 13222: 13084: 13058: 13027: 13008: 12989: 12972: 12958: 12898: 12853: 12815: 12809: 12776: 12757: 12730: 12696: 12680: 12672: 12658: 12626: 12607: 12588: 12561: 12533: 12511: 12505: 12487: 12429: 12405: 12383: 12333: 12305: 12286: 12260: 12254: 12239: 12217: 12195: 12173: 12161: 12148: 11520: 11519:

Martin Gilbert; The Righteous – The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust; Doubleday; 2002;

11468: 10839: 10814: 10651: 10520: 9438: 9227: 9180: 9033: 8999: 8989: 8839:"Today in Philippine history: 16 September 1635, Father Pedro Chirino died in Manila" 8719: 8675: 8544: 8499: 8474: 8422: 8385: 8200: 7598: 7533: 7477: 7402: 7305: 7195: 7192:

Les missionnaires portugais et les débuts de l'Eglise catholique au Viêt-nam (Tome 1)

7144: 7047: 7037: 6939: 6927: 6852: 6640: 6353:"Society of Jesus (Institute of Consecrated Life - Men) [Catholic-Hierarchy]" 6239: 6044: 5926: 5490: 4969:. Under questioning, Châtel revealed that he had been educated by the Jesuits of the 4621: 4592: 4591:

In the 16th century, Jesuits were also complicit in the Portuguese trade in enslaved

4562: 4319: 4208: 4086: 4079: 4005: 3915:

whom Arrupe had preferred. In 1983 John Paul gave leave for the Jesuits to appoint a

3892: 3876:" and drafted what eventually became the council's endorsement of religious freedom, 3672: 3278:

In addition to recurrent epidemics, the Guaraní were threatened by the slave-raiding

2239: 2040: 1930: 1872: 1686: 1674: 1157: 1051: 1027: 561: 17219: 10178: 9945:"How the Jesuits' four new universal apostolic priorities support social enterprise" 5521: 5218: 4547: 4163: 4125: 3063: 2630:, assumed the task of allocating the funds to suitable recipients, chiefly schools. 1039: 16771: 16576: 16556: 16476: 16461: 16360: 16262: 16136: 15976: 15934: 15929: 15909: 15892: 15805: 15564: 15326: 15289:

Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary

14501: 14335: 14279: 14188: 14090: 14062: 13974: 13885: 13761:

Letter of the Jesuit Social Justice Secretariat to the leaders of the G8, July 2005

13182:

God's Soldiers: Adventure, Politics, Intrigue & Power: A History of the Jesuits

12170:

God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science

12140: 10637: 10489: 10367: 9168: 8767: 8759: 8631: 8414: 8377: 7766: 7728: 7636: 7297: 6844: 6491: 6284: 5895: 5561: 5427: 4794: 4573: 4262: 4082:, he intended to step down as superior general in 2008, the year he would turn 80. 3977: 3835: 3829: 3765:, he reversed the suppression of the society, and therewith another Polish Jesuit, 3742: 3625: 3529: 3405: 3396: 2899: 2585: 2570: 2562: 2547: 2514: 2374: 2303: 2281: 2262: 2199: 2178: 2147: 2112: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2044: 2010: 1742: 1611: 1482:

in common) allowed them to be flexible and meet diverse needs arising at the time.

1350: 1107: 971: 959: 927: 860: 771: 696: 586: 581: 189: 148: 14459: 14125: 13079:

God's Soldiers: Adventure, Politics, Intrigue, and Power: A History of the Jesuits

10595:"Antoine Lavalette, Slave Murderer: A Forgotten Scandal of the French West Indies" 10068:"The Jesuit Community at JST – Jesuit School of Theology – Santa Clara University" 10015: 8381: 7778: 7740: 7648: 7166:"Bồ Đào Nha và công trình sáng chế chữ quốc ngữ: Phải chăng cần viết lại lịch sử?" 3609:. Nóbrega and Anchieta were instrumental in the defeat of the French colonists of 3583: 3571: 3555:

on a commemorative Portuguese stamp of the 400th anniversary of the foundation of

3345:

The Jesuits were among the original five Catholic religious orders, alongside the

2501:. Champlain believed that these had souls to be saved, so in 1614 he obtained the 1026:

Religious orders established in the medieval era were named after particular men:

17190: 17103: 17088: 16829: 16796: 16740: 16734: 16591: 16496: 16400: 16212: 15706: 15671: 15558: 15126: 14827: 14494: 14272: 14230: 14223: 13998: 13983: 13871: 13859: 13798: 13779: 13772: 13767: 13738: 13726: 13508: 13497: 13486: 13475: 13318: 13216: 13185: 13161: 13077: 12845: 12794:. International Education Series. Vol. 2. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 12723: 12642:

Church and State in Latin America: A History of Politico-Ecclesiastical Relations

12525: 11624: 11605: 11556: 11071: 8418: 7527: 7471: 7388: 6917: 6900: 6765: 6139: 6129: 5466: 5295: 5127: 5001: 4529: 4104: 4016: 3990: 3598: 3533: 3464: 3354: 3334: 3286:

or as concubines and household servants. Having depleted native populations near

3171: 3058:, with not only dense indigenous populations but also huge deposits of silver at 2911: 2777: 2738: 2670:. Today, there are four Jesuit provinces operating in the United States: the USA 2554: 2362: 2202: 2194:

and Bishop Charles Maigrot of Fujian, tasked with presenting this finding to the

2168: 2140: 2108: 1861: 1666: 1615: 1464: 1431: 1376:. During a four-week period of silence, individuals undergo a series of directed 1282: 775: 767: 522: 365: 185: 14864:

Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno

14695: 13801:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Nigel Aston, Simon Ditchfield & Olwen Hutton ( 13113:

History of the Jesuit missions in India, China and Japan (Luis de Guzmán, 1601).

9053: 8369: 8152:. Montreal: Stewart Derbishire & George Desbarats. 1847. pp. 1483–1484. 7871:

John Canon Begley, The Diocese of Limerick in the 16th and 17th Centuries P. 440

7426: 7390:

The History of the Relations between the Low Countries and China in the Qing Era

5553: 5513:, a French missionary who was martyred during the 17th century in what was once 5226: 2659:, and (in Europe before 1773) its politically conservative role in the Catholic 1135: 138: 17098: 16892: 16717: 16511: 16486: 16450: 16390: 16383: 16378: 16368: 16222: 16207: 16146: 16022: 16012: 15768: 15648: 15301:

Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception

14749: 14480: 14445: 14391: 14146: 14111: 14104: 14097: 14076: 14055: 13151:

To Overcome Oneself: The Jesuit Ethic and Spirit of Global Expansion, 1520–1767

12470: 12419: 12165: 12124: 9831: 8150:

The provincial statutes of Canada: anno undecimo et duodecimo Victoriae Reginae

7770: 7732: 7640: 6769: 6387: 6096: 6005: 5486: 5435: 5391: 5390:, by the eighteenth century the Jesuits had "contributed to the development of 5282: 5230: 5214: 5202: 5050:

The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church

5045: 5037: 4989: 4985: 4813: 4726: 4612: 4464: 3973: 3927: 3903: 3782: 3746: 3668: 3664: 3618: 3386: 3378: 3191: 3138: 3055: 2938: 2600: 2593: 2577: 2498: 2270: 2195: 2155: 2007:

Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin

1938: 1906: 1766: 1662: 1599: 1593: 1441: 1392: 1243: 1116: 1078: 1062: 947: 855: 674: 571: 566: 551: 536: 279: 122: 50: 16085: 14209: 13665: 13360:

The Catholic Bishops of Europe and the Nazi Persecutions of Catholics and Jews

12897:(4). St. Louis, Missouri: American Assistancy Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality. 12003: 10642: 9482:"CGU Student Josh Harris to Spend Two Months in Federal Prison for Protesting" 8913: 8763: 8636: 7625: 7301: 5434:'s rings. They theorized about the circulation of the blood (independently of 5237:

to overthrow Hitler. Another non-military German Resistance group, dubbed the

4962: 3887:

In Latin America, the Jesuits had significant influence in the development of

2942: 2815: 2002: 17334: 16776: 16702: 16668: 16652: 16612: 16295: 16270: 16046: 15956: 15941: 15863: 15209: 14880: 14384: 14174: 14069: 12902: 12231: 12152: 12063: 10843: 9442: 9365: 9205: 9172: 8426: 7309: 7224: 7051: 5666: 5246: 5186: 5099: 5029: 4993: 3825: 3750: 3709:

The suppression was carried out on political grounds in all countries except

3417: 3199: 3195: 3134: 2752: 2429: 2358: 2326: 2302:

occasions, though he was warned to exercise prudence and avoid promoting the

1898: 1830: 1417: 1205: 1044: 1031: 824: 783: 237: 224: 35: 16961: 15492:

Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)

13791: 13732:

Benedict XVI's Visit to the Pontifical Gregorian University, 3 November 2006

13720:

Benedict XVI's Address to the Members of the Society of Jesus, 22 April 2006

13562:

Men astutely trained : a history of the Jesuits in the American century

13514:

Wright, Jonathan. "From Immolation to Restoration: The Jesuits, 1773–1814."

13490: 13337:

Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. "Jesuit Foreign Missions. A Historiographical Essay."

13332:

Jesuit Political Thought: The Society of Jesus & the State, c. 1540–1640

7194:

2004 (in Vietnamese & French). Reichstett, France: Định Hướng Tùng Thư.

7173: 5548:

in 1767 and wrote an important history of Mexico during his exile in Italy.

4961:

The Jesuits were temporarily banished from France in 1594 after a man named

3800:

was modified and Jesuits were banished in 1848, following the defeat of the

3586:

to give them all the support needed to Christianize the indigenous peoples.

3563: 3487: 2717:. It is among the best-known churches in Quito because of its large central 2135:

thinkers, some of whom were intrigued by the Jesuits' attempts to reconcile

1357:

that would introduce reforms within the Catholic Church, and so counter the

1216:. The zeal of the Jesuits overcame the movement toward Protestantism in the 17093: 16886: 16761: 16617: 16581: 16320: 16242: 16086: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15810: 15215: 15132: 14943: 14903: 14779: 14773: 14438: 14418: 14251: 14132: 13050: 12773:

For Matters of Greater Moment:The First Thirty Jesuit General Congregations

12373: 12144: 11037: 10426: 9640: 9606: 9572: 7706:

Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), Volume 11 Edmund O'Donnell by Charles McNeill

7422: 6692: 6382: 6244: 6004:. Jesuit schools replaced classic theological instruction from people like 5969:

and secular schools, the Jesuits are the Catholic religious order with the

5628: 5549: 5533: 5482: 5454: 5344: 5257: 5158: 4977: 4733: 4485: 4155: 4146: 4110: 4064: 3958: 3943: 3899: 3730: 3660: 3346: 3282:

from Brazil, who captured natives and sold them as slaves to work in sugar

3279: 3266: 3254:

slaves of many. Franciscan missionaries began establishing missions called

3236: 3228: 3224: 3213: 3167:, which for academics became a fundamental reference on the Amazon region. 3130: 3116: 3091: 2954: 2907: 2255: 2251: 2188: 2173: 2163: 2136: 2084: 2029:

A map of the 200-odd Jesuit churches and missions established across China

1982: 1942: 1852:

in North America, many of them compiling dictionaries or glossaries of the

1639: 1518: 1409: 1388: 963: 912: 851: 794: 601: 546: 320: 17031: 13266:

The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences

12484:

Jesuit Political Thought: The Society of Jesus and the State, c. 1540–1630

12382:. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 7. New York: Simon & Schuster. 11442:; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p. 160 11414:; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p. 33. 10163:

Canada and the United States only; not including Mexico and the Caribbean.

10045: 9802:"Five Years Later Changes under Pope Francis are Revealing his Jesuit DNA" 5506: 3606: 3556: 3287: 2412:

publicly from the pulpit of St. Mary's Cathedral on 4 occasions. Cardinal

2273:, a priest of the Diocese of Limerick, was persuaded to accept the vacant 1780: 1762: 17083: 16687: 16516: 16491: 16466: 16439: 16426: 16335: 16237: 15924: 15644: 15451: 15197: 14833: 14803: 14797: 14466: 14307: 14258: 14167: 13923: 13346:

Inside the Jesuits: How Pope Francis is Changing the Church and the World

13306:

Grendler, Paul F. "Jesuit Schools and Universities in Europe 1548–1773."

12501: 12369: 6618: 6189: 6102:

Manresa is a review of Ignatian spirituality published in Madrid, Spain.

6095:

magazine has long had a prominent place in Catholic intellectual circles

6013: 6009: 5634:

The Feast of All Jesuit Saints and Blesseds is celebrated on 5 November.

5419: 5238: 5222: 5198: 4809: 4599: 4468: 4456: 4445: 4306: 4294: 4269: 4175: 4171: 4095: 4085:

On 22 April 2006, the Feast of Our Lady, Mother of the Society of Jesus,

3935: 3908: 3793: 3680: 3676: 3614: 3498: 3377:

to Christianity, in which case, they were successful among the cities of

3350: 3283: 3183: 2903: 2440: 2370: 2339: 2335: 2211: 2096: 1802: 1562: 1404: 979: 596: 541: 414: 304: 128: 68: 12986:

Searching the Heavens and the Earth: The History of Jesuit Observatories

12160:

Ashworth, William B. (1986). "Catholicism and Early Modern Science". In

10694: 10678: 9461: 8772: 8711:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

8434: 7532:, Studies in Christian Mission, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 115, 7317: 7285: 5422:. They observed, in some cases before anyone else, the colored bands on 3326: 16471: 16056: 15008: 14967: 14949: 14791: 14785: 14526: 14009: 13702: 10568:"The Society of Jesus in the United States: Frequently Asked Questions" 7504: 6209: 6194: 5618: 5514: 5450: 5407: 5395: 5379: 5356: 5287: 5193: 4616:(Secret Instructions of the Jesuits), published in 1612 and in 1614 in 4566: 4490: 4460: 4273: 4042: 4000: 3986: 3951: 3859: 3855: 3805: 3801: 3633: 3540:

and educational institutes training the country's intellectual elites.

3322: 3255: 3203: 3008: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2784:

adorns the Chapel of Saint Mariana de Jesús (in early years a winery).

2502: 2489: 2463:, in 1859 and also re-established a school at Galway in the same year. 2294: 2206: 2048: 1986: 1880: 1849: 1796: 1635: 1589: 1554: 1377: 1321: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1247: 1185: 1128: 1065:(24 June). They devoted themselves to preaching and charitable work in 1050:

In 1537, the seven travelled to Italy to seek papal approval for their

935: 12852:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 356–357. 10305:"American Jesuits Are in a Free Fall, and the Crisis is Getting Worse" 9278:

How the Pope Became Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion

8619: 6986: 6922:. Translated by Ganss, George E. Institute of Jesuit Sources. p. 3862:

areas and an increase in voluntary lay groups inspired in part by the

3532:. The Jesuits currently play a pivotal role in the nation-building of 2769: 1682: 15624: 14897: 14300: 13432:

Jesuit on the Roof of the World: Ippolito Desideri's Mission to Tibet

11913: 7360: 6439: 5930: 5779:

St. John's Church in Creighton University campus, Omaha, Nebraska, US

5575: 5541: 5529: 5446: 5411: 5399: 5375: 5291: 5234: 5163: 5013: 4561:

slaves on their large plantations scattered throughout the Americas.

4522: 4302: 3778: 3186:. Between 1637 and 1652 there were 14 missions established along the 3073: 2828: 2722: 2492:

in the 17th century, Jesuits played an active role in North America.

2397: 2124: 1746: 1701: 1460: 1412:, the Jesuit plan of studies incorporated the Classical teachings of 1396: 1082: 787: 15402:

Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God

13848: 13137:

Jesuit Tradition in Education & Missions: A 450-Year Perspective

12955:

Treatise on Slavery: Selections from De Instauranda Aethiopum Salute

11359: 11200:"'Sala Stampa' style change: From toreador to low-key mathematician" 10571: 9975:"Pope Francis approves four priorities for the Jesuits' next decade" 9676:"To the Fathers of the General Congregation of the Society of Jesus" 9084:"Ateneo overtakes UP as top Philippine university in global ranking" 6799:"St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Development of the Society of Jesus" 5332: 5281:

In his history of the heroes of the Holocaust, the Jewish historian

4636:

Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church

4617: 3636:), where the natives worked for the community and were evangelised. 3632:

in 1595. The Jesuits often gathered the natives in communities (the

3294: 3059: 2983: 2804: 1860:

languages they had learned. For instance, before his death in 1708,

1776: 1296: 17308: 16930: 16285: 16039: 16027: 15655: 14744: 14679: 13083:. New York: Doubleday Religious Publishing Group (published 2005). 11569: 11282: 11259: 10769: 10732: 7916:

Begley The Diocese of Limerick from 1691 to the Present Time p. 307

6164: 6105:

In Australia, the Jesuits produce a number of magazines, including

6053: 5131: 5095: 5091: 5066:(Catholic-convert Jews and Muslims and their descendants), an anti- 5062: 4577: 4514: 4078:

informed members of the Society of Jesus that, with the consent of

3483: 3452: 3366: 3307: 2851: 2776:) influence is seen in the geometrical figures on the pillars; the 2607: 2566: 2243: 2235: 2184: 1961: 1865: 1834: 1738: 1721: 1690: 1575: 1449: 1365: 1242:

The Society of Jesus is classified among institutes as an order of

1201: 1193: 1181: 1177: 991: 898: 627: 13693: 13501: 13439:

Harvest of Hope: Jesuit Collegiate Education in England, 1794–1914

8163:

Meehan, Peter; Thériault, Michel; Cooper, Celine (26 April 2019).

7817:

Vera Moynes, Irish Jesuit Annual Letters 1604-1674 Vol. II, P. 551

5130:

was one among various persecutions that Jesuits were involved in.

5055: 4602:. "Enslaved people...were a captive audience for evangelization." 4459:. The society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of 4197:

To accompany young people in the creation of a hope-filled future;

2966:

The Jesuits were allowed to return to Mexico in 1840 when General

1978: 1733:. Together throughout South America but especially in present-day 880: 16946: 16542: 16156: 15778: 13468:

Religious Orders as Transnational Networks of the Catholic Church

13387:

O'Malley, John. "The Society of Jesus." in R. Po-chia Hsia, ed.,

13233:, Special Edition Published 1997 by Loyola University Press, US. 10679:"From Expulsion to Restoration: The Jesuits in Crisis, 1759-1814" 9645:"Visit of the Holy Father to the Pontifical Gregorian University" 7792: 7497:

Von Collani, Claudia (2009), "Biography of Charles Maigrot MEP",

6596:. Atlanta, Georgia: Ignatius House Retreat Center. Archived from 5691: 5532:

with important material on indigenous peoples. In South America,

5423: 5167: 4518: 4510: 3710: 3629: 3429: 3362: 3217: 2937:

wrote an important history of Mexico while in Italy, a basis for

2765: 2764:

incorporated elements of four architectural styles, although the

2726: 2523:, which chronicled their evangelization during the 17th century. 2351: 2347: 2231: 1957: 1792: 1730: 1579: 1549: 1276: 1221: 1197: 1192:, founding missions in widely diverse regions such as modern-day 1144: 894: 31: 12644:(2nd ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 7853:

Vera Moynes, Irish Jesuit Annual Letters 1604-1674 Vol. I, P. 40

7690: 7688: 7686: 6466:"africa.reuters.com, Spaniard becomes Jesuits' new 'black pope'" 5977:

in 40 countries and 324 secondary schools in 55 countries. (The

5453:, and geography". The Society of Jesus introduced, according to 3158: 3087: 2477: 813:, is in Rome. The historic curia of Ignatius is now part of the 16708:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

16151: 16061: 15966: 15544:

Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary

13681: 13287:

Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits: His Life & Work

12192:

Art on the Jesuit Missions in Asia and Latin America, 1542–1773

8748:"Missionaries and Commanders: The Jesuits in Mindanao, 1718–68" 8047: 8045: 7826:

Vera Moynes, Irish Jesuit Annual Letters 1604-1674 Vol. I, P32.

5579: 5431: 5415: 5205:

that operated within Nazi Germany was executed in February 1945

4124:

of the Society of Jesus convened on 5 January 2008 and elected

4050: 3754: 3714: 3390: 3382: 2950: 2881: 2589: 2531: 2401: 2128: 1990: 1953: 1761:

founded several towns in Brazil in the 16th century, including

1734: 1583: 1456: 1395:. Ignatius' innovation was to make this style of contemplative 1189: 1120: 1058: 738: 711: 12463:

The Story of Christianity: The Early Church to the Present Day

12214:

Between Renaissance and Baroque: Jesuit Art in Rome, 1565–1610

9221: 7844:

Vera Moynes, Irish Jesuit Annual Letters 1604-1674 Vol. I, P88

6317:

and, by extension, any person with Jewish or Muslim ancestry,

5445:

of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and

5363:

or Prime Minister of State, and his granddaughter Candide Hiu.

3675:, the society's defender. On 21 July 1773 his successor, Pope 1956:

alone, with three other places of worship remaining extant in

708: 376: 13956: 13382:

Jesuit Mind. The Mentality of an Elite in Early Modern France

12838:

Crime and Punishment: The Colonial Period to the New Frontier

11943: 11371: 11347: 11335: 9224:

Jesuit Survival and Restoration, A Global History (1773-1900)

7683: 6772:, Institute for Advanced Jesuit Studies, accessed 31 May 2021 6061: 6023:

Jesuit educational institutions aim to promote the values of

5997: 5878:

the Church of the Gesu, Philadelphia is the school church of

5687: 5631:

on 13 March 2013 and is the first Jesuit to be elected pope.

5621: 5340: 5004:, managed to escape arrest for his involvement in this plot. 4472: 4253:

whereby one develops a facility to "find God in all things".

3994: 3749:

until 1805, all elected locally as Temporary Vicars General.

3737:

elected superior of the province in 1782. He was followed by

3521: 3425: 3374: 3370: 3293:

Beginning in 1631, the Jesuits moved their missions from the

3126: 2885: 2714: 2120: 1945:, and many others. A number of them were canonized among the 1678: 1627: 1437: 1425: 1162: 1066: 983: 975: 955: 810: 496: 209: 164: 17215:

Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe

13453:

Vision Betrayed: The Jesuits in Japan & China, 1542–1742

12988:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Berlin: Springer. 12558:

A Jesuit Hacienda in Colonial Mexico: Santa Lucía, 1576–1767

12530:

The Great Reformer: Francis and the Making of a Radical Pope

11417: 8539:. The Story of Civilization. Simon & Schuster. pp. 8473:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 6–7, 20–28. 8042: 8018: 7994: 7862:

Maurice Lenihan Limerick; Its History and Antiquities p. 671

6347: 6345: 6343: 5114:

was Secretary and later, under Pope Francis, Prefect of the

2933:

were taken over by other orders. Exiled Mexican-born Jesuit

2183:

ruled that such behavior constituted impermissible forms of

14409: 13830:"Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu – Jesuit Archive in Rome" 13537:

Soldiers of God: The Jesuits in Colonial America, 1565–1767

13206:

Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724

12754:

The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540–1773

12648: 12507:

Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man

11323: 9547:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

9467: 9212:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 453–458. 8376:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–226. 8374:

The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas

8349: 6510: 5662: 5525: 5177:

The Superior General of Jesuits at the outbreak of war was

4475:. In the United States the Jesuits have historical ties to 4069:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

4030: 3548: 3468: 3440:, chronicled the history of the Venice of the Visayas, the 2730: 2718: 2254:

with the concurrence of the third Jesuit superior general,

1833:(the main language of Brazil); and the pioneering study of 1571: 1213: 1209: 832: 735: 732: 705: 409: 171: 63: 13877: 13294:

Ignatius Loyola: A Biography of the Founder of the Jesuits

13273:

With Pen & Tongue: The Jesuits in Australia, 1865–1939

12811:

Windows into China: The Jesuits and their Books, 1580–1730

11445: 8651: 8446: 8444: 7529:

China's Christianity: From Missionary to Indigenous Church

7143:(in English and French). Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press. 4309:. The central staff of the General is known as the Curia. 3858:

focus on the establishment of Jesuit secondary schools in

3820:

from 1814, a relic from the earlier anti-Catholic laws of

3659:. The suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal, France, the 3036: 2758:

Over the 160 years of its construction, the architects of

1712:, the first Jesuit that Ignacio de Loyola sent to America. 729: 702: 17366:

Catholic religious orders established in the 16th century

16597:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

13809: 13479: 13057:. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing (published 2012). 12033: 10886: 9136: 9030:

Histoire des Francs-Maçons en France: De 1815 à nos jours

8313: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 6902:

Constitutiones Societatis Iesu: cum earum declarationibus

6775: 6537: 6340: 5607:, a Jesuit, is the nation's only post-Reformation saint. 5509:, Brazil, were Jesuit priests. Another famous Jesuit was 3628:

language was compiled by José de Anchieta and printed in

2357:

In 1571, after Wolfe had been captured and imprisoned at

2205:

for any violators of Clement's decree—upheld by the 1715

1745:". These were societies set up according to an idealized 1607: 714: 12953:

Sandoval, Alonso de (2008). Von Germeten, Nicole (ed.).

12349:

After The Fire: Sainte-Marie Among the Hurons Since 1649

11769: 11721: 11392: 10243:"Nineteen Sixty-four: By the Numbers: Jesuit Demography" 10104: 9771:"Vatican, Argentine church to open "dirty war" archives" 8062: 8060: 6724: 6722: 5613:

was one of the first English poets to use sprung verse.

5082:" became common across Early Modern Spain and Portugal. 5016:

to obtain justifications for unjustifiable actions (cf.

3593:, Juan de Azpilcueta Navarro, Leonardo Nunes, and later 2808:

Main altar of the Jesuit colegio in Tepozotlan, now the

2610:, and Ottawa without establishing new posts. During the 1741:, they formed Indigenous Christian city-states, called " 13405:

The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century

12848:(2006). "Jesuits, The". In Blamires, Cyprian P. (ed.). 12606:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 11311: 11299: 10874: 8689: 8568: 8512: 8498:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 44–53. 8441: 8006: 7013: 7001: 6739: 6737: 4580:

and other states supported Jesuit institutions such as

4139:

Address to the 32nd General Congregation of the Jesuits

2542:. In 1632, Quebec was returned to the French under the 1909:

was to establish places for training priests. After an

1693:

ideas and establish the truth of Catholic Christianity.

13874:

Institute for Advanced Jesuit Studies. Boston College.

13852: 12729:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 12677:

The Chinese Rites Controversy: Its History and Meaning

12302:

Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture

11733: 10791: 10779: 8325: 8263: 8220: 7397:, Vol. XIV, Leuven: Leuven University Press, pp. 7385:"François Noël, SJ, and the Chinese Rites Controversy" 6947: 6872: 6805:. The Cathedral Foundation. p. 12. Archived from 6707: 6653: 6030: 5914:

in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, church and cultural venue

5270: 4057:

in Washington, D.C., and later senior analyst for the

2651:

In the United States, the order is best known for its

2284:, operated in difficult circumstances. In April 1566, 1800: 1657:

founded a mission in Western Tibet in 1624 (see also "

16628:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

13590:

Jesuit Writings of the Early Modern Period: 1540–1640

13396:

Saints or Devils Incarnate? Studies in Jesuit History

13127:

Jesuits: History & Legend of the Society of Jesus

13045:(MA thesis). University of California, Santa Barbara. 13043:

The Jesuit and Franciscan Missions in Baja California

12748: (2006). "Introduction". In O'Malley, John W.; 12510:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 12304:. Vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. 12089: 11757: 11745: 10862: 10538:"Habit and dress::Society of Jesus - ::concepts" 10395:"Jesuit universities slowly losing Jesuit presidents" 8496:

The Guarani Under Spanish Rule in the Rio de la Plata

8337: 8196:"West Coast Jesuits forming new province - gradually" 8162: 8126: 8114: 8102: 8057: 8030: 7431:

Tiānzhŭ Shíyì, The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven

6719: 5517:(in the portion of which, is now Ontario) in Canada. 4980:, one of the leading English Jesuits, was hanged for 4501:

Jesuits do not have an official habit. The society's

3948:

Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation

3393:

eventually became the capital of the Spanish colony.

2945:

also wrote an important text on Mexican history that

1582:; as early as 1603, there were 345 Jesuit priests in 1034:, later canonized as Saint Dominic (Dominicans); and 867:

in 1773. In 1814, the Church lifted the suppression.

747: 720: 15447:

Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary

13375:

Mercurian Project: Forming Jesuit Culture: 1573–1580

12775:. St. Louis, Missouri: Institute of Jesuit Sources. 11789:"November 5: Feast of all Jesuit Saints and Blessed" 11709: 8979:– Preface". R.P. Garcia Publishing Co., Quezon City. 8288: 8251: 7970: 7572: 7348: 6840:

The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction

6734: 6665: 6160: 4988:(1605). The Plot was the attempted assassination of 4572:

In the United States, tobacco plantations utilizing

4166:

praised Pope Francis as a "brother among brothers".

4154:

In 2013, the Jesuit cardinal Jorge Bergoglio became

3310:

called the Jesuit missions "a triumph of humanity".

2850:. Those same elite families hoped that a son with a 1646:

from Portuguese territories in 1759 by the powerful

717: 15169:

Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary

14816:

Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary

13634:

Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten: Bd. 4: 1945–1983

13628:

Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten: Bd. 3: 1917–1945

13622:

Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten: Bd. 2: 1872–1917

13604:

Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten: Bd. 1: 1814–1872

13168:

The Jesuits: A History from Ignatius to the Present

12560:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 10713: 9777:. Associated Press. 25 October 2016. Archived from 7982: 7958: 7946: 7205: 7090:. Philadelphia : Hardy and Mahony. p. 244 6440:"News on the elections of the new Superior General" 4187:To show the way to God through discernment and the 3451:The Jesuits also established the first missions in 1821:, which was later formalized by Avignon missionary 726: 699: 15701: 15408:Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary 13853:ODIS – Online Database for Intermediary Structures 13259:Saint Ignatius Loyola: The Pilgrim Years 1491–1538 13076: 13055:How The Catholic Church Built Western Civilization 12880:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 12722: 12695: 12653:; Zulehner, Paul M.; Wickens, Henry, eds. (2000). 12453:. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 12357: 11138:"Jesuit General: Liberation Theology "Courageous"" 9114:"Ateneo overtakes UP in World University Rankings" 8532: 8239: 7765:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 7754: 7727:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 7716: 7662: 7624: 7476:, San Francisco: Ignatius Press, pp. 256–62, 6959: 6915: 5627:Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio of Argentina was elected 4528:Today, most Jesuits in the United States wear the 4429:As of 2012, the Jesuits formed the largest single 3062:. A major figure in the first wave of Jesuits was 2960:Corona mexicana, o Historia de los nueve Motezumas 27:Male religious congregation of the Catholic Church 15554:Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary 14725: 13773:The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola 13355:. St Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources 2009. 12929:. In Hanratty, Dennis M.; Meditz, Sandra (eds.). 12803:. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario: The Martyrs' Shrine. 12332:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 12330:The Bicentennial History of Georgetown University 12285:. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 11538:The Righteous: the Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust 9710:"To understand Pope Francis, look to the Jesuits" 9703: 9701: 9032:. Vol. 2. Privately published. p. 200. 8988: 8951:National Historical Commission of the Philippines 7626:"Entry for David Wolfe SJ by Thomas Morrissey SJ" 7336: 6020:which was a very controversial move at the time. 5256:Among the Jesuit victims of the Nazis, Germany's 5233:, ended the war on death row for his role in the 5183:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland 5034:Concise Oxford Dictionary of the English language 4996:aristocracy in a single attack, by exploding the 3868:. Among the notable Jesuits of the 20th century, 3164:Nuevo Descubrimiento del gran rio de las Amazonas 2823:(1731–1787) wrote an important history of Mexico. 2624:Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec 1769:, and were very influential in the pacification, 778:headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by 17361:Religious organizations established in the 1540s 17332: 16698:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 15571:Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods 15458:Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament 14599:International Association of Jesuit Universities 13446:East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582–1773 12657:. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. 12551:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 11819:"How Vatican II Helped the Jesuits Do Their Job" 10776:, archived from the original on 5 February 2012, 10332:"Twenty-Eight Jesuit Novices Profess First Vows" 10280:. Jesuit Asia Pacific Conference. Archived from 8674:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 278. 8565:the preceding paragraph is based on pages 249–50 8404: 5369:Ratio atque Institutio Studiorum Societatis Iesu 5277:Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust 4019:, editor of the American Jesuit weekly magazine 2481:Bressani map of 1657 depicting the martyrdom of 1642:. Jesuit efforts in Goa were interrupted by the 938:outside Paris, in a crypt beneath the church of 15419:Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 13606:Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2013. XXX, 274 S. 13301:Jesuits in England from 1580 to the Present Day 12752:; Harris, Steven J.; Kennedy, T. Frank (eds.). 12346: 10130:"The Society of Jesus in Numbers, 2022 Edition" 10098:"General Congregation: purpose, delegates, ..." 9222:Maryks, Robert; Wright, Jonathan, eds. (2015). 8907: 8051: 8024: 8000: 7756:"Entry for Edmund Daniel SJ by Stephen Redmond" 7718:"Entry for William Good SJ by Thomas McCoog SJ" 6627:. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 6619:Francisco Javier Benjamín González Echeverría. 5056:Exclusion of those of Jewish or Muslim ancestry 3605:, the settlement that gave rise to the city of 3274:mission in Paraguay, founded by Jesuits in 1706 2606:By 1700, Jesuits turned to maintaining Quebec, 2396:, records the suppression of Jesuit schools at 1685:(1716–21) and gained an exceptional mastery of 17207:Russian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Russia 15312:Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception 13546:(3 vol 1938) covers Midwest from 1800 to 1919 13211: 12351:. Elmvale, Ontario: East Georgian Bay Company. 12347:Delaney, Paul J.; Nicholls, Andrew D. (1989). 11440:The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945 11412:The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945 10676: 10278:"Changing to best serve the universal mission" 9698: 9401:"Eulogy for His Eminence Cardinal Paolo Dezza" 7063: 7061: 6803:L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English 6064:, the main Jesuit shrine in the birthplace of 4200:To collaborate in the care of our Common Home. 4141:, 3 December 1974; ORE, 12 December, n.2, p.4. 3643: 3145:until it was transferred to the newly created 2289:recovered due to the kindness of the people. 1929:, founded in 1896, has been a presence within 1208:from spreading and to preserve communion with 793:The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the 16991: 16977: 15687: 14711: 13893: 13308:Brill Research Perspectives in Jesuit Studies 13264:Burson, Jeffrey D. and Jonathan Wright, eds. 11617: 10570:. Jesuit.org. 19 January 2008. Archived from 10360: 8450: 6288: 6138:that describes their international work (the 5637: 5592:("The Art of Prudence", 1647) were lauded by 4937: 3162: 3141:(high court) of Quito that was a part of the 3110: 3101:To minister to newly arrived African slaves, 3067: 3041: 2958: 2893: 2858: 2833: 2759: 2742: 2708: 1941:of Campion Hall, as well as Brian Cansfield, 1808: 1005: 999: 814: 650: 13756:The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan, 1591–1610 13713: 13444:Ronan, Charles E. and Bonnie B. C. Oh, eds. 12743: 12720: 12425:The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605 12368: 12323:. Vol. 2. Boston: Angel Guardian Press. 12172:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 9915:"Jesuits elect first Latin-American general" 9673: 9639: 9605: 9571: 9398: 9027: 8686:Edited by Michael Meyer and William Beezley. 8530: 7702: 7700: 7635:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7461: 7459: 7290:East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 6781: 6516: 6260:Sexual abuse scandal in the Society of Jesus 6127: 6126:In Germany, the Jesuits publish the journal 5209:Several Jesuits were prominent in the small 5172:Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp 5021: 4280: 3115:(1627), describing how he and his assistant 2384:In 1604, the Lord President of Munster, Sir 2039:The Jesuits first entered China through the 2021:, and François de Rougemont at Paris in 1687 1517:. There might be a discussion about this on 15534:Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary 15435:Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima 15051:Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word 12475:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation 10935: 8464: 8462: 7496: 7465: 7225:"Jesuits in Britain Timeline - Our history" 7058: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6759:Text of the Formula of the Institute (1540) 5957: 5241:by the Gestapo, included the Jesuit priest 4916:Bp. Edward J. Slattery § Illegal immigrants 4839:History of Christian thought on persecution 4206: 4102: 3877: 3758: 3700: 3683: 3597:, established the first Jesuit missions in 3182:region, close to the Spanish settlement of 3129:to explore and found missions in the upper 2973: 2848:Colegio de San Francisco Javier, Tepozotlan 2729:plaster and wood carvings. Inspired by two 2209: 2176: 1889:, published annually from 1632 until 1673. 1429: 1280: 1246:, that is, a body of priests organized for 1232: 1105: 1093: 1018: 1012: 994:. The meeting has been commemorated in the 16984: 16970: 16713:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 16663:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 15694: 15680: 15139:Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus 14718: 14704: 13900: 13886: 13040: 12712:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12402:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 11465:"Pontiff Praises a Bavarian Foe of Nazism" 10829: 10124: 10122: 9431:"Religion: John Paul Takes On the Jesuits" 9154: 8745: 8269: 7070:The History of the Church in Latin America 6468:. Reuters. 9 February 2009. Archived from 5217:of the Resistance were the Jesuit priests 5116:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 5007: 4944: 4930: 4770:Church–state relations in Argentina § 2005 4318:the Jesuit provinces are grouped into six 4027:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 3723:the Polish provinces recently part-annexed 3513:and the French Freemasons assented to the 2884:, the alcoholic drink made from fermented 657: 643: 408: 17256:Apostolic Administration of Minsk-Mohilev 17047:Apostolic Prefecture of Yuzhno Sakhalinsk 13939:Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola 13002: 12574: 12486:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12404:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12321:Our church, her Children and Institutions 12280: 12238:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11540:; Holt Paperback; New York; 2004; Preface 11398: 11377: 11365: 11353: 11341: 11002: 10904: 10641: 10202:"The Statistics and a Tentative Analysis" 10002: 10000: 8934: 8771: 8635: 8012: 7697: 7622: 7456: 6919:The constitutions of the society of Jesus 6530:"Poverty and Chastity for Every Occasion" 6321:, from admission to the Society of Jesus. 6200:Canadian Indian residential school system 6145:In Sweden the Catholic cultural magazine 4965:tried to assassinate the king of France, 4873:Evo Morales and the Roman Catholic Church 4189:Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola 3922:On 16 November 1989, six Jesuit priests ( 3872:was called one of the "architects of the 3137:from 1602 to 1610, which belonged to the 3024:Learn how and when to remove this message 2434:papal suppression of the Society of Jesus 1537:Learn how and when to remove this message 1485: 1349:The Jesuits were founded just before the 1337:Learn how and when to remove this message 1143:in the Church of Our Lady Of the Snow in 843:and, later, in the implementation of the 782:and six companions, with the approval of 15608:Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls 15596:Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart 15015:Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux 14550:Superior General of the Society of Jesus 13377:(2004) (30 advanced essays by scholars). 13108: 12952: 12850:World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia 12671: 12524: 12477:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12457: 12252: 12216:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 12194:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 12159: 11854:Conversations on Jesuit Higher Education 11775: 11727: 11574:The Righteous Among the Nations Database 11281: 11258: 10970:Rigali, Norbert J. (23 September 2000). 10731: 10454:"St. Aloysius College mission statement" 10200:Becker, Joseph M. (January–March 1977). 9738: 9513:"BC is leading the way on church reform" 9142: 8746:Crailsheim, Eberhard (18 January 2022). 8562:Paraguay founded solely on their powers. 8459: 8343: 8193: 7664:"Entry for David Wolfe SJ by Judy Barry" 7578: 7503:, Würzburg: Stochastikon, archived from 7084:"The American Catholic quarterly review" 7019: 7007: 6890: 6878: 6836: 6821: 6792: 6790: 6728: 6659: 6043: 5331: 5192: 5121: 5078:was repealed in 1946. Bylaws requiring " 4521:(only diocesan clergy wore tufts) and a 4216: 4178:, as its thirty-first superior general. 4145: 3999: 3562: 3547: 3395: 3265: 3208: 3109:. Sandoval wrote about this ministry in 3086: 3035: 2814: 2803: 2791: 2747:is one of the most significant works of 2476: 2330:looted by government agents sent by Sir 2154:. Despite the personal testimony of the 2127:" and had considerable influence on the 2024: 2001: 1977: 1775: 1695: 1673:, in Tibet, in 1661. The Italian Jesuit 1588: 1548: 1275: 1188:those peoples who had not yet heard the 1156: 1134: 879: 15549:Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary 14592:List of Jesuit educational institutions 13544:The Jesuits Of The Middle United States 13401: 13221:. Originally Published Longmans Green. 12844: 12789: 12770: 12601: 12546: 12230: 12129:Kaskaskia Illinois-to-French Dictionary 12123: 11329: 11317: 11305: 11291:(in French). chez Th. Desoer. pp. 10905:Kavanaugh, John F. (15 December 2008). 10880: 10830:Rosa, De La; Coello, Alexandre (1932). 10677:Whitehead, Maurice (Winter 2014–2015). 10623: 10361:O'Connell, Gerard (16 September 2019). 10172: 10119: 8695: 8624:The Hispanic American Historical Review 8574: 8518: 8468: 8355: 8331: 8233: 8132: 8120: 8108: 8066: 8036: 7762:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7724:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7632:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7211: 7163: 7138: 7031: 6953: 6754: 6752: 6713: 5964:List of Jesuit educational institutions 5841:Santa Clara University's Mission Church 3957:On 21 February 2001, the Jesuit priest 3428:and its war against Rajah Makatunao of 3216:'s 1707 map showing the Amazon and the 2277:, and was consecrated at Rome in 1564. 1403:The Jesuits' contributions to the late 1266:Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal 911:to help others follow the teachings of 809:. The headquarters of the society, its 514:List of Jesuit educational institutions 345:Missionary, educational, literary works 14: 17333: 15497:Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy 15464:Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 15414:Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart 15344:Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 13191: 13175:The Cambridge Companion to the Jesuits 13071: 13021: 12971: 12940:from the original on 26 September 2020 12891:Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits 12884: 12866: 12835: 12807: 12798: 12693: 12639: 12620: 12555: 12469: 12442: 12418: 12355: 12327: 12208: 12186: 11924:from the original on 29 September 2019 11847: 11739: 11451: 11423: 11197: 11166: 11135: 11104: 11036: 10969: 10892: 10868: 10797: 10785: 10719: 10482: 10422:"The New Brand of Jesuit Universities" 10375:from the original on 20 September 2019 10302: 10209:Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits 10199: 9997: 9707: 9655:from the original on 30 September 2007 9621:from the original on 30 September 2007 9587:from the original on 30 September 2007 9510: 9479: 9370:"The Case Against Liberation Theology" 8977:The Great Debate: The Rizal Retraction 8669: 8657: 8620:"Origins of the Rebellion of Paraguay" 8617: 8493: 8367: 8319: 8294: 8245: 7988: 7976: 7964: 7952: 7370: 7366: 7354: 7067: 6971: 6965: 6849:10.1093/actrade/9780199567416.003.0002 6837:Principe, Lawrence M. (1 April 2011). 6235:List of saints of the Society of Jesus 5213:. Among the central membership of the 5085: 4878:Radio Maryja § Involvement in politics 4029:on articles touching subjects such as 3069:Historia natural y moral de las Indias 3043:Historia natural y moral de las Indias 2103:refined translations and disseminated 1917:was opened at Valladolid (1589), then 1844:Jesuit missionaries were active among 1436:(1599) would standardize the study of 17272:Apostolic Administration of Leningrad 16965: 16950: 15675: 15003:Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament 14699: 13881: 13816:from the original on 26 February 2011 13049: 12983: 12921: 12887:"St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jews" 12500: 12481: 12396: 12318: 12299: 12133:International Journal of Lexicography 11864:from the original on 16 February 2021 11763: 11751: 11715: 11070: 10941:"No to Abortion: Posture, Not Policy" 10838:. Institutum Societatis Iesu: 45–93. 10701:from the original on 3 September 2023 10497:from the original on 12 February 2018 10434:from the original on 12 February 2018 10419: 10275: 9985:from the original on 19 February 2019 9751:from the original on 19 December 2018 9364: 9301:from the original on 17 November 2015 8957:from the original on 27 February 2024 8940:"WATCH: GOMBURZA an NHCP Documentary" 8880:from the original on 21 February 2024 8586: 8257: 8208:from the original on 13 November 2019 7441:from the original on 26 December 2017 7421: 7342: 7283: 6787: 6743: 6671: 5410:– to scientific fields as various as 4956: 4885:on the United States political system 4805:Society of Jesus § Political intrigue 4620:, is alleged to have been written by 4553:The Jesuits also participated in the 3993:, women's roles, and the role of the 3811: 3753:had resolved during his captivity in 3501:, who claimed responsibility for the 2166:was a nonreligious token of respect, 1952:Four Jesuit churches remain today in 1817:(Portuguese missionaries created the 15539:Sisters of the Immaculate Conception 15529:Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana 15364:Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb 15359:Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary 15151:Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales 15091:Marians of the Immaculate Conception 14974:Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius 14858:Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo 13389:A Companion to the Reformation World 12977:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 12532:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 12259:. New York: The Encyclopedia Press. 11848:Howell, Patrick (1 September 2012). 11685:"The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum of 1599" 11501:from the original on 24 October 2013 11475:from the original on 14 October 2013 11169:"Glenn Beck and Liberation Theology" 11105:Zagano, Phyllis (17 February 2003). 10592: 10401:from the original on 16 October 2018 10240: 9812:from the original on 11 August 2023. 9799: 9411:from the original on 1 February 2020 9337:from the original on 9 February 2019 9124:from the original on 27 January 2024 9094:from the original on 30 October 2023 8809:"Moro Pirates' attacks worsen, 1634" 8531:Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1961). 7525: 7468:Couve de Murville, Maurice Noël Léon 7382: 7324:from the original on 8 November 2023 7255:"Parishes & Outreach - Our work" 6796: 6749: 6363:from the original on 23 January 2003 6290:todo el que quiera militar para Dios 5894:The Church of the Gesu in Frascati, 4895:Conscience clause in medicine in the 4841:and tolerance § The mid-20th-century 4701:Fourth vow § In the Society of Jesus 4338:Jesuits in the World — January 2022 4297:who was elected on 14 October 2016. 4239:, and most specially from Ignatius' 3497:The Jesuits largely discredited the 3408:suppressing Jesuits and closing the 3080:urged the Jesuits to evangelize the 3006:adding citations to reliable sources 2977: 2721:, which is profusely decorated with 2657:network of colleges and universities 2250:. Wolfe had been sent to Ireland by 2079:For over a century, Jesuits such as 1677:established a new Jesuit mission in 1602:, one of the original companions of 1489: 1319:adding citations to reliable sources 1290: 996:Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre 17063:List of Catholic dioceses in Russia 16567:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 15317:Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary 13992:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 13744: 13041:Van Handel, Robert Michael (1991). 13024:Handbook of Middle American Indians 12044:from the original on 1 October 2019 11954:from the original on 1 October 2019 10836:Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 10658:from the original on 31 August 2023 10485:"Time Magazine on "Men for Others"" 10342:from the original on 3 January 2020 10154:Including Mexico and the Caribbean. 9955:from the original on 2 January 2020 9865:from the original on 23 August 2017 9739:Anderson, Jon Lee (14 March 2013). 9720:from the original on 28 August 2016 9543:"Rev. Thomas J. Reese, S.J., Chair" 9280:(Doubleday; Garden City, NY), p. 58 9155:Chamberlin, William (4 June 2018). 9064:from the original on 5 January 2024 8867: 8849:from the original on 31 August 2017 8780:from the original on 5 January 2024 8707: 8455:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 103. 8090:from the original on 11 August 2011 8084:the Canadian Museum of Civilization 8080:"First Nations Culture Areas Index" 7552: 7473:Christians in China: AD 600 to 2000 7265:from the original on 22 August 2022 7186:Translated by Nguyễn Đăng Trúc. In 6498:from the original on 6 October 2022 6250:Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu 6153:is published eight times per year. 6031:Social and development institutions 5560:was an important missionary in the 5546:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 5271:Rescue efforts during the Holocaust 5142: 5012:Jesuits have been accused of using 4911:Bp. W. Francis Malooly on Canon 915 4150:Pope Francis, the first Jesuit pope 3657:Latin American Wars of Independence 3650:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 3603:São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga 3520:In 1953, after being expelled from 3174:in territories on the banks of the 2526:The Jesuits became involved in the 2338:'s formal excommunication of Queen 1989:in the 1607 Chinese publication of 1749:model. The efforts of Jesuits like 1264:While the order is limited to men, 24: 17260:Apostolic Administration of Moscow 17155:"Mary, Queen of Apostles" Seminary 16951: 16122:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 15591:The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace 15216:Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus 14913: 13751:The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum of 1599 13578: 13529: 13325:Jesuit Specter in Imperial Germany 13099: 12621:Maryks, Robert Aleksander (2010). 12364:. Toronto: The Canadian Messenger. 12070:from the original on 23 March 2024 11984:from the original on 9 August 2019 11136:Martin, James (21 November 2008). 10683:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 10515:Edwards, Nina (15 December 2011). 10483:Martin, James (10 November 2009). 10420:Jones, Autumn (30 December 2014). 10257:from the original on 15 April 2017 10177:. Province Express. Archived from 10175:"The changing face of the Jesuits" 9187:from the original on 23 April 2022 7799:from the original on 26 March 2023 7555:Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon 7072:. New York: NYU Press. p. 60. 6797:Puca, Pasquale (30 January 2008). 6446:from the original on 25 April 2023 5983:Lasallian educational institutions 5882:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US. 5589:Oráculo Manual y Arte de Prudencia 5460: 5251:Pius XII and the German Resistance 5229:. The Bavarian Jesuit Provincial, 4696:Dual loyalty § Historical examples 4565:, a slave-owning French Jesuit in 4496: 3848: 3543: 3432:as well as the histories of other 3190:and its southern tributaries, the 3105:(1576–1651) worked at the port of 3054:by 1571; it was a key area of the 2705:La Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús 2488:During the French colonisation of 1947:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1787:run by Jesuits in Japan, 1576–1587 1650:, Secretary of State in Portugal. 25: 17377: 17283:Apostolic Administration of Odesa 15619:Servants of the Blessed Sacrament 15295:Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa 13645: 13434:. Oxford University Press (2010). 13120:A History of the Society of Jesus 12874:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 12447:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 12100:from the original on 29 June 2021 12014:from the original on 17 July 2019 11198:Thavis, John (8 September 2006). 9921:. 14 October 2016. Archived from 9852: 9674:Benedict XVI (21 February 2008). 9449:from the original on 20 July 2017 9399:John Paul II (20 December 1999). 9380:from the original on 20 June 2017 9355:Pius XI, dilectissima Nobis, 1933 8194:Langlois, Ed (27 December 2012). 7671:from the original on 28 July 2020 7667:. Dictionary of Irish Biography. 7466:Charbonnier, Jean-Pierre (2007), 7120:from the original on 29 June 2021 7034:Handbook of Christianity in Japan 6574:from the original on 11 June 2017 6544:from the original on 20 June 2013 6215:Jesuit missions among the Guaraní 6089:In the United States of America, 5979:Brothers of the Christian Schools 5767:at Rose Hill, Bronx, New York, US 5048:, the latter being the author of 4904:consistently promoting permissive 4897:United States § Catholic doctrine 3249:Jesuit missions among the Guaraní 3094:ministering to African slaves at 2350:, before establishing himself at 2226:List of Jesuit schools in Ireland 17307: 17030: 16929: 16917: 16248:Fourth Council of Constantinople 16203:Second Council of Constantinople 15654: 15503:Sisters of the Cross and Passion 15482:Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament 15163:Missionaries of the Sacred Heart 15045:Franciscan Friars of the Renewal 14810:Congregation of Our Lady of Sion 14678: 14665: 14664: 14585:Jesuit missions in North America 14008: 13836:from the original on 2 July 2013 13692: 13680: 13348:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) 13249:Saint Francis Xavier (1506–1552) 12082: 12056: 12026: 11996: 11966: 11936: 11906: 11894:from the original on 29 May 2017 11876: 11841: 11811: 11781: 11677: 11661:. Holycross. edu. Archived from 11651: 11630: 11611: 11592: 11580:from the original on 17 May 2021 11562: 11543: 11530: 11513: 11495:"Library: The Gentile Holocaust" 11487: 11457: 11429: 11404: 11383: 11275: 11252: 11240:from the original on 4 July 2017 11222: 11191: 11167:Martin, James (29 August 2010). 11160: 11129: 11098: 11064: 11042:"Karl Rahner on 'Humanae Vitae'" 11030: 11008:"'Humanae Vitae' 25 Years Later" 10996: 10963: 10929: 10898: 10823: 10813:, Linden Press, New York, 1987, 10803: 10763: 10725: 10670: 10617: 10586: 10560: 10530: 10509: 10476: 10446: 10413: 10387: 10354: 10324: 10303:Reilly, Patrick (28 July 2016). 10296: 10269: 10241:Gray, Mark M. (9 January 2015). 10234: 10222:from the original on 16 May 2021 10193: 10173:Lapitan, Giselle (22 May 2012). 10166: 10157: 10148: 10136:from the original on 4 June 2023 10090: 10060: 10030: 9967: 9937: 9907: 9891:. 3 October 2016. Archived from 9877: 9846: 9816: 9793: 9763: 9741:"Pope Francis and the Dirty War" 9732: 9686:from the original on 14 May 2016 9667: 9633: 9599: 9565: 9535: 9504: 9480:Krickl, Tony (3 February 2007). 9473: 9423: 9392: 9358: 9349: 9313: 9283: 9270: 9240: 9215: 9199: 9148: 9106: 9076: 9046: 9021: 9012: 8982: 8969: 8928: 8901: 8892: 8861: 8831: 8801: 8792: 8739: 8701: 8663: 8618:Saeger, James Schofield (1972). 8611: 8589:"Imagining Guarinis and Jesuits" 8580: 8524: 8487: 8451:Hebblethwaite, Margaret (2010). 8398: 8361: 8175:from the original on 8 June 2019 7235:from the original on 28 May 2022 7170:Centre Culturel Nguyen-Truong-To 7036:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 9–10. 6298: 6163: 5971:second highest number of schools 5937: 5919: 5903: 5887: 5871: 5848: 5832: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5757: 5745: 5730: 5715: 5699: 5674: 5650: 4984:because of his knowledge of the 4821:(heresy) § The American response 4605: 4535: 4089:greeted thousands of Jesuits on 3785:movement and the declaration of 3671:by 1767 was deeply troubling to 3444:, its temporary conquest by the 2982: 2840:Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo 2755:and Quito's most ornate church. 2739:Chiesa di Sant'Ignazio di Loyola 2653:missions to the Native Americans 2640: 2546:and the Jesuits returned to the 2473:Jesuit missions in North America 1901:in the 16th century, due to the 1494: 1424:In addition to the teachings of 1295: 695: 626: 62: 17185:Magistral Delegation of Russia 16218:Third Council of Constantinople 16142:First Council of Constantinople 15602:Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres 15339:Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus 15186:Oblates of St. Francis de Sales 14991:Congregatio Discipulorum Domini 14840:Institute of the Incarnate Word 14557:Pontifical Gregorian University 13572:The American Jesuits: A History 12979:. London: Secker & Warburg. 12909:from the original on 6 May 2017 12756:. University of Toronto Press. 12577:The Jesuits and the Third Reich 12549:Jesuit and Savage in New France 11638:The Jesuits and the Third Reich 11599:De Coster, Father Jean-Baptiste 10247:nineteensixty-four.blogspot.com 9708:Gibson, David (12 March 2014). 8819:from the original on 8 May 2021 8368:Taylor, Anne Christine (1999). 8300: 8275: 8187: 8156: 8138: 8072: 7937: 7928: 7919: 7910: 7901: 7892: 7883: 7874: 7865: 7856: 7847: 7838: 7829: 7820: 7811: 7785: 7747: 7709: 7655: 7616: 7584: 7546: 7519: 7490: 7415: 7376: 7277: 7247: 7217: 7172:(in Vietnamese). Archived from 7157: 7132: 7102: 7076: 7025: 6909: 6884: 6677: 6612: 6586: 6556: 6420:from the original on 3 May 2022 6039: 5952: 5880:St. Joseph's Preparatory School 4115:Pontifical Gregorian University 4010:Pontifical Gregorian University 3272:La Santisima Trinidad de Parana 3112:De instauranda Aethiopum salute 2993:needs additional citations for 2655:in the early 17th century, its 2544:Treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye 2160:Chinese veneration of ancestors 1897:Whereas Jesuits were active in 1799:. This included: Japanese (see 1306:needs additional citations for 17287:Apostolic Vicariate of Siberia 16457:Dissolution of the monasteries 15723:History of the Catholic Church 15262:Adorers of the Blood of Christ 15239:Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer 13785: 13564:(1994), covers 1900 to 1960s; 12698:Pascal: Adversary and Advocate 12575:Lapomarda, Vincent A. (2005). 12328:Curran, Robert Emmett (1993). 11888:onlineministries.creighton.edu 10774:Histoire du Parlement de Paris 10741:Histoire du Parlement de Paris 9800:Bole, William (5 March 2018). 9321:"Chronology of Jesuit History" 8471:The Guarani and their Missions 7567:, New York: Encyclopedia Press 7032:Mullins, Mark R., ed. (2003). 6564:"The Jesuits: 'God's marines'" 6522: 6484: 6458: 6432: 6395: 6375: 6313:desires, any Jewish or Muslim 6278: 5945:Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon 5582:). His writings, particularly 5249:acted as intermediary between 4992:, his family, and most of the 4853:Christian anarchism § Catholic 4756:Disputationes de Controversiis 3938:military on the campus of the 3761:Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum 3567:Jesuit in 18th century, Brazil 3420:chronicled the history of the 3340: 2701:Church of the Society of Jesus 2628:Legislative Assembly of Quebec 2520:Jesuit Relations of New France 2187:and superstition in 1704; his 2158:and many Jesuit converts that 1810:Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam 1470:Jesuit priests often acted as 1271: 1218:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1081:, had rendered any journey to 13: 1: 17351:1540 establishments in Europe 16331:Fourth Council of the Lateran 16306:Second Council of the Lateran 15915:Apostles in the New Testament 15354:Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters 14962:Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy 14727:Catholic religious institutes 14606:Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm 14571:Pontifical Oriental Institute 14564:Pontifical Biblical Institute 13966:Regimini militantis Ecclesiae 13518:(2014) 75#4 pp. 729–745. 13491:Institute of European History 13480:EGO – European History Online 13411:. p. 637. Archived from 12602:Mahoney, Kathleen A. (2003). 11288:Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire 9511:Lehigh, Scot (19 June 2002). 9248:"Dominus ac Redemptor Noster" 8469:Sarreal, Julia J. S. (2014). 8382:10.1017/CHOL9780521630764.005 7623:Morrissey, Thomas J. (2004). 6328: 5989:and other prominent Jesuits. 5321: 4772:Episcopal Conference document 4691:Sovereign immunity § Holy See 4658:Catholic Church and the State 4509:The traditional Jesuit-style 4332: 3940:University of Central America 3589:The first Jesuits, guided by 3436:. Meanwhile, another Jesuit, 2810:Museo Nacional del Virreinato 2394:Anglican Archbishop of Dublin 2030: 1913:was opened in Rome (1579), a 1661:"). Two Jesuit missionaries, 1166: 1096:Regimini militantis ecclesiae 1075:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 998:. They called themselves the 875: 16445:Catholic Counter-Reformation 16311:Third Council of the Lateran 16301:First Council of the Lateran 15757:Catholic ecumenical councils 15513:Sisters of the Good Shepherd 15470:Religious of the Virgin Mary 15441:Order of Our Lady of Charity 15425:Oblate Sisters of Providence 15322:Faithful Companions of Jesus 15103:Society of Mary (Marianists) 14918:Coat of arms of Vatican City 14196:Roque González de Santa Cruz 13671:Resources in other libraries 13596: 13588:Donnelly, John Patrick, ed. 13500:, retrieved: 25 March 2021 ( 12360:The Jesuit Martyrs of Canada 12281:Carpenter, Roger M. (2004). 12253:Campbell, Thomas J. (1921). 11659:"Hiatt Holocaust Collection" 8975:Garcia, Ricardo P. (1964). " 8672:The Oxford History of Mexico 8419:10.5771/0257-9774-2008-2-507 8281:Carlos María de Bustamante, 7779:UK public library membership 7741:UK public library membership 7649:UK public library membership 6333: 6220:Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos 6134:and the related publication 5624:traditions of spirituality. 5524:wrote a major work on early 4477:27 colleges and universities 4256: 4055:Woodstock Theological Center 3976:president and Jesuit priest 3824:, Paragraph 2, known as the 3808:modifying the constitution. 3471:alongside the Jesuit priest 2749:Spanish Baroque architecture 2647:Jesuits in the United States 2280:This early Limerick school, 2123:works popularized the name " 1361:throughout Catholic Europe. 1077:, Venice, the Pope, and the 930:origin, all students at the 290:For the Greater Glory of God 7: 17181:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 15576:Sisters of the Sacred Heart 15430:Oblates of Jesus the Priest 15379:Living the Gospel Community 13907: 13341:(2014) 1#1, pp. 47–65. 12702:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 10276:Raper, Mark (23 May 2012). 9374:The New York Times Magazine 9028:Daniel Ligou, ed. (2000) . 8052:Delaney & Nicholls 1989 8025:Delaney & Nicholls 1989 8001:Delaney & Nicholls 1989 6916:Ignatius of Loyola (1970). 6843:. Oxford University Press. 6570:. New York. 23 March 2013. 6156: 5860:University of San Francisco 5740:, "The Palace of Education" 5155:persecution in Nazi Germany 4906:abortion or euthanasia laws 4749:Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560 4525:(cape) completed the look. 4285:The society is headed by a 4071:in 2014 and again in 2016. 3644:Suppression and restoration 3242: 3050:The Jesuits arrived in the 3046:(1590) text on the Americas 2968:Antonio López de Santa Anna 2931:missions in Baja California 2325:In the spirit of Ignatius' 2230:The first Jesuit school in 1801: 926:, and six others mostly of 10: 17382: 15791:History of the Roman Curia 15374:Little Sisters of the Poor 15279:Basilian Chouerite Sisters 15233:Servants of Jesus and Mary 15180:Oblates of the Virgin Mary 15174:Oblates of Mary Immaculate 15145:Missionaries of La Salette 15115:Society of the Divine Word 15097:Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 14985:Christian Brothers (Irish) 14642:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre 14509:List of Jesuit theologians 14474:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 13865:Journal of Jesuit Studies. 13810:"The Jesuit Curia in Rome" 13465:Schmiedl, Joachim (2011). 13104: 13003:Vacalebre, Natale (2016). 12922:Sacks, Richard S. (1990). 12790:Painter, F. V. N. (1903). 12721:O'Malley, John W. (1993). 12694:Nelson, Robert J. (1981). 12556:Konrad, Herman W. (1980). 12116: 10310:National Catholic Register 10215:(1/2). p. 104, table A-7. 10132:. Jesuits. 23 March 2022. 9714:National Catholic Reporter 9297:(in French). 20 May 1973. 9054:"Ateneo de Iloilo Website" 8868:Mission, Jesuit Bukidnon. 6414:Cambridge University Press 6357:www.catholic-hierarchy.org 6205:Jesuit conspiracy theories 6018:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 5987:named after Francis Xavier 5961: 5708:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre 5641: 5638:Gallery of Jesuit churches 5538:Francisco Javier Clavijero 5505:, founders of the city of 5473:List of Jesuit theologians 5470: 5464: 5325: 5274: 5153:The Catholic Church faced 5146: 4586:infamously sold 272 slaves 4540: 4437:National Catholic Register 4260: 4220: 4060:National Catholic Reporter 3647: 3613:by managing to pacify the 3576:Governor General of Brazil 3410:Universidad de San Ignacio 3246: 3147:Viceroyalty of New Granada 3082:Indigenous peoples of Peru 3076:(Mexico). Viceroy of Peru 2947:Carlos María de Bustamante 2935:Francisco Javier Clavijero 2694: 2644: 2599:After the collapse of the 2470: 2223: 2219: 1971: 1892: 1620:Portuguese royal patronage 1227:Ignatius wrote the Jesuit 944:Saint Pierre de Montmartre 870: 29: 17302: 17229: 17222:(Apostolic Administrator) 17198: 17179: 17132: 17114: 17071: 17055: 17039: 17028: 16999: 16993:Catholic Church in Russia 16959: 16912: 16812: 16678: 16605: 16540: 16527:European wars of religion 16424: 16359: 16261: 16183: 16074: 15997: 15857: 15846: 15838:Eastern Catholic Churches 15713: 15639: 15613:Sisters of Social Service 15524:Sisters of the Holy Cross 15274:Basilian Aleppian Sisters 15254: 15109:Society of Mary (Marists) 14925: 14911: 14733: 14658: 14615: 14518: 14428: 14408: 14017: 14006: 13915: 13714:Catholic Church documents 13666:Resources in your library 13474:24 September 2021 at the 13402:Parkman, Francis (1867). 13391:(2004), pp. 223–236. 13339:Journal of Jesuit Studies 13218:The Origin of the Jesuits 12931:Paraguay: A Country Study 12885:Reites, James W. (1981). 12771:Padberg, John W. (1994). 12640:Mecham, J. Lloyd (1966). 12131:edited by Carl Masthay". 10972:"Words and Contraception" 10643:10.1163/22141332-0801P001 10630:Journal of Jesuit Studies 10626:"The Jesuits and Slavery" 10599:Journal of Jesuit Studies 9824:"General Congregation 36" 9295:Chancellerie fédérale ChF 8998:. Abc-Clio. p. 477. 8870:"Jesuit Bukidnon Mission" 8764:10.1163/22141332-09020003 8752:Journal of Jesuit Studies 8670:Guedea, Virginia (2000). 8637:10.1215/00182168-52.2.215 8587:Wilde, Guillermo (2015). 8285:. 4 vols. Mexico 1836–38. 8169:The Canadian Encyclopedia 7500:Stochastikon Encyclopedia 7302:10.1163/26669323-02601003 6645:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6625:Michael Servetus Research 6388:Dictionary.com Unabridged 6265:Thomas Weld (of Lulworth) 5864:San Francisco, California 5765:Fordham University Church 5694:, interior with gold leaf 5477:List of Jesuit scientists 5328:List of Jesuit scientists 4741:To the Christian Nobility 4281:Governance of the society 3473:Diego Luis de San Vitores 2798:Juan María de Salvatierra 2787: 2707:), known colloquially as 2626:, later succeeded by the 2466: 2152:Chinese Rites controversy 371: 359: 349: 339: 311: 295: 273: 263: 253: 216: 196: 180: 157: 109: 91: 83: 75: 61: 48: 16658:Mary of the Divine Heart 16281:Clash against the empire 16233:Second Council of Nicaea 16127:Old St. Peter's Basilica 15581:Sisters of Saint Francis 15508:Sisters of the Destitute 15390:Marianites of Holy Cross 15385:Lovers of the Holy Cross 15307:Daughters of Divine Love 15157:Missionaries of the Poor 15086:Little Brothers of Jesus 14997:Immaculate Heart of Mary 14887:Society of the Atonement 14399:Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo 13870:4 September 2021 at the 13496:19 February 2016 at the 12840:. Discovery Enterprises. 12801:The Tragedy of Old Huron 12750:Bailey, Gauvin Alexander 12210:Bailey, Gauvin Alexander 12188:Bailey, Gauvin Alexander 11107:"Catholic Women Deacons" 11076:"Pope, Condoms and AIDS" 10008:"Father General's House" 9173:10.1177/0021934718778718 9161:Journal of Black Studies 8535:The Age of Reason Begins 8494:Ganson, Barbara (2003). 8306:Diego Luis de Motezuma, 7284:Elman, Benjamin (2007). 7164:Jacques, Roland (2004). 7139:Jacques, Roland (2002). 7068:Dussel, Enrique (1981). 6938:Carried and directed by 6534:Weekend Edition Saturday 6271: 5958:Educational institutions 5947:, London, United Kingdom 5738:Colegio de Belén, Havana 5481:Notable Jesuits include 5149:Jesuits and Nazi Germany 4890:Catholic social teaching 4785:Historical controversies 4668:Politics of Vatican City 4440:, there seems to be no " 3983:Catholic sex abuse cases 3125:was the first Jesuit of 3066:(1540–1600), whose book 2974:Northern Spanish America 2844:Colegio de San Ildefonso 2838:("colleges"), including 2713:, is a Jesuit church in 2306:and the priority of the 2146:Upon the arrival of the 2047:, where they settled on 1974:Jesuit missions in China 1967: 1903:persecution of Catholics 1659:Catholic Church in Tibet 1644:expulsion of the Jesuits 1353:(1545–1563) and ensuing 1071:Italian War of 1536–1538 117:Saint Ignatius of Loyola 49: 16924:Vatican City portal 16276:Investiture Controversy 16132:First Council of Nicaea 15586:Sisters of Saint Joseph 15369:Little Sisters of Jesus 15121:Society of Saint Edmund 14852:Missionaries of Charity 14140:Claude de la Colombière 13778:2 December 2010 at the 13737:21 October 2012 at the 13507:17 January 2022 at the 13485:8 February 2013 at the 13373:McCoog, Thomas M., ed. 13358:Lapomarda, Vincent A., 13317:23 January 2022 at the 13278:Comerford, Kathleen M. 13204:Brockey, Liam Matthew. 13173:Worcester, Thomas. ed. 12984:Udías, Agustín (2003). 12868:Pollen, John Hungerford 12799:Paquin, Julien (1932). 12547:Kennedy, J. H. (1950). 12398:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 11623:8 December 2015 at the 11555:4 December 2022 at the 11550:Braun Roger (1910–1981) 9889:General Congregation 36 8874:Jesuit Bukidnon Mission 7592:"From Limerick City.ie" 6309:as preventing, despite 5858:, parish church of the 5558:Antonio Ruiz de Montoya 5298:(1900–1972) of France, 5179:Wlodzimierz Ledóchowski 5008:Casuistic justification 4902:Canon 915 § Politicians 4848:Letitia Dunbar-Harrison 4800:Investiture Controversy 4720:Donation of Constantine 4680:Sovereignty and loyalty 4557:, working thousands of 3898:Under Superior General 3511:Philippine-American War 3223:Between 1637 and 1715, 3078:Don Francisco de Toledo 2768:is the most prominent. 2616:captured by the British 1864:, vicar general of the 1751:Antonio Ruiz de Montoya 1624:St. Paul Jesuit College 1141:Johann Christoph Handke 1112:of Julius III in 1550. 439:Congregatio de Auxiliis 238:41.901361°N 12.460611°E 97:; 483 years ago 17314:Catholicism portal 17250:Diocese of Vladivostok 17240:Archdiocese of Mohilev 17012:Diocese of Novosibirsk 16936:Catholicism portal 16747:Second Vatican Council 16633:Our Lady of La Salette 16440:Protestant Reformation 16427:Protestant Reformation 16346:Second Council of Lyon 15735:Ecclesiastical history 15661:Catholicism portal 15476:Servants of St. Joseph 15039:Discalced Augustinians 15021:Conventual Franciscans 14919: 14756:Augustinian Recollects 14685:Catholicism portal 13948:Ad maiorem Dei gloriam 13924:Protestant Reformation 13725:22 August 2013 at the 13542:Garraghan, Gilbert J. 13394:O'Malley, John W. ed. 13344:Kaiser, Robert Blair. 13285:Dalmases, Cándido de. 13135:Chapple, Christopher. 13122:(2nd ed. 1958) 552 pp. 13114: 12792:A History of Education 12502:Hough, Susan Elizabeth 12443:Gerard, John (1911). " 12356:Devine, E. J. (1925). 11914:"LA CIVILTÀ CATTOLICA" 11636:Vincent A. Lapomarda, 11268:(in French). pp. 10907:"Abortion Absolutists" 10624:Rothman, Adam (2021). 10519:. I.B.Tauris. p. 178. 9276:Hasler, A. B., (1981) 8788:– via brill.com. 8708:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). 7771:10.1093/ref:odnb/69033 7733:10.1093/ref:odnb/10946 7641:10.1093/ref:odnb/29832 7553:Ott, Michael (1913), " 7395:Leuven Chinese Studies 6289: 6225:Jesuit Refugee Service 6180:Ad maiorem Dei gloriam 6128: 6068: 5994:Second Vatican Council 5683:Iglesia de La Compañía 5364: 5304:Jean-Baptiste Janssens 5300:Jean-Baptist De Coster 5206: 5140: 5022: 4289:with the formal title 4207: 4203: 4151: 4144: 4103: 4047:Santa Clara University 4012: 3878: 3874:Second Vatican Council 3818:Constitution of Norway 3759: 3707: 3701: 3684: 3568: 3560: 3515:Treaty of Paris (1898) 3467:, who was martyred in 3413: 3359:Augustinian Recollects 3275: 3220: 3163: 3111: 3098: 3068: 3047: 3042: 2959: 2894: 2859: 2834: 2824: 2812: 2801: 2760: 2743: 2733:Jesuit churches – the 2709: 2704: 2485: 2441:Protestant Reformation 2420:At the Restoration of 2210: 2177: 2077: 2036: 2022: 1999: 1809: 1788: 1713: 1653:The Portuguese Jesuit 1596: 1558: 1486:Expansion of the order 1430: 1359:Protestant Reformation 1288: 1281: 1250:work, and following a 1235:Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam 1233: 1172: 1155: 1148: 1106: 1094: 1057:They were ordained in 1019: 1013: 1006: 1000: 887: 845:Second Vatican Council 815: 759: 678: 633:Catholicism portal 490:Ad maiorem Dei gloriam 285:Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam 283: 95:27 September 1540 54: 17169:Catholic Preseminary 17007:Archdiocese of Moscow 16643:First Vatican Council 16341:First Council of Lyon 16105:Constantine the Great 15801:Christian monasticism 15519:Sisters of Holy Cross 15222:Sacred Heart Brothers 15192:Order of Friars Minor 15080:Legionaries of Christ 14917: 14578:Jesuit China missions 13858:28 April 2016 at the 13797:22 March 2018 at the 13535:Cushner, Nicholas P. 13458:Santich, Jan Joseph. 13271:Bygott, Ursula M. L. 13268:(Cambridge UP, 2015). 13149:Molina, J. Michelle. 13112: 12877:Catholic Encyclopedia 12808:Parker, John (1978). 12482:Höpfl, Harro (2004). 12450:Catholic Encyclopedia 12319:Coyle, Henry (1908). 12125:Adelaar, Willem F. H. 11974:"About America Media" 11426:, pp. 1025–1026. 11204:Catholic News Service 11040:(28 September 1968). 11004:McCormick, Richard A. 10593:Dial, Andrew (2021). 10458:StAloysius.NSW.edu.au 8908:Carlomagno Bacaltos. 8843:The Kahimyang Project 7560:Catholic Encyclopedia 6538:National Public Radio 6319:no matter how distant 6185:Apostleship of Prayer 6047: 5975:tertiary institutions 5611:Gerard Manley Hopkins 5443:Jesuit China missions 5404:reflecting telescopes 5357:Paul Siu (Xu Guangqi) 5335: 5316:Kansas City, Missouri 5275:Further information: 5245:. The German Jesuit 5239:"Frau Solf Tea Party" 5196: 5136: 5122:Religious persecution 5106:, homosexuality, and 5018:formulary controversy 4982:misprision of treason 4656:Relations between the 4649:Two kingdoms doctrine 4627:Catholic Encyclopedia 4582:Georgetown University 4291:Praepositus Generalis 4223:Ignatian spirituality 4217:Ignatian spirituality 4184: 4149: 4130: 4109:, on devotion to the 4076:Peter Hans Kolvenbach 4067:appointed him to the 4049:before being named a 4003: 3735:Stanisław Czerniewicz 3692: 3566: 3551: 3492:Philippine Revolution 3399: 3269: 3212: 3090: 3039: 2818: 2807: 2795: 2480: 2320:Johannes Despauterius 2275:Archdiocese of Armagh 2200:summary and automatic 2072: 2068:scientific revolution 2060:Jesuit China missions 2028: 2005: 1981: 1827:trilingual dictionary 1783:made in Portugal for 1779: 1699: 1592: 1552: 1446:vernacular literature 1279: 1160: 1150: 1138: 883: 805:, and it is led by a 685:), also known as the 17140:St. Thomas Institute 17079:Episcopal Conference 16820:Sexual abuse scandal 16729:Mit brennender Sorge 16572:Age of Enlightenment 16351:Bernard of Clairvaux 16228:Byzantine Iconoclasm 16167:Council of Chalcedon 15947:Council of Jerusalem 15816:Role in civilization 15796:Religious institutes 15728:By country or region 15033:De La Salle Brothers 14822:Discalced Carmelites 14632:Madonna Della Strada 14543:General Congregation 14535:La Civiltà Cattolica 14488:John Courtney Murray 13766:30 June 2017 at the 13689:at Wikimedia Commons 13570:Schroth, Raymond A. 13118:Bangert, William V. 12924:"Historical Setting" 12836:Perrin, Pat (1970). 12145:10.1093/ijl/17.3.325 11918:La Civiltà Cattolica 11497:. Catholic Culture. 11179:on 20 September 2011 10811:Simon & Schuster 10397:. 7 September 2018. 9981:. 19 February 2019. 9523:on 26 September 2018 8714:. ABC-CLIO. p. 7369:, pp. 194–195; 6764:26 July 2022 at the 6408:Cambridge Dictionary 6230:List of Jesuit sites 6117:Australian Catholics 6077:La Civiltà Cattolica 5973:which they run: 168 5644:List of Jesuit sites 5520:In Spanish America, 5495:Doctor of the Church 5312:Rockhurst University 5024:Lettres Provinciales 4998:Houses of Parliament 4883:Laudato si' § Impact 4743:of the German Nation 4686:Papal deposing power 4663:Catholic integralism 4651:in Roman Catholicism 4555:Atlantic slave trade 4463:work, human rights, 4122:General Congregation 4074:On 2 February 2006, 3870:John Courtney Murray 3842:Chair of Saint Peter 3702:Dominus ac Redemptor 3686:Dominus ac Redemptor 3446:Sultanate of Ternate 3422:Kedatuan of Madja-as 3402:Dominus ac Redemptor 3331:Charles III of Spain 3002:improve this article 2864:17th-century Bishop 2819:Mexican-born Jesuit 2445:Cromwellian invasion 2269:At his instigation, 1886:The Jesuit Relations 1771:religious conversion 1632:Alessandro Valignano 1630:, China. Founded by 1557:, painting from 1779 1507:confusing or unclear 1474:to kings during the 1414:Renaissance humanism 1315:improve this article 865:suppressed the order 799:Madonna della Strada 461:General Congregation 355:La Civiltà Cattolica 330:Madonna della Strada 243:41.901361; 12.460611 34:. For the band, see 17356:Counter-Reformation 17245:Diocese of Tiraspol 17040:Exempt jurisdiction 16648:Papal infallibility 16638:Our Lady of Lourdes 16587:Shimabara Rebellion 16431:Counter-Reformation 14875:Servants of Charity 14768:Basilian Chouerites 14357:Alphonsus Rodriguez 14294:Lèon-Ignance Mangin 14245:Francis de Geronimo 14217:Melchior Grodziecki 13931:Counter-Reformation 13516:Theological Studies 13310:1.1 (2019): 1–118. 13192:Specialized studies 13160:18 May 2018 at the 12428:. London: Phoenix. 12127:(2004). "Review of 11829:on 14 February 2021 11697:on 27 December 2017 11604:31 May 2020 at the 11454:, pp. 648–649. 11380:, pp. 266–267. 11344:, pp. 140–141. 11234:www.romereports.com 11080:The Washington Post 10284:on 26 February 2014 9859:www.thetablet.co.uk 9643:(3 November 2006). 9437:. 9 November 1981. 9368:(21 October 1984). 9252:www.reformation.org 9120:. 12 October 2022. 9090:. 12 October 2022. 9088:The Philippine Star 8660:, pp. 107–111. 8358:, pp. 167–169. 8322:, pp. 358–359. 7604:on 20 February 2023 7383:Rule, Paul (2003), 6895:SEXTA PARS – CAP. 1 6689:www.reformation.org 6594:"About Our Jesuits" 6492:"The General Curia" 6255:Igreja de São Roque 6050:Sanctuary of Loyola 6025:Eloquentia Perfecta 6002:Baltimore Catechism 5856:St. Ignatius Church 5355:(1623–88); Bottom: 5112:Luis Ladaria Ferrer 5108:liberation theology 5086:Theological debates 5070:faction led to the 4971:Collège de Clermont 4833:20th century topics 4791:Constantinian shift 4442:Pope Francis effect 4339: 4242:Spiritual Exercises 4035:religious pluralism 3932:Ignacio Martín-Baró 3889:liberation theology 3865:Spiritual Exercises 3787:papal infallibility 3719:Catherine the Great 3442:Kedatuan of Dapitan 3180:Pongo de Manseriche 3143:Viceroyalty of Peru 3107:Cartagena de Indias 3052:Viceroyalty of Peru 2866:Don Juan de Palafox 2821:Francisco Clavijero 2668:provincial superior 2661:Counter Reformation 2494:Samuel de Champlain 2234:was established at 2019:Christian Herdtrich 2015:Prospero Intorcetta 1875:valley, compiled a 1823:Alexandre de Rhodes 1819:Vietnamese alphabet 1708:was, together with 1515:clarify the section 1476:early modern period 1374:Spiritual Exercises 1355:Counter-Reformation 1165:'s court in India, 932:University of Paris 908:Spiritual Exercises 841:Counter-Reformation 803:Blessed Virgin Mary 788:ecumenical dialogue 617:Jesuit philosophers 592:Frederick Copleston 577:Pierre-Jean De Smet 483:Spiritual Exercises 432:Regimini militantis 361:Parent organization 326:Blessed Virgin Mary 234: / 45: 17346:Ignatius of Loyola 17124:Giovanni d'Aniello 17022:Diocese of Irkutsk 17017:Diocese of Saratov 17000:Province of Moscow 16693:Our Lady of Fátima 16482:Ignatius of Loyola 16406:Catherine of Siena 16374:Pope Boniface VIII 16193:Benedict of Nursia 16162:Council of Ephesus 15999:Ante-Nicene period 15952:Split with Judaism 15786:Crusading movement 15487:Sisters of Charity 15068:Holy Ghost Fathers 14939:Albertine Brothers 14920: 14869:Premonstratensians 14762:Basilian Aleppians 14624:Church of the Gesù 14350:John Francis Regis 14343:Bernardino Realino 14238:Ignatius of Loyola 13805:, 18 January 2007) 13707:Catholicism portal 13560:McDonough, Peter. 13368:Edwin Mellen Press 13364:Lewiston, New York 13351:Klaiber, Jeffrey. 13299:Edwards, Francis. 13180:Wright, Jonathan. 13166:O'Malley, John W. 13144:Jesuits: A History 13125:Barthel, Manfred. 13115: 12973:Shirer, William L. 12673:Mungello, David E. 12585:Edwin Mellen Press 12581:Lewiston, New York 12459:Gonzalez, Justo L. 12166:Numbers, Ronald L. 12162:Lindberg, David C. 11646:Edwin Mellen Press 11642:Lewiston, New York 11332:, p. 356–357. 10850:on 26 October 2014 10747:on 5 February 2012 9834:on 31 October 2017 9492:on 5 February 2007 9468:Müller et al. 2000 8916:on 21 October 2014 7507:on 7 February 2020 7176:on 26 October 2017 6307:"Decree de genere" 6171:Catholicism portal 6069: 6066:Ignatius of Loyola 5659:Church of the Gesù 5540:was expelled from 5365: 5353:Ferdinand Verbiest 5243:Friedrich Erxleben 5207: 5000:. Another Jesuit, 4957:Political intrigue 4763:Dignitatis humanae 4584:, from which were 4455:of the Jesuits is 4337: 4320:Jesuit Conferences 4152: 4013: 4008:to the Jesuit-run 3967:Fordham University 3963:John Foster Dulles 3880:Dignitatis humanae 3812:Early 20th century 3767:Tadeusz Brzozowski 3739:Gabriel Lenkiewicz 3727:Kingdom of Prussia 3611:France Antarctique 3569: 3561: 3507:French Revolutions 3414: 3276: 3221: 3155:Cristóbal de Acuña 3103:Alonso de Sandoval 3099: 3048: 2825: 2813: 2802: 2782:Neoclassical style 2486: 2414:Giovanni Rinuccini 2137:Confucian morality 2064:its own revolution 2053:St. Paul's College 2037: 2023: 2000: 1846:indigenous peoples 1839:Jean François Pons 1789: 1714: 1655:António de Andrade 1597: 1559: 1382:spiritual director 1289: 1173: 1149: 1036:Augustine of Hippo 1007:Amigos en El Señor 905:. He composed the 903:Battle of Pamplona 897:nobleman from the 891:Ignatius of Loyola 888: 885:Ignatius of Loyola 837:perinde ac cadaver 821:Church of the Gesù 780:Ignatius of Loyola 612:Jesuit theologians 532:Ignatius of Loyola 134:Nicholas Bobadilla 43: 17328: 17327: 17322: 17321: 16944: 16943: 16904:COVID-19 pandemic 16882:Pope Benedict XVI 16787:Pope John Paul II 16562:Pope Benedict XIV 16548:French Revolution 16532:Thirty Years' War 16522:Robert Bellarmine 16507:John of the Cross 16411:Pope Alexander VI 16396:Council of Vienne 16326:Francis of Assisi 16316:Pope Innocent III 16185:Early Middle Ages 16179: 16178: 16175: 16174: 16117:Arian controversy 16070: 16069: 16018:Apostolic Fathers 15669: 15668: 15396:Maryknoll Sisters 15333:Filippini Sisters 15245:Xaverian Brothers 14904:Trinitarian Order 14693: 14692: 14649:Claudio Acquaviva 14329:Joseph Pignatelli 14266:Stanislaus Kostka 14203:John Soan de Goto 14119:Juan del Castillo 14049:Robert Bellarmine 14042:Edmund Arrowsmith 13685:Media related to 13652:Library resources 13612:978-3-402-12964-7 13380:Martin, A. Lynn. 13292:Caraman, Philip. 13142:Mitchell, David. 13090:978-0-385-50080-7 13064:978-1-59698-328-1 13033:978-1-4773-0683-3 12995:978-1-4020-1189-4 12964:978-0-87220-929-9 12859:978-1-57607-940-9 12821:978-0-89073-050-8 12782:978-1-880810-06-4 12763:978-0-8020-3861-6 12736:978-06-7430-313-3 12725:The First Jesuits 12686:978-3-8050-0348-3 12664:978-1-56072-679-1 12649:Müller, Andreas; 12632:978-90-04-17981-3 12613:978-0-8018-7340-9 12594:978-0-7734-6265-6 12567:978-0-8047-1050-3 12539:978-1-62779-157-1 12517:978-0-691-12807-8 12493:978-0-521-83779-8 12435:978-0-7538-1401-7 12411:978-0-521-12433-1 12389:978-0-671-01320-2 12339:978-0-87840-485-8 12311:978-1-884964-31-2 12292:978-0-87013-728-0 12245:978-0-521-39130-6 12179:978-0-520-05538-4 12034:"Revista Manresa" 11948:www.theway.org.uk 11570:"Chaillet Pierre" 11469:Zenit News Agency 11368:, p. 33, appx. A. 11210:on 5 October 2009 11148:on 11 August 2011 11074:(31 March 2009). 10895:, p. xxviii. 10107:on 1 October 2019 10078:on 1 October 2019 9951:. 28 March 2019. 9575:(22 April 2006). 9486:Claremont Courier 9328:Jesuits in Europe 8990:Spencer C. Tucker 8813:www.zamboanga.com 8725:978-1-57607-770-2 8201:Catholic Sentinel 7777:(Subscription or 7739:(Subscription or 7647:(Subscription or 6940:Divine Providence 6891:Jesuitas (1583). 6858:978-0-19-956741-6 6695:on 2 January 2018 6472:on 3 January 2009 6240:Misiones Province 5927:Jakarta Cathedral 5562:Jesuit reductions 5503:Manuel da Nóbrega 5491:Robert Bellarmine 5318:, United States. 5211:German Resistance 4954: 4953: 4622:Claudio Acquaviva 4563:Antoine Lavalette 4427: 4426: 4209:Evangelii gaudium 4087:Pope Benedict XVI 4080:Pope Benedict XVI 4006:Pope Benedict XVI 3924:Ignacio Ellacuría 3893:Pope John Paul II 3673:Pope Clement XIII 3634:Jesuit reductions 3591:Manuel da Nóbrega 3582:, who instructed 3553:Manuel da Nóbrega 3536:with its various 3400:The papal brief, 3260:San Ignacio Guazú 3034: 3033: 3026: 2857:To support their 2561:near present-day 2451:, and subsequent 2367:James Fitzmaurice 2240:apostolic visitor 2119:to Europe. Their 2105:Chinese knowledge 1931:Oxford University 1873:Mississippi River 1755:Manuel da Nóbrega 1710:Manuel da Nóbrega 1675:Ippolito Desideri 1648:Marquis of Pombal 1547: 1546: 1539: 1410:liberal education 1347: 1346: 1339: 1178:classical studies 1032:Domingo de Guzmán 1028:Francis of Assisi 1001:Compañía de Jesús 968:Nicolás Bobadilla 816:Collegio del Gesù 801:, a title of the 667: 666: 562:Robert Bellarmine 387: 386: 328:(under the title 18:Jesuit missionary 16:(Redirected from 17373: 17341:Society of Jesus 17312: 17311: 17295: 17280: 17268: 17210:(Byzantine Rite) 17186: 17172: 17166: 17165:(St. Petersburg) 17163: 17151: 17148: 17116:Apostolic Nuncio 17034: 16986: 16979: 16972: 16963: 16962: 16948: 16947: 16934: 16933: 16922: 16921: 16920: 16899:Patriarch Kirill 16772:Pope John Paul I 16577:Anti-clericalism 16557:Pope Innocent XI 16477:Society of Jesus 16462:Council of Trent 16416:Age of Discovery 16361:Late Middle Ages 16263:High Middle Ages 16253:East–West Schism 16137:Pope Sylvester I 16083: 16082: 16072: 16071: 15982:General epistles 15977:Pauline epistles 15910:John the Baptist 15893:Great Commission 15855: 15854: 15806:Catholic culture 15696: 15689: 15682: 15673: 15672: 15659: 15658: 15565:Sisters of Mercy 15268:Apostolic Carmel 14720: 14713: 14706: 14697: 14696: 14683: 14682: 14674: 14668: 14667: 14651: 14644: 14635: 14626: 14608: 14601: 14594: 14587: 14580: 14573: 14566: 14559: 14552: 14545: 14538: 14529: 14511: 14504: 14502:Alonso Rodriguez 14497: 14490: 14483: 14476: 14469: 14462: 14455: 14453:Francisco Suárez 14448: 14441: 14421: 14401: 14394: 14387: 14380: 14378:André de Soveral 14373: 14371:Robert Southwell 14366: 14364:José María Rubio 14359: 14352: 14345: 14338: 14336:Stephen Pongracz 14331: 14324: 14317: 14310: 14303: 14296: 14289: 14282: 14280:Gabriel Lalemant 14275: 14268: 14261: 14254: 14247: 14240: 14233: 14226: 14219: 14212: 14205: 14198: 14191: 14189:Aloysius Gonzaga 14184: 14177: 14170: 14163: 14156: 14149: 14142: 14135: 14128: 14121: 14114: 14107: 14100: 14093: 14091:Alexander Briant 14086: 14079: 14072: 14065: 14063:Jacques Berthieu 14058: 14051: 14044: 14037: 14035:Modeste Andlauer 14030: 14028:José de Anchieta 14012: 14001: 13994: 13987: 13978: 13975:Exposcit debitum 13969: 13960: 13951: 13942: 13933: 13926: 13902: 13895: 13888: 13879: 13878: 13845: 13843: 13841: 13825: 13823: 13821: 13745:Jesuit documents 13699:Society of Jesus 13696: 13687:Society of Jesus 13684: 13451:Ross, Andrew C. 13437:Roberts, Ian D. 13430:Pomplun, Trent. 13427: 13425: 13423: 13417: 13410: 13280:Jesuit Libraries 13232: 13094: 13082: 13073:Wright, Jonathan 13068: 13051:Woods, Thomas E. 13046: 13037: 13018: 13014:978-8822-26480-0 12999: 12980: 12968: 12949: 12947: 12945: 12939: 12928: 12918: 12916: 12914: 12881: 12872:Society of Jesus 12863: 12841: 12832: 12830: 12828: 12804: 12795: 12786: 12767: 12747: 12740: 12728: 12717: 12711: 12703: 12701: 12690: 12668: 12645: 12636: 12617: 12598: 12579:(2nd ed.). 12571: 12552: 12543: 12526:Ivereigh, Austen 12521: 12497: 12478: 12466: 12454: 12439: 12415: 12393: 12365: 12363: 12352: 12343: 12324: 12315: 12296: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12249: 12227: 12205: 12183: 12156: 12110: 12109: 12107: 12105: 12086: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12060: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12019: 12008:www.ignatius.com 12000: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11978:America Magazine 11970: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11940: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11910: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11845: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11825:. 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Archived from 10534: 10528: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10490:America Magazine 10480: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10464:on 15 March 2018 10460:. Archived from 10450: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10368:America Magazine 10358: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10328: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10317: 10300: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10238: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10221: 10206: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10181:on 28 March 2016 10170: 10164: 10161: 10155: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10126: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10103:. Archived from 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10074:. Archived from 10064: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10044:. Archived from 10038:"USA Assistancy" 10034: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10014:. Archived from 10004: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9979:America Magazine 9971: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9949:America Magazine 9941: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9911: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9881: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9870: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9830:. Archived from 9820: 9814: 9813: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9705: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9691: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9637: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9549:. Archived from 9539: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9519:. Archived from 9517:The Boston Globe 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9488:. Archived from 9477: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9362: 9356: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9336: 9325: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9287: 9281: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9254:. 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Archived from 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6644: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6600:on 11 April 2013 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6540:. 5 March 2010. 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6349: 6322: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6292: 6282: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6133: 6121:Province Express 5941: 5923: 5907: 5896:province of Rome 5891: 5875: 5852: 5836: 5824: 5812: 5800: 5788: 5776: 5761: 5749: 5734: 5719: 5703: 5678: 5654: 5615:Anthony de Mello 5568:Baltasar Gracián 5499:José de Anchieta 5428:Andromeda nebula 5426:'s surface, the 5201:, member of the 5143:Nazi persecution 5128:Goan Inquisition 5076:Decree de genere 5072:Decree de genere 5027: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4795:Constantinianism 4633: 4632: 4574:African-American 4453:Superior General 4340: 4336: 4287:Superior General 4263:Jesuit formation 4212: 4142: 4108: 3985:, including the 3978:William P. Leahy 3883: 3836:Republican Spain 3830:Henrik Wergeland 3764: 3743:Franciszek Kareu 3713:for a time, and 3705: 3704: 3689: 3595:José de Anchieta 3530:Chinese diaspora 3494:against Spain. 3438:Francisco Combés 3434:Visayan kingdoms 3406:Pope Clement XIV 3166: 3114: 3071: 3045: 3029: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3009: 2986: 2978: 2962: 2900:Mendicant orders 2897: 2862: 2837: 2763: 2746: 2712: 2635:Laval University 2612:Seven Years' War 2586:Christian Island 2563:Midland, Ontario 2553:In 1639, Jesuit 2515:Charles Lalemant 2375:Act of Supremacy 2282:Crescent College 2215: 2182: 2179:Cum Deus Optimus 2171: 2093:Philippe Couplet 2089:Diego de Pantoja 2081:Michele Ruggieri 2066:, to China. The 2035: 2032: 2011:Philippe Couplet 1943:Ralph Corbington 1923:Heythrop College 1812: 1807:, also known as 1806: 1759:José de Anchieta 1706:José de Anchieta 1612:Portuguese India 1542: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1522: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1480:Liturgy of Hours 1435: 1351:Council of Trent 1342: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1299: 1291: 1286: 1238: 1171: 1168: 1111: 1108:Exposcit debitum 1102:Superior General 1099: 1073:renewed between 1022: 1016: 1009: 1003: 960:Alfonso Salmeron 948:Francisco Xavier 861:Pope Clement XIV 819:attached to the 818: 807:superior general 772:pontifical right 754: 750: 745: 744: 741: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 723: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 681:; abbreviation: 671:Society of Jesus 659: 652: 645: 631: 630: 587:Aloysius Gonzaga 582:Augustin Barruel 557:Francisco Suárez 466:Superior General 412: 402:Society of Jesus 389: 388: 383: 380: 378: 298:Superior General 249: 248: 246: 245: 244: 239: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 206:Borgo S. Spirito 190:pontifical right 149:Alfonso Salmeron 105: 103: 98: 66: 46: 44:Society of Jesus 42: 21: 17381: 17380: 17376: 17375: 17374: 17372: 17371: 17370: 17331: 17330: 17329: 17324: 17323: 17318: 17306: 17298: 17289: 17274: 17262: 17225: 17194: 17191:Igor Kovalevsky 17184: 17183: 17175: 17170: 17164: 17157: 17149: 17142: 17128: 17110: 17104:Cyryl Klimowicz 17089:Nicolai Dubinin 17067: 17051: 17035: 17026: 16995: 16990: 16955: 16945: 16940: 16928: 16918: 16916: 16908: 16830:World Youth Day 16808: 16797:World Youth Day 16741:Pacem in terris 16735:Pope John XXIII 16674: 16601: 16592:Edict of Nantes 16550: 16546: 16536: 16502:Teresa of Ávila 16497:Tridentine Mass 16433: 16429: 16420: 16401:Knights Templar 16355: 16257: 16213:Gregorian chant 16171: 16097: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16078: 16066: 15993: 15862: 15850: 15842: 15709: 15707:Catholic Church 15700: 15670: 15665: 15653: 15635: 15559:Sisters of Life 15250: 15204:Pauline Fathers 15127:Marist Brothers 14921: 14909: 14893:TOR Franciscans 14737: 14735: 14729: 14724: 14694: 14689: 14677: 14662: 14654: 14647: 14640: 14629: 14622: 14611: 14604: 14597: 14590: 14583: 14576: 14569: 14562: 14555: 14548: 14541: 14532: 14525: 14514: 14507: 14500: 14495:Joseph Fitzmyer 14493: 14486: 14479: 14472: 14465: 14458: 14451: 14444: 14437: 14424: 14417: 14404: 14397: 14390: 14383: 14376: 14369: 14362: 14355: 14348: 14341: 14334: 14327: 14320: 14313: 14306: 14299: 14292: 14285: 14278: 14273:Jean de Lalande 14271: 14264: 14257: 14250: 14243: 14236: 14229: 14224:Alberto Hurtado 14222: 14215: 14208: 14201: 14194: 14187: 14182:Charles Garnier 14180: 14173: 14166: 14159: 14152: 14145: 14138: 14131: 14124: 14117: 14110: 14103: 14096: 14089: 14084:Jean de Brébeuf 14082: 14075: 14068: 14061: 14054: 14047: 14040: 14033: 14026: 14013: 14004: 13999:List of Jesuits 13997: 13990: 13984:Ratio Studiorum 13981: 13972: 13963: 13954: 13945: 13936: 13929: 13922: 13911: 13906: 13872:Wayback Machine 13860:Wayback Machine 13839: 13837: 13828: 13819: 13817: 13808: 13799:Wayback Machine 13788: 13780:Wayback Machine 13768:Wayback Machine 13747: 13739:Wayback Machine 13727:Wayback Machine 13716: 13677: 13676: 13675: 13660: 13659: 13655: 13648: 13599: 13581: 13579:Primary sources 13532: 13509:Wayback Machine 13498:Wayback Machine 13487:Wayback Machine 13476:Wayback Machine 13421: 13419: 13415: 13408: 13323:Healy, Róisin. 13319:Wayback Machine 13255:Brodrick, James 13245:Brodrick, James 13229: 13197:Alden, Dauril. 13194: 13177:(2008), to 1773 13162:Wayback Machine 13139:(1993), 290 pp. 13129:(1984) 347 pp. 13107: 13102: 13100:Further reading 13097: 13091: 13065: 13034: 13015: 12996: 12965: 12943: 12941: 12937: 12926: 12912: 12910: 12860: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12783: 12764: 12745: 12737: 12705: 12704: 12687: 12665: 12633: 12614: 12595: 12568: 12540: 12518: 12494: 12471:Hobson, John M. 12436: 12420:Fraser, Antonia 12412: 12390: 12340: 12312: 12293: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12246: 12224: 12202: 12180: 12119: 12114: 12113: 12103: 12101: 12088: 12087: 12083: 12073: 12071: 12062: 12061: 12057: 12047: 12045: 12032: 12031: 12027: 12017: 12015: 12002: 12001: 11997: 11987: 11985: 11972: 11971: 11967: 11957: 11955: 11942: 11941: 11937: 11927: 11925: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11897: 11895: 11882: 11881: 11877: 11867: 11865: 11846: 11842: 11832: 11830: 11817: 11816: 11812: 11802: 11800: 11787: 11786: 11782: 11778:, pp. 1–2. 11774: 11770: 11762: 11758: 11750: 11746: 11738: 11734: 11726: 11722: 11714: 11710: 11700: 11698: 11694: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11668: 11666: 11657: 11656: 11652: 11635: 11631: 11625:Wayback Machine 11616: 11612: 11606:Wayback Machine 11597: 11593: 11583: 11581: 11568: 11567: 11563: 11557:Wayback Machine 11548: 11544: 11535: 11531: 11518: 11514: 11504: 11502: 11493: 11492: 11488: 11478: 11476: 11463: 11462: 11458: 11450: 11446: 11434: 11430: 11422: 11418: 11409: 11405: 11397: 11393: 11388: 11384: 11376: 11372: 11364: 11360: 11352: 11348: 11340: 11336: 11328: 11324: 11316: 11312: 11304: 11300: 11280: 11276: 11257: 11253: 11243: 11241: 11228: 11227: 11223: 11213: 11211: 11196: 11192: 11182: 11180: 11165: 11161: 11151: 11149: 11134: 11130: 11120: 11118: 11117:on 28 July 2011 11103: 11099: 11089: 11087: 11086:on 3 April 2009 11069: 11065: 11055: 11053: 11035: 11031: 11021: 11019: 11018:on 15 July 2011 11001: 10997: 10987: 10985: 10984:on 12 June 2011 10968: 10964: 10954: 10952: 10951:on 12 June 2011 10939:(30 May 2005). 10937:O'Brien, Dennis 10934: 10930: 10920: 10918: 10903: 10899: 10891: 10887: 10879: 10875: 10867: 10863: 10853: 10851: 10828: 10824: 10808: 10804: 10796: 10792: 10784: 10780: 10768: 10764: 10750: 10748: 10730: 10726: 10718: 10714: 10704: 10702: 10675: 10671: 10661: 10659: 10622: 10618: 10608: 10606: 10591: 10587: 10577: 10575: 10566: 10565: 10561: 10551: 10549: 10548:on 21 June 2021 10536: 10535: 10531: 10514: 10510: 10500: 10498: 10481: 10477: 10467: 10465: 10452: 10451: 10447: 10437: 10435: 10418: 10414: 10404: 10402: 10393: 10392: 10388: 10378: 10376: 10359: 10355: 10345: 10343: 10330: 10329: 10325: 10315: 10313: 10301: 10297: 10287: 10285: 10274: 10270: 10260: 10258: 10239: 10235: 10225: 10223: 10219: 10204: 10198: 10194: 10184: 10182: 10171: 10167: 10162: 10158: 10153: 10149: 10139: 10137: 10128: 10127: 10120: 10110: 10108: 10096: 10095: 10091: 10081: 10079: 10066: 10065: 10061: 10051: 10049: 10036: 10035: 10031: 10021: 10019: 10006: 10005: 9998: 9988: 9986: 9973: 9972: 9968: 9958: 9956: 9943: 9942: 9938: 9928: 9926: 9925:on 30 June 2017 9913: 9912: 9908: 9898: 9896: 9895:on 10 July 2017 9883: 9882: 9878: 9868: 9866: 9851: 9847: 9837: 9835: 9822: 9821: 9817: 9798: 9794: 9784: 9782: 9781:on 30 June 2017 9769: 9768: 9764: 9754: 9752: 9737: 9733: 9723: 9721: 9706: 9699: 9689: 9687: 9672: 9668: 9658: 9656: 9638: 9634: 9624: 9622: 9609:(15 May 2006). 9604: 9600: 9590: 9588: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9554: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9526: 9524: 9509: 9505: 9495: 9493: 9478: 9474: 9466: 9462: 9452: 9450: 9429: 9428: 9424: 9414: 9412: 9397: 9393: 9383: 9381: 9363: 9359: 9354: 9350: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9314: 9304: 9302: 9289: 9288: 9284: 9275: 9271: 9261: 9259: 9258:on 3 March 2016 9246: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9220: 9216: 9204: 9200: 9190: 9188: 9153: 9149: 9141: 9137: 9127: 9125: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9097: 9095: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9067: 9065: 9052: 9051: 9047: 9040: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9013: 9006: 8987: 8983: 8974: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8942: 8938:(12 May 2020). 8936:Escalante, Rene 8933: 8929: 8919: 8917: 8906: 8902: 8897: 8893: 8883: 8881: 8866: 8862: 8852: 8850: 8837: 8836: 8832: 8822: 8820: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8781: 8744: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8706: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8682: 8668: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8642: 8640: 8616: 8612: 8602: 8600: 8585: 8581: 8577:, pp. 6–7. 8573: 8569: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8529: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8467: 8460: 8449: 8442: 8403: 8399: 8392: 8366: 8362: 8354: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8330: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8305: 8301: 8293: 8289: 8280: 8276: 8270:Van Handel 1991 8268: 8264: 8256: 8252: 8244: 8240: 8232: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8192: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8161: 8157: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8119: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8058: 8050: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8023: 8019: 8011: 8007: 7999: 7995: 7987: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7897: 7893: 7888: 7884: 7879: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7738: 7715: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7698: 7693: 7684: 7674: 7672: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7646: 7621: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7464: 7457: 7451: 7444: 7442: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7381: 7377: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7236: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7179: 7177: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7137: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7066: 7059: 7044: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6992: 6990: 6989:on 10 July 2016 6977: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6934: 6914: 6910: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6835: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6766:Wayback Machine 6757: 6750: 6742: 6735: 6727: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6628: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6519:, p. xxxv. 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6351: 6350: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6169: 6162: 6159: 6140:Jesuitenmission 6130:Geist und Leben 6042: 6033: 6012:to people like 5966: 5960: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5933: 5924: 5915: 5908: 5899: 5892: 5883: 5876: 5867: 5853: 5844: 5837: 5828: 5825: 5816: 5813: 5804: 5801: 5792: 5789: 5780: 5777: 5768: 5762: 5753: 5750: 5741: 5735: 5726: 5720: 5711: 5710:, Paris, France 5704: 5695: 5679: 5670: 5669:of the Jesuits. 5655: 5646: 5640: 5511:Jean de Brébeuf 5479: 5469: 5467:List of Jesuits 5463: 5461:Notable members 5392:pendulum clocks 5384:Jonathan Wright 5330: 5324: 5296:Pierre Chaillet 5279: 5273: 5151: 5145: 5124: 5088: 5058: 5010: 5002:Oswald Tesimond 4959: 4950: 4921: 4920: 4905: 4903: 4896: 4884: 4868: 4860: 4859: 4855:Worker Movement 4854: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4786: 4778: 4777: 4771: 4742: 4714: 4706: 4705: 4681: 4673: 4672: 4657: 4650: 4644: 4608: 4576:slave labor in 4543: 4538: 4530:clerical collar 4499: 4497:Habit and dress 4481:61 high schools 4431:religious order 4335: 4283: 4265: 4259: 4249:culminate in a 4225: 4219: 4160:Argentine junta 4143: 4137: 4105:Haurietis aquas 4017:Thomas J. Reese 4015:In April 2005, 3913:Vincent O'Keefe 3851: 3849:Post-Vatican II 3814: 3706: 3699: 3652: 3646: 3546: 3544:Colonial Brazil 3534:the Philippines 3465:Pedro Calungsod 3343: 3335:Bourbon Reforms 3319:Comunero Revolt 3304:Jean d'Alembert 3251: 3245: 3235:tribes and the 3172:Mainas missions 3030: 3019: 3013: 3010: 2999: 2987: 2976: 2920:Diocese of Osma 2872:and the Jesuit 2827:The Jesuits in 2790: 2778:Churrigueresque 2737:(1580) and the 2735:Chiesa del Gesù 2697: 2649: 2643: 2555:Jerome Lalemant 2548:Huron territory 2507:Jean de Brébeuf 2483:Jean de Brébeuf 2475: 2469: 2449:Williamite Wars 2400:, Limerick and 2386:Henry Brouncker 2363:Earl of Desmond 2304:Petrine primacy 2228: 2222: 2203:excommunication 2169:Pope Clement XI 2167: 2033: 2009:, published by 1976: 1970: 1915:Jesuit seminary 1911:English College 1895: 1862:Jacques Gravier 1858:Native American 1837:in the West by 1785:Nanbanji Church 1667:Albert Dorville 1543: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1512: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1465:performing arts 1432:Ratio Studiorum 1343: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1312: 1300: 1283:Ratio Studiorum 1274: 1169: 1030:(Franciscans); 988:Simão Rodrigues 878: 873: 776:Catholic Church 774:for men in the 768:clerics regular 764:religious order 752: 748: 725: 698: 694: 663: 625: 523:Notable Jesuits 418: 375: 366:Catholic Church 362: 352: 342: 335: 314: 300: 276: 266: 256: 242: 240: 236: 233: 228: 225: 223: 221: 220: 204: 186:clerics regular 176: 153: 144:Simão Rodrigues 101: 99: 96: 71: 57: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17379: 17369: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17326: 17325: 17320: 17319: 17317: 17316: 17303: 17300: 17299: 17297: 17296: 17284: 17281: 17269: 17257: 17254: 17253: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17233: 17231: 17227: 17226: 17224: 17223: 17220:Mikael Bassalé 17211: 17202: 17200: 17196: 17195: 17189: 17187: 17177: 17176: 17174: 17173: 17167: 17152: 17136: 17134: 17130: 17129: 17127: 17126: 17120: 17118: 17112: 17111: 17109: 17108: 17107: 17106: 17101: 17099:Clemens Pickel 17096: 17091: 17086: 17075: 17073: 17069: 17068: 17066: 17065: 17059: 17057: 17053: 17052: 17050: 17049: 17043: 17041: 17037: 17036: 17029: 17027: 17025: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17003: 17001: 16997: 16996: 16989: 16988: 16981: 16974: 16966: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16953:Jesuit Bishops 16942: 16941: 16939: 16938: 16926: 16913: 16910: 16909: 16907: 16906: 16901: 16896: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16878: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16827: 16822: 16816: 16814: 16810: 16809: 16807: 16806: 16805: 16804: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16737: 16732: 16725: 16720: 16718:Lateran Treaty 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16684: 16682: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16672: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16609: 16607: 16603: 16602: 16600: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16553: 16551: 16543:Baroque period 16541: 16538: 16537: 16535: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16512:Peter Canisius 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16487:Francis Xavier 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16451:Exsurge Domine 16447: 16442: 16436: 16434: 16425: 16422: 16421: 16419: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16391:Pope Clement V 16388: 16387: 16386: 16384:Avignon Papacy 16379:Western Schism 16376: 16371: 16369:Thomas Aquinas 16365: 16363: 16357: 16356: 16354: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16267: 16265: 16259: 16258: 16256: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16223:Saint Boniface 16220: 16215: 16210: 16208:Pope Gregory I 16205: 16200: 16195: 16189: 16187: 16181: 16180: 16177: 16176: 16173: 16172: 16170: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16147:Biblical canon 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16113: 16112: 16101: 16099: 16080: 16076:Late antiquity 16068: 16067: 16065: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16043: 16042: 16037: 16036: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16023:Pope Clement I 16013:Church Fathers 16010: 16004: 16002: 15995: 15994: 15992: 15991: 15990: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15938: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15896: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15869: 15867: 15852: 15844: 15843: 15841: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15819: 15818: 15813: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15782: 15781: 15776: 15774:Biblical canon 15769:Catholic Bible 15766: 15765: 15764: 15754: 15753: 15752: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15731: 15730: 15719: 15717: 15711: 15710: 15699: 15698: 15691: 15684: 15676: 15667: 15666: 15664: 15663: 15651: 15649:Catholic laity 15640: 15637: 15636: 15634: 15633: 15628: 15622: 15616: 15610: 15605: 15599: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15562: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15473: 15467: 15461: 15455: 15449: 15444: 15438: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15416: 15411: 15405: 15399: 15393: 15387: 15382: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15349:Hijas de Jesús 15346: 15341: 15336: 15330: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15298: 15292: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15265: 15258: 15256: 15252: 15251: 15249: 15248: 15242: 15236: 15230: 15224: 15219: 15213: 15207: 15201: 15195: 15189: 15183: 15177: 15171: 15166: 15160: 15154: 15148: 15142: 15136: 15130: 15124: 15118: 15112: 15106: 15100: 15094: 15088: 15083: 15077: 15071: 15065: 15059: 15054: 15048: 15042: 15036: 15030: 15024: 15018: 15012: 15006: 15000: 14994: 14988: 14982: 14976: 14971: 14965: 14959: 14953: 14947: 14941: 14936: 14933:Adorno Fathers 14929: 14927: 14923: 14922: 14912: 14910: 14908: 14907: 14901: 14895: 14890: 14884: 14878: 14872: 14866: 14861: 14855: 14849: 14843: 14837: 14831: 14825: 14819: 14813: 14807: 14801: 14795: 14789: 14783: 14777: 14771: 14765: 14759: 14753: 14750:Assumptionists 14747: 14741: 14739: 14731: 14730: 14723: 14722: 14715: 14708: 14700: 14691: 14690: 14688: 14687: 14675: 14659: 14656: 14655: 14653: 14652: 14645: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14619: 14617: 14613: 14612: 14610: 14609: 14602: 14595: 14588: 14581: 14574: 14567: 14560: 14553: 14546: 14539: 14530: 14522: 14520: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14512: 14505: 14498: 14491: 14484: 14481:Henri de Lubac 14477: 14470: 14463: 14456: 14449: 14446:Luis de Molina 14442: 14434: 14432: 14426: 14425: 14423: 14422: 14414: 14412: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14402: 14395: 14392:Francis Xavier 14388: 14381: 14374: 14367: 14360: 14353: 14346: 14339: 14332: 14325: 14318: 14311: 14304: 14297: 14290: 14283: 14276: 14269: 14262: 14255: 14248: 14241: 14234: 14227: 14220: 14213: 14206: 14199: 14192: 14185: 14178: 14171: 14164: 14157: 14150: 14147:Antoine Daniel 14143: 14136: 14129: 14122: 14115: 14112:Peter Canisius 14108: 14105:Edmund Campion 14101: 14098:John de Britto 14094: 14087: 14080: 14077:Francis Borgia 14073: 14066: 14059: 14056:John Berchmans 14052: 14045: 14038: 14031: 14023: 14021: 14015: 14014: 14007: 14005: 14003: 14002: 13995: 13988: 13979: 13970: 13961: 13952: 13943: 13934: 13927: 13919: 13917: 13913: 13912: 13905: 13904: 13897: 13890: 13882: 13876: 13875: 13862: 13846: 13826: 13806: 13787: 13784: 13783: 13782: 13770: 13758: 13753: 13746: 13743: 13742: 13741: 13729: 13715: 13712: 13711: 13710: 13690: 13674: 13673: 13668: 13662: 13661: 13650: 13649: 13647: 13646:External links 13644: 13643: 13642: 13636: 13630: 13624: 13618: 13602:Klaus Schatz. 13598: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13586: 13580: 13577: 13576: 13575: 13568: 13558: 13540: 13539:(2002) 402 pp. 13531: 13528: 13527: 13526: 13525:(Brill, 2015). 13521:Zhang, Qiong. 13519: 13512: 13463: 13456: 13449: 13442: 13435: 13428: 13399: 13392: 13385: 13378: 13371: 13356: 13349: 13342: 13335: 13330:Höpfl, Harro. 13328: 13321: 13304: 13297: 13290: 13283: 13276: 13269: 13262: 13252: 13242: 13227: 13213:Brodrick James 13209: 13202: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13184:(2004) 368 pp 13178: 13171: 13170:(2014), 138 pp 13164: 13147: 13146:(1981) 320 pp. 13140: 13133: 13123: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13095: 13089: 13069: 13063: 13047: 13038: 13032: 13019: 13013: 13000: 12994: 12981: 12969: 12963: 12950: 12919: 12882: 12864: 12858: 12842: 12833: 12820: 12805: 12796: 12787: 12781: 12768: 12762: 12741: 12735: 12718: 12691: 12685: 12675:, ed. (1994). 12669: 12663: 12646: 12637: 12631: 12618: 12612: 12599: 12593: 12572: 12566: 12553: 12544: 12538: 12522: 12516: 12498: 12492: 12479: 12467: 12455: 12445:Monita Secreta 12440: 12434: 12416: 12410: 12394: 12388: 12366: 12353: 12344: 12338: 12325: 12316: 12310: 12297: 12291: 12278: 12266:978-0878210183 12265: 12250: 12244: 12232:Brading, D. A. 12228: 12222: 12206: 12200: 12184: 12178: 12157: 12139:(3): 325–327. 12120: 12118: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12081: 12055: 12038:manresarev.com 12025: 11995: 11965: 11935: 11905: 11875: 11840: 11810: 11799:on 3 July 2017 11793:tertianship.eu 11780: 11768: 11766:, p. 101. 11756: 11754:, p. 212. 11744: 11742:, p. 200. 11732: 11730:, p. 154. 11720: 11708: 11676: 11665:on 28 May 2010 11650: 11629: 11610: 11591: 11576:. Yad Vashem. 11561: 11542: 11529: 11512: 11486: 11456: 11444: 11436:Peter Hoffmann 11428: 11416: 11403: 11399:Lapomarda 2005 11391: 11382: 11378:Lapomarda 2005 11370: 11366:Lapomarda 2005 11358: 11354:Lapomarda 2005 11346: 11342:Lapomarda 2005 11334: 11322: 11320:, p. 356. 11310: 11308:, p. 357. 11298: 11274: 11251: 11221: 11190: 11159: 11128: 11097: 11063: 11052:on 11 May 2011 11029: 10995: 10962: 10928: 10917:on 3 July 2011 10897: 10885: 10883:, p. 204. 10873: 10861: 10822: 10802: 10800:, p. 190. 10790: 10788:, p. 448. 10778: 10762: 10724: 10712: 10669: 10616: 10585: 10559: 10529: 10508: 10475: 10445: 10412: 10386: 10353: 10323: 10295: 10268: 10233: 10192: 10165: 10156: 10147: 10118: 10089: 10059: 10048:on 16 May 2008 10029: 10018:on 19 May 2017 10012:www.sjweb.info 9996: 9966: 9936: 9906: 9876: 9853:Curti, Elena. 9845: 9815: 9792: 9762: 9745:The New Yorker 9731: 9697: 9666: 9632: 9598: 9564: 9553:on 2 June 2017 9534: 9503: 9472: 9460: 9422: 9391: 9366:Novak, Michael 9357: 9348: 9312: 9282: 9269: 9239: 9232: 9214: 9198: 9167:(7): 672–693. 9147: 9135: 9105: 9075: 9058:www.adi.edu.ph 9045: 9038: 9020: 9011: 9005:978-1851099528 9004: 8981: 8968: 8927: 8900: 8891: 8860: 8830: 8800: 8791: 8758:(2): 207–228. 8738: 8724: 8700: 8698:, p. 115. 8688: 8680: 8662: 8650: 8630:(2): 227–229. 8610: 8579: 8567: 8550:978-0671013202 8549: 8523: 8521:, p. 6-7. 8511: 8504: 8486: 8479: 8458: 8440: 8397: 8391:978-0521630757 8390: 8360: 8348: 8336: 8334:, p. 185. 8324: 8312: 8310:. Madrid 1914. 8299: 8287: 8274: 8262: 8260:, p. 250. 8250: 8238: 8236:, p. 242. 8219: 8186: 8155: 8137: 8125: 8113: 8101: 8071: 8056: 8041: 8029: 8017: 8013:Carpenter 2004 8005: 7993: 7981: 7969: 7957: 7945: 7936: 7934:Lenihan p. 671 7927: 7918: 7909: 7900: 7891: 7889:Lenihan p. 667 7882: 7880:Lenihan p. 666 7873: 7864: 7855: 7846: 7837: 7828: 7819: 7810: 7795:. SJArchives. 7784: 7746: 7708: 7696: 7682: 7654: 7615: 7583: 7571: 7545: 7538: 7518: 7489: 7482: 7455: 7414: 7407: 7375: 7359: 7347: 7335: 7276: 7246: 7216: 7204: 7156: 7149: 7131: 7114:www.vatican.va 7101: 7075: 7057: 7042: 7024: 7022:, p. 144. 7012: 7010:, p. 857. 7000: 6970: 6958: 6956:, p. 167. 6946: 6932: 6908: 6883: 6871: 6857: 6820: 6786: 6774: 6770:Boston College 6748: 6746:, p. 426. 6733: 6718: 6716:, p. 166. 6706: 6676: 6674:, p. 142. 6664: 6652: 6611: 6585: 6555: 6521: 6509: 6483: 6457: 6442:. Sjweb.info. 6431: 6394: 6391:(Online). n.d. 6374: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6297: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6158: 6155: 6097:Ignatius Press 6058:Basque Country 6041: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6006:Thomas Aquinas 5981:have over 560 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5943: 5936: 5934: 5925: 5918: 5916: 5912:Église du Gesù 5909: 5902: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5868: 5854: 5847: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5771: 5769: 5763: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5744: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5727: 5721: 5714: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5696: 5680: 5673: 5671: 5656: 5649: 5639: 5636: 5522:José de Acosta 5487:Francis Xavier 5465:Main article: 5462: 5459: 5388:God's Soldiers 5323: 5320: 5283:Martin Gilbert 5272: 5269: 5231:Augustin Rosch 5219:Augustin Rösch 5215:Kreisau Circle 5203:Kreisau Circle 5181:, a Pole. The 5147:Main article: 5144: 5141: 5123: 5120: 5087: 5084: 5057: 5054: 5046:Malachi Martin 5042:Alberto Rivera 5038:Avro Manhattan 5032:). Hence, the 5009: 5006: 4990:James VI and I 4986:Gunpowder Plot 4958: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4867:Current topics 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4814:Ultramontanism 4807: 4802: 4797: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4746: 4737: 4730: 4727:Dictatus papae 4723: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4613:Monita Secreta 4607: 4604: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4498: 4495: 4465:social justice 4425: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4334: 4331: 4282: 4279: 4261:Main article: 4258: 4255: 4221:Main article: 4218: 4215: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4164:Adolfo Nicolás 4135: 4126:Adolfo Nicolás 3974:Boston College 3928:Segundo Montes 3904:social justice 3850: 3847: 3822:Denmark–Norway 3813: 3810: 3783:Ultramontanist 3747:Gabriel Gruber 3697: 3669:Spanish Empire 3648:Main article: 3645: 3642: 3619:Rio de Janeiro 3545: 3542: 3342: 3339: 3247:Main article: 3244: 3241: 3064:José de Acosta 3056:Spanish Empire 3032: 3031: 2990: 2988: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2789: 2786: 2715:Quito, Ecuador 2696: 2693: 2645:Main article: 2642: 2639: 2578:Paul Ragueneau 2468: 2465: 2271:Richard Creagh 2221: 2218: 2196:Kangxi Emperor 2156:Kangxi Emperor 2043:settlement on 1972:Main article: 1969: 1966: 1907:United Kingdom 1894: 1891: 1877:Miami–Illinois 1841:in the 1740s. 1825:with his 1651 1767:Rio de Janeiro 1663:Johann Grueber 1600:Francis Xavier 1594:Francis Xavier 1545: 1544: 1502: 1500: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1421:universities. 1393:Desert Fathers 1345: 1344: 1303: 1301: 1294: 1273: 1270: 1244:clerks regular 1117:Peter Canisius 1079:Ottoman Empire 1063:bishop of Arbe 1040:José de Acosta 1011:into Latin as 877: 874: 872: 869: 856:Christianizing 665: 664: 662: 661: 654: 647: 639: 636: 635: 622: 621: 620: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 572:Edmund Campion 569: 567:Peter Canisius 564: 559: 554: 552:John Berchmans 549: 544: 539: 537:Francis Xavier 534: 526: 525: 519: 518: 517: 516: 508: 507: 503: 502: 501: 500: 493: 486: 476: 475: 471: 470: 469: 468: 463: 455: 454: 450: 449: 448: 447: 442: 435: 425: 424: 420: 419: 417:of the Jesuits 413: 405: 404: 398: 397: 385: 384: 373: 369: 368: 363: 360: 357: 356: 353: 350: 347: 346: 343: 340: 337: 336: 334: 333: 323: 317: 315: 312: 309: 308: 301: 296: 293: 292: 277: 274: 271: 270: 267: 264: 261: 260: 257: 255:Region served 254: 251: 250: 218: 214: 213: 198: 194: 193: 182: 178: 177: 175: 174: 170:formalised in 168: 161: 159: 155: 154: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 125: 123:Francis Xavier 119: 113: 111: 107: 106: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 67: 59: 58: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17378: 17367: 17364: 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15031: 15028: 15025: 15022: 15019: 15016: 15013: 15010: 15007: 15004: 15001: 14998: 14995: 14992: 14989: 14986: 14983: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14969: 14966: 14963: 14960: 14957: 14954: 14951: 14948: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14934: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14924: 14916: 14905: 14902: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14888: 14885: 14882: 14881:Servite Order 14879: 14876: 14873: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14859: 14856: 14853: 14850: 14847: 14844: 14841: 14838: 14835: 14832: 14829: 14826: 14823: 14820: 14817: 14814: 14811: 14808: 14805: 14802: 14799: 14796: 14793: 14790: 14787: 14784: 14781: 14778: 14775: 14772: 14769: 14766: 14763: 14760: 14757: 14754: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14742: 14740: 14732: 14728: 14721: 14716: 14714: 14709: 14707: 14702: 14701: 14698: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14673: 14672: 14661: 14660: 14657: 14650: 14646: 14643: 14639: 14634: 14633: 14628: 14627: 14625: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14614: 14607: 14603: 14600: 14596: 14593: 14589: 14586: 14582: 14579: 14575: 14572: 14568: 14565: 14561: 14558: 14554: 14551: 14547: 14544: 14540: 14537: 14536: 14531: 14528: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14517: 14510: 14506: 14503: 14499: 14496: 14492: 14489: 14485: 14482: 14478: 14475: 14471: 14468: 14464: 14461: 14460:Jean Daniélou 14457: 14454: 14450: 14447: 14443: 14440: 14436: 14435: 14433: 14431: 14427: 14420: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14411: 14407: 14400: 14396: 14393: 14389: 14386: 14385:Henry Walpole 14382: 14379: 14375: 14372: 14368: 14365: 14361: 14358: 14354: 14351: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14337: 14333: 14330: 14326: 14323: 14322:Nicholas Owen 14319: 14316: 14312: 14309: 14305: 14302: 14298: 14295: 14291: 14288: 14284: 14281: 14277: 14274: 14270: 14267: 14263: 14260: 14256: 14253: 14249: 14246: 14242: 14239: 14235: 14232: 14228: 14225: 14221: 14218: 14214: 14211: 14207: 14204: 14200: 14197: 14193: 14190: 14186: 14183: 14179: 14176: 14175:Thomas Garnet 14172: 14169: 14165: 14162: 14158: 14155: 14151: 14148: 14144: 14141: 14137: 14134: 14130: 14127: 14126:Noël Chabanel 14123: 14120: 14116: 14113: 14109: 14106: 14102: 14099: 14095: 14092: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14074: 14071: 14070:Andrew Bobola 14067: 14064: 14060: 14057: 14053: 14050: 14046: 14043: 14039: 14036: 14032: 14029: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14020: 14016: 14011: 14000: 13996: 13993: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13971: 13968: 13967: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13953: 13950: 13949: 13944: 13941: 13940: 13935: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13921: 13920: 13918: 13914: 13910: 13903: 13898: 13896: 13891: 13889: 13884: 13883: 13880: 13873: 13869: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13857: 13854: 13850: 13847: 13835: 13831: 13827: 13815: 13811: 13807: 13804: 13800: 13796: 13793: 13790: 13789: 13781: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13748: 13740: 13736: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13724: 13721: 13718: 13717: 13708: 13704: 13701:" section of 13700: 13695: 13691: 13688: 13683: 13679: 13678: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13641: 13637: 13635: 13631: 13629: 13625: 13623: 13619: 13617: 13616:online review 13613: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13600: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13582: 13573: 13569: 13567: 13563: 13559: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13538: 13534: 13533: 13530:United States 13524: 13520: 13517: 13513: 13510: 13506: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13481: 13477: 13473: 13470: 13469: 13464: 13461: 13457: 13454: 13450: 13447: 13443: 13440: 13436: 13433: 13429: 13418:on 9 May 2012 13414: 13407: 13406: 13400: 13397: 13393: 13390: 13386: 13383: 13379: 13376: 13372: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13354: 13350: 13347: 13343: 13340: 13336: 13333: 13329: 13326: 13322: 13320: 13316: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13302: 13298: 13295: 13291: 13288: 13284: 13282:. BRILL 2023. 13281: 13277: 13274: 13270: 13267: 13263: 13260: 13256: 13253: 13250: 13246: 13243: 13240: 13236: 13230: 13228:9780829409307 13224: 13220: 13219: 13214: 13210: 13207: 13203: 13200: 13196: 13195: 13187: 13183: 13179: 13176: 13172: 13169: 13165: 13163: 13159: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13145: 13141: 13138: 13134: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13121: 13117: 13116: 13111: 13092: 13086: 13081: 13080: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13039: 13035: 13029: 13025: 13020: 13016: 13010: 13006: 13001: 12997: 12991: 12987: 12982: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12960: 12956: 12951: 12936: 12932: 12925: 12920: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12883: 12879: 12878: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12855: 12851: 12847: 12846:Pollard, John 12843: 12839: 12834: 12823: 12817: 12813: 12812: 12806: 12802: 12797: 12793: 12788: 12784: 12778: 12774: 12769: 12765: 12759: 12755: 12751: 12742: 12738: 12732: 12727: 12726: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12700: 12699: 12692: 12688: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12647: 12643: 12638: 12634: 12628: 12624: 12619: 12615: 12609: 12605: 12600: 12596: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12573: 12569: 12563: 12559: 12554: 12550: 12545: 12541: 12535: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12513: 12509: 12508: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12489: 12485: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12437: 12431: 12427: 12426: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12407: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12391: 12385: 12381: 12380: 12375: 12374:Durant, Ariel 12371: 12367: 12362: 12361: 12354: 12350: 12345: 12341: 12335: 12331: 12326: 12322: 12317: 12313: 12307: 12303: 12298: 12294: 12288: 12284: 12279: 12268: 12262: 12258: 12257: 12251: 12247: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12223:0-8020-3721-6 12219: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12201:0-8020-4688-6 12197: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12121: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12085: 12069: 12065: 12059: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12029: 12013: 12009: 12005: 11999: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11969: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11939: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11879: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11844: 11828: 11824: 11823:Conversations 11820: 11814: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11784: 11777: 11776:Ivereigh 2014 11772: 11765: 11760: 11753: 11748: 11741: 11736: 11729: 11728:Ashworth 1986 11724: 11718:, p. 68. 11717: 11712: 11693: 11686: 11680: 11664: 11660: 11654: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11633: 11626: 11622: 11619: 11614: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11595: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11565: 11558: 11554: 11551: 11546: 11539: 11533: 11526: 11525:0-385-60100-X 11522: 11516: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11460: 11453: 11448: 11441: 11437: 11432: 11425: 11420: 11413: 11407: 11401:, p. 33. 11400: 11395: 11386: 11379: 11374: 11367: 11362: 11355: 11350: 11343: 11338: 11331: 11326: 11319: 11314: 11307: 11302: 11294: 11290: 11289: 11284: 11278: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11261: 11255: 11239: 11236:. July 2017. 11235: 11231: 11225: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11194: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11163: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11132: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11101: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11038:Dulles, Avery 11033: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11005: 10999: 10983: 10979: 10978: 10973: 10966: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10932: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10901: 10894: 10889: 10882: 10877: 10871:, p. 17. 10870: 10865: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10826: 10820: 10819:0-671-54505-1 10816: 10812: 10806: 10799: 10794: 10787: 10782: 10775: 10771: 10766: 10759: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10728: 10721: 10716: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10673: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10620: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10589: 10573: 10569: 10563: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10533: 10526: 10525:9781848855847 10522: 10518: 10517:On The Button 10512: 10496: 10492: 10491: 10486: 10479: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10449: 10433: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10416: 10400: 10396: 10390: 10374: 10370: 10369: 10364: 10357: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10327: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10299: 10283: 10279: 10272: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10237: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10180: 10176: 10169: 10160: 10151: 10135: 10131: 10125: 10123: 10106: 10102: 10099: 10093: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10063: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10003: 10001: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9970: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9940: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9880: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9849: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9819: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9796: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9766: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9735: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9704: 9702: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9670: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9636: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9507: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9476: 9469: 9464: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9395: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9352: 9333: 9329: 9322: 9316: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9279: 9273: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9235: 9233:9789004283879 9229: 9225: 9218: 9211: 9207: 9202: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9143:Campbell 1921 9139: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9109: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9041: 9039:2-7089-6839-4 9035: 9031: 9024: 9015: 9007: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8985: 8978: 8972: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8941: 8937: 8931: 8915: 8911: 8904: 8895: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8864: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8804: 8795: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8742: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8712: 8704: 8697: 8692: 8683: 8681:9780199731985 8677: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8654: 8638: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8614: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8571: 8563: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8537: 8536: 8527: 8520: 8515: 8507: 8501: 8497: 8490: 8482: 8480:9780804791229 8476: 8472: 8465: 8463: 8454: 8447: 8445: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8401: 8393: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8352: 8345: 8344:Sandoval 2008 8340: 8333: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8309: 8303: 8297:, p. 84. 8296: 8291: 8284: 8278: 8271: 8266: 8259: 8254: 8247: 8242: 8235: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8190: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8135:, p. 53. 8134: 8129: 8123:, p. 49. 8122: 8117: 8111:, p. 46. 8110: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8069:, p. 43. 8068: 8063: 8061: 8053: 8048: 8046: 8039:, p. 42. 8038: 8033: 8026: 8021: 8015:, p. 61. 8014: 8009: 8002: 7997: 7990: 7985: 7979:, p. 29. 7978: 7973: 7966: 7961: 7954: 7949: 7943:Begley p. 308 7940: 7931: 7925:Begley p. 307 7922: 7913: 7907:Begley p. 480 7904: 7898:Begley p. 479 7895: 7886: 7877: 7868: 7859: 7850: 7841: 7832: 7823: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7757: 7750: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7719: 7712: 7703: 7701: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7670: 7665: 7658: 7650: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7627: 7619: 7600: 7593: 7587: 7580: 7579:Mungello 1994 7575: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7549: 7541: 7539:9789004345607 7535: 7531: 7530: 7522: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7493: 7485: 7483:9780898709162 7479: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7462: 7460: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7423:Ricci, Matteo 7418: 7410: 7408:9789058673152 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7379: 7373:, p. 26. 7372: 7368: 7363: 7357:, p. 26. 7356: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7259:jesuit.org.uk 7256: 7250: 7234: 7230: 7229:jesuit.org.uk 7226: 7220: 7213: 7208: 7201: 7200:2-912554-26-8 7197: 7193: 7189: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7152: 7150:974-8304-77-9 7146: 7142: 7135: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7071: 7064: 7062: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7020:Gonzalez 1985 7016: 7009: 7008:Campbell 1921 7004: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6943: 6941: 6935: 6933:9780912422206 6929: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6912: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6896: 6887: 6881:, p. 72. 6880: 6879:Campbell 1921 6875: 6860: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6809:on 5 May 2022 6808: 6804: 6800: 6793: 6791: 6783: 6782:O'Malley 1993 6778: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6755: 6753: 6745: 6740: 6738: 6730: 6729:Campbell 1921 6725: 6723: 6715: 6710: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6673: 6668: 6662:, p. 24. 6661: 6660:Campbell 1921 6656: 6648: 6642: 6626: 6622: 6615: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6518: 6517:O'Malley 2006 6513: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6378: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6339: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6161: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6108:Eureka Street 6103: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6037: 6028: 6026: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5946: 5940: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5728: 5725:, Cuzco, Peru 5724: 5723:Jesuit church 5718: 5713: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5667:mother church 5664: 5660: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5603:In Scotland, 5601: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5586:(1651–7) and 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5564:of Paraguay. 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262:Sachsenhausen 5259: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247:Robert Leiber 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5187:Vatican Radio 5184: 5180: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5157:. Hitler was 5156: 5150: 5139: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5104:women deacons 5101: 5100:birth control 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5030:Blaise Pascal 5026: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4900: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4843:Spanish model 4837: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4606:Power-seeking 4603: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4536:Controversies 4533: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4504: 4503:Constitutions 4494: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4409:North America 4408: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4365:Latin America 4364: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4251:contemplation 4248: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4237:Autobiography 4234: 4230: 4229:Constitutions 4224: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4039:homosexuality 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3826:Jesuit clause 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3751:Pope Pius VII 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3690:, decreeing: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3679:, issued the 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3584:Tomé de Sousa 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572:Tomé de Sousa 3565: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418:Pedro Chirino 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188:Marañón River 3185: 3181: 3178:, around the 3177: 3176:Marañón River 3173: 3168: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135:South America 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123:Rafael Ferrer 3120: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3044: 3038: 3028: 3025: 3017: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2991:This section 2989: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2957:. Motezuma's 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2753:South America 2750: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2641:United States 2638: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2617: 2614:, Quebec was 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528:Huron mission 2524: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2511:Énemond Massé 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2430:Hugh MacMahon 2425: 2423: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359:Dublin Castle 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332:Thomas Cusack 2328: 2327:Roman College 2323: 2321: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133:Enlightenment 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:François Noël 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2027: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1933:since then. 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1854:First Nations 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683:Central Tibet 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1606:, arrived in 1605: 1601: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1551: 1541: 1538: 1530: 1527:December 2019 1520: 1519:the talk page 1516: 1510: 1508: 1503:This section 1501: 1492: 1491: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1428:, the Jesuit 1427: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1341: 1338: 1330: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1304:This section 1302: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1229:Constitutions 1225: 1223: 1220:and southern 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:Protestantism 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1045:Pope Sixtus V 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1021: 1015: 1008: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 909: 904: 900: 896: 892: 886: 882: 868: 866: 862: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 828: 826: 825:mother church 823:, the Jesuit 822: 817: 812: 811:general curia 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 784:Pope Paul III 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 756: 743: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679:Societas Iesu 676: 672: 660: 655: 653: 648: 646: 641: 640: 638: 637: 634: 629: 624: 623: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 607:Jesuit saints 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 528: 527: 524: 521: 520: 515: 512: 511: 510: 509: 505: 504: 499: 498: 494: 492: 491: 487: 485: 484: 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15888:Resurrection 15851:(30–325/476) 15848:Early Church 15833:Latin Church 15828:Papal States 15823:Vatican City 15645:Third orders 15133:Mechitarists 15096: 14944:Augustinians 14846:Mercedarians 14780:Bridgettines 14774:Benedictines 14669: 14630: 14533: 14439:Diego Laynez 14315:John Ogilvie 14252:Isaac Jogues 14161:Philip Evans 14133:Peter Claver 13982: 13973: 13964: 13955: 13946: 13937: 13908: 13838:. Retrieved 13818:. Retrieved 13802: 13656: 13639: 13633: 13627: 13621: 13603: 13589: 13571: 13561: 13548:vol 1 online 13543: 13536: 13522: 13515: 13467: 13459: 13452: 13445: 13438: 13431: 13420:. Retrieved 13413:the original 13404: 13395: 13388: 13381: 13374: 13359: 13352: 13345: 13338: 13331: 13324: 13307: 13300: 13293: 13286: 13279: 13272: 13265: 13258: 13248: 13217: 13205: 13198: 13181: 13174: 13167: 13150: 13143: 13136: 13126: 13119: 13078: 13054: 13042: 13023: 13004: 12985: 12976: 12954: 12942:. Retrieved 12930: 12911:. Retrieved 12894: 12890: 12875: 12849: 12837: 12825:. Retrieved 12810: 12800: 12791: 12772: 12753: 12724: 12697: 12676: 12654: 12651:Tausch, Arno 12641: 12622: 12603: 12576: 12557: 12548: 12529: 12506: 12483: 12474: 12462: 12448: 12424: 12401: 12378: 12370:Durant, Will 12359: 12348: 12329: 12320: 12301: 12282: 12270:. Retrieved 12255: 12235: 12213: 12191: 12169: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12102:. Retrieved 12093: 12084: 12072:. Retrieved 12058: 12046:. 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Retrieved 8773:10261/273146 8755: 8751: 8741: 8729:. Retrieved 8710: 8703: 8696:Sarreal 2014 8691: 8671: 8665: 8653: 8641:. Retrieved 8627: 8623: 8613: 8601:. Retrieved 8596: 8592: 8582: 8575:Sarreal 2014 8570: 8561: 8554:. Retrieved 8534: 8526: 8519:Sarreal 2014 8514: 8495: 8489: 8470: 8452: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8373: 8363: 8356:Brading 1991 8351: 8339: 8332:Brading 1991 8327: 8315: 8307: 8302: 8290: 8282: 8277: 8265: 8253: 8241: 8234:Brading 1991 8210:. Retrieved 8199: 8189: 8177:. Retrieved 8168: 8158: 8149: 8140: 8133:Kennedy 1950 8128: 8121:Kennedy 1950 8116: 8109:Kennedy 1950 8104: 8092:. Retrieved 8083: 8074: 8067:Kennedy 1950 8054:, p. 3. 8037:Kennedy 1950 8032: 8027:, p. 2. 8020: 8008: 8003:, p. 1. 7996: 7991:, p. 5. 7984: 7972: 7967:, p. 3. 7960: 7955:, p. 1. 7948: 7939: 7930: 7921: 7912: 7903: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7867: 7858: 7849: 7840: 7831: 7822: 7813: 7801:. Retrieved 7787: 7760: 7749: 7722: 7711: 7673:. Retrieved 7657: 7630: 7618: 7606:. 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17056:Furthermore 16893:Laudato si' 16688:Pope Pius X 16517:Philip Neri 16492:Pope Pius V 16467:Thomas More 16336:Inquisition 16238:Charlemagne 16198:Monasticism 16008:Persecution 15900:Holy Spirit 15883:Crucifixion 15762:First seven 15452:Poor Clares 15198:Passionists 15057:Gabrielites 14834:Franciscans 14804:Cistercians 14798:Carthusians 14467:Karl Rahner 14308:Henry Morse 14287:David Lewis 14259:James Kisai 14210:René Goupil 14168:Peter Faber 13803:In Our Time 13792:The Jesuits 13786:Other links 13566:online free 13186:online free 13131:online free 11740:Wright 2004 11452:Shirer 1960 11424:Shirer 1960 10893:Maryks 2010 10869:Reites 1981 10798:Nelson 1981 10786:Fraser 2005 10751:30 November 10720:Gerard 1911 10705:3 September 10552:12 February 10336:jesuits.org 10226:23 November 10101:jesuits.org 10072:www.scu.edu 9989:20 February 9828:jesuits.org 9806:jesuits.org 8947:youtube.com 8658:Ganson 2003 8320:Mecham 1966 8295:Warren 1973 8246:Konrad 1980 8212:13 November 7989:Devine 1925 7977:Paquin 1932 7965:Devine 1925 7953:Devine 1925 7371:Parker 1978 7367:Hobson 2004 7355:Parker 1978 7088:archive.org 6966:Pollen 1912 6905:(in Latin). 6813:23 February 6685:"Chapter 2" 6190:Blas Valera 6014:Karl Rahner 6010:Bonaventure 5584:El Criticón 5544:during the 5420:electricity 5408:microscopes 5396:pantographs 5349:Adam Schall 5223:Alfred Delp 5199:Alfred Delp 4963:Jean Châtel 4819:Americanism 4810:Cisalpinism 4600:Catholicism 4593:East Asians 4469:Philippines 4457:Arturo Sosa 4446:Arturo Sosa 4349:Percentage 4322:worldwide. 4307:magisterium 4295:Arturo Sosa 4270:Renaissance 4233:The Letters 4172:Arturo Sosa 4096:Peter Faber 3919:to Arrupe. 3909:Paolo Dezza 3794:Switzerland 3771:Alexander I 3681:papal brief 3677:Clement XIV 3486:, inspired 3461:observatory 3455:-dominated 3351:Franciscans 3341:Philippines 3284:plantations 3133:regions of 3014:August 2020 2943:Andrés Cavo 2914:in Mexico. 2904:Franciscans 2761:la Compañía 2744:la Compañía 2710:la Compañía 2619:dissolved. 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12064:"Weltweit" 12004:"About Us" 11868:7 February 11833:7 February 11764:Woods 2005 11752:Ebrey 2010 11716:Hough 2007 11701:16 January 11669:4 December 11584:16 January 11505:6 November 11479:6 November 11356:, appx. A. 10854:7 December 10758:perpétuel. 10405:15 October 10042:SJWeb.info 9659:23 October 9625:23 October 9591:23 October 9341:8 February 9305:23 October 9128:12 October 9098:12 October 8920:31 October 8505:0804736022 8413:(2): 509. 8258:Cline 1997 8179:16 January 7803:8 February 7781:required.) 7743:required.) 7675:8 February 7651:required.) 7608:8 February 7343:Udías 2003 7180:16 January 7043:9004131566 6744:Höpfl 2004 6672:Coyle 1908 6631:16 January 6476:4 December 6450:4 December 6410:of English 6367:15 October 6329:References 6210:Jesuit Ivy 6195:Bollandist 5992:After the 5962:See also: 5706:Church of 5642:See also: 5515:New France 5471:See also: 5451:hydraulics 5400:barometers 5380:seismology 5326:See also: 5322:In science 5288:Yad Vashem 5265:death camp 4994:Protestant 4751:(Scotland) 4588:in 1838. 4567:Martinique 4461:missionary 4376:South Asia 4333:Statistics 4274:priesthood 4176:Venezuelan 4091:pilgrimage 4043:sabbatical 3987:priesthood 3936:Salvadoran 3860:inner-city 3856:Vatican II 3806:referendum 3802:Sonderbund 3667:, and the 3526:Communists 3499:Freemasons 3488:José Rizal 3480:Recollects 3412:at Manila. 3355:Dominicans 3323:yerba mate 3256:reductions 2912:Dominicans 2846:, and the 2703:(Spanish: 2686:, and USA 2503:Recollects 2490:New France 2471:See also: 2453:Penal Laws 2422:Charles II 2344:Hugh Brady 2312:sacraments 2295:Kilmallock 2263:Tridentine 2224:See also: 2131:and other 2117:philosophy 2041:Portuguese 1987:Xu Guangqi 1881:dictionary 1850:New France 1815:Vietnamese 1747:theocratic 1743:reductions 1727:Indigenous 1669:, reached 1555:missionary 1509:to readers 1472:confessors 1418:Scholastic 1186:evangelize 936:Montmartre 876:Foundation 351:Main organ 200:Generalate 158:Founded at 102:1540-09-27 17236:Dioceses 17133:Education 16782:Communism 16752:Ecumenism 16098:(380–451) 16090:(180–451) 16079:(313–476) 16001:(100–325) 15625:Ursulines 15327:Felicians 15227:Salesians 14981:(OFM Cap) 14979:Capuchins 14956:Basilians 14898:Trappists 14301:Paul Miki 14154:Paul Denn 13597:In German 13489:, Mainz: 12903:2328-5575 12870:(1912). 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Latin: 751:-oo-its, 453:Hierarchy 288:English: 265:Members 259:Worldwide 208:4, 00195 192:(for men) 184:Order of 92:Formation 17150:(Moscow) 16792:HIV/AIDS 16286:Crusades 16040:Irenaeus 16033:Ignatius 16028:Polycarp 15878:Ministry 15866:(30–100) 15740:Timeline 15027:Crosiers 14871:(OPraem) 14848:(O de M) 14745:Alexians 14671:Category 14430:Theology 13868:Archived 13856:Archived 13834:Archived 13814:Archived 13795:Archived 13776:Archived 13764:Archived 13735:Archived 13723:Archived 13638:Schatz. 13632:Schatz. 13626:Schatz. 13620:Schatz. 13505:Archived 13494:Archived 13483:Archived 13472:Archived 13422:25 April 13315:Archived 13215:(1940). 13158:Archived 13075:(2004). 13053:(2005). 12975:(1960). 12935:Archived 12907:Archived 12528:(2014). 12504:(2007). 12473:(2004). 12461:(1985). 12400:(2010). 12376:(1961). 12234:(1991). 12212:(2003). 12190:(1999). 12168:(eds.). 12098:Archived 12090:"Signum" 12074:23 March 12068:Archived 12042:Archived 12012:Archived 11982:Archived 11952:Archived 11922:Archived 11892:Archived 11862:Archived 11648:, 1989). 11621:Archived 11602:Archived 11578:Archived 11553:Archived 11527:; p. 299 11499:Archived 11473:Archived 11285:(1817). 11283:Voltaire 11262:(1836). 11260:Voltaire 11244:11 April 11238:Archived 11183:2 August 11152:2 August 11121:2 August 11090:2 August 11056:2 August 11022:2 August 10988:2 August 10955:2 August 10921:2 August 10770:Voltaire 10735:(1769), 10733:Voltaire 10699:Archived 10695:24347842 10656:Archived 10578:18 March 10495:Archived 10468:21 March 10438:22 March 10432:Archived 10399:Archived 10373:Archived 10340:Archived 10261:14 April 10255:Archived 10217:Archived 10134:Archived 9983:Archived 9953:Archived 9863:Archived 9810:Archived 9749:Archived 9718:Archived 9684:Archived 9653:Archived 9619:Archived 9585:Archived 9447:Archived 9409:Archived 9378:Archived 9332:Archived 9299:Archived 9191:23 April 9185:Archived 9122:Archived 9092:Archived 9068:8 August 9062:Archived 8992:(2009). 8955:Archived 8878:Archived 8847:Archived 8823:15 April 8817:Archived 8778:Archived 8731:23 April 8643:30 March 8603:24 March 8599:(3): 4–5 8556:22 April 8453:Paraguay 8435:40467427 8206:Archived 8173:Archived 8088:Archived 7797:Archived 7669:Archived 7511:19 April 7439:archived 7425:(1603), 7322:Archived 7318:43150703 7263:Archived 7233:Archived 7118:Archived 6762:Archived 6641:cite web 6572:Archived 6568:The Week 6542:Archived 6496:Archived 6444:Archived 6418:Archived 6403:"Jesuit" 6383:"Jesuit" 6361:Archived 6157:See also 6136:Weltweit 6054:Azpeitia 6000:and the 5572:Belmonte 5132:Voltaire 5096:abortion 5092:Holy See 5068:converso 5052:(1987). 4967:Henri IV 4643:Overview 4578:Maryland 4515:cincture 4136:— 4031:HIV/AIDS 3717:, where 3698:— 3599:Salvador 3574:, first 3559:, Brazil 3503:American 3484:Gomburza 3367:Mindanao 3327:Asunción 3308:Voltaire 3243:Paraguay 3206:rivers. 3194:and the 3192:Huallaga 2927:colegios 2895:colegios 2860:colegios 2852:vocation 2835:colegios 2680:Southern 2608:Montreal 2571:New York 2567:Iroquois 2244:Holy See 2236:Limerick 2185:idolatry 1996:Elements 1962:Scotland 1879:–French 1866:Illinois 1835:Sanskrit 1793:grammars 1739:Paraguay 1722:Americas 1718:missions 1691:Buddhist 1638:such as 1576:Colombia 1567:Nagasaki 1450:rhetoric 1391:and the 1366:venality 1212:and the 1202:Ethiopia 1194:Paraguay 1182:theology 1017:like in 1014:societas 992:Portugal 922:city of 899:Pyrenees 762:), is a 760:Iesuitae 394:a series 392:Part of 379:.jesuits 341:Ministry 167:, France 110:Founders 84:Nickname 17072:Bishops 16757:Judaism 16157:Vulgate 15967:Gospels 15942:Stephen 15859:Origins 15779:Vulgate 15715:General 15705:of the 15703:History 15206:(OSPPE) 14806:(OCist) 14800:(OCart) 14794:(OCarm) 14616:Related 14519:General 14419:Francis 13916:History 13909:Jesuits 13820:2 April 13657:Jesuits 13462:(1995). 13455:(1994). 13448:(1988). 13441:(1996). 13398:(2013). 13384:(1988). 13334:(2004). 13327:(2003). 13303:(1985). 13296:(1990). 13289:(1985). 13275:(1980). 13261:(1998). 13251:(1952). 13208:(2007). 13201:(1996). 13153:(2013) 13105:Surveys 12944:18 June 12913:18 June 12827:18 June 12272:19 June 12117:Sources 12104:29 June 11214:12 June 11173:America 11142:America 11111:America 11046:America 11012:America 10977:America 10945:America 10911:America 10636:: 1–9. 10316:16 June 10288:27 June 10185:27 June 9527:16 June 8943:(video) 8593:ReVista 8094:10 June 7565:Vol. XV 7470:(ed.), 7124:29 June 6578:19 June 6285:Spanish 6113:Madonna 6092:America 6084:The Way 5898:, Italy 5692:Ecuador 5574:, near 5424:Jupiter 5343:. 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The 1059:Venice 1020:socius 986:, and 942:, now 924:Loyola 920:Basque 895:Basque 396:on the 127:Saint 121:Saint 17294:] 17279:] 17267:] 17162:] 17147:] 16825:Islam 16093:Roman 16052:Canon 15925:Peter 15873:Jesus 15627:(OSU) 15621:(SSS) 15615:(sss) 15604:(SPC) 15598:(RSJ) 15567:(RSM) 15515:(RGS) 15478:(SSJ) 15472:(RVM) 15454:(OSC) 15421:(MSC) 15410:(ICM) 15392:(MSC) 15381:(LGC) 15335:(MPF) 15264:(ASC) 15247:(CFX) 15235:(SJM) 15229:(SDB) 15218:(RCJ) 15194:(OFM) 15182:(OMV) 15176:(OMI) 15165:(MSC) 15159:(MOP) 15135:(CAM) 15129:(FMS) 15123:(SSE) 15117:(SVD) 15093:(MIC) 15076:(SSJ) 15064:(CSC) 15047:(CFR) 15041:(OAD) 15035:(FSC) 15029:(OSC) 15017:(CST) 15011:(CMF) 15005:(SSS) 14993:(CDD) 14987:(CFC) 14964:(FDM) 14958:(CSB) 14946:(OSA) 14935:(CRM) 14883:(OSM) 14842:(IVE) 14836:(OFM) 14824:(OCD) 14812:(NDS) 14776:(OSB) 14758:(OAR) 14410:Popes 13957:Magis 13585:2010. 13556:vol 3 13552:vol 2 13416:(PDF) 13409:(PDF) 12938:(PDF) 12927:(PDF) 11860:(1). 11695:(PDF) 11688:(PDF) 10691:JSTOR 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