584:
595:
389:
33:
222:. For their unorthodox beliefs the Puritans were excluded from public office, which tended to push them towards other callings; by 1600 the Aspinwalls had become a successful family of watchmakers. Jeremiah was introduced early to astronomy; his boyhood chores included measuring the local noon used to set local clocks, and his Puritan upbringing instilled an enduring suspicion of
313:– a cross staff with movable sights used to measure the angle between two stars – but by January 1637 he had reached the limitations of this instrument and so built a larger and higher precision version. While a youth he read most of the astronomical treatises of his day and marked their weaknesses; by the age of seventeen he was suggesting new lines of research.
174:
were the only two people to observe and record. Most remarkably, Horrocks correctly asserted that
Jupiter was accelerating in its orbit while Saturn was slowing and interpreted this as due to mutual gravitational interaction, thereby demonstrating that gravity's actions were not limited to the Earth,
283:
In 1635, for reasons not clear, Horrocks left
Cambridge without graduating. Marston suggests that he may have needed to defer the extra cost this entailed until he was employed, whilst Aughton speculates that he may have failed his exams due to concentrating too much on his own interests, or that he
610:
is named after him. In 1859, a marble tablet and stained-glass windows commemorating him were installed in the Parish Church of St
Michael, Much Hoole. Toxteth Unitarian Chapel contains a memorial plaque commemorating his achievements. Horrocks Avenue in Garston, Liverpool, is also named after him.
538:
It is wrong to hold the most noble
Science of the Stars guilty of uncertainty on account of some people's uncertain observations. Through no fault of its own it suffers these complaints which arise from the uncertainty and error not of the celestial motions but of human observations . . . I do not
305:
were easy to find. But there was no market for the very specialised astronomical instruments he needed, so his only option was to make his own. He was well placed to do this; his father and uncles were watchmakers with expertise in creating precise instruments. Apparently he helped with the family
356:, and he posited that comets followed elliptical orbits. He supported his theories by analogy to the motions of a conical pendulum, noting that after a plumb bob was drawn back and released it followed an elliptical path, and that its major axis rotated in the direction of revolution as did the
400:
473:). The weather was cloudy but he first observed the tiny black shadow of Venus crossing the Sun at about 3:15 pm; and he continued to observe for half an hour until the Sun set. The 1639 transit was also observed by William Crabtree from his home in
529:
It was a time of great uncertainty in astronomy, when the world's astronomers could not agree amongst themselves and theologians fulminated against claims that contradicted
Scripture. Horrocks, although a pious young man, came down firmly on the side of
539:
consider that any imperfections in the motions of the stars have so far been detected, nor do I believe that they are ever to be found. Far be it from me to allow that God has created the heavenly bodies more imperfectly than man has observed them.
551:
Horrocks returned to
Toxteth Park sometime in mid-1640 and died suddenly from unknown causes on 3 January 1641, at the age of 22. As expressed by Crabtree, "What an incalculable loss!" He has been described as a bridge which connected Newton with
511:
in 1662, some 20 years after it was written. It presented
Horrocks' enthusiastic and romantic nature, including humorous comments and passages of original poetry. When speaking of the century separating Venusian transits, he rhapsodised:
492:. His figure of 95 million kilometres (59 million miles, 0.63 AU) was far from the 150 million kilometres (93 million miles) known today, but it was more accurate than any suggested up to that time.
296:
Now committed to the study of astronomy, Horrocks began to collect astronomical books and equipment; by 1638 he owned the best telescope he could find. Liverpool was a seafaring town so navigational instruments such as the
868:
1239:
484:
Horrocks' observations allowed him to make a well-informed guess as to the size of Venus—previously thought to be larger and closer to Earth—and to estimate the distance between the
306:
business by day and, in return, the watchmakers in his family supported his vocation by assisting in the design and construction of instruments to study the stars at night.
340:. Carr House was a substantial property owned by the Stones family who were prosperous farmers and merchants, and Horrocks was probably a tutor for the Stones' children.
1292:
1243:
687:
37:
Romanticised
Victorian painting of Horrocks making the first observation of the transit of Venus in 1639. No contemporary portraits of Horrocks survive.
1240:"Masterpiece Mystery! - Inspector Lewis, Series III: Dark Matter Aired on KQED - Ark TV Transcript - Search what is being mentioned across national TV"
370:
Newton acknowledged
Horrocks's work in relation to his theory of lunar motion. In the final months of his life Horrocks made detailed studies of
1683:
621:
The 2012 transit of Venus was marked by a celebration held in the church at Much Hoole, which was streamed live worldwide on the NASA website.
1693:
978:
366:
329:
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724:
1678:
1642:
1422:
Chapman, Allan (1990). "Jeremiah
Horrocks, the transit of Venus, and the 'New Astronomy' in early seventeenth-century England".
434:
in 1631 and transits of Venus in 1631 and 1761. Horrocks' own observations, combined with those of his friend and correspondent
1223:
1206:
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925:
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1626:
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1688:
583:
438:, had convinced him that Kepler's Rudolphine tables, although more accurate than the commonly used tables produced by
1567:
1544:
1385:
Applebaum, W.; Hatch, R. A. (1983). "Boulliau Mercator and Horrocks Venus in Sole Visa – Three Unpublished Letters".
1344:
1369:
665:
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in Liverpool to celebrate Horrocks's work on the transit of Venus. It consists of a telescope looking at a working
328:
in Lancashire, but there is little evidence for this. According to local tradition in Much Hoole, he lived at
1359:
186:; but for this and his other work he is acknowledged as one of the founding fathers of British astronomy.
652:
on Horrocks' short life and overlooked achievements, by playwright David Sear, was staged in Cambridge’s
624:
Horrocks and the transit of Venus feature in an episode ("Dark Matter") of the British television series
261:
242:
1121:
1703:
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952:
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version that he used on the Emmanuel College register and in his Latin manuscripts), was an English
1647:
664:
The Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Astrophysics and Supercomputing was established in 1993 at the
572:
442:, were still in need of some correction. Kepler's tables had predicted a near-miss of a transit of
1637:
1485:
1004:
668:. In 2012 it was renamed the Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics, and Astronomy.
206:, Lancashire. His father James had moved to Toxteth Park to be apprenticed to Thomas Aspinwall, a
1337:
The Transit of Venus: The Brief, Brilliant Life of Jeremiah Horrocks, Father of British Astronomy
461:
onto a plane surface, whereby an image of the Sun could be safely observed. From his location in
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771:
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8:
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553:
465:
he calculated the transit would begin at approximately 3:00 pm on 24 November 1639,
439:
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which has the planet Venus replaced by a figure of the astronomer depicted as an angel.
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in suggesting the influence of the Sun as well as the Earth on the Moon's orbit. In the
210:, and subsequently married his master's daughter Mary. Both families were well educated
1590:
Venus Seen on the Sun: The First Observation of a Transit of Venus by Jeremiah Horrocks
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415:
273:
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Plummer, H.C. (April 1940 – September 1941). "Horrocks and his Opera Posthuma".
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at his own expense; it caused great excitement when revealed to members of the
422:
in 1627. Two years later he published extracts from the tables in his pamphlet
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915:
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A representation of Horrocks' recording of the transit published in 1662 by
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in attempting to explain the nature of lunar causation of tidal movements.
361:
316:
Tradition has it that after he left home he supported himself by holding a
269:
1484:
685:
Applebaum, Wilbur (2004). "Horrocks , Jeremiah (1618–1641), astronomer".
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1293:"The forgotten maths genius who laid the foundations for Isaac Newton"
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1445:"Transit of Venus: Horrocks, Crabtree and the 1639 transit of Venus"
32:
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nearly caused the loss to science of his treatise on the transit,
166:
in an elliptical orbit; and he was the only person to predict the
399:
357:
211:
195:
51:
1653:
1373:. Vol. 27. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 373-375.
642:
317:
264:. At that time he was one of only a few at Cambridge to accept
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447:
443:
371:
353:
250:
163:
100:
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from 28 March to 1 April as part of the Cambridge festival.
598:
Sculpture commemorating Horrocks at the Pier Head, Liverpool
450:
for years, Horrocks predicted a transit would indeed occur.
349:
159:
146:(1618 – 3 January 1641), sometimes given as
1580:
Memoir of the Life and Labors of the Rev. Jeremiah Horrox
1384:
762:
Hecht, E. (2021). "The True Story of Newtonian Gravity".
1576:
614:
In 1927, the Jeremiah Horrocks Observatory was built at
1148:"Liverpool man who change the way we see the universe"
495:
A treatise by Horrocks on the study of the transit,
253:. At Cambridge he associated with the mathematician
1424:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
1178:
Preston and District Astronomical Society home page
1555:
1034:. University of Central Lancashire. Archived from
194:Jeremiah Horrocks was born at Lower Lodge Farm in
158:. He was the first person to demonstrate that the
1631:
1587:
1495:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 711–712.
1064:. Vol. 3. The Royal Society. pp. 39–52.
926:"Lancashire Pioneers: Jeremiah Horrocks - Images"
803:
801:
446:in 1639 but, having made his own observations of
1660:
1499:
1062:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
503:), was later published by the Polish astronomer
525:Again shall greet our distant children's eyes."
348:Horrocks was the first to demonstrate that the
1615:Chasing Venus, Observing the Transits of Venus
1442:
1421:
1089:"Jeremiah Horrocks: His Origins and Education"
1086:
798:
659:
214:; the Horrocks sent their younger sons to the
722:
288:, and so a degree was of limited use to him.
1059:
691:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
291:
77:Toxteth Park, Liverpool, Lancashire, England
1622:BBC report: Celebrating Horrocks' half hour
633:In 2011, a sculpture by Andy Plant, titled
575:, but there is seemingly no proof of this.
571:It is believed that Horrocks was buried at
522:Away, but then at length the splendid sight
457:by focusing the image of the Sun through a
189:
1055:
1053:
1554:Sheehan, William; Westfall, John (2004).
1539:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1534:
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761:
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716:
714:
684:
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1005:"The Transits of Venus of 1631 and 1639"
593:
582:
519:Posterity shall witness; years must roll
398:
387:
1643:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1562:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.
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688:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
352:moved in an elliptical path around the
1661:
1627:Horrocks memorial in Westminster Abbey
1479:
1353:
1207:"Much Hoole, UK: Live Webcast Streams"
750:
711:
602:Horrocks is remembered on a plaque in
430:(warning to astronomers) concerning a
1684:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
1339:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1319:About the Jeremiah Horrocks Institute
1025:
1019:
1002:
516:" ...Thy return
403:The title page of Jeremiah Horrocks'
178:His early death and the chaos of the
1387:Journal for the History of Astronomy
1284:
1145:
981:', Book 3, Proposition 35, Scholium.
950:
755:
360:of the Moon's orbit. He anticipated
272:theory, and he studied the works of
1694:17th-century English mathematicians
1583:. London: William Hunt and Company.
1321:", University of Central Lancashire
1075:Opera Posthuma of Jeremiah Horrocks
678:
377:
170:, an event which he and his friend
13:
1378:
14:
1715:
1618:Smithsonian Institution Libraries
1607:
1577:Whatton, Arundell Blount (1875).
1291:Ferguson, Donna (19 March 2023).
1264:
587:Jeremiah Horrocks Observatory on
343:
1679:17th-century English astronomers
1527:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.46114.x
1472:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.45526.x
1370:Dictionary of National Biography
1171:
1077:, ed. John Wallis, London, 1672.
666:University of Central Lancashire
31:
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1114:
1080:
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903:
891:
879:
861:
1592:. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
849:
837:
825:
813:
744:
725:"History of Jeremiah Horrocks"
488:and the Sun, now known as the
16:English astronomer (1618–1641)
1:
1146:Rigg, Danny (26 March 2023).
671:
869:"Horrox, Jeremiah (HRS632J)"
705:UK public library membership
309:Horrocks owned a three-foot
218:and the Aspinwalls favoured
7:
1654:Jeremiah Horrocks Institute
873:A Cambridge Alumni Database
764:American Journal of Physics
660:Jeremiah Horrocks Institute
424:De raris mirisque Anni 1631
10:
1720:
1588:Applebaum, Wilbur (2012).
1506:Astronomy & Geophysics
1486:"Horrocks, Jeremiah"
1450:Astronomy & Geophysics
1407:10.1177/002182868301400302
1360:"Horrocks, Jeremiah"
959:. University of St Andrews
875:. University of Cambridge.
381:
1689:Scientists from Liverpool
1500:Hughes, David W. (2005).
1126:www.westminster-abbey.org
578:
292:Astronomical observations
137:
121:
114:
92:
82:
70:
42:
30:
23:
1648:University of St Andrews
573:Toxteth Unitarian Chapel
546:
190:Early life and education
168:transit of Venus of 1639
74:3 January 1641 (aged 22)
49:Lower Lodge, Otterspool,
1518:2005A&G....46a..14H
1492:Encyclopædia Britannica
1463:2004A&G....45e..26C
1443:Chapman, Allan (2004).
1335:Aughton, Peter (2004).
1108:15 October 2007 at the
1087:Chapman, Allan (1994).
1007:. University of Utrecht
637:, was installed at the
453:Horrocks made a simple
428:admonitio ad astronomos
247:University of Cambridge
216:University of Cambridge
87:University of Cambridge
1502:"Horrocks's bogus law"
723:Marston, Paul (2007).
697:10.1093/ref:odnb/13806
599:
591:
544:
532:scientific determinism
490:astronomical unit (AU)
469:(or 4 December in the
412:
396:
384:Transit of Venus, 1639
1558:The Transits of Venus
606:and the lunar crater
597:
586:
536:
501:Venus seen on the Sun
402:
391:
284:did not want to take
1634:Robertson, Edmund F.
1193:4 March 2016 at the
648:In 2023 a new play,
426:, which included an
1638:"Jeremiah Horrocks"
1632:O'Connor, John J.;
1436:1990QJRAS..31..333C
1399:1983JHA....14..166A
1246:on 20 December 2016
1226:5 June 2012 at the
1122:"Jeremiah Horrocks"
953:"Jeremiah Horrocks"
776:2021AmJPh..89..683H
541:– Jeremiah Horrocks
440:Philip Van Lansberg
311:radius astronomicus
1535:Maor, Eli (2000).
1481:Clerke, Agnes Mary
1355:Clerke, Agnes Mary
1267:"Heaven and Earth"
1095:on 15 October 2007
1028:"Transit of Venus"
951:Anon (June 2004).
932:on 11 January 2013
784:10.1119/10.0003535
731:on 15 January 2008
616:Moor Park, Preston
600:
592:
589:Moor Park, Preston
497:Venus in sole visa
471:Gregorian calendar
432:transit of Mercury
418:had published his
413:
397:
237:In 1632, Horrocks
184:Venus in sole visa
1599:978-90-04-22193-2
703:(Subscription or
604:Westminster Abbey
542:
505:Johannes Hevelius
420:Rudolphine Tables
407:published by the
394:Johannes Hevelius
268:'s revolutionary
180:English Civil War
162:moved around the
144:Jeremiah Horrocks
141:
140:
116:Scientific career
25:Jeremiah Horrocks
1711:
1704:Transit of Venus
1650:
1603:
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1550:
1537:Venus in Transit
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1242:. Archived from
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1209:. Archived from
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1091:. Archived from
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928:. Archived from
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742:
741:– See footnote 1
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738:
736:
727:. Archived from
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709:
708:
700:
682:
635:Heaven and Earth
540:
436:William Crabtree
378:Transit of Venus
262:John Worthington
243:Emmanuel College
172:William Crabtree
105:Elliptical orbit
97:Transit of Venus
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21:
20:
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1379:Further reading
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1038:on 30 July 2012
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467:Julian calendar
416:Johannes Kepler
405:Opera Posthuma,
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380:
346:
294:
286:Anglican orders
274:Johannes Kepler
200:royal deer park
198:Park, a former
192:
175:Sun, and Moon.
148:Jeremiah Horrox
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83:Alma mater
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1299:. The Observer
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1213:on 5 June 2012
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1512:(1): 14–16.
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1329:Bibliography
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:The Guardian
1296:
1286:
1276:25 September
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:the original
1234:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:the original
1201:
1182:. Retrieved
1177:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
1116:
1097:. Retrieved
1093:the original
1082:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:the original
1031:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
998:
991:Aughton 2004
986:
973:
961:. Retrieved
956:
946:
934:. Retrieved
930:the original
910:Aughton 2004
905:
898:Aughton 2004
893:
888:, p. 43
886:Aughton 2004
881:
872:
863:
856:Aughton 2004
851:
846:, p. 24
844:Aughton 2004
839:
834:, p. 21
832:Aughton 2004
827:
822:, p. 13
820:Aughton 2004
815:
810:, p. 18
808:Aughton 2004
767:
763:
757:
746:
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729:the original
686:
680:
663:
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365:
362:Isaac Newton
347:
315:
310:
308:
295:
282:
280:and others.
270:heliocentric
239:matriculated
236:
193:
183:
177:
147:
143:
142:
129:Mathematics
115:
52:Toxteth Park
18:
1674:1641 deaths
1669:1618 births
1457:(5): 5–31.
1430:: 333–357.
1365:Lee, Sidney
1099:19 November
1026:Anonymous.
1003:Anonymous.
957:Biographies
936:28 February
858:, p. 3
751:Clerke 1891
654:ADC Theatre
303:cross staff
278:Tycho Brahe
255:John Wallis
109:Lunar orbit
1663:Categories
1271:Andy Plant
1250:3 December
735:8 December
707:required.)
672:References
554:Copernicus
479:Manchester
463:Much Hoole
455:helioscope
338:Bretherton
330:Carr House
322:Much Hoole
266:Copernicus
228:witchcraft
208:watchmaker
156:astronomer
60:Lancashire
1415:117856624
1174:"History"
979:Principia
792:237859936
639:Pier Head
475:Broughton
459:telescope
367:Principia
334:Bank Hall
299:astrolabe
259:platonist
224:astrology
204:Liverpool
152:Latinised
132:Mechanics
126:Astronomy
56:Liverpool
1483:(1911).
1357:(1891).
1303:20 March
1224:Archived
1191:Archived
1131:19 April
1106:Archived
608:Horrocks
411:in 1672.
336:Estate,
257:and the
212:Puritans
1699:Toxteth
1514:Bibcode
1459:Bibcode
1432:Bibcode
1395:Bibcode
1367:(ed.).
1180:. PADAS
1157:1 April
1032:History
772:Bibcode
558:Galileo
358:apsides
326:Preston
324:, near
245:at the
196:Toxteth
64:England
1596:
1566:
1543:
1413:
1343:
1217:6 June
1184:19 May
1172:Anon.
1042:14 May
1011:14 May
963:22 May
790:
701:
650:Horrox
643:orrery
579:Legacy
566:Kepler
318:curacy
220:Oxford
122:Fields
1411:S2CID
1363:. In
788:S2CID
627:Lewis
562:Brahe
547:Death
486:Earth
477:near
448:Venus
444:Venus
372:tides
354:Earth
251:sizar
249:as a
232:magic
202:near
164:Earth
150:(the
101:Tides
1594:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1305:2023
1278:2023
1252:2016
1219:2012
1186:2012
1159:2023
1133:2018
1101:2007
1044:2012
1013:2012
965:2012
938:2010
737:2007
564:and
350:Moon
301:and
230:and
160:Moon
71:Died
46:1618
43:Born
1522:doi
1467:doi
1403:doi
780:doi
693:doi
320:in
241:at
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