1431:
131:
381:. In the ensuing referendum, Djimasta campaigned actively in his region for the "yes", while Alingué became a leading spokesman for the "no" front. Alingué had previously favored a "yes" vote, but apparently was later forced to side with the "no" vote by his party that put him in minority in March 1996. This defection was later followed by that of another key Moyen-Chari UDR politician,
357:, like him a Chadian Southerner. This dismissal was felt by Alingué as an act of political ingratitude, transforming him through time into a staunch opponent of the president. During his period in office, in October 1991, the Council of Ministers adopted recommendations leading to the registration of political parties, thus putting an end to the single-party system.
392:(CNS) in 1993. He acted there as a spokesman for the members representing the political parties, presiding over the conclusive rounds of talks that beginning on March 7 were to define the last issues on the tables. In particular, he played an important role in putting an end to the serious deadlock that emerged regarding the composition and the size of the
219:
between 1960 and 1961. On his return to Chad in 1961 he was made
Treasury Inspector and Advisor to the Director of Public Accounts. Alingué kept these posts for three years, after which he was promoted, in 1966, to the rank of Treasurer General of Chad, where he remained for ten years. In 1974 he was
345:
Talks between Alingué and Déby on the passage of powers began the next day, when Déby's forces rolled into the capital. On
December 6, Déby, as new leader of Chad, dissolved the National Assembly and formed a new interim government composed of a 33-member Council of State, which included Alingué
341:
in case of vacancy of the presidency, and instead was content to prepare for Déby's arrival. When later in his political career he was accused of having shown weakness and timidity in taking this course, he answered that if he had taken the office he would have plunged the country into a useless
336:
and announced that he had assumed the lead of an interim government composed of fellow assemblymen and protected by the French troops stationed in the country. He also added that he had already started negotiations with
General Déby and invited the government forces to depose their arms. Alingué
308:
on July 8, 1988. The commission was charged with drafting a new constitution, which involved making a national inquiry that included missions and questionnaires. The new constitution was eventually approved by referendum on
December 10, 1989. Under this constitution, a
377:, who became Prime Minister in 1995. This alliance made the UDR a conglomerate of political fiefs, uniting Alingué's personal Tandjilé base with his allies following in Moyen-Chari. This alliance began breaking up in 1996 on the issue of the approval or not of the
369:(UDR);, of which he was elected president in March 1992, prior to the party's official recognition. the organization was readily considered among Chad's most prominent political parties. Alingué united his party with a study group created in April 1991 in
461:
413:
annulled for alleged massive frauds and falsifications favouring
President Déby, but their joint petition to the Court of Appeal was rejected on June 19; Alingué then, with other candidates, invited the electors to boycott the second round.
464:
opposition coalition to be included in the government. He was instead appointed as
Minister of Posts and New Information Technologies in 2010, serving in that post until he was dismissed from the government in January 2013.
452:
on March 27, 2005. Opposition newspapers argued that the passport was valid, reporting a statement by Alingué, who said that he had travelled with the same passport since 2002 without anybody questioning its validity.
444:. When the results of the latter were published, declared that the results were fixed and accused Déby of attempting to set up a political dynasty. On March 26, 2005, the Public Security and Immigration Minister
396:
that was to remain in office until elections were held. After many fruitless votes, Alingué, speaking for the political parties, imposed a compromise proposal, on which no negotiation or debate was accepted.
349:
On March 4, 1991, Déby was proclaimed
President of Chad and he proceeded to dissolve the Council of State the day after. In the new government Alingué was given the largely impotent office of
393:
207:
in 1953, where he first served as a clerk in the capital's city treasury. Five years later he had risen to the position of city controller, and, with the independence of Chad from
1630:
448:
withdrew Alingué's passport, claiming that it was not valid, and thus prevented him from leaving Chad to participate in an important gathering of the main opposition leaders in
389:
778:
1170:
1192:
561:
1282:
821:
1077:
940:
537:
445:
425:, arguing that, since there was no defensive accord between Chad and Congo-Kinshasa, there was no legal basis for the presence of Chadian troops in Congo.
382:
184:
in 1990. He served in the government as
Minister of Justice from 2008 to 2010 and as Minister of Posts and New Information Technologies from 2010 to 2013.
1625:
1305:
1259:
318:
181:
1615:
1378:
290:
1213:
543:
333:
436:
compared with 1996. With all the opposition candidates he denounced the elections, asking for a rerun. His party, the UDR, boycotted the
269:. In June 1983, after the Comité's fall in 1982, he formed, with other southerners who had held important posts under the governments of
715:
653:
1655:
1650:
962:
920:
1237:
611:
366:
145:
1149:
1610:
1178:
441:
378:
1200:
569:
421:, obtaining four seats. He showed himself, in 1998, to be a staunch advocate for the disengagement of Chadian troops from the
1371:
266:
1635:
1279:
1125:
460:, which was announced on April 23, 2008, Alingué was appointed as Minister of Justice. He was one of four members of the
437:
418:
409:, coming fourth with 8.31% of the vote. Alingué, together with the other 14 opposition candidates, attempted to have the
310:
1105:
857:
R. May & S. Massey (January 2000), "Two Steps
Forward, One Step Back: Chad's Protracted 'Transition to Democracy'",
1645:
1640:
429:
406:
1620:
1016:
813:
770:
755:
693:
687:
592:
496:
405:
Under the UDR's banner Alingué presented himself on June 2, 1996, as a candidate for the country's first competitive
1302:
1364:
1086:
324:
When, on
December 1, 1990, Habré and much of his government fled the capital before the advancing rebel forces of
1387:
948:
547:
385:, marking the breakup of the Moyen-Chari-Tandjilé coalition and reducing Alingué's UDR to a mere regional party.
432:
held on May 20, 2001, but finished last, receiving only 2.05%, losing 26% in his Tandjilé stronghold and 14% in
1256:
889:
244:
1495:
258:
916:
1485:
314:
301:
Reconciled with the government, Alingué became president of the constitutional commission created by
212:
111:
1549:
1544:
1460:
1085:, Espace francophone des Droits de l'Homme, de la Démocratie et de la Paix, 1996, archived from
489:
Transition et élections au Tchad, 1993-1997: restauration autoritaire et recomposition politique
1605:
1338:
968:
370:
350:
302:
169:
33:
1420:
270:
1079:
Rapport de la mission d'observation du 2e tour de l'élection présidentielle du 3 juillet 1996
1057:
627:
Bernard Lanne, "Chad: Regime Change, Increased Insecurity, and Blockage of Further Reforms",
1410:
726:
642:
1600:
1529:
457:
338:
1303:"Tchad: un nouveau gouvernement de 42 membres face aux grands chantiers du président Déby"
8:
1539:
972:
910:
388:
Before the referendum, Alingué had played a significant role during the convening of the
289:, with the goal of forming a third force, opposed to both the Chadian government and the
1234:
511:
R. May & S. Massey (Autumn 2002), "The Chadian Party System: Rhetoric and Reality",
1515:
1450:
743:
305:
221:
562:"Les portraits des sept candidats à l'élection présidentielle du 20 mai 2001 au Tchad"
337:
refused on the occasion to assume the post of Head of State as he was entitled by the
188:
1534:
1415:
1146:
1012:
751:
683:
588:
492:
1480:
1430:
317:. When the new National Assembly first met on August 5, 1990, it elected Alingué as
1500:
1217:
866:
520:
422:
410:
365:
While still Prime Minister, he founded one of the first new political parties, the
262:
135:
1062:
274:
1572:
1520:
1490:
1475:
1405:
1348:
1286:
1263:
1241:
1153:
1129:
1109:
374:
354:
172:
from 1991 to 1992. During the 1970s, he served successively as Ambassador to the
76:
1567:
1122:
229:
325:
236:, and remained there until he was recalled in 1977. He was then Ambassador to
54:
1594:
1562:
1505:
1309:
1102:
233:
225:
204:
173:
870:
748:
Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority
203:
in 1937. A largely self-educated man, he started his career by entering the
433:
329:
200:
107:
1356:
1009:
La Conférence nationale souveraine du Tchad: un essai d'histoire immédiate
1510:
296:
677:
524:
1214:"Chad Referendum Ends Presidential Term Limit Amid Fraud Allegations"
373:
by a number of young local cadres and intellectuals, among whom was
1133:
253:
1257:"Tchad: l'opposition entre dans le nouveau gouvernement tchadien"
462:
Coordination of Political Parties for Defense of the Constitution
243:
Following the disintegration of all central authority after the
883:
237:
208:
177:
449:
353:, a post he held until May 20, 1992, when he was replaced by
328:, Alingué, as the highest ranking civilian authority left in
282:
216:
1391:
165:
130:
116:
1193:"Résultats définitifs des législatives du 21 avril 2002"
1631:
Union for Democracy and the Republic (Chad) politicians
856:
510:
313:
was held in July 1990, and Alingué was elected to the
771:"Chad President Reportedly Flees and Rebels March In"
631:(1997), ed. Clark and Gardinier, pages 272–274.
297:
President of the National Assembly and Prime Minister
1280:"Liste des Membres du Gouvernement du 23 Avril 2008"
1006:
486:
742:
643:"Le Sud du Tchad dans la guerre civile (1979-1980)"
1592:
1058:"Tchad: la "logistique" française mise en cause"
1171:"Idriss Deby élu au premier tour selon la CENI"
160:(born August 18, 1937), known in French as the
991:
908:
713:
640:
582:
191:, in southern Chad, from which he originates.
1372:
287:Forces Populares et Revolutionnaires du Tchad
279:Groupe des patriotes et democrates tchadiens
247:in 1979, he became secretary-general of the
1386:
1045:La Conférence nationale souveraine du Tchad
669:
1626:Presidents of the National Assembly (Chad)
1379:
1365:
1199:, no. 251, 2002-06-18, archived from
1177:, no. 229, 2001-05-28, archived from
568:, no. 229, 2001-05-16, archived from
1266:, AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), April 23, 2008
261:. In 1982 Bawoyeu was briefly tapped by
164:, which translates as "wise elder", is a
1616:Ambassadors of Chad to the United States
1252:
1250:
750:, Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 30,
407:presidential election since independence
859:Journal of Contemporary African Studies
623:
621:
187:A Christian, his base of support is in
1593:
941:"Where transitional leadership worked"
811:
675:
629:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
285:, the group signed an accord with the
1360:
1247:
1229:Mbaïdedji Ndjénodji Frédéric (2005);
814:"Rebels in control of Chad's capital"
682:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
417:His party, the UDR, took part in the
46:March 4, 1991 – May 20, 1992
1289:, Website of the Chadian Presidency
618:
482:
480:
478:
456:In the government of Prime Minister
1343:March 4, 1991 – May 20, 1992
1235:Semaine du 26 mars au 03 avril 2005
360:
257:government of southern Chad led by
13:
1147:La fin des fiefs électoraux ?
824:from the original on July 24, 2022
781:from the original on July 24, 2022
319:President of the National Assembly
182:President of the National Assembly
14:
1667:
812:Riding, Alan (December 3, 1990),
554:
475:
1656:21st-century Chadian politicians
1651:20th-century Chadian politicians
1429:
1032:Transition et élections au Tchad
800:Transition et élections au Tchad
716:"Le Sud, l'État e la Révolution"
367:Union for Democracy and Republic
146:Union for Democracy and Republic
129:
1296:
1273:
1223:
1207:
1185:
1163:
1139:
1123:Chad urged to pull out of Congo
1115:
1096:
1070:
1050:
1037:
1024:
1000:
985:
955:
933:
923:from the original on 2007-10-21
912:Tchad: Les principaux candidats
902:
892:from the original on 2016-09-06
876:
850:
835:
805:
792:
763:
736:
707:
696:from the original on 2022-07-24
659:from the original on 2007-09-28
587:, Scarecrow Press, p. 39,
194:
994:Political Parties of the World
634:
600:
576:
530:
504:
442:2005 constitutional referendum
1:
1611:Ambassadors of Chad to France
1112:, African Elections Database.
1007:Buijtenhuijs, Robert (1993),
909:Samson, Didier (2001-05-18),
679:Historical Dictionary of Chad
585:Historical Dictionary of Chad
487:Buijtenhuijs, Robert (1998),
468:
390:National Sovereign Conference
1145:Bambé, Naygotimtit (2001); "
947:, 2001-09-24, archived from
539:Archives Politique. Mai 2001
411:first round of the elections
400:
7:
1636:Heads of government of Chad
917:Radio France Internationale
440:, and did the same for the
438:2002 parliamentary election
419:1997 parliamentary election
332:, appealed for calm on the
277:, an opposition party, the
10:
1672:
1312:, Xinhua, 28 January 2013
1231:Révue de presse tchadienne
971:, May 1992, archived from
546:, May 2001, archived from
1646:Justice ministers of Chad
1641:Finance ministers of Chad
1581:
1438:
1427:
1398:
1345:
1336:
1330:
1325:
885:Rulers.org - Countries Ch
491:, Karthala, p. 318,
259:Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué
245:first battle of N'Djamena
151:
141:
124:
91:
86:
82:
70:
60:
50:
39:
32:
28:
21:
1011:, Karthala, p. 49,
394:transitional legislature
281:. On April 27, 1984, in
249:Comité Permanente du Sud
213:National Treasury School
112:French Equatorial Africa
1555:post abolished, 2018–21
1466:post abolished, 1982–91
1456:post abolished, 1979–82
1446:post abolished, 1960–78
992:Day, Alan John (2002),
871:10.1080/025890000111995
842:"New Chadian Cabinet",
714:Lanne, Bernard (1984),
676:Decalo, Samuel (1997).
641:Lanne, Bernard (1981),
583:Decalo, Samuel (1987),
428:He participated in the
1339:Prime Minister of Chad
969:US Department of State
964:Background Notes: Chad
311:parliamentary election
170:Prime Minister of Chad
34:Prime Minister of Chad
1621:People from N'Djamena
430:presidential election
379:proposed constitution
228:as ambassador to the
1136:, November 13, 1998.
777:, December 2, 1990,
458:Youssouf Saleh Abbas
199:Alingué was born at
158:Jean Alingué Bawoyeu
23:Jean Alingué Bawoyeu
844:The Washington Post
744:Zartman, I. William
723:Politique Africaine
650:Politique Africaine
346:among its members.
271:François Tombalbaye
267:minister of finance
240:from 1977 to 1979.
168:politician who was
1326:Political offices
1285:2018-10-13 at the
1262:2011-05-22 at the
1240:2007-06-11 at the
1152:2007-10-28 at the
1128:2012-11-11 at the
1108:2011-09-03 at the
846:, December 6, 1990
818:The New York Times
775:The New York Times
446:Abderahmane Moussa
383:Abdoulaye Djonouma
222:diplomatic service
211:, he attended the
16:Chadian politician
1588:
1587:
1355:
1354:
1346:Succeeded by
1103:Elections in Chad
1043:R. Buijtenhuijs,
1034:, pp. 66, 317-318
1030:R. Buijtenhuijs,
798:R. Buijtenhuijs,
614:, 1975, p. 7
525:10.1080/714000269
315:National Assembly
155:
154:
120:
1663:
1433:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1331:Preceded by
1323:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1254:
1245:
1227:
1221:
1220:, June 22, 2005.
1218:Voice of America
1211:
1205:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1167:
1161:
1158:Tchad et Culture
1143:
1137:
1119:
1113:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1084:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1004:
998:
997:
989:
983:
982:
981:
980:
959:
953:
952:
937:
931:
930:
929:
928:
906:
900:
899:
898:
897:
880:
874:
873:
854:
848:
847:
839:
833:
832:
831:
829:
809:
803:
796:
790:
789:
788:
786:
767:
761:
760:
740:
734:
733:
731:
725:, archived from
720:
711:
705:
704:
702:
701:
673:
667:
666:
665:
664:
658:
647:
638:
632:
625:
616:
615:
604:
598:
597:
580:
574:
573:
558:
552:
551:
534:
528:
527:
508:
502:
501:
484:
361:Birth of the UDR
263:Goukouni Oueddei
220:assigned to the
180:. Later, he was
134:
133:
114:
105:
101:
99:
87:Personal details
73:
63:
44:
19:
18:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1434:
1425:
1394:
1388:Prime ministers
1385:
1351:
1349:Joseph Yodoyman
1342:
1334:
1333:Position Vacant
1321:
1320:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:Wayback Machine
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:Wayback Machine
1255:
1248:
1242:Wayback Machine
1228:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1197:Afrique-express
1191:
1190:
1186:
1175:Afrique-express
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:Wayback Machine
1144:
1140:
1130:Wayback Machine
1120:
1116:
1110:Wayback Machine
1101:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1005:
1001:
990:
986:
978:
976:
961:
960:
956:
939:
938:
934:
926:
924:
907:
903:
895:
893:
882:
881:
877:
855:
851:
841:
840:
836:
827:
825:
810:
806:
797:
793:
784:
782:
769:
768:
764:
758:
741:
737:
729:
718:
712:
708:
699:
697:
690:
674:
670:
662:
660:
656:
645:
639:
635:
626:
619:
608:Diplomatic List
606:
605:
601:
595:
581:
577:
566:Afrique-express
560:
559:
555:
536:
535:
531:
513:Democratization
509:
505:
499:
485:
476:
471:
403:
375:Koibla Djimasta
363:
355:Joseph Yodoyman
299:
197:
142:Political party
128:
106:
103:
102:August 18, 1937
97:
95:
77:Joseph Yodoyman
71:
61:
45:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1308:2013-02-15 at
1295:
1272:
1246:
1222:
1206:
1184:
1162:
1138:
1114:
1095:
1069:
1049:
1036:
1023:
1017:
999:
984:
954:
951:on May 9, 2004
932:
901:
875:
865:(1): 107–132,
849:
834:
804:
791:
762:
756:
735:
706:
688:
668:
633:
617:
599:
593:
575:
553:
529:
503:
497:
473:
472:
470:
467:
402:
399:
362:
359:
351:Prime Minister
334:national radio
298:
295:
230:United Nations
196:
193:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
126:
122:
121:
93:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1668:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Living people
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1329:
1324:
1311:
1310:archive.today
1307:
1304:
1299:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1203:on 2007-06-20
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1181:on 2007-06-06
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1092:on 2007-06-21
1088:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1018:2-86537-460-2
1014:
1010:
1003:
995:
988:
975:on 2007-06-17
974:
970:
966:
965:
958:
950:
946:
942:
936:
922:
918:
914:
913:
905:
891:
887:
886:
879:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
845:
838:
823:
819:
815:
808:
802:, pp. 202-203
801:
795:
780:
776:
772:
766:
759:
757:1-55587-560-2
753:
749:
745:
739:
732:on 2005-10-16
728:
724:
717:
710:
695:
691:
689:0-8108-3253-4
685:
681:
680:
672:
655:
651:
644:
637:
630:
624:
622:
613:
609:
603:
596:
594:0-8108-1937-6
590:
586:
579:
572:on 2007-06-06
571:
567:
563:
557:
550:on 2007-09-27
549:
545:
541:
540:
533:
526:
522:
518:
514:
507:
500:
498:2-86537-868-3
494:
490:
483:
481:
479:
474:
466:
463:
459:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
415:
412:
408:
398:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
358:
356:
352:
347:
343:
340:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
306:Hissène Habré
304:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:Félix Malloum
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
234:United States
231:
227:
226:New York City
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:civil service
202:
192:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
174:United States
171:
167:
163:
159:
150:
147:
144:
140:
137:
132:
127:
123:
118:
115:(present-day
113:
109:
104:(age 87)
94:
90:
85:
81:
78:
75:
69:
65:
59:
56:
53:
49:
43:
38:
35:
31:
27:
20:
1554:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1337:
1298:
1275:
1230:
1225:
1209:
1201:the original
1196:
1187:
1179:the original
1174:
1165:
1157:
1141:
1117:
1098:
1087:the original
1078:
1072:
1066:, 1996-07-21
1061:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1008:
1002:
996:, p. 95
993:
987:
977:, retrieved
973:the original
963:
957:
949:the original
944:
935:
925:, retrieved
911:
904:
894:, retrieved
884:
878:
862:
858:
852:
843:
837:
826:, retrieved
817:
807:
799:
794:
785:February 17,
783:, retrieved
774:
765:
747:
738:
727:the original
722:
709:
698:. Retrieved
678:
671:
661:, retrieved
649:
636:
628:
607:
602:
584:
578:
570:the original
565:
556:
548:the original
538:
532:
519:(3): 72–91,
516:
512:
506:
488:
455:
427:
416:
404:
387:
364:
348:
344:
339:constitution
323:
300:
293:insurgents.
286:
278:
252:
248:
242:
224:and sent to
198:
195:Early career
186:
161:
157:
156:
72:Succeeded by
41:
1601:1937 births
1516:Yoadimnadji
1439:Independent
1416:Koulamallah
1314:(in French)
1291:(in French)
1268:(in French)
371:Moyen-Chari
342:bloodbath.
326:Idriss Déby
125:Nationality
62:Preceded by
55:Idriss Déby
1595:Categories
1421:Tombalbaye
1063:L'Humanité
979:2007-05-27
945:Daily News
927:2007-06-15
896:2007-05-27
700:2022-04-06
663:2007-07-15
469:References
265:to be his
162:vieux sage
98:1937-08-18
1526:Koumakoye
1521:Younousmi
1501:Yamassoum
1486:Koumakoye
434:N'Djamena
423:Congo War
401:Elections
330:N'Djamena
303:President
201:Fort Lamy
108:Fort-Lamy
51:President
42:In office
1540:Dadnadji
1535:Nadingar
1491:Djimasta
1476:Yodoyman
1461:Ngardoum
1411:Sahoulba
1399:Colonial
1306:Archived
1283:Archived
1260:Archived
1238:Archived
1150:Archived
1134:BBC News
1126:Archived
1106:Archived
1047:, p. 170
921:archived
890:archived
822:archived
779:archived
746:(1995),
694:Archived
654:archived
254:de facto
232:and the
189:Tandjilé
1583:*acting
1563:Kebzabo
1559:Padacké
1550:Padacké
1481:Moungar
1471:Bawoyeu
1406:Lisette
166:Chadian
136:Chadian
1573:Halina
1545:Deubet
1506:Kabadi
1496:Ouaido
1015:
828:May 6,
754:
686:
612:US GPO
591:
495:
251:, the
238:France
209:France
178:France
66:vacant
1568:Masra
1530:Abbas
1451:Habré
1090:(PDF)
1083:(PDF)
730:(PDF)
719:(PDF)
657:(PDF)
646:(PDF)
450:Paris
283:Lagos
217:Paris
215:, in
1511:Faki
1392:Chad
1013:ISBN
830:2010
787:2017
752:ISBN
684:ISBN
589:ISBN
493:ISBN
291:GUNT
273:and
176:and
117:Chad
92:Born
1390:of
1233:; "
1156:",
1132:",
867:doi
544:UPF
521:doi
1597::
1249:^
1244:".
1216:,
1195:,
1173:,
1060:,
967:,
943:,
919:,
915:,
888:,
863:18
861:,
820:,
816:,
773:,
721:,
692:.
652:,
648:,
620:^
610:,
564:,
542:,
515:,
477:^
321:.
110:,
100:)
1523:*
1380:e
1373:t
1366:v
1316:.
1293:.
1270:.
1160:.
1121:"
869::
703:.
523::
517:9
119:)
96:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
