617:(1619â1677), secretary of the English Royal Society and editor of Philosophical Transactions, in London. It supposedly held anti-hemorrhagic properties. Interest within the medical field grew after accounts of his successful demonstrations were reported in âPhilosophical Transactionsâ, a publication by the English Royal Society dating back to mid-1673. Denys claimed that his âessenceâ was much simpler to use compared to earlier methods of cautery which involved the use of caustic agents such as the âneedle and threadâ and âhot ironâ. Denys' 'essence', of which the contents are unknown, is believed to contain a mixture of
506:, who saw an opportunity to surpass both the English and the conservative French Academy of Sciences and consequently gain his own glory. Denys and Emmerez, with the new funds and supplies, progressed their experiments on dogs with various techniques and points of transfusion. They regarded them all as successful, as of the nineteen dogs recorded, none died. They also focused on interspecies transfusion, starting in early April 1667 with transfusions between calves and dogs, then moving on to sheep, cows, horses, and goats.
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625:, would be applied to arterial and venous wounds in order to staunch the bleeding. Recognizing the effectiveness of the 'essence' and foreshadowing the potential usefulness in the English army, Denys received recognition by King Charles II and was invited to stay with him in London as his First Physician, an offer which Denys declined in order to return to Paris in November 1673. This was probably the last mention of the âessenceâ ever since.
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was as black as âchimney sootâ, fever, tachycardia, and abundant sweating. Just days later, the man had apparently fully recovered. This was the final proof for Denys, who immediately publicized his success, firstly by writing to Oldenburg, who published the letters received on the
February 10, 1668 edition of the Philosophical Transactions (original and translated).
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were found in
Perrine Mauroy's possession. Arsenic poisoning was known to harm the nervous system and cause symptoms such as tremors, seizures and delirium; this could therefore explain Mauroy's intense delusional behavior prior to the third transfusion. It was therefore suspected that Perrine Mauroy had been administering arsenic powder to her husband's broth.
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stated that one of the dogs suddenly weakened measurably, leading to the termination of the experiment. One dog remained weak while the other maintained a more energetic and alert character, although Denys did note that the dog was not as âawake and gay' as it had been earlier. The physician then performed a
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The witnesses at the trial included
Perrine Mauroy, Mauroy's widow, allegedly, persuaded and offered large amounts of money by several "unknown" physicians, to bear false witness and file reports against Denysâ blood transfusion experiments. Following a police investigation, vials with arsenic powder
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After the trial, Denys tried to rebuild his reputation as a transfusionist but the verdict impaired his efforts. Nonetheless, the appeal he made was given full consideration. The only transcript of the hearing suggests that the argument made by Denysâ lawyer, ChrĂŠtien de
Lamoignin, was considered a
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In an attempt to prove his innocence, Denys described his medical experiments to
Commissioner Le Cerf and explained their safety, which was supported by the many survivors willing to witness in his favor. Finding sufficient grounds for concern, La Cerf forwarded the case to the Criminal Lieutenant,
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He performed another transfusion on a middle-aged butcher with pleasing results. The man had not died and was found to be in great spirit. Realistically, both instances of success were most likely due to the small amount of blood that was actually transfused into these people, which did not trigger
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His first recorded case of blood transfusion was between two small dogs, both of which he intended to survive the procedure, in contrast to the results obtained by the
English. Approximately nine ounces of blood was transfused from one dog to the other during this experiment. In his writings, Denys
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Sometime in
November 1667, Mauroy was abducted from the streets of Paris by Montmor's guard and tied to a chair and transfused with blood in front of an audience of noblemen. In the hours following the procedure, Mauroy experienced a debilitating fever, nausea, diarrhea, nosebleeds, and urine that
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Denys administered the first full documented xenotransfusion on June 15, 1667. With the assistance of Paul
Emmerez he transfused about twelve ounces of lamb blood into the veins of a 15-year-old boy who had suffered from uncontrollable fevers for two months and had been consequently bled with
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prison. No further investigation was carried out on
Perrine's accomplices, whom Denys referred to as âEnemies of the Experimentâ. In addition, the judge ordered that âno transfusion should be made upon any human body but by the approbation of the physicians of the Parisian Faculty (of Medicine)â,
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Denys performed a second transfusion which diminished the delirium but induced other major side effects. The third and last transfusion performed on Mauroy happened under major pressure of the wife, in fact, Denys was against it. During the procedure, Mauroy's body, at a certain point, shook in a
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Denys would go on to announce his successes to the
European scientific community through written reports submitted to the Journal des sçavans, which enabled him to start a correspondence with Henry Oldenburg, and consequently the Philosophical Transaction. He omitted to credit the works done by
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Mauroy and his wife eventually returned to their modest home, but Perrine soon found out that her husband's newfound calmness was temporary, lasting only two months. The man's state of health and mind changed abruptly due to his binges of wine, tobacco, and 'strong waters' (alcohol). The man's
568:. Denys was convinced that his transfusions did not cause Mauroy's death, and that this trial was rather a consequence of his decision to pursue research against the will of the King's Academy of Sciences as well as that of the major players of the conservative Parisienne Faculty of Medicine.
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stating his intention to publicize his anatomical and experimental demonstrations of blood transfusion as a therapeutic tool. This established Denys as the primary transfusionist of France, thus going against the ideals of the Academy of Sciences of Paris, Faculty of Medicine, and those of
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English scientists, leading to many conflicts. He believed the next step was initiating a radical new procedure between humans and animals, utilizing as a prime example the lamb, the symbol of the blood of Christ, hence the purest form.
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The verdict was again against the practice of blood transfusion. The judge declared that transfusions could only be performed with the express approval of the Paris Faculty of Medicine, a remarkably remote occurrence.
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Reportedly no blood had actually been transfused into Mauroy and the calf had not yet been cut open when the seizures started. Denys and Emmerez tried to perform an autopsy but they were strongly opposed by the wife.
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Denis returned to his home on the Left Bank, where he resumed the paid lectures to students he gave prior to beginning transfusions. Four years after the final trial at parliament, he invented styptic, an
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Denys believed that blood transfusion would garner him recognition throughout all of Europe and the Parisian elite. On March 9, 1667, he made an announcement in the journal
378:, which were seeing an increase in popularity and sophistication during the time of his birth. Denys' passion for medicine was also influenced due to his own suffering from
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In 1673, a series of experiments of a newly-invented substance created by Denys, referred to as âLiqueur hĂŠmostatiqueâ or 'Essence de Denys', were presented to
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20 times by a barber-surgeon, to no effect. After Denysâ intervention, allegedly, by the next morning, the boy was alert, and seemingly cured of his illness.
424:. These lectures were primarily given to establish important connections within Paris's medical community, and they provided Denys with little income.
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movement, food consumption, and the weights of the subjects were consistent among all three dogs and did not change due to outside elements.
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Jean-Baptiste Denys was born in the 1630s, although his birth went unnoticed and undocumented. His father was an artisan who specialized in
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The first fully documented experiment using Denysâ blood staunching liquor was carried out on May 30, 1673 in London by English physician
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The French and English were the main contestants in the battle to perform the first successful human blood transfusion. Members of the
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Paul Emmerez (died 1690) to undertake blood transfusion, having been influenced by reports of English success. During one of his
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with a third dog of similar characteristics with those prior. This was done to ensure that recorded effects, such as
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The years 1667 and 1668 were characterized by the growing frenzy over the possibility of blood transfusion.
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Following Antoine Mauroy's death, a case was formed on April 17, 1668, and presented to the Court of
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masterpiece; yet, the whole procedure was surprisingly short followed by no discussion.
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Judge Defita cleared Denys of all accusations and Perrine was charged and sent to the
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tried canine experiments, but was unable to replicate the English success.
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Blood Work: A Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution
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Blood Work: A Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution
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Denys later moved his research to the private academy established by
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of animals, proceeding with dog-to-dog transfusion. Similarly, the
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notable for having performed the first fully documented human
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Red Gold â Innovators & Pioneers: Jean-Baptiste Denis
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forcing Denys to end his studies in blood transfusions.
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First successful Human Blood Transfusion, June 15, 1667
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In Paris, he settled among the medical students in the
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572:the Honorable Jacques Defita, for a full hearing.
405:. Denysâ ambition drew him to attempt a career in
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390:Denys obtained a bachelor's in theology at the
797:"Jean-Baptiste Denis ⢠Medical Eponym Library"
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431:Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier
447:began by injecting doses of fluids into the
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644:, London; the same results were obtained.
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