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1225:
Glan's business. The following day, after being questioned by prosecutor
Jeronimus Tonnemans Jr., Yonko, and Anko, Visscher became increasingly angry, breaking a table in half and yelling at his Chinese advisers. When Yonko disappeared after the meeting, Anko told Visscher that he had joined the rebelling Chinese. This caused Visscher, who had heavily invested in Yonko and had left a large amount of money with him, to take out his carriage and scream to the residents of Semarang to escape while it was still possible. This continued until he crashed into the city walls. The residents ran away from Semarang in a panic, leaving eight loaded cannons outside the city walls.
1205:
rice, the regent's men went to
Tanjung, stood with the rebels outside of their range, then fired and left. The rebels soon occupied a sugar mill there. In Grobogan, Mertopuro, armed with weapons from the Dutch military command, staged an attack on the Chinese rebels, in which the Javanese troops opened fire on the Chinese before the Dutch came. Once the Dutch arrived, Mertopuro showed bullet wounds in horses—inflicted by his own men—as proof that he had fought.
49:
1286:
the
Governor of Semarang Dipati Sastrawijaya. This expedition was sent against the Chinese and Javanese gathering outside the hills of Bergota. Outside the walls, the Javanese soon deserted after spoiling the available artillery provisions, with the other native groups abandoning the expedition upon first contact with the Chinese. After killing several Chinese, the Dutch soldiers returned to the fortress.
1264:. Although the Dutch resident and five others escaped, the Dutch recorded a high number of casualties, with reports of cannibalism. The resident in Demak, hearing these rumours and with 3,000 Chinese outside the walls, requested permission to withdraw to Semarang. Considering Demak key to the defence of the city, Visscher refused, instead sending 80 to 100
1341:. Once inside, the Javanese soldiers opened fire, surprising the Dutch; despite being caught unaware and losing thirty-five men in the initial attack, the Dutch were able to hold out for three weeks. However, after the Chinese joined the battle, the garrison soon fell, with Velsen being executed and other surviving troops being given the choice (or
1358:
reinforcements, eventually totalling at least 1,400 Dutch and 1,600 Indonesian soldiers. By
November 1741, the company's fortress in Semarang was surrounded by 3,500 Chinese and 20,000 Javanese troops, who were armed with 30 cannons, as opposed to 3,400 Dutch and loyalist troops. With the superior Dutch firepower and tactics causing
959:, Chinese insurgents spread through central Java, joining forces with the Javanese while staging sham battles to convince the Dutch that the Javanese were supporting them. As the deception became increasingly obvious and the Chinese drew closer to Semarang, Visscher became mentally unstable. After capturing
1446:
The Dutch troops continued on to Kudus, where an estimated 2,000 Chinese soldiers were awaiting arrivals from
Kartosuro. With their numbers reinforced by further troops led by Ngabehi Secanegara from Jepara and Captain Hendrik Brule from Semarang, Mom and Tanate recaptured the city without a fight on
1403:
was disowned by the still-fighting princes and
Chinese insurgents. The rebellion leaders chose Garendi as the new sunan; Garendi took the name Sunan Kuning. On 19 June, it was reported that Notokusumo's troops, now under the command of Kyai Mas Yudanagara, had left for Kartosuro to place Sunan Kuning
1228:
The following day, Visscher surrendered control of the military to Glan. Not long afterwards, news reached him that Yonko had not joined the insurgents but had been robbed, spending the night at his son's grave in
Peterongan in depression. This revitalised Visscher, who retook command of the military
1204:
When the
Chinese forces, numbering up to 1,000 and threatening to cut supply lines to Semarang, arrived in Tanjung in April 1741, Visscher told the regent to deal with them; however, the regent's forces stalled, refusing to move until they received a tribute of high quality rice. After Yonko sent the
1458:
came and retook it. Although the
Javanese were allowed to escape unmolested, the Chinese were only able to escape to nearby Prambanan after a "pitched battle" in Asem. Two months later the Chinese, accompanied by noted Javanese leader Pakunegara, made a last stand but were defeated and forced to run
1383:
Unwilling to let the Dutch take his son, Notokusumo, then laying siege to
Semarang, made a fake attack against the Chinese, in which the sick or injured were sacrificed while the healthy were allowed to escape, in order to give an appearance of loyalty. He then went to Kartosuro to attempt to rescue
1224:
News soon spread of thousands of Chinese joining forces with Javanese soldiers in Grobogan, outside of Semarang. On 1 May, Visscher was accosted by Captain Rudolph Carel von Glan, a unit leader, asking why Visscher had done nothing to deal with the uprising. Visscher heatedly replied that it was not
1379:
capitulated to the Dutch. In March, a group of seven Dutchmen led by Captain Johan Andries, Baron van Hohendorff, arrived in Kartosuro to set the terms of his surrender. Although at first the Dutch demanded the young crown prince, Prince Loringpasar, the eldest son of Prince Notokusumo, and Prince
1285:
agreed to send an artillery unit, but it was secretly intended to reinforce the Chinese. With expeditions from the Chinese and Javanese reaching the city walls, in early June Visscher ordered a retaliatory expedition, totalling 46 Europeans and 146 Indonesians and assisted by Javanese troops under
1146:
At the time, Visscher and his troops, numbering 90 able-bodied Dutchmen and 208 Indonesians, were without reinforcements and received conflicting advice from Yonko and his uncle, Captain Que Anko. To secure his position, he sent a request to several local regents and leaders to capture or kill all
1357:
On 25 July, Visscher's replacement Abraham Roos—sent in late June because Visscher was considered mentally unstable—arrived in Semarang with 170 men, noting that the company only controlled the fortress, European quarters and beachhead. After Roos' arrival, the Dutch government began sending more
1442:
with 800 troops to serve as further reinforcements. Mom and Tanate were then sent to recapture Demak, occupied by 4,000 rebels under the command of the Chinese general Singseh and Javanese general Raden Suryakusuma. The ensuing battle took place over several days and resulted in a Dutch victory.
1179:
and its holdings; he also commanded his senior lords Jayaningrat and Citrasoma to be neutral in the conflict, and to let as many Chinese escape as possible. Mertopuro of Grobogan, one of the more vocal advocates of active resistance, was tasked with the instigation of Chinese in his area. Within
1289:
The following day, the Dutch commandeered all Chinese houses, including that of Anko. When working weapons and ammunition were found in his home, Anko stated that they were remnants from an earlier war in 1718. Not believing Anko, the Dutch arrested him and Yonko, then had them chained and
1349:
or be killed. They circumcised the Dutch and the Javanese seized the Dutch children and women as booty after executing the Dutch leader. Meanwhile, Khe Pandjang's troops were driven out of Bekasi and joined with 1,000 soldiers under the command of Captain Ismail to capture
1384:
his son, but was told to clear a path to Demak by the Dutch officials there. After stalling, Notokusumo agreed to do so, first travelling to Semarang. However, upon his arrival in Semarang he was arrested by the new chief of the army, Hugo Verijsel, with
1063:
was stopped at the gates the following day, Valckenier called an emergency meeting of the council for 9 October. The day of the meeting, the Dutch and other ethnic groups in Batavia began to kill all ethnic Chinese in the city, resulting in an estimated
1290:
decapitated; Visscher then ordered the execution of all ethnic Chinese. On 14 June, Visscher ordered the Chinese quarters outside the fortress to be razed to the ground. Despite Chinese numerical superiority, they did not attempt a final attack.
1208:
To deal with the increasing pressure being put on by the Chinese, Visscher sent orders to company strongholds throughout the north coast to hire as many native, non-Javanese, mercenaries as could be found; he also ordered the regents of Pati,
1483:
also surrendered the northern coast of Java, Madura, and eastern Java to the Dutch; the treaty also obligated him to pay 8,600 metric tons of rice in tribute every year and forbade the Javanese from sailing outside of Java, Madura, and
1336:
soon afterwards openly showed his support for the Chinese rebellion in July with a sneak attack. His troops entered the Dutch garrison in Kartasura, under the pretension of helping to prepare for a Chinese attack, on
1244:
requested that all coastal regents pledge their allegiance to him. He did the same for the members of his court on 13 May. However, several leaders, including second in line to the throne Prince Ngabehi Loringpasar,
1217:, sent 540 troops to Tanjung, then secretly left for Kartosuro. However, when the troops arrived they feinted an attack, then pulled back to Semarang. When Visscher realised that the regents had disappeared,
1525:
did not receive the land or powers promised, instead being isolated to Madura. Unwilling to accept what he saw as Dutch betrayal, he joined another rebellion in 1745; after his son surrendered to the Dutch,
1862:
1845:
1585:
At the time, Khe Pandjang's troops were still in Bekasi, between Batavia and Semarang, while in southern Sulawesi there was an ongoing war. As such, Visscher was cut off from two major Dutch strongholds.
1276:
The Chinese from Tanjung soon reached Semarang and laid siege, assisted by the troops previously sent to destroy them. Visscher, fearing that his troops would not be enough, requested reinforcements from
705:
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troops as reinforcements. The resident of Demak was eventually called back to Semarang, leaving the defence of the fort to Mertopuro. Rembang fell on 27 July, with Jepara falling four days later.
990:
was disowned by the revolution and his nephew, Raden Mas Garendi, was chosen to be their sultan. As the Dutch recaptured cities through the northern coast of Java, the rebellion led an attack on
1332:
ordered the execution of Prince Tepasana and another younger brother, accused of being informants for Velsen; their families, including Tepasana's preteen son Raden Mas Garendi, were exiled.
1492:
died in 1749, an unpopular leader whose claim to the throne had only been held through the protection of the Dutch. Further disagreements between the court ministers and leaders after
1055:, to the two areas; they imposed a curfew on all Chinese inside the city walls to prevent them from plotting against the Dutch. When a group of 10,000 ethnic Chinese from nearby
294:
1545:
The Dutch East India Company, although it had gained a large amount of coastal land, was "in an advanced state of exhaustion". According to the noted scholar of Indonesia
204:
1002:
retook the city in December 1742, and by early 1743, the last Chinese had surrendered. After the war, the Dutch asserted greater control of Java through a treaty with
1576:
Sources spell his name alternatively as Khe Pandjang, Que Pandjang, Si Pandjang, or Sie Pan Djiang. Setiono suggests that his actual name may have been Oie Panko.
1454:
The Chinese and Javanese rebel coalition, which was beginning to unravel, continued to hold Kartosuro until December 1742, being only chased out of the city when
1192:(a kind of terrace) outside his court, thus giving him a reason to tell the Dutch that he had no manpower to spare. Despite Visscher receiving intelligence of
1143:, and attempted to found their own nation. The success of the Javanese troops in stopping the insurgents reassured Visscher, despite Yonko's advice otherwise.
1167:
and his advisers had been debating the possible benefits of joining the Chinese or holding out and rescuing the Dutch to gain a more favourable relationship.
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1221:
told him that he would send them back with a further 6,000 soldiers, requesting that Visscher secure compensation from the company headquarters in Batavia.
1014:
942:
fled across the Sundra Strait, eventually heading east for Semarang on the island of Java. Despite being warned of the impending uprising, the head of the
287:
1123:; the group then proceeded to loot his house. The insurgents were soon chased away by a group of Javanese soldiers under the command of the Regent of
1147:
suspicious looking Chinese; although some complied immediately, as evidenced by Visscher's receiving three heads several days later, others, such as
975:
offered his alliance, and worked from Madura westward, killing any Chinese he and his troops could find and quashing the rebellion in eastern Java.
197:
982:'s army fled once it became apparent that the Dutch, with their reinforcements, had superior firepower. The Dutch campaign throughout 1742 led
381:
740:
280:
1549:, the new Sultan of Yogyakarta Mangkubumi went on to be the Dutch colonial government's "most dangerous enemy of the eighteenth century".
1213:, Kudus, and Cekalsewu, then in Semarang for a military meeting, to send troops to cut off the insurgents' escape. The regents, loyal to
830:
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1091:, Bartholomeus Visscher, dismissed the threat of the incoming Chinese. A minority in Java, the Chinese began forging alliances with the
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946:'s military, Bartholomeus Visscher, ignored his advisers and did not prepare reinforcements. As the situation developed, the court of
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On 23 May, the approximately 1,000 Chinese left Tanjung and headed east, assaulting the 15-man Juwana outpost, as well as the one in
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2837:
1249:'s elder brother Prince Tepasana, and his mother Queen Amangkurat, were against a revolution; Captain Johannes van Velsen, Dutch
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1388:'s blessing. Verijsel then took 300 Dutch soldiers and 500 natives to clear the area around Kartosuro, but was stopped in
1309:'s earlier war deliberations and was ready to launch a war of his own against the Sunan's forces. After the Dutch agreed,
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on 4 May and ordered everyone to return to their homes. Several days afterwards, four regents – Suradiningrat from
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to the foothills along the southern coast. A general amnesty was soon declared, and Singseh surrendered in Surabaya.
1301:, who offered to ally himself with the Dutch if they would support his bid to establish his own kingdom in the area;
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on the throne. On 30 June, they arrived at Kartosuro together with Khe Pandjang's troops and attacked the city. As
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was reinstated by the Dutch, in early 1743 he was forced to sign a treaty. Aside from moving his palace to nearby
1325:, Jipang, and Gresik. By 12 July, all Chinese in the Surabaya and Gresik areas had either escaped or been killed.
2757:"The crisis of 1740–1 in Java: the Javanese, Chinese, Madurese and Dutch, and the Fall of the Court of Kartasura"
2735:
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troops, led by Kraeng Tanate, to aid him in the defence of Semarang. On 21 July, Captain Gerrit Mom arrived from
571:
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28 August. After the recapture of Demak and Kudus, the remaining regents began to surrender, promised pardon by
1131:
and staked on a pole in the middle of Semarang as a warning for other would-be insurgents. Meanwhile, in nearby
877:
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Van koelies, klontongs en kapiteins: het beeld van de Chinezen in Indisch-Nederlands literair proza 1880–1950
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Pringgalaya as hostages, Loringpasar was replaced by Queen Amangkurat as he was too ill to make the trip.
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status which it no longer means. The Semaran Adipati and the Jayaningrat families were of Chinese origin.
2696:
Of Coolies, Klontong, and Captains: The Image of the Chinese in Indonesian-Dutch Literary Prose 1880–1950
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A map showing the situation in Semarang. The fort (center) was surrounded by Chinese and Javanese troops.
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and the Javanese and Chinese who fought against the Dutch in the Java war in revenge for the massacre.
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361:
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1030:(modern day Jakarta) revolted on 7 October 1740, killing fifty Dutch troops in Meester Cornelis (now
386:
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Sources are unclear as to the number of deaths, although in Gresik the total is estimated to be 400.
1362:'s troops to scatter, the siege was eventually broken and an expedition was able to reclaim Jepara.
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when the Dutch threatened war. However, the relationship between the two continued to be strained.
1321:'s troops attempted to kill all ethnic Chinese, first starting in Madura then spreading to Tuban,
952:, Sunan of Mataram, decided to tentatively support the Chinese while seemingly helping the Dutch.
1507:
1253:
in Kartasura, reported to Visscher that the Sunan had been persuaded against rebelling. However,
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1127:. Although most insurgents managed to escape, one was captured and killed, with his head being
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to surrender and switch sides; as some Javanese princes wished to continue the war, on 6 April
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Despite being advised that he would be in danger if he went against the company, on 11 May
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8:
1237: – arrived at Semarang, reporting that the 6,000 promised troops were on their way.
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may have been driven by a fear of either Dutch retribution or Chinese military prowess.
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After a long period of repression by the Dutch East India Company, ethnic Chinese in
526:
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217:
182:
1412:, his family, and the Dutch escaped on horseback, finding safety after crossing the
1293:
With more uprisings appearing in eastern Java, the company was approached by Prince
1160:, were more cautious, writing that they were uncertain of the ethics of the orders.
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then promised that he would surrender the coastal lands and let the Dutch pick the
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surrendered two of the Javanese leaders. As part of the conditions of the treaty,
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1502:
1305:, formerly a great warrior for Mataram, had taken offence to being left out of
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2698:] (Doctorate in Humanities thesis) (in Dutch). Universiteit van Amsterdaam
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executed as an example of a "faithless king", but soon returned the palace to
1196:'s dealings, he trusted the Sunan due to his previous loyalty to the company.
2811:
2744:
1553:
1230:
1152:
1132:
1124:
1120:
967:, the joint Chinese and Javanese army besieged Semarang in June 1741. Prince
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1351:
1233:, Martapura from Grobogan, Suradimenggala from Kaliwungu, and Awangga from
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became increasingly certain that he would join forces with the Chinese.
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home by a group of 37 Chinese insurgents armed with swords, spears, and
1511:
1413:
1393:
1163:
During a period of contemplation lasting from late 1740 and July 1741,
1047:
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2689:
1472:
1426:, or chief minister, if the Dutch would help him reclaim his throne.
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ethnic Chinese gathered in large assemblies and chose a new emperor,
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Towards the end of October 1740, survivors of the massacre, led by
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22:
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when he and his troops came under attack from the armies of three
911:. Ending in victory for the Dutch, the war led to the fall of the
1864:
The Chinese war and the collapse of the Javanese state, 1725-1743
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1741:
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960:
935:
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Emperor Pakubuwana II, Priyayi & Company and the Chinese War
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1496:'s death led to the division of Mataram into two kingdoms, the
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and pro-Dutch Javanese that took place in central and eastern
1827:
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1823:
1422:
1408:'s troops, numbering close to 2,000, stayed behind to fight,
1704:
1702:
1654:(modern day Sri Lanka), where he spent the rest of his life.
1633:
initially attempted to establish his own kingdom and wanted
1115:
On 1 February 1741, Corporal Claas Lutten was killed in his
926:
After years of growing anti-Chinese sentiment, Dutch forces
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938:(now Jakarta) in October 1740. A group of survivors led by
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2715:(4, illustrated ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
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Despite being Yonko's uncle, Anko reportedly hated him.
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1908:
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1808:
978:
In late 1741, the siege around Semarang was broken as
212:
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Indonesia's Chinese Community under Political Turmoil
1772:
1753:
1726:
1271:
2792:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: TransMedia Pustaka.
2663:"Monumen Laskar Tionghoa dan Kisah Geger Cina 1742"
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1317:'s sister), to Kartosuro. Throughout June and July
1313:
severed his ties with Mataram, returning his wife (
1095:, who were the largest ethnic group on the island.
955:After the first casualties on 1 February 1741 in
895:of 1741 to 1743 was an armed struggle by a joint
2809:
1617:, a British explorer and scholar on the Indies,
1083:troops. The survivors then fled east, towards
2660:
1854:
1837:
1678:
998:, forcing the Sunan to flee with his family.
288:
198:
2761:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
2687:
1790:
1720:
1429:
1098:Adoption of Islam back then was a marker of
1020:massacre of 10,000 ethnic Chinese in Batavia
302:
2331:
1672:
1682:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200
915:and, indirectly, the founding of both the
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281:
205:
191:
47:
2772:
1556:erected a monument to the victims of the
38:Part of a series of struggles against the
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2313:
2263:
2052:
2040:
2028:
1975:
1948:
1814:
1802:
1370:
1200:Instability of Visscher and early losses
1013:
21:For a war led by Prince Diponegoro, see
16:Armed struggle against Dutch colonialism
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1650:After his capture, Singseh was sent to
1399:For dealing with the Dutch, on 6 April
1175:to Mas Ibrahim to begin attacks on the
1045:, who sent 1,800 troops, together with
144:
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2810:
1552:In 2015, Indonesian interior minister
2355:Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford (1817).
1434:In early July, Verijsel received 360
276:
186:
2710:
2486:
2193:
1188:, he ordered the restoration of the
1110:
2711:Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981).
1685:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 114.
1679:M.C. Ricklefs (11 September 2008).
1538:but was captured and exiled to the
1051:(militia) and eleven battalions of
13:
1272:Siege of Semarang and Dutch losses
102:Joint army of Chinese and Javanese
14:
2899:
1079:but were blocked by 3,000 of its
2338:Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817).
1850:. W.G.J. Remmelink. p. 136.
2654:
2348:
1861:Willem G. J. Remmelink (1994).
1844:Willem G. J. Remmelink (1990).
1644:
1624:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1579:
1396:; Verijsel retreated to Ampel.
242:Trunajaya rebellion (1674–1680)
2838:Wars involving the Netherlands
2785:Tionghoa dalam Pusaran Politik
2739:. Vol. 2. London: Black.
2661:Hasanul Rizqa (3 March 2016).
1570:
1:
2833:Military history of Indonesia
1661:
1038:. This revolt was quashed by
1022:was a major cause of the war.
1009:
68:1 February 1741 to early 1743
65:
2713:A History of South-East Asia
1867:. KITLV Press. p. 136.
1462:
1365:
831:Lombok and Karangasem (1894)
108:officers and assorted groups
7:
2843:Dutch conquest of Indonesia
2688:Dharmowijono, W.W. (2009).
10:
2904:
2782:Setiono, Benny G. (2008).
1171:later secretly paid 2,000
262:3rd Succession (1749–1757)
252:2nd Succession (1719–1723)
247:1st Succession (1704–1708)
20:
2868:18th century in Indonesia
2774:10.1163/22134379-90003445
1512:the city of the same name
1430:Dutch control is restored
319:
227:
168:
112:
96:
57:
46:
41:Dutch colonial government
37:
32:
2883:1743 in the Dutch Empire
2878:1742 in the Dutch Empire
2873:1741 in the Dutch Empire
2731:Raffles, Thomas Stamford
1750:, pp. 114–116, 119.
1563:
1177:Dutch East India Company
944:Dutch East India Company
905:Dutch East India Company
582:South Africa (1659-1677)
577:New Netherland (1659–63)
517:New Netherland (1643–45)
106:Dutch East India Company
1508:Sultanate of Yogyakarta
1105:
1075:, attempted to flee to
921:Sultanate of Yogyakarta
357:Banda Islands (1609–21)
2753:Ricklefs, Merle Calvin
1500:located in Solo under
1023:
562:2nd Recife (1652-1654)
113:Commanders and leaders
1558:1740 Batavia massacre
1547:Merle Calvin Ricklefs
1498:Sunanate of Surakarta
1371:The fall of Kartosuro
1017:
917:Sunanate of Surakarta
644:Sri Lanka (1764-1766)
592:Sri Lanka (1670-1670)
151:Bartholomeus Visscher
913:Sultanate of Mataram
806:Gold Coast (1869–70)
442:Liuqiu Island (1636)
372:Pescadores (1622–24)
232:Surabaya (1614–1625)
2736:The History of Java
2651:, pp. 161–162.
2358:The History of Java
2341:The History of Java
2266:, pp. 278–280.
1963:, pp. 137–138.
1905:, pp. 235–236.
1834:, pp. 136–137.
1711:, pp. 111–113.
878:Indonesia (1946–49)
873:Indonesia (1941–45)
766:Palembang (1851–59)
572:Malabar (1658-1663)
387:Persian Gulf (1625)
342:Cape Rachado (1606)
237:Batavia (1628–1629)
1043:Adriaan Valckenier
1024:
801:Pasoemah (1864–68)
771:Montrado (1854–55)
681:Cape Colony (1806)
664:Cape Colony (1795)
567:2nd Colombo (1654)
537:Philippines (1646)
512:Cambodia (1643–44)
447:Porto Calvo (1637)
427:Liaoluo Bay (1633)
310:colonial campaigns
2888:Mataram Sultanate
2828:Conflicts in 1743
2823:Conflicts in 1742
2818:Conflicts in 1741
2799:978-979-799-052-7
2722:978-0-312-38641-2
1874:978-90-6718-067-2
1791:Dharmowijono 2009
1721:Dharmowijono 2009
1692:978-1-137-05201-8
1540:Cape of Good Hope
1190:siti inggil kidul
1111:Initial conflicts
903:army against the
886:
885:
721:Sumatra (1821–37)
659:Gold Coast (1782)
552:Guararapes (1649)
547:Guararapes (1648)
457:Vietnam (1637–43)
407:Batavia (1628–29)
352:Mozambique (1608)
347:Mozambique (1607)
270:
269:
219:Mataram Sultanate
181:
180:
164:
142:Notokusumo (
140:
92:
91:
2895:
2803:
2778:
2776:
2767:(2/3): 268–290.
2748:
2726:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2580:
2574:
2561:
2555:
2544:
2538:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2473:
2467:
2458:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2395:
2389:
2378:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2218:
2212:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2158:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2090:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1925:
1919:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1676:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1615:Stamford Raffles
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1529:
1524:
1505:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1457:
1450:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1387:
1378:
1361:
1347:convert to Islam
1340:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1284:
1280:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1220:
1216:
1195:
1183:
1170:
1166:
1155:
1068:over two weeks.
1040:Governor-General
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
981:
951:
868:Venezuela (1908)
816:Mandor (1884–85)
811:Aceh (1873–1913)
791:Borneo (1859–63)
746:Ahanta (1837–39)
716:Palembang (1821)
711:Palembang (1819)
587:Taiwan (1661–62)
477:Itamaracá (1640)
432:Taiwan (1635–36)
314:
313:
311:
297:
290:
283:
274:
273:
257:Java (1741–1743)
222:
220:
207:
200:
193:
184:
183:
174:23,500 (highest)
162:
161:
157:
146:
138:
137:
125:
67:
59:
58:
51:
30:
29:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2863:History of Java
2808:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2723:
2701:
2699:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2583:
2575:
2564:
2556:
2547:
2539:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2476:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2440:
2432:
2423:
2415:
2398:
2390:
2381:
2373:
2366:
2353:
2349:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2221:
2213:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2093:
2085:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1928:
1920:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1859:
1855:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1631:Cakraningrat IV
1630:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1528:Cakraningrat IV
1527:
1523:Cakraningrat IV
1522:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1465:
1456:Cakraningrat IV
1455:
1448:
1432:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1385:
1376:
1375:In early 1742,
1373:
1368:
1359:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1319:Cakraningrat IV
1318:
1314:
1311:Cakraningrat IV
1310:
1306:
1303:Cakraningrat IV
1302:
1295:Cakraningrat IV
1294:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1218:
1214:
1202:
1193:
1181:
1168:
1164:
1151:
1113:
1108:
1012:
1003:
1000:Cakraningrat IV
999:
991:
987:
983:
979:
969:Cakraningrat IV
963:, Tanjung, and
947:
889:
888:
887:
882:
836:Pedir (1897–98)
796:Japan (1863–64)
691:Moluccas (1810)
624:India (1739–41)
522:India (1644-45)
472:Mormugão (1639)
467:Salvador (1638)
422:Abrolhos (1631)
392:Salvador (1625)
377:Salvador (1624)
315:
309:
304:
303:
301:
271:
266:
223:
218:
215:
213:
211:
177:3,400 (highest)
159:
158:
156:Cakraningrat IV
155:
154:
152:
141:
133:
132:
128:
80:
52:
39:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2779:
2749:
2727:
2721:
2708:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2653:
2641:
2639:, p. 245.
2629:
2627:, p. 161.
2612:
2610:, p. 157.
2600:
2598:, p. 244.
2581:
2579:, p. 155.
2562:
2560:, p. 154.
2545:
2543:, p. 282.
2518:
2516:, p. 153.
2506:
2504:, p. 152.
2491:
2489:, p. 358.
2474:
2472:, p. 156.
2459:
2457:, p. 151.
2438:
2436:, p. 150.
2421:
2419:, p. 242.
2396:
2394:, p. 281.
2379:
2377:, p. 273.
2364:
2361:. p. 218.
2347:
2344:. p. 218.
2330:
2328:, p. 280.
2318:
2316:, p. 288.
2306:
2304:, p. 149.
2291:
2289:, p. 241.
2268:
2256:
2254:, p. 148.
2244:
2242:, p. 146.
2219:
2217:, p. 147.
2198:
2196:, p. 357.
2186:
2184:, p. 145.
2159:
2157:, p. 144.
2144:
2142:, p. 143.
2129:
2127:, p. 142.
2114:
2112:, p. 141.
2091:
2089:, p. 140.
2072:
2070:, p. 240.
2057:
2055:, p. 241.
2045:
2043:, p. 271.
2033:
2031:, p. 275.
2018:
2016:, p. 239.
2001:
1999:, p. 139.
1980:
1978:, p. 274.
1965:
1953:
1951:, p. 272.
1926:
1924:, p. 137.
1907:
1895:
1893:, p. 136.
1880:
1873:
1853:
1836:
1819:
1807:
1805:, p. 270.
1795:
1793:, p. 301.
1783:
1781:, p. 235.
1771:
1769:, p. 135.
1752:
1737:
1735:, p. 114.
1725:
1723:, p. 298.
1713:
1698:
1691:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1643:
1623:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1503:Pakubuwono III
1464:
1461:
1431:
1428:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1273:
1270:
1201:
1198:
1184:'s capital at
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1011:
1008:
994:'s capital at
932:ethnic Chinese
884:
883:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:Bone (1905–06)
850:
848:Kerinci (1903)
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
786:Bone (1858–59)
783:
778:
776:Nias (1855–64)
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
736:Java (1825–30)
733:
731:Bone (1824–25)
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
701:Algiers (1816)
698:
693:
688:
686:Java (1806–07)
683:
678:
676:Surinam (1804)
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
639:Java (1749–57)
636:
631:
629:Java (1741–43)
626:
621:
619:Java (1719–23)
616:
614:Java (1704–07)
605:
604:
602:Java (1674–80)
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
527:Tabocas (1645)
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
487:Malacca (1641)
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
337:Malacca (1606)
334:
332:Amboina (1605)
329:
320:
317:
316:
300:
299:
292:
285:
277:
268:
267:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
228:
225:
224:
210:
209:
202:
195:
187:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
166:
165:
149:
115:
114:
110:
109:
103:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
76:
74:
70:
69:
63:
55:
54:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2900:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2541:Ricklefs 1983
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2392:Ricklefs 1983
2388:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2375:Ricklefs 1983
2371:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2326:Ricklefs 1983
2322:
2315:
2314:Ricklefs 1983
2310:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:Ricklefs 1983
2260:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:Ricklefs 1983
2049:
2042:
2041:Ricklefs 1983
2037:
2030:
2029:Ricklefs 1983
2025:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:Ricklefs 1983
1972:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1949:Ricklefs 1983
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1817:, p. 27.
1816:
1815:Ricklefs 1983
1811:
1804:
1803:Ricklefs 1983
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1647:
1639:Pakubuwono II
1635:Pakubuwono II
1627:
1619:Pakubuwono II
1616:
1613:According to
1610:
1601:
1592:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:Tjahjo Kumolo
1550:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:Pakubuwono II
1490:Pakubuwono II
1487:
1481:Pakubuwono II
1477:Pakubuwono II
1474:
1469:Pakubuwono II
1460:
1452:
1449:Pakubuwono II
1444:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1418:Pakubuwono II
1415:
1410:Pakubuwono II
1406:Pakubuwono II
1401:Pakubuwono II
1397:
1395:
1391:
1386:Pakubuwono II
1381:
1377:Pakubuwono II
1363:
1360:Pakubuwono II
1355:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1334:Pakubuwono II
1330:Pakubuwono II
1326:
1324:
1315:Pakubuwono II
1307:Pakubuwono II
1300:
1291:
1287:
1283:Pakubuwono II
1279:Pakubuwono II
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1255:Pakubuwono II
1252:
1247:Pakubuwono II
1242:Pakubuwono II
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1219:Pakubuwono II
1215:Pakubuwono II
1212:
1206:
1197:
1194:Pakubuwono II
1191:
1187:
1182:Pakubuwono II
1178:
1174:
1169:Pakubuwono II
1165:Pakubuwono II
1161:
1159:
1154:
1153:Pakubuwono II
1150:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1066:10,000 deaths
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1007:
1004:Pakubuwono II
997:
992:Pakubuwono II
988:Pakubuwono II
984:Pakubuwono II
980:Pakubuwono II
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
950:
949:Pakubuwono II
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
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837:
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769:
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764:
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757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
726:Borneo (1823)
724:
722:
719:
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714:
712:
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702:
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689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
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673:
672:
671:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
654:Ceylon (1782)
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
634:Penfui (1749)
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
609:
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590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
557:Taiwan (1652)
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
532:Brazil (1645)
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
502:Taiwan (1642)
500:
498:
497:Taiwan (1641)
495:
493:
492:Luanda (1641)
490:
488:
485:
483:
482:Ceylon (1640)
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
452:Elmina (1637)
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
437:Brazil (1636)
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
412:Recife (1630)
410:
408:
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403:
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398:
397:Elmina (1625)
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
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382:Luanda (1624)
380:
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328:
327:Bantam (1601)
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279:
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263:
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235:
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230:
229:
226:
221:
214:Campaigns of
208:
203:
201:
196:
194:
189:
188:
185:
176:
173:
172:
167:
160:Pakubuwono II
153:Hugo Verijsel
150:
147:
136:
135:Pakubuwono II
131:
126:
120:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
88:Dutch Victory
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
72:
71:
64:
61:
60:
56:
50:
45:
42:
36:
31:
24:
19:
2858:1743 in Asia
2853:1742 in Asia
2848:1741 in Asia
2789:
2784:
2764:
2760:
2734:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2695:
2690:
2681:Bibliography
2667:. Retrieved
2656:
2649:Setiono 2008
2644:
2637:Raffles 1830
2632:
2625:Setiono 2008
2608:Setiono 2008
2603:
2596:Raffles 1830
2577:Setiono 2008
2558:Setiono 2008
2514:Setiono 2008
2509:
2502:Setiono 2008
2470:Setiono 2008
2455:Setiono 2008
2434:Setiono 2008
2417:Raffles 1830
2357:
2350:
2340:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2302:Setiono 2008
2287:Raffles 1830
2259:
2252:Setiono 2008
2247:
2240:Setiono 2008
2215:Setiono 2008
2189:
2182:Setiono 2008
2155:Setiono 2008
2140:Setiono 2008
2125:Setiono 2008
2110:Setiono 2008
2087:Setiono 2008
2068:Raffles 1830
2048:
2036:
2014:Raffles 1830
1997:Setiono 2008
1961:Setiono 2008
1956:
1922:Setiono 2008
1903:Raffles 1830
1898:
1891:Setiono 2008
1863:
1856:
1846:
1839:
1832:Setiono 2008
1810:
1798:
1786:
1779:Raffles 1830
1774:
1767:Setiono 2008
1748:Setiono 2008
1733:Setiono 2008
1728:
1716:
1709:Setiono 2008
1681:
1674:
1646:
1626:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1581:
1572:
1551:
1544:
1520:
1466:
1453:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1398:
1382:
1374:
1356:
1327:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1259:
1239:
1227:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1189:
1162:
1145:
1114:
1097:
1073:Khe Pandjang
1070:
1046:
1025:
977:
954:
940:Khe Pandjang
925:
892:
890:
842:20th century
841:
840:
821:Jambi (1885)
706:Ambon (1817)
670:19th century
669:
668:
649:India (1781)
628:
608:18th century
607:
606:
597:India (1673)
542:Kombi (1647)
507:Chile (1643)
417:Jambi (1630)
367:Macau (1622)
362:Johor (1613)
322:17th century
321:
256:
130:Khe Pandjang
97:Belligerents
18:
2665:. Republika
1532:Banjarmasin
1530:escaped to
1036:Tanah Abang
863:Bali (1908)
858:Bali (1906)
781:Bali (1858)
761:Bali (1849)
756:Bali (1848)
751:Bali (1846)
741:Aceh (1831)
696:Java (1811)
402:Cuba (1628)
163:(1742–1743)
2812:Categories
2702:1 December
1662:References
1516:Mangkubumi
1414:Solo River
1394:temenggung
1328:On 9 July
1053:conscripts
1048:schutterij
1032:Jatinegara
1010:Background
826:Edi (1890)
462:Goa (1638)
2745:312809187
2733:(1830) .
2487:Hall 1981
2194:Hall 1981
1667:Footnotes
1542:in 1746.
1467:Although
1463:Aftermath
1366:1742–1743
1186:Kartosuro
1100:peranakan
1057:Tangerang
996:Kartosuro
928:massacred
2755:(1983).
1506:and the
1440:Sulawesi
1436:Ambonese
1390:Salatiga
1323:Surabaya
1251:resident
1137:Grobogan
1093:Javanese
1085:Semarang
1081:sultan's
919:and the
901:Javanese
893:Java War
169:Strength
73:Location
33:Java War
23:Java War
1521:Prince
1339:20 July
1262:Rembang
1158:Mataram
1141:Singseh
1129:removed
1121:harrows
1028:Batavia
961:Rembang
936:Batavia
930:10,000
897:Chinese
121: (
119:Singseh
2796:
2743:
2719:
2669:4 July
1871:
1689:
1652:Ceylon
1536:Borneo
1514:under
1343:forced
1299:Madura
1266:native
1235:Kendal
1211:Jepara
1077:Banten
1061:Bekasi
1034:) and
973:Madura
965:Jepara
139:(1741)
85:Result
2788:[
2694:[
1564:Notes
1423:patih
1352:Tegal
1345:) to
1231:Tuban
1149:Sunan
1133:Demak
1125:Kudus
306:Dutch
2794:ISBN
2741:OCLC
2717:ISBN
2704:2011
2671:2017
1869:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1486:Bali
1473:Solo
1173:real
1135:and
1117:Pati
1106:1741
1089:Java
1059:and
1018:The
957:Pati
909:Java
899:and
891:The
216:the
78:Java
62:Date
2769:doi
2765:139
1534:in
1510:in
1488:.
1297:of
1156:of
971:of
934:in
145:POW
124:POW
2814::
2763:.
2759:.
2615:^
2584:^
2565:^
2548:^
2521:^
2494:^
2477:^
2462:^
2441:^
2424:^
2399:^
2382:^
2367:^
2294:^
2271:^
2222:^
2201:^
2162:^
2147:^
2132:^
2117:^
2094:^
2075:^
2060:^
2021:^
2004:^
1983:^
1968:^
1929:^
1910:^
1883:^
1822:^
1755:^
1740:^
1701:^
1518:.
1475:,
1451:.
1416:.
1354:.
1281:.
1006:.
923:.
66:c.
2802:.
2777:.
2771::
2747:.
2725:.
2706:.
2673:.
1877:.
1695:.
296:e
289:t
282:v
206:e
199:t
192:v
148:)
127:)
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
