452:
31:
321:, attacked Surabaya's allies, including Wirasaba. Surabaya and its allies launched a counterattack but were defeated near Pajang in 1616. Over the next few years, Mataram gradually conquered members of the Surabayan alliance, and by 1620, the city of Surabaya itself was under siege, holding out until it surrendered in 1625. With this conquest, Mataram unified most of central and eastern Java under its control, and cemented its position as the dominant power in Java. Surabaya and other conquered areas would remain in Mataram's hands until it was ceded to the
155:
93:
494:, and it was in many parts surrounded by swampland, which formed a natural fortification and health risk for besiegers. In addition, the city was walled and fortified with cannons. Surabaya's position as a port city made it necessary for Mataram to blockade Surabaya by sea and by land. Logistical limitations and annual rainy seasons prevented Mataram from maintaining a continuous siege. Instead, Mataram followed a pattern of attacking during the dry season, destroying crops and pillaging harvests from the areas surrounding Surabaya.
444:
190:
498:
failed to conquer
Surabaya. Mataram besieged Surabaya again in 1624, occupying and pillaging the surrounding settlements and forcing their residents to flee to the city. At the same time, Mataram also sent expeditions against Surabaya's remaining allies, notably Sukadana in Borneo, which fell in 1622, and Madura, which fell in 1624. These two overseas allies had been supplying Surabaya, and their defeat severely cut off the city.
473:, Malang, and possibly Pasuruan in 1614. Surabayan forces attacked this Mataram army during its homeward march, but was defeated. In 1615 Agung conquered Wirasaba, personally leading the troops there. Surabaya did not commit its troops to help Wirasaba, due to the fear that its other ally, Tuban, would take advantage, betray Surabaya, and attack it from the rear.
497:
Mataram sent five expeditions to attack
Surabaya. The first, in 1620, involved 70,000 Mataram troops against Surabaya's 30,000, but the siege failed due to insufficient supplies for the Mataram troops. The second attempt in 1622 also failed due to lack of food supplies. The third attempt in 1623 also
480:
Agung then won victories in Lasem (1616) and
Pasuruan (1616–17). In 1617 Pajang finally rebelled against Mataram but was defeated, and the lord of Pajang fled to Surabaya. In 1619 Agung conquered Tuban, one of the strongest members of Surabaya's alliance. This conquest put Agung in control of Tuban's
612:
In addition, the campaign resulted in some destruction, especially along the
Javanese northern coast. The fighting, sickness, and starvation, and the disruption of agriculture, caused the deaths of many – the number is unknown, but estimated to be large. Surabaya, no longer a port of
476:
The conquest of the strategically important
Wirasaba posed such a clear threat to Surabaya and other eastern states that the alliance rallied. They mobilized their troops and marched towards Pajang, a city under Mataram's control but ostensibly on the verge of rebellion. However, a Mataram spy in
521:
was open. Considering the effects of the siege and the starvation in the city, Jayalengkara, the Duke of
Surabaya, called a council with the city's nobility. One faction, notably including the exiled Duke of Pajang, pushed for continued resistance, but other nobles convinced Jayalengkara to
517:, limiting the water supply to the city, and spoiled the remaining water supply using dead animals. The overland siege, and previous conquest of Surabaya's overseas allies, caused a lack of food and other supplies in the city. Notably, only a sea route to
489:
By 1620, Mataram's main target shifted towards the city of
Surabaya itself. From 1620 to 1625, Mataram forces periodically besieged Surabaya. The siege was difficult because part of Surabaya (including the ducal palace) was located between branches of the
477:
Tuban deceived the allied forces into taking a bad route towards Pajang. As a result, the allied army found itself isolated in
Siwalan, near Pajang. This army was surrounded by Sultan Agung and defeated in January 1616.
609:
in 1628, and again in 1629, but these campaigns ended in a devastating defeat. After this failure, Mataram expansion stopped, and it would no longer be a threat to either Banten or the Dutch.
363:), and Kediri (1591). Following Mataram's unsuccessful westward expedition against Banten in about 1597, Mataram turned its expansion eastward, into areas under the influence of Surabaya.
370:
was centered roughly in today's city of
Surabaya on the northern coast of eastern Java. It was a wealthy and powerful state, and the city was an important port in the trade route between
469:, "the Great Sultan", and referred to in literature with that title) rose to the throne of Mataram. He began the eastward conquest by an incursion towards Surabaya's southern flank, the
337:, the dominant power on the island of Java, disintegrated into several independent states. At the turn of the 17th century, three of these states emerged as the leading powers: the
605:
This conquest marked the maximum extent of
Mataram's power. Having consolidated his power in central and eastern Java, Agung then turned westward to deal with the Dutch. His army
220:
506:
502:
317:. Prior to this conquest, Mataram and Surabaya were rivals for power in central and eastern Java. The campaign began in 1614 when Mataram, under the leadership of
510:
525:
Jayalengkara became Sultan Agung's vassal in Surabaya, and the elderly duke was said to have died shortly afterwards. His son Pangeran Pekik was exiled to an
613:
importance, had lost its dominance over eastern Java. The destruction of the coastal towns contributed to the decline of Javanese trade and the rise of the
430:
off the northern coast. This alliance was primarily a response to the growing power of Mataram, and Surabaya was the founder and the most powerful member.
537:, "did much to civilize the Court" of Mataram. The Duke of Pajang, a former subject of Mataram who had rebelled and fled to Surabaya, was executed by
586:) in the West. Surabaya and other conquered regions on the northeastern coast of Java would remain in Mataram's hands until they were ceded to the
378:. The city was approximately 37 kilometres (23 mi) in circumference, and was fortified by canals and cannons. Allied with the nearby state of
213:
172:
382:, the Duchy expanded its influence throughout the eastern part of Java in the beginning of the 17th century. By 1622, it was in control of
206:
559:
The conquest eliminated Mataram's strongest rival to the east and allowed Sultan Agung to establish his sovereignty over most of the
455:
Mataram's expansions and conquests during the reign of Sultan Agung, including its eastward expansion towards Surabaya and its allies
1204:
533:
near Surabaya. Later, Pangeran Pekik lived in the court of Mataram, married Agung's sister, and, according to Dutch historian
1175:
1143:
1119:
1095:
1074:
602:, during which present-day features such as Javanese etiquette, art, language, and social hierarchy were taking shape.
481:
shipbuilding activities, and therefore allowed him to build a navy to challenge Surabaya's previous naval supremacy.
266:
276:
261:
1194:
1129:
1209:
1219:
579:
349:
in coastal eastern Java. Mataram consolidated its power by absorbing other principalities: Pajang in
591:
587:
322:
271:
622:
568:
470:
1214:
614:
594:. This meant that they were within the Mataram sphere of influence during the Mataram-driven
342:
298:
451:
30:
8:
595:
530:
338:
256:
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334:
538:
1171:
1139:
1115:
1091:
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576:
560:
550:
447:
Sultan Agung, the monarch of Mataram during the conquest, on an Indonesian 2006 stamp
367:
346:
302:
233:
198:
104:
98:
1135:
Islamic States in Java 1500–1700: Eight Dutch Books and Articles by Dr H.J. de Graaf
606:
599:
572:
554:
251:
1165:
1133:
1109:
1085:
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534:
178:
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population of Java, as well as Madura. Of the Javanese-speaking regions, only
443:
1188:
526:
501:
The fifth and final siege took place in 1625, and Mataram troops were led by
491:
419:
410:
valley region, and Wirasaba. Other than these, Surabaya was also allied with
407:
375:
189:
60:
Central and eastern Java and Madura, primarily on northeastern coast of Java
465:
460:
318:
159:
36:
398:. More doubtful reports said it might have also extended its influence to
391:
564:
403:
1164:
Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011-09-14).
1159:(Thesis) (in Indonesian). Surabaya: Islamic Institute of Sunan Ampel.
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in the early 17th century that resulted in the capture of the
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1087:
South East Asia, Colonial History: Imperialism before 1800
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and Sedayu in eastern Java. It was also the overlord of
1041:
1017:
1005:
847:
724:
228:
966:
880:
775:
751:
739:
685:
654:
993:
39:, including The conquest of Surabaya and its allies
1152:
1035:
987:
960:
939:
924:
907:
841:
829:
810:
798:
769:
648:
1186:
1163:
718:
438:
463:(r. 1613 – 1645, later titled
74:Mataram domination in central and eastern Java
1170:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. pp. 336–337.
1156:Ekspansi Mataram terhadap Surabaya Abad ke-17
214:
333:In the latter half of the 16th century, the
1066:Hindu Javanese: Tengger Tradition and Islam
1111:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200
221:
207:
29:
1104:
1083:
1047:
1023:
1011:
874:
786:
757:
745:
733:
706:
679:
621:as a major centre of the spice trade in
450:
442:
1128:
975:
886:
1187:
1114:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 46–48.
1062:
999:
484:
202:
13:
1063:Hefner, Robert W. (January 1990).
426:, all in eastern Java, as well as
14:
1231:
1130:Pigeaud, Theodore Gauthier Thomas
345:in inland central Java, and the
188:
153:
91:
1138:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
1056:
297:was a military campaign by the
257:Trunajaya rebellion (1674–1680)
1069:. Princeton University Press.
719:Syed, Akhtar & Usmani 2011
166:Tumenggung Mangun Oneng (1625)
1:
1205:Military history of Indonesia
628:
439:Conquest of Surabaya's allies
357:
350:
328:
633:
544:
309:) and its allies in eastern
291:Mataram conquest of Surabaya
132:in rebellion against Mataram
24:Mataram conquest of Surabaya
7:
513:. Mataram dammed the river
433:
10:
1236:
1153:Akhmad Saiful Ali (1994).
1084:Kratoska, Paul H. (2001).
548:
277:3rd Succession (1749–1757)
267:2nd Succession (1719–1723)
262:1st Succession (1704–1708)
243:
145:
84:
43:
28:
23:
16:Military campaign in Java
1167:Concise History of Islam
1090:. Taylor & Francis.
590:in the aftermath of the
588:Dutch East India Company
567:remained independent in
356:, Demak (1588), Madiun (
323:Dutch East India Company
35:Mataram Expansion under
507:Tumenggung Yuda Prasena
503:Tumenggung Mangun Oneng
1195:17th-century conflicts
1036:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
988:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
961:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
940:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
925:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
908:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
842:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
830:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
811:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
799:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
770:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
649:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
456:
448:
146:Commanders and leaders
615:Sultanate of Makassar
529:life at the grave of
511:Tumenggung Ketawangan
454:
446:
341:in western Java, the
1210:History of East Java
343:Sultanate of Mataram
299:Sultanate of Mataram
295:Mataram-Surabaya War
247:Surabaya (1614–1625)
1220:History of Surabaya
531:Sunan Ngampel-Denta
339:Sultanate of Banten
252:Batavia (1628–1629)
592:1741–1743 Java War
571:. There were also
485:Sieges of Surabaya
457:
449:
335:Sultanate of Demak
307:Kadipaten Surabaya
175:, Duke of Surabaya
1177:978-93-82573-47-0
1145:978-90-247-1876-4
1121:978-1-137-05201-8
1097:978-0-415-21540-4
1076:978-0-691-02856-9
1038:, pp. 77–78.
561:Javanese-speaking
551:Mataram Sultanate
368:Duchy of Surabaya
347:Duchy of Surabaya
303:Duchy of Surabaya
284:
283:
235:Mataram Sultanate
197:
196:
105:Duchy of Surabaya
99:Mataram Sultanate
80:
79:
1227:
1181:
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710:
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683:
677:
652:
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607:attacked Batavia
600:Javanese culture
596:formative period
577:Dutch-controlled
573:Banten Sultanate
555:Siege of Batavia
362:
359:
355:
352:
313:, in modern-day
272:Java (1741–1743)
238:
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223:
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158:
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97:
95:
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70:Mataram victory
45:
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33:
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20:
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471:Eastern Salient
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1108:(2008-09-11).
1106:Ricklefs, M.C.
1102:
1096:
1081:
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1052:
1050:, p. 113.
1040:
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738:
736:, p. 116.
723:
721:, p. 337.
711:
684:
653:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
546:
543:
535:H. J. de Graaf
505:, assisted by
486:
483:
461:Hanyakrakusuma
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185:Adipati Pajang
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179:Pangeran Pekik
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1049:
1048:Kratoska 2001
1044:
1037:
1032:
1026:, p. 50.
1025:
1024:Ricklefs 2008
1020:
1014:, p. 49.
1013:
1012:Ricklefs 2008
1008:
1002:, p. 29.
1001:
996:
990:, p. 66.
989:
984:
978:, p. 40.
977:
972:
970:
963:, p. 65.
962:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
942:, p. 62.
941:
936:
934:
927:, p. 60.
926:
921:
919:
917:
910:, p. 58.
909:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
889:, p. 39.
888:
883:
877:, p. 47.
876:
875:Ricklefs 2008
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
844:, p. 47.
843:
838:
832:, p. 35.
831:
826:
824:
822:
820:
813:, p. 34.
812:
807:
801:, p. 28.
800:
795:
789:, p. 45.
788:
787:Ricklefs 2008
783:
781:
779:
772:, p. 33.
771:
766:
760:, p. 38.
759:
758:Ricklefs 2008
754:
748:, p. 41.
747:
746:Ricklefs 2008
742:
735:
734:Ricklefs 2008
730:
728:
720:
715:
709:, p. 46.
708:
707:Ricklefs 2008
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
682:, p. 48.
681:
680:Ricklefs 2008
676:
674:
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664:
662:
660:
658:
651:, p. 64.
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492:River Brantas
482:
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376:Spice Islands
373:
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230:Campaigns of
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32:
27:
22:
1215:Sultan Agung
1166:
1155:
1134:
1110:
1086:
1065:
1057:Bibliography
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
976:Pigeaud 1976
887:Pigeaud 1976
882:
837:
806:
794:
765:
753:
741:
714:
611:
604:
558:
524:
500:
496:
488:
479:
475:
466:Sultan Agung
464:
458:
394:in southern
365:
332:
319:Sultan Agung
306:
294:
290:
288:
246:
173:Jayalengkara
160:Sultan Agung
151:
137:
131:
103:
85:Belligerents
69:
37:Sultan Agung
1000:Hefner 1990
522:surrender.
392:Banjarmasin
361: 1590
354: 1588
181:of Surabaya
162:of Mataram
1189:Categories
629:References
565:Blambangan
549:See also:
404:Blambangan
329:Background
1200:Invasions
634:Footnotes
623:Nusantara
582:(today's
545:Aftermath
325:in 1743.
315:Indonesia
51:1614–1625
1132:(1976).
619:Sulawesi
569:the East
539:drowning
519:Makassar
459:In 1613
434:Campaign
400:Pasuruan
388:Sukadana
380:Pasuruan
374:and the
130:Pajang (
124:Sukadana
118:Wirasaba
115:Pasuruan
108:Allies:
56:Location
598:of the
584:Jakarta
580:Batavia
527:ascetic
515:Brantas
408:Brantas
372:Malacca
1174:
1142:
1118:
1094:
1073:
428:Madura
420:Kediri
416:Malang
406:, the
396:Borneo
384:Gresik
187:
138:others
127:Madura
96:
66:Result
424:Lasem
412:Tuban
121:Lasem
112:Tuban
1172:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1071:ISBN
575:and
553:and
509:and
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