201:
20:
957:
1012:
942:
433:
983:
899:, but on an indicator attached to a weight that descended in a track. Movable time indicators ran alongside the track of the weight and its attached indicator. These indicators could be adjusted for the seasons to show the length of the day and nighttime hours. When the clock was wound, the indicator was moved back up the track to the appropriate marker. This setup had the advantage of being independent of the rate of the clock itself.
998:
343:
883:
411:
123:, which began in 1641. The isolationist period meant that Japanese clockmakers would have to find their own way without significant further inputs from Western developments in clockmaking. Nevertheless, the Japanese clockmakers showed considerable ingenuity in adapting the European mechanical clock technology to the needs of traditional Japanese timekeeping.
235:(1603–1868) saw the adaptation of Western techniques to form a unique method of clock making in Japan. A double escapement was designed by Japanese clockmakers in order to develop a clock that followed the uneven, traditional Japanese time schedule. These clocks, called wadokei, were built with different methods in order to follow the temporal hour system (
223:
Near the turn of the 17th century, the first
Western-styled, mechanical clocks were produced by Japanese natives. Tsuda Sukezaemon is reported to have made a mechanical clock in 1598 after he had examined and repaired many imported clocks on his own. Japanese clock making was facilitated in the 17th
902:
The use of clock faces was part of the
European technology received in Japan, and a number of arrangements were made to display Japanese hours on clock faces. Some had movable hours around the rim of a 24-hour clock dial. Others had multiple clock faces that could be changed with the seasons. To
300:
in the second and third volumes. The volume on clockmaking contained highly detailed instructions for the production of a weight-driven, striking clock with a verge escapement controlled by a foliot. Relatively high literacy rates and an enthusiastic, book-lending society contributed greatly to the
243:
of the clocks have several divisions allowing the user to set a relatively accurate rate. Foliot-controlled clocks, despite being widely replaced in Europe by circular-balanced clocks, were utilized in Japan due to their adaptability to the temporal hour system. Constant weight and dial adjustments
333:
in 1868, Japan eventually abolished the use of its temporal hour system. The Meiji
Cabinet issued Ordinance No. 453 in 1872 which switched Japan from the lunar calendar to the western, solar calendar. The switch led to the decline of wadokei and the emergence of a western-styled clock industry in
326:. This has six faces that feature a western clock, a lunar phase indicator, the oriental zodiac, a Japanese temporal clock, the ancient Japanese 24-phase division indicator, and an indicator for the day of the week. The clock was said to be able to run for a year on a single winding.
377:. Like the western lantern clocks that inspired their design, the weight driven clocks were often held up by specially built tables or shelves that allowed the weights to drop beneath them. Spring driven Japanese clocks were made for portability; the smallest were the size of large
922:
uses a series of arms linked to the individual hours. These arms are connected to a single cam with a groove cut in it tuned to the latitude of each watch's individual buyer. The movement of the cam over a single year changes the position of the hours on the watch face.
200:
398:
The typical clock had six numbered hours from nine to four, which counted backwards from noon until midnight; the hour numbers one, two and three were not used in Japan for religious reasons, because these numbers of strokes were used by
894:
to provide differing hour lengths for different parts of the year. Japanese clocks used various mechanisms to display the changing temporal hours. The most practical way was with a pillar clock, where the clock indicated time not on a
956:
361:
As such, Japanese timekeepers varied with the seasons; the daylight hours were longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the opposite at night. European mechanical clocks were, by contrast, set up to tell equal
193:, one in 1606 by a missionary and one in 1611 by a Portuguese envoy. The oldest surviving western clock in Japan dates back to 1612; it was given to Shōgun Ieyasu by the viceroy of Mexico (then
907:
that told
Japanese time, clockmakers used a system that ran two balances, one slow and one fast. The appropriate escapement was changed automatically as the time moved from day to night. The
358:. Japanese traditional timekeeping practices required the use of unequal time units: six daytime units from local sunrise to local sunset, and six night-time units from sunset to sunrise.
1011:
1167:
Fernandez, M. P., and P. C. Fernandez. 1996. "Precision
Timekeepers of Tokugawa Japan and the Evolution of the Japanese Domestic Clock". TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE. 37 (2), 225.
1141:
Fernandez, M. P., and P. C. Fernandez. 1996. "Precision
Timekeepers of Tokugawa Japan and the Evolution of the Japanese Domestic Clock". TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE. 37 (2), 224.
62:, a system in which daytime and nighttime are always divided into six periods whose lengths consequently change with the season. Mechanical clocks were introduced into
115:
were in use among
European clocks of the period, and as such they were not included among the technologies available to the Japanese clockmakers at the start of the
1300:
395:
The traditional
Japanese time system divided daytime and nighttime into six periods. This meant the lengths of the periods consequently change with the season.
1360:
941:
1076:
Yokota, Yasuhiro. "A Historical
Overview of Japanese Clocks and Karakuri." International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms (2008), 176.
19:
1335:
926:
In 1873 the
Japanese government adopted Western style timekeeping practices, including equal hours that do not vary with the seasons, and the
1128:
Fernandez, M. P., and P. C. Fernandez. 1996. "Precision Timekeepers of Tokugawa Japan and the Evolution of the Japanese Domestic Clock".
224:
century by missionaries living in Japan. Christian missionaries were the first to instruct the Japanese on clockmaking in the
1365:
1288:
1274:
407:
to count down the time. Dawn and dusk were therefore both marked as the sixth hour in the Japanese timekeeping system.
354:
Adapting the European clock designs to the needs of Japanese traditional timekeeping presented a challenge to Japanese
982:
181:, a mechanical clock in 1551. Other missionaries and embassies soon followed, with a mechanized clock being given to
1325:
1260:
1246:
1232:
1316:
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to call to prayer. The count ran backwards because the earliest Japanese artificial timekeepers used the burning of
263:
were automatically set for the correct time of day or night with the use of two governors or balances, called
1119:
Pacey, Arnold. Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1990. Page 88.
1375:
240:
163:
Christian missionaries were among the first to introduce Japan to Western mechanical spring driven clocks.
27:
balances allow this 18th-century Japanese clock to run at two different speeds to indicate unequal hours.
101:
886:
European lantern clocks such as this one were the starting point for the design of Japanese clocks.
39:
1370:
1355:
281:
A key component of the development of Japanese clocks was the publication of Hosokawa Hanzo's
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131:
Clocks have existed in Japan since the mid-7th century AD in the form of water clocks. The
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8:
1034:
441:
373:. However, the Japanese were also aware of, and occasionally made, clocks that ran from
1110:
History of the Japanese Horological Industry. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 April 2013. Section 1.
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in 1796, in which he explains production methods of clocks in the first volume, and
156:, in 660 and 671. These clocks were used for another 800 years until the arrival of
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In addition to the numbered temporal hours, each hour was assigned a sign from the
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78:
1176:
Yokota, Yasuhiro. "A Historical Overview of Japanese Clocks and Karakuri".
1157:
International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms' (2008), 179.
1155:
Yokota, Yasuhiro. "A Historical Overview of Japanese Clocks and Karakuri".
1094:
Yokota, Yasuhiro. "A Historical Overview of Japanese Clocks and Karakuri".
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Mechanical clock that has been made to tell traditional Japanese time
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1195:
Toshiba: Press Releases 8 March 2005. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
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108:
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For the temporal hour complication on some of his wrist watches,
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are the basis for the zodiacal assignments of the Japanese hours.
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The production and complexity of clocks reached its peak with
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or "two-bar governor clock", around 1780. The weights in the
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International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms
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International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms
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55:
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displays Japanese, equal hour, and calendar information.
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wristwatch that tells Japanese time and modern time by
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1336:The history of clocks technology transfer in Japan
429:. Starting at dawn, the six daytime hours were:
189:in 1571 by Papal envoys, and two clocks given to
1347:
1188:
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77:(in the 17th century). These clocks were of the
1225:Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Culture
1205:"History of the Japanese Horological Industry".
1108:"History of the Japanese Horological Industry."
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1193:"Toshiba : Press Releases 8 March, 2005".
950:(lantern clock with a double foliot mechanism)
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346:Drawing of the mechanism of a Japanese clock.
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171:saint and missionary, gave Ouchi Yoshitaka, a
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37:
1342: (archived 2008-02-10) by Yasuyuki Shirai
1183:
154:, literally "leaking" + "cutting, measuring")
1361:Science and technology during the Edo period
1208:History of the Japanese Horological Industry
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1253:Mapping Time: The Calendar and Its History
1210:. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 April 2013. Section 3.
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665:From dusk, the six nighttime hours were:
244:led Japanese clock makers to develop the
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431:
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976:(pedestal clock) with circular balance.
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228:around the turn of the 17th century.
102:lantern clock of European manufacture
369:Most Japanese clocks were driven by
366:that did not vary with the seasons.
89:, and used the relatively primitive
878:The problem of varying hour lengths
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13:
14:
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1239:The History of Clocks and Watches
381:, and carried by their owners in
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1332: (archived 2009-01-26) (PDF)
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391:Traditional Japanese time system
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968:(pillow clock) with music box.
301:work's widespread readership.
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1281:Japanese Automata Krakuri Zui
1060:
1366:Technology in Medieval Japan
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1028:
991:(hanging bell-shaped clock)
436:The traditional Chinese 12
310:
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58:that has been made to tell
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1307: (archived 2014-07-02)
1241:(Time Warner, repr. 2002)
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73:(in the 16th century) or
60:traditional Japanese time
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948:Nichō tenpu yagura-dokei
1326:A Japanese Daimyo Clock
1283:(Murakami Kazuo, 2012)
1227:(Univ. Colorado, 2002)
298:) or "mechanical dolls"
141:made a water clock, or
1130:Technology and Culture
890:Beginning in 1844 the
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220:
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1047:(traditional Chinese
915:uses this mechanism.
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160:in the 16th century.
158:Christianity in Japan
22:
911:designed in 1850 by
892:calendar was revised
219:. Completed in 1851.
1376:Japanese inventions
1035:Daimyo Clock Museum
442:Cardinal Directions
204:Tanaka Hisashige's
117:isolationist period
1319:2020-10-31 at the
928:Gregorian calendar
888:
450:
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187:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
29:
1289:978-4-9906228-0-0
1275:978-4-434-14213-0
1040:Myriad year clock
909:myriad year clock
873:
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419:myriad year clock
331:Meiji Restoration
323:myriad year clock
261:nichō-tempu tokei
247:nichō-tenpu tokei
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1279:Murakami Kazuo,
1251:E. G. Richards,
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1045:Earthly Branches
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415:Tanaka Hisashige
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1255:(Oxford, 2000)
1223:Anthony Aveni,
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288:karakuri ningyō
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226:Amakusa islands
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191:Tokugawa Ieyasu
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98:Tokugawa Ieyasu
75:Dutch merchants
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1180:(2008), 180.
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1098:(2008), 177.
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966:Makura-dokei
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185:in 1569 and
183:Oda Nobunaga
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167:, a Spanish
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137:states that
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107:Neither the
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71:missionaries
32:
30:
1049:timekeeping
1004:Taiko-dokei
685:Solar time
673:Zodiac sign
457:Zodiac sign
356:clockmakers
239:不定時法). The
134:Nihon Shoki
1350:Categories
1061:References
897:clock face
629:afternoon
472:Solar time
329:After the
237:futei jiho
233:Edo period
94:escapement
974:Dai-dokei
444:; the 12
401:Buddhists
387:pouches.
195:New Spain
1317:Archived
1029:See also
809:midnight
749:evening
537:morning
417:'s 1851
111:nor the
109:pendulum
100:owned a
1338:at the
1328:at the
1314:和時計の暮らし
1303:at the
1269:(機巧圖彙)
934:Gallery
903:make a
691:Rooster
682:Strikes
505:sunrise
468:Strikes
440:and 24
405:incense
379:watches
375:springs
371:weights
350:, 1796.
334:Japan.
241:foliots
177:of the
127:History
47:wadokei
1287:
1273:
1259:
1245:
1231:
971:Right:
717:sunset
635:Monkey
512:Dragon
479:Rabbit
254:二挺天府時計
174:daimyō
144:rōkoku
68:Jesuit
25:foliot
963:Left:
847:Tiger
571:Horse
543:Snake
364:hours
321:) or
266:tenpu
83:brass
64:Japan
56:clock
1285:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1229:ISBN
604:Goat
597:noon
384:inrō
318:万年時計
295:絡繰人形
231:The
214:万年時計
87:iron
783:Rat
755:Pig
724:Dog
308:'s
197:).
119:in
85:or
66:by
40:和時計
1352::
1185:^
1146:^
1081:^
1069:^
930:.
869:7
816:Ox
777:4
657:7
565:4
278:.
273:天府
151:漏刻
104:.
96:.
44:,
31:A
1051:)
863:七
854:寅
838:8
832:八
823:丑
805:9
799:九
790:子
771:四
762:亥
746:5
740:五
731:戌
713:6
707:六
698:酉
651:七
642:申
626:8
620:八
611:未
593:9
587:九
578:午
559:四
550:巳
534:5
528:五
519:辰
501:6
495:六
486:卯
315:(
292:(
276:)
270:(
257:)
251:(
217:)
211:(
148:(
51:)
36:(
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