371:. These first Japanese communities mostly consisted of farm workers and other laborers. Japanese authorities were interested in creating a coffee plantation in Chiapas, for export to Japan. They established the Sociedad Colonizadora Japón-México to recruit Japanese farmers to migrate with government support to obtain land. Others went without government assistance and were called “free emigrants” able to buy land without obligation to the Japanese government. However, economic conditions in Chiapas forced many immigrants to abandon their contracts with the Japanese government and, under the leadership of Terui Ryojiro, instead formed a new organization called the Sociedad Cooperativa Nichiboku Kyodo Gaisha which allowed them to diversify their economic activities. The very first settlement was based on coffee production but failed for various reasons including the fact that not all of the colonists were farmers and many became sick with tropical diseases. Many from this colony dispersed but there remains a small Japanese community in
434:. Most worked in fishing and agriculture followed by non-professional workers, commerce, professionals and technicians. Up until the war, the treatment of Japanese in the country and their descendants had been favorable, very different than the treatment of Chinese in the country, which suffered discrimination and even expulsion in the early 20th century. The Japanese were relatively free from discrimination in Mexico, unlike the United States, Brazil and other countries in the Americas. One reason for this is that the Japanese population was not as prominent as the Chinese one in numbers and the work that they did, which included the construction of factories, bridges and other infrastructure was viewed favorably. The Japanese were not considered to be foreign exploiters, rather partners in Mexico's development because of their technical skills in fields such as medicine and engineering.
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327:. They were of diverse origins, including Japanese, Koreans, Malays, Filipinos, Javanese, Timorese, and people from Bengal, India, Ceylon, Makassar, Tidore, Terenate, and China. Filipinos made up most of their population. The people in this community of diverse Asians in Mexico was called "los indios chinos" by the Spanish. Most of these slaves were male and were obtained from Portuguese slave traders who obtained them from Portuguese colonial possessions and outposts of the
693:, painters Tamiji and Tawaja and Luis Nishizawa. Tanetoshi Kirawawa founded one of the most successful Japanese businesses in Mexico, and is also known for his philanthropic work such as the publication of books and magazines about Japan including Japónica and the creation of institutions such as Liceo Mexicano-Japonés, with teaches both Japanese and Mexican children, as well as the Japan study program of the Colegio de la Frontera Norte.
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Japanese community in Mexico. Most of these were in Baja
California where the economic development was greatest. A number of other Japanese came to the country illegally from the United States, after being rejected by this country, coming to Mexico hoping to enter the U.S. again. These were mostly concentrated in the north of Mexico and those who could not re-enter the United States stayed in Mexico permanently.
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from the same prefecture). However, before the war, there was no nationwide
Japanese immigrant organization similar to those in the United States. The closest organization to this function was the “kyoeikai” which arose in response to the displacement of Japanese during WWII, especially in Mexico City. Later, the leaders of these organizations would form the Asociación México Japonesa, which remains today.
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488:. It is estimated that about 1,100 people moved to Mexico City and Guadalajara alone. The Japanese community worked to buy properties to house the displaced including the former Temixco Hacienda near Cuernavaca which allowed the Japanese there to grow crops and live semi-independently. The fear of Japanese-Mexicans faded during the war, with some allowed to go back home before 1945 and the rest after.
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335:, where owning a Chino slave showed high status. Records of three Japanese slaves dating from the 16th century, named Gaspar Fernandes, Miguel and Ventura who ended up in Mexico showed that they were purchased by Portuguese slave traders in Japan, brought to Manila from where they were shipped to Mexico by their owner Perez. Some of these Asian slaves were also brought to
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involved in this were
Kumamoto, Toyo and Tairiku Shokumin Kaisha which did business in mining and agriculture. The three companies sent a total of 530 people to Mexico between 1904 and 1907. However, many of the immigrants could not do the hard labor of the mines and sugar cane fields, prompting them to abandon their contracts, heading to California or even
1743:"Versión estenográfica de las palabras del presidente Ernesto Zedillo, durante la ceremonia en la que declaró inaugurados los festejos de la celebración del Primer Centenario de la Migración Japonesa a México, hoy en la tarde, en la Asociación México-Japonesa, ubicada en la calle Fujiyama No. 144, colonia Las Aguilas, de esta ciudad. 12 de mayo de 1997"
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number of cases, this proved impossible as people created new lives in the central states and/or they lost farming land and/or water rights to the unscrupulous. Those most able to return to their old life were the fishermen of the
Ensenada area. This treatment of the Japanese is not in most accounts of Mexican history and is not taught in schools.
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Japanese nationals in the country, the overwhelming majority men, although other studies put the number higher, as many as over 6,000. Even with the 6,000 figure, it pales against the number of
Japanese in other countries in the Americas at the time such as the United States (285,000), Brazil (205,000), Canada (22,000) and Peru (18,000) .
1745:[Stenographic versión of the words of President Ernesto Zedillo during the ceremony to open the celebration of the First Century of Japanese Immigration to Mexico, today at the Asociación México-Japonesa, located at Fujiyama Street 144 Colonia Las Aguilas in this city May 12, 1997] (in Spanish). Mexico: Government of Mexico
757:, the city is home to the first colonial settlement of Japanese immigrants who tried to start their own colony. Since its inception, the city is still home to long practiced Japanese customs and people of Japanese descent. Prominent Japanese people have also visited the town including the Japanese prince.
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In the first decade of the 20th century, a large number of
Japanese immigrants came as workers contracted to companies doing business in the country which needed skilled labor. This was first in the mining and sugar cane industries and later in construction and railroads. The main Japanese companies
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Most of the immigration to Mexico occurred from 1900 to the beginning of World War II. Many of the immigrants in the first half of the 20th century were skilled laborers or illegal immigrants. Mexico Japan relations were superficial in the latter 19th to mid 20th century but immigrants to Mexico had
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near the U.S. border. There are still scattered communities of
Japanese descendants from the first half of the 20th century in other areas. In addition to the Asociación México Japonesa, there are some regional Japanese associations such as the Asociación Japonesa del Sur de Veracruz established in
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Since
Japanese immigration began, it was a small and dispersed phenomenon, with few to no formal policies or support to Japanese immigrants. Shortly before the war, many Japanese in Mexico began to form associations called “nijonjinkai” (Japanese associations) or “kenjinkai” (associations of people
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attracted
Japanese immigrants, legal and illegal. The number of Japanese by 1940 was about 300, most of whom worked in farming and fishing. Japanese fishing enterprises included the capture of lobster and mollusks. A significant portion of Japanese agricultural production was exported to the United
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There has been one notable influx of
Japanese into Mexico since 1978, which is young artists from Japan who have settled mostly in Mexico City. They have come because they have found it easier to develop their careers in Mexico, as the art market in Japan is very small and very hard to break into.
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One consequence of the war was that it caused many Japan-born to remain in Mexico, even if they had plans to one day return to Japan. The main reason for this was that the war completely destroyed the old Japan, and what they knew no longer existed. After the war, there was a strong division among
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Japanese immigration halted by World War II to near zero, and those who were in the country were faced with restrictions and relocation after Mexico broke diplomatic ties with Japan in 1941. Japanese nationals and even those with naturalized Mexican citizenship were forced to move from areas along
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In Chiapas where the earliest Japanese immigration occurred in the prior century, intermarriage was common, breaking down ethnic barriers. This has led to the end of a distinct Japanese population in the state, leaving only family names as a reminder. The official census of 1940s counts only 1,550
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After the end of the war, Japanese immigration to Mexico began again. From 1951 to 1978, this immigration was associated with Japan's economic growth, giving it money to invest abroad. From the 1950s to the present, over three hundred Japanese enterprises have established themselves in Mexico and
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the Japanese-Mexican community as to whether Japan had really lost the war, (with about ten percent refusing to believe Japan could lose). However, the division was enough to keep the Japanese-Mexicans from seeking restitution from the Mexican government or promote the memory of the displacement.
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In 1908, Japan and Mexico informally agreed to end immigration by contract, but “free” immigrants continued to come. From 1914 to 1938, another 291 people immigrated to Mexico from Japan. Legal skilled laborers after 1917 often worked in the health fields, along with those Japanese invited by the
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Mexico was one of a number of countries to take this action, but in the end only about 3,500 people were affected as opposed to 120,000 in the United States. With some exceptions, those forcibly relocated were allowed to return after the war and retake possession of their property. However, in a
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In 1997, descendants of Japanese immigrants celebrated a century of Japanese immigration into Mexico, with an estimated 30,000 people of Japanese nationality or ethnicity living in Mexico. Despite the immigration starting in the latter 19th century, it never reached the numbers it did in other
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Mexico was the first country to recognize Japanese sovereignty after the end of its isolation, signing a treaty with it in 1888 to allow citizens of both countries the ability to travel to the other and establishing consulates. Mexico was the first Latin American country to receive Japanese
2251:(MEXT). Retrieved on February 13, 2015. "c/o Secundaria y Preparatoria Femenil Colinas de San Jaier (コリナス・サン・ハビエール女子校内) Paseo del Prado 1210 Lomas del Valle,45129 Zapopan Jalisco MEXICO" and "サンサルバドル Escuela Japonesa en San Salvador Calle La Reforma #169, Colonia San Benito, San Salvador"
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the Pacific coast such as Baja California, Sinaloa and Chiapas inland, with some forced into exile to Japan. The goal was to keep the Japanese in Mexico away from ports and from Mexico's border with the United States so that they could not be used as a “
2287:. Colegio Japones de Guadalajara A.C. Retrieved on April 2, 2015. "Colegio Japones de Guadalajara, A.C. C/O Escuela Primaria "Antonio Caso", Av. Montevideo No. 3301, Acueducto-Providencia Sec Hidalgo, Guadalajara, Jalisco C.P. 44630 Mexico"
2268:. Retrieved on January 11, 2018. "（連絡先） OFFICINA#61 APARTADO POSTAL 157 GUADALAJARA JALISCO 44630,MEXICO （学校所在地） c/o Escuela Primaria Antonio Caso AV,Montevideo No.3301 Acueducto-Providencia Sector Hidalgo Guadalajara,Jalisco44630 Mexico"
939:. Colegio Japones de Guadalajara is held at Secundaria y Preparatoria Femenil Colinas de San Javier. Formerly it had its classes held at the Escuela Primaria "Antonio Caso" in Guadalajara. Asociacion Regiomontana was previously based in
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There has been little research into this ethnic group in Mexico. The main researcher is María Elena Ota Mishima who has written various works on the topic, including the book Siete Migraciones Japoneses en México 1890–1978.
277:, traveling through New Spain (arriving in Acapulco and departing from Veracruz) and visiting various ports of call in Europe. Although the final destination was not Mexico, this mission is viewed as the beginning of
743:, while there is no specific area with a Japanese diaspora, there are many Japanese and Japanese descent people that live in the city. The city has schools mainly for Japanese Mexicans with the part-time school
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The history of modern Japanese migration begins near the end of the 19th century. In 1868, Japanese isolation from the world was broken which prompted large scale social and economic upheaval, with the
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countries such as the United States and Brazil. Japanese immigrant influence is strongest in Baja California, and can be seen in both the last names of many of its residents and the operators of
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and other areas in the interior until the war was over. After the war, immigration began again, mostly due to Japanese companies investing in Mexico and sending over skilled employees.
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2304:. October 29, 2000. Retrieved on January 11, 2017. "ポルト・アレグレ 休 校 中 サルバドール 休 校 中 " and "モンテレー ASOCIACION REGIOMONTANA DE LENGUA JAPONESA BLVD.PARQUE INDUSTRIAL 502,APODACA,N.L.MEXICO"
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held an exhibition called Selva de cristal: artistas japoneses en México to promote the work of artists from Japan and Japanese descent in Mexico. Artists represented included
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Immigration halted during World War II and many Japanese nationals and even some naturalized Mexican citizens of Japanese origin were forced to relocate from communities in
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1663:[Japanese immigration to Ensenada during the first half of the 20th century] (in Spanish). Tijuana: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Archived from
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are Mexicans of Japanese ancestry. Organized Japanese immigration to Mexico occurred in the 1890s with the foundation of a coffee-growing colony in the state of
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763:, while not as prominent as other regions, the Japanese community in Guadalajara is steadily increasing and growing thanks in part to its geographical location.
1485:. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Latin America: Colonial Latin America. I-II (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
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greatly increased the Japanese presence. As a result, branches of Japanese banks as well as the first Japanese consulate-general in Mexico have opened in
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Japan is Mexico's third largest trading partner. These companies brought highly skilled workers into the country, usually on two-year renewable visas.
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1338:(in Spanish) (Núm. 1). Encuentro de Mexicanistas 2010 (La esclavitud asiática en el virreinato de la Nueva España, 1565-1673): 2. Archived from
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As a result of Japanese investment in automotive and associated industries, there has been a significant influx of Japanese immigrants to the
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2162:." Liceo Mexicano Japonés. Retrieved on January 21, 2014. "Camino a Santa Teresa No.1500, Col. Jardines del Pedregal C.P. 01900 México D.F."
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359:. These emigrants included those from Okinawa, who fled oppression by the Japanese government after the island was taken over in 1878.
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More people in Mexico visit museums than in Japan and the range of artistic styles is much less restricted in Mexico. In 2011, the
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Before WWII, the highest concentrations of Japanese and Japanese descent were in Baja California, followed by Mexico City and
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La guerra contra los japoneses en México durante la segunda guerra mundial: Kiso Tsuro y Masao Imuro, migrantes vigilados
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Jews and Romani originate in the Middle East and South Asia respectively, with most arriving to Mexico via Europe
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2192:. Retrieved on May 10, 2014. "Avenida del Lago 161, Jardines del Parque, Aguascalientes, AGS, C.P.20276, Mexico"
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2012:
905:. As of 2013 it has 59 primary school students and 13 junior high school students for a total of 72 students.
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456:'s personal medical squadron in the Northern Division. He would later fall in love and marry a Mexican woman.
2388:). Annals, Nagasaki Wesleyan Junior College Research Institute of Regional Area Study 5, 39–48, 1998-03-31.
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343:, where there was a small community of Asians made out of Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, Malays, and others.
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Watanabe, Chizuko. "The Japanese Immigrant Community in Mexico Its History and Present" (Master's Thesis),
1179:. Vol. 4 of Studien zur "Neuen Welt" (illustrated ed.). Königshausen & Neumann. p. 100.
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Note: Religious classification is for Mexicans of Japanese descent and does not include recent immigrants.
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by Selfa A. Chew is based on the oral histories of Japanese Mexicans in the middle of the 20th century.
210:. Although this initiative failed, it was followed by greater immigration from 1900 to the beginning of
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have their children move to Mexico City and live with their relatives so they can attend this school.
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area took place between 1920 and 1940 with only two known Japanese residents before that. Ensenada,
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1793:[An Uncomfortable Presence: The Japanese Community of Mexico during the Second World War]
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immigrants in 1897, with the first thirty five arriving to Chiapas under the auspices of Viscount
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States and even led to a Japanese-owned chili pepper dehydration facility for the same purpose.
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1701:[Okinawan immigration to the south of Veracruz at the beginning of the 20th century]
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Locations of Japanese international schools, day and supplementary, in Mexico recognized by
407:. During this time period, the number of people of Japanese background went down in Mexico.
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331:, which included parts of India, Bengal, Malacca, Indonesia, Nagasaki in Japan, and Macau.
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2113:"La increíble historia de cómo inmigrantes japoneses fundaron su propia colonia en México"
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Japanese were among the Asian slaves who were shipped from the Spanish Philippines in the
8:
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2425:(日本人メキシコ移住史; "The History of the Japanese Immigrants in Mexico"). 日本人メキシコ移住史編纂委員会, 1971.
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1986:
1914:
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1791:"Una Presencia Incómoda: La Colonia Japonesa de México Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial"
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2316:"THROUGH THE FIRE: Japanese Mexicans — Our Little-Known Relatives 'South of the Border'"
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1615:[Japanese immigrants in Mexico: the trajectory of the research of Ota Mishima]
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1551:. Andrew Gordon, Alexander Keyssar, Daniel James. Duke University Press. p. 200.
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1965:
1938:
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Uprooting Community: Japanese Mexicans, World War II, and the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands
1901:
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1709:(in Spanish). Asociación Latinoamericana de Estudios de Asia y África. Archived from
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favorable treatment, as Mexico needed additional workers for modernization efforts.
375:. However, its establishment marks the first Japanese immigration to Latin America.
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709:, which has seen a 400% increase in Japanese residents since 2013. The opening of
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300:. A fight occurred in 1614 in which a Japanese samurai stabbed a Spanish soldier,
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In the years 1613 through 1620, several diplomatic missions occurred on behalf of
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nobleman. Some of Tsunega's delegation would stay and marry the local Mexicans.
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1613:"Migrantes japoneses en México: la trayectoria de investigación de Ota Mishima"
1084:"The Unknown Story of the Samurai Who Traveled to Mexico Hundreds of Years Ago"
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Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions, Volume 1
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1424:"Records show Japanese slaves crossed the Pacific to Mexico in 16th century"
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The Coolie Trade: The Traffic in Chinese Laborers to Latin America 1847-1874
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480:. Most went to Mexico City and Guadalajara but there were concentrations in
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1699:"Migración okinawense al sur de Veracruz, México, principios del siglo XX"
1661:"La inmigración japonesa a Ensenada durante la primera mitad del siglo XX"
1274:"El alcalde de los chinos en la provincia de Colima durante el siglo xvii"
1245:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 27.
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1867:"Internment of Japanese and Japanese Latin Americans During World War II"
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2360:"ON THE CENTENNIAL OF THE ARRIVAL OF Mexico's First Japanese Immigrants"
1059:"Colonia japonesa en México visita Guadalupe en 54º peregrinación anual"
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and later a documentary photographer of Tijuana. Nonaka was the head of
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2416:). pp 87–119. Mexico DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
1303:"La Esclavitud Asiática en El Virreinato de La Nueva España, 1565-1673"
706:
683:
558: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1329:"Ideas centrales en torno a la esclavitud asiática en la Nueva España"
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1455:"To Mexico in Chains: The Tale of Three 16th Century Japanese Slaves"
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2013:"Japanese Population Grows 400% in Guanajuato - Mexico News Network"
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and the Asociacion Regiomontana de Lengua Japonesa A.C. (モンテレー補習授業校
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1987:"México, espacio libre de creación para artistas japoneses: Hagino"
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Teaching Japanese Language in Mexico by Japanese Mexican Community
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The Japanese Immigrant Community in Mexico Its History and Present
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Japanese nationals were forced to move to interior cities such as
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Instituto de intercambio cultural México-Japonés A.C. (Nichiboku)
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Falck Reyes, Melba Eugenia; Palacios Mora, Héctor (1 May 2014).
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Notable Japanese and Japanese-Mexicans include theater promoter
265:, the samurai who led the Japanese delegation to Mexico in 1613.
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1283:(in Spanish) (Núm. 1). Ciesas Occidente: 95–116. Archived from
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2380:) (Department of English, Nagasaki Wesleyan Junior College). "
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Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium
1518:. Fernando Iwasaki. University of Arizona Press. p. 134.
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4. 在留邦人数 10,143名（2022年10月現在）（外務省 海外在留邦人数調査統計） 5. 日系人数 7万6千名以上
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1989:[Mexico, free creation space for Japanese artists].
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Enomoto Takeaki, founder of the Japanese colony in Chiapas
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Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History
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Estudio de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México
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The Yomiuri Shimbun/Asia News Network (14 May 2013).
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Spain received some of these Chino slaves from Mexico
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Mexicans of Japanese descent and current immigration
323:. These slaves were all called "Chino", which meant
83:
Japanese nationals residing in Mexico (October 2022)
1511:
1143:
2313:
878:. As of 1983 some Nikkei families living in other
2384:" (<一般論文>メキシコの日本語教育事情 : 日系社会の日本語教育事情,
2357:
2038:"In Mexico, auto boom fuels Japanese culture mix"
1866:
1696:
1393:"Japanese slaves taken to Mexico in 16th century"
1205:
696:
3977:
1984:
1238:
1515:The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru
1326:
1172:
304:. This was witnessed and recorded by historian
285:, who was accompanied by more than one hundred
2203:Visita a la Escuela Japonesa de Aguascalientes
1788:
1478:
1363:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
1116:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
736:Other centers of Japanese population include:
3123:
2486:
2130:[The first Japanese in Guadalajara].
2088:"Japanese Bank opens an office in Guanajuato"
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1479:Leslie Bethell (1984). Leslie Bethell (ed.).
2165:
1544:
1360:. In Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
1113:. In Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
1027:[United Mexican States Basic Data].
3966:Originated in what is now the United States
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
367:, with the permission of Mexican president
3130:
3116:
2493:
2479:
2352:California State University at Los Angeles
2173:California State University at Los Angeles
1784:
1782:
1780:
1728:
1148:(illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p.
1017:
1015:
414:Significant Japanese immigration into the
394:Japanese immigrant workers at the mine of
357:Japanese government encouraging emigration
214:. However, it never reached the levels of
54:
2290:
2143:
1834:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1242:Class and Race Formation in North America
618:Learn how and when to remove this message
2063:"Japoneses hacen de Guanajuato su hogar"
1978:
1679:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1051:
771:
658:
629:
503:
440:
389:
345:
257:
2402:Galindo, Sergio Hernández (May 2008). "
2128:"Los primeros japoneses en Guadalajara"
1957:
1272:Claudia Paulina Machuca Chávez (2009).
1012:
381:
14:
3978:
2405:La guerra interna contra los japoneses
1985:Merry MacMasters (February 13, 2011).
1879:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.451
1757:
1635:
1482:The Cambridge History of Latin America
1421:
1316:(núm. 1). El Colegio de México: 20–21.
810:
3111:
2474:
2237:
1926:
1924:
1860:
1858:
1789:Francis Peddie (July–December 2006).
1707:XIII Congreso Internacional de ALADAA
1610:
1571:
1403:from the original on 18 February 2015
1355:
1108:
289:and merchants; as well as twenty-two
193:
1993:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2
1930:
1864:
1452:
1024:メキシコ合衆国（United Mexican States） 基礎データ
556:adding citations to reliable sources
527:
88:Regions with significant populations
1659:Antonieta Kiyoko Nishikawa Aceves.
1030:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
826:
749:Instituto Cultural Mexicano-Japonés
705:. The largest increase has been in
499:
24:
3991:Mexican people of Japanese descent
2336:
2234:(MEXT). Retrieved on May 10, 2014.
2190:Escuela Japonesa de Aguascalientes
1958:Galindo, Sergio Hernández (2011).
1921:
1855:
887:Escuela Japonesa de Aguascalientes
25:
4017:
2433:
2314:Kao, Mary Uyematsu (2016-12-29).
1212:. Arnold J Meagher. p. 194.
1144:María Herrera-Sobek, ed. (2012).
995:Japanese community of Mexico City
842:
3947:
3139:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico
2502:
1841:. University of Illinois Press.
1301:Déborah Oropeza Keresey (2011).
979:
965:
841:
825:
809:
791:
784:
532:
253:
60:Teenagers of Japanese origin in
2307:
2271:
2254:
2216:
2213:. Retrieved on October 1, 2013.
2195:
2178:
2152:
2132:México y la Cuenca del Pacífico
2119:
2105:
2080:
2055:
2030:
2005:
1951:
1937:. University of Arizona Press.
1828:
1538:
1505:
1472:
1446:
1415:
1384:
1349:
1320:
1294:
1037:from the original on 2022-11-02
911:include the Colegio Japones de
891:Aguasukarientesu Nihonjin Gakkō
543:needs additional citations for
2888:Federated States of Micronesia
2302:Japanese Ministry of Education
1453:Phro, Preston (May 15, 2013).
1265:
1232:
1199:
1166:
1137:
1102:
1076:
697:Centers of Japanese population
465:” by the Japanese government.
448:was a combat medic during the
78:Mexicans of Japanese descent
13:
1:
3060:The Japanese in Latin America
1931:Chew, Selfa A. (2015-10-22).
1865:Chew, Selfa A. (2018-07-30),
1838:The Japanese in Latin America
1835:Masterson, Daniel M. (2004).
1801:. Mexico City: UNAM: 73–101.
1173:Wolfgang Binder, ed. (1993).
1005:
946:
672:Museo Universitario del Chopo
638:with two of her works at the
308:, who was the grandson of an
3963:Primarily arrived via Canada
2451:Los que llegaron - Japoneses
2412:). Dimensión Antropológica (
2390:Nagasaki Wesleyan University
1512:Ignacio López-Calvo (2013).
1422:Torres, Ida (May 14, 2013).
767:
7:
3996:Japanese diaspora in Mexico
2427:See profile at Google Books
1623:(in Spanish). Mexico: ITESM
1356:Slack, Edward R Jr (2010).
1109:Slack, Edward R Jr (2010).
1033:(in Japanese). 2021-06-03.
958:
10:
4022:
2467:- Guadalajara organization
2423:Nihon-jin mekishiko ijūshi
1206:Arnold J. Meagher (2008).
917:Guadarahara Hoshū Jugyō Kō
909:Part-time Japanese schools
248:
3942:
3842:
3771:
3685:
3589:
3580:
3516:
3365:
3315:
3197:
3179:
3163:
3156:
3145:
3034:
2973:
2911:
2878:
2871:
2788:
2703:Japanese orphans in China
2685:
2572:
2544:
2537:
2516:
2245:中南米の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）
2224:中南米の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）
2211:La Jornada Aguascalientes
1239:James W. Russell (2009).
416:Ensenada, Baja California
191:
183:
178:
160:
155:
144:
139:
92:
87:
73:
68:
53:
38:
27:Ethnic minority in Mexico
3986:Asian diaspora in Mexico
3590:More than 100,000 people
3317:From South and East Asia
2511:and Japanese expatriates
2376:Katashima, Yasuo (片島 康夫
2067:Elsoldessalamanca.com.mx
1366:(illustrated ed.).
1327:Déborah Oropeza (2009).
1119:(illustrated ed.).
1023:
895:overseas Japanese school
317:Manila-Acapulco galleons
4001:Ethnic groups in Mexico
3843:Fewer than 1,000 people
3181:From Sub-Saharan Africa
3053:The Japanese and Europe
2358:Zavala, Alfredo Román.
1697:Emma Mendoza Martinez.
1176:Slavery in the Americas
747:, and the adult school
3084:Looking Like the Enemy
2440:Mexico-tagged articles
2145:10.32870/mycp.v3i7.459
1611:Terui, Megumi (2005).
1000:Japan–Mexico relations
933:San Pedro Garza García
929:Monterē Hoshū Jugyō Kō
872:Liceo Mexicano Japonés
779:
666:
643:
512:
457:
399:
398:, Sonora in the 1910s.
351:
279:Japan–Mexico relations
266:
4006:Immigration to Mexico
3686:20,000–100,000 people
3091:New Worlds, New Lives
3047:Foreign-born Japanese
2017:Mexiconewsnetwork.com
1964:(in Spanish). Itaca.
1545:Dirk Hoerder (2002).
1358:"Sinifying New Spain"
1111:"Sinifying New Spain"
775:
662:
633:
507:
444:
393:
349:
261:
179:Related ethnic groups
2775:United Arab Emirates
2671:By state and/or city
2342:Watanabe, Chizuko. "
859:class=notpageimage|
682:, Kyuichi Yahai and
678:, Kiyoshi Takahasi,
552:improve this article
382:1900 to World War II
216:Japanese immigration
3772:1,000–20,000 people
2115:. 14 December 2021.
755:Acacoyagua, Chiapas
567:"Japanese Mexicans"
373:Acacoyagua, Chiapas
287:Japanese Christians
281:. They were led by
46:Nikkei Mekishikojin
41:mexicanos japoneses
35:
2559:Dominican Republic
2283:2015-04-02 at the
1434:on 31 January 2016
1090:. 10 February 2020
915:A.C. (グアダラハラ補習授業校
780:
667:
644:
513:
458:
450:Mexican Revolution
400:
352:
302:Sebastián Vizcaíno
283:Hasekura Tsunenaga
267:
263:Hasekura Tsunenaga
186:Japanese diasporas
33:
3973:
3972:
3954:Mexico portal
3938:
3937:
3576:
3575:
3517:From Western Asia
3198:From the Americas
3105:
3104:
3015:fourth generation
2995:second generation
2969:
2968:
2837:Sakhalin Japanese
2681:
2680:
2509:Japanese diaspora
2463:(グアダラハラ日墨文化交流学院)
2042:Uk.news.yahoo.com
1971:978-607-7957-21-8
1944:978-0-8165-3185-1
1888:978-0-19-936643-9
1848:978-0-252-07144-7
1716:on March 16, 2014
1667:on March 21, 2007
1428:Japan Daily Press
1336:Historia Mexicana
1310:Historia Mexicana
1281:Letras Históricas
889:(アグアスカリエンテス日本人学校
885:In addition, the
851:
835:
819:
803:
628:
627:
620:
602:
241:, and Chiapas to
204:Japanese Mexicans
201:
200:
163:Roman Catholicism
34:Japanese Mexicans
16:(Redirected from
4013:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3784:Chichimeca Jonaz
3587:
3586:
3519:and North Africa
3161:
3160:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3035:Related articles
3025:fifth generation
3005:third generation
2956:Papua New Guinea
2898:Marshall Islands
2876:
2875:
2845:
2607:British Columbia
2542:
2541:
2507:
2506:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2421:
2401:
2375:
2370:
2367:Voices of Mexico
2364:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2294:
2288:
2275:
2269:
2258:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1816:on March 4, 2016
1815:
1809:. Archived from
1796:
1786:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1704:
1694:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1656:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1430:. Archived from
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1019:
989:
984:
983:
982:
975:
970:
969:
968:
953:Mudas las Garzas
849:
845:
844:
833:
829:
828:
817:
813:
812:
799:
795:
788:
636:Fumiko Nakashima
634:Japanese artist
623:
616:
612:
609:
603:
601:
560:
536:
528:
500:Post war to 1978
196:
69:Total population
58:
36:
32:
21:
18:Japanese Mexican
4021:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4010:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3948:
3946:
3934:
3838:
3767:
3681:
3572:
3518:
3512:
3361:
3311:
3193:
3175:
3152:
3141:
3136:
3106:
3101:
3030:
2965:
2961:Solomon Islands
2907:
2867:
2839:
2784:
2677:
2568:
2533:
2512:
2501:
2499:
2464:
2445:Discover Nikkei
2436:
2419:
2399:
2378:Katashima Yasuo
2373:
2362:
2348:Master's thesis
2339:
2337:Further reading
2334:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2312:
2308:
2295:
2291:
2285:Wayback Machine
2276:
2272:
2259:
2255:
2242:
2238:
2221:
2217:
2200:
2196:
2183:
2179:
2175:, 1983. p. 150.
2170:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2092:Mexico Industry
2086:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1929:
1922:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1794:
1787:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1702:
1695:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1657:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1040:
1038:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1008:
985:
980:
978:
971:
966:
964:
961:
949:
868:
867:
866:
861:
855:
854:
853:
852:
846:
838:
837:
836:
830:
822:
821:
820:
814:
806:
805:
804:
796:
770:
699:
680:Carlos Nakatani
624:
613:
607:
604:
561:
559:
549:
537:
526:
511:Mexican artist.
502:
384:
378:
365:Enomoto Takeaki
329:Estado da India
298:Tokugawa Ieyasu
256:
251:
235:Baja California
192:
166:
146:Mexican Spanish
118:State of Mexico
110:Baja California
79:
64:
49:
43:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3930:Tohono Oʼodham
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
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3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3157:Non-Amerindian
3154:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3097:Nihonjin gakkō
3094:
3087:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3071:Hoshū jugyō kō
3068:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
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2863:
2856:United Kingdom
2853:
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2595:São Paulo City
2587:
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2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
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2435:
2434:External links
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2177:
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2134:(in Spanish).
2118:
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2079:
2054:
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1977:
1970:
1950:
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1920:
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1524:
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1459:Rocket News 24
1445:
1414:
1383:
1377:978-9004182134
1376:
1370:. p. 13.
1348:
1345:on 2014-04-07.
1319:
1312:(in Spanish).
1293:
1290:on 2014-04-07.
1264:
1252:978-0802096784
1251:
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1219:978-1436309431
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1165:
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1123:. p. 12.
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948:
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903:Aguascalientes
899:Aguascalientes
880:Mexican states
874:is located in
857:
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818:Aguascalientes
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676:Luis Nishizawa
642:in Mexico City
640:Garros Galería
626:
625:
540:
538:
531:
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522:
509:Luis Nishizawa
501:
498:
383:
380:
255:
252:
250:
247:
199:
198:
189:
188:
181:
180:
176:
175:
161:Predominantly
158:
157:
153:
152:
142:
141:
137:
136:
90:
89:
85:
84:
71:
70:
66:
65:
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4018:
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3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
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3408:
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3381:
3378:
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3320:
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3314:
3308:
3305:
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3300:
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3258:
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3250:
3248:
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3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2984:
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2979:
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2972:
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2941:New Caledonia
2939:
2935:United States
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2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:United States
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2420:(in Japanese)
2418:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:(in Japanese)
2372:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2141:
2138:(7): 89–123.
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1903:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1622:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1064:
1063:Aciprensa.com
1060:
1054:
1047:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
988:
977:
974:
973:Mexico portal
963:
956:
954:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
865:
860:
802:
794:
787:
778:
774:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
746:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
694:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:
641:
637:
632:
622:
619:
611:
600:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
569: –
568:
564:
563:Find sources:
557:
553:
547:
546:
541:This section
539:
535:
530:
529:
521:
517:
510:
506:
497:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
433:
428:
425:
421:
417:
412:
408:
406:
397:
392:
388:
379:
376:
374:
370:
369:Porfirio Díaz
366:
360:
358:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
264:
260:
254:Early history
246:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
228:United States
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
195:
190:
187:
182:
177:
174:
170:
164:
159:
154:
151:
147:
143:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
77:
72:
67:
63:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
19:
3703:Chontal Maya
3672:Yucatec Maya
3474:Scandinavian
3339:
3147:
3089:
3082:
3058:
3051:
2633:
2529:South Africa
2465:(in Spanish)
2457:(in Spanish)
2443:
2422:
2404:
2400:(in Spanish)
2377:
2366:
2323:. Retrieved
2309:
2292:
2273:
2256:
2239:
2218:
2210:
2197:
2189:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2091:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1990:
1980:
1960:
1953:
1933:
1892:, retrieved
1870:
1837:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1798:
1747:. Retrieved
1718:. Retrieved
1711:the original
1706:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:the original
1625:. Retrieved
1620:
1562:. Retrieved
1547:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1514:
1507:
1496:. Retrieved
1481:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:the original
1427:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1397:Asiaone News
1396:
1386:
1361:
1351:
1340:the original
1335:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1296:
1285:the original
1280:
1267:
1256:. Retrieved
1241:
1234:
1223:. Retrieved
1208:
1201:
1190:. Retrieved
1175:
1168:
1145:
1139:
1114:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1087:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:
1053:
1045:
1039:. Retrieved
1028:
987:Japan portal
952:
950:
928:
916:
907:
890:
886:
884:
869:
748:
744:
735:
703:Bajío region
700:
688:
668:
664:Ayako Hamada
654:
649:maquiladoras
645:
614:
605:
595:
588:
581:
574:
562:
550:Please help
545:verification
542:
518:
514:
494:
490:
467:
463:fifth column
459:
454:Pancho Villa
446:Kingo Nonaka
436:
429:
413:
409:
401:
385:
377:
361:
353:
314:
268:
232:
212:World War II
203:
202:
194:
98:Bajío Region
80:
75:
45:
40:
30:Ethnic group
3905:Motozintlec
3536:Palestinian
3367:From Europe
3345:Mexico City
3252:Costa Rican
2974:Generations
2951:New Zealand
2840: [
2827:Netherlands
2750:Philippines
2733:South Korea
2728:North Korea
2639:Mexico City
2320:Rafu Shimpo
2298:中南米の補習授業校一覧
2262:中南米の補習授業校一覧
1068:20 February
913:Guadalajara
876:Mexico City
834:Guadalajara
801:Mexico City
777:Eizi Matuda
761:Guadalajara
745:Chuo Gakuen
741:Mexico City
474:Guadalajara
306:Chimalpahin
243:Mexico City
94:Mexico City
3980:Categories
3824:Qʼanjobʼal
3804:Mexicanero
3582:Amerindian
3459:Portuguese
3307:Venezuelan
3297:Salvadoran
3287:Nicaraguan
3272:Guatemalan
3267:Ecuadorian
2985:immigrants
2880:Micronesia
2820:Düsseldorf
2455:Canal Once
2325:2019-06-22
1991:La Jornada
1911:|url=
1894:2024-02-05
1564:2014-02-02
1558:0822384078
1531:2014-02-02
1498:2014-02-02
1492:0521245168
1258:2014-02-02
1225:2014-02-02
1192:2014-02-02
1186:3884797131
1041:2024-06-15
1006:References
947:Literature
937:Nuevo León
717:plants in
707:Guanajuato
684:Kiyoto Ota
608:March 2023
578:newspapers
482:Guanajuato
478:Cuernavaca
293:under the
3875:Kaqchikel
3850:Aguacatec
3819:Pima Bajo
3748:Tojolabal
3642:Purépecha
3597:Chinantec
3508:Ukrainian
3479:Norwegian
3439:Hungarian
3427:Mennonite
3397:Bulgarian
3302:Uruguayan
3262:Dominican
3247:Colombian
3232:Brazilian
3222:Argentine
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2919:Australia
2912:Elsewhere
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2760:Sri Lanka
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2710:Hong Kong
2661:Venezuela
2580:Argentina
2573:Elsewhere
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2278:Home page
1807:0185-2620
1088:Curiosmos
850:Monterrey
768:Education
727:Salamanca
725:plant in
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3647:Rarámuri
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2646:Paraguay
2629:Colombia
2612:Montreal
2538:Americas
2281:Archived
1902:citation
1621:CONfines
1401:Archived
1094:19 April
1035:Archived
959:See also
951:A novel
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2815:Germany
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2656:Uruguay
2617:Toronto
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2564:Jamaica
2410:Archive
2386:Archive
2354:, 1983.
2228:Archive
2207:Archive
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1913:value (
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