Jane Jacobs - Knowledge

1928:, a fundamental aspect of Jacobs economic theory. Transplant economies are usually manufacturing plants who have been moved from the location where the product was invented. The reason for the transplant is to save land, labour, fiscal, and transportation costs. Transplant regions are usually found along main transportation routes, where there is a large labour pool of available labour. Backward regions, Supply regions, and Transplant regions make up the most vulnerable types of economies to outside shocks and competition from low-cost production zones. The Jacobs spectrum of regions also includes types of cities which rely on classical principles of central-location. Jacobs discusses ' 1305:. Later, a Jane's Walk event was held in New York on 29–30 September 2007. In 2008, the event spread to eight cities and towns throughout Canada, and by 2016, Jane's Walks were taking place in 212 cities in 36 countries, on six continents. The interpretive walks typically apply ideas Jacobs identified or espoused to local areas, which are explored on foot and sometimes by bicycle. The walks normally take place in early May, on or close to her 4 May birth anniversary. Walks are organized and led by local volunteers, coordinated by a headquarters office in Toronto. There are more than 200 walks offered in Toronto, alone, in 2016, taking place on 6, 7 and 8 May. 1731:. Import substitution was a national economic theory implying that if a nation substituted its imports with national production, the nation would become wealthier, whereas Jacob's idea is entirely about cities and could be called urban import substitution. However, even this would lead to confusion since in practice, import substitution in India and Latin America were government subsidized and mandated, whereas Jacobs's concept of import replacement is a free market process of discovery and division of labor within a city. 781: 899: 1710:. Import replacement is the process of producing goods locally that formerly were imported, e.g., Tokyo bicycle factories replacing Tokyo bicycle importers in the 1800s. Jacobs claims that import replacement builds up local infrastructure, skills, and production. Jacobs also claims that the increased production is subsequently exported to other cities, giving those other cities a new opportunity to engage in import replacement, thus producing a positive cycle of growth. 1952:

diversification of the economy. Jacobs strongly encourages breakaway entrepreneurship and local investment capital to do this. The modus operandi may be in import-replacing, in world-first innovation, or the adoption of production which is new to the community. Jacobs also insists on the benefits of having a city-currency, which acts as a positive feedback mechanism, to help drive local innovation and import-replacement. It also protects from outside demand shocks.

6657: 1286: 984: 890:, gives only passing mention to this event, however, despite Jacobs's strong influence on Caro. In 2017, Caro told an interviewer about the difficulty in cutting more than 300,000 words from his initial manuscript: "The section that I wrote on Jane Jacobs disappeared. To this day, when someone says: 'There's hardly a mention of Jane Jacobs,' I think, 'But I wrote a lot about her.' Every time I'm asked about that, I have this sick feeling." 1980:

commercial moral syndrome, and "moral syndrome B", or guardian moral syndrome. She claims that the commercial moral syndrome is applicable to business owners, scientists, farmers, and traders. Similarly, she claims that the guardian moral syndrome is applicable to government, charities, hunter-gatherers, and religious institutions. She also claims that these moral syndromes are fixed, and do not fluctuate over time.

6645: 1755:, Jacobs defined the city purely along the lines of geographically dense trade giving way to entrepreneurial discovery and subsequent improvements in the division of labor. Without the requirements of literacy, permanent and monumental building, or the signs of specialized civil and armed forces, 'cities' can be accurately interpreted as existing thousands of years before when Childe and Maisels place them. 6679: 51: 1665:

destroyed communities and created isolated, unnatural urban spaces. In the book, she celebrates the diversity and complexity of old mixed-use neighborhoods while lamenting the monotony and sterility of modern planning. Jacobs advocated the abolition of zoning laws and restoration of free markets in land, which would result in dense, mixed-use neighborhoods and she frequently cited New York City's

2067:

education; free thought in science; representational government and responsible taxes; and corporate and professional accountability. As the title of this book suggests, Jacobs's outlook is far more pessimistic than that of her previous works. However, in the conclusion she admits: "At a given time it is hard to tell whether forces of cultural life or death are in the ascendancy. Is sub

1862:-city status, tendencies foretelling economic, political, and cultural subservience to English-speaking Toronto. Such an outcome, Jacobs believed, would in the long run doom Quebec's independence as much as it would hinder Canada's own future. She concludes with her observation that the popular equating of political secession with political and economic failure is the result of the 1038:(an established school very close to the Jacobs residence in Toronto's Annex district) to reconfigure its facilities. Jacobs suggested not only that the redesign be stopped but that the school be forced from the neighbourhood entirely. Although Toronto council initially rejected the school's plans, the decision later was reversed – and the project was given the go-ahead by the 596:), speaking on the topic of East Harlem. She urged this audience to "respect – in the deepest sense – strips of chaos that have a weird wisdom of their own not yet encompassed in our concept of urban order". Contrary to her expectations, the talk was received with enthusiasm, but it also marked her as a threat to established urban planners, real estate owners, and developers. 562:. Although her editors expected a positive story, Jacobs criticized Bacon's project, reacting against its lack of concern for the poor African Americans who were directly affected. When Bacon showed Jacobs examples of undeveloped and developed blocks, she determined that "development" seemed to end community life on the street. When Jacobs returned to the offices of 1135:. I equate it to what happens with biomass, the sum total of all flora and fauna in an area. The energy, the material that's involved in this, doesn't just escape the community as an export. It continues being used in a community, just as in a rainforest the waste from certain organisms and various plants and animals gets used by other ones in the place. 2019:: "development and co-development through differentiation and their combinations; expansion through diverse, multiple uses of energy; and self-maintenance through self-refueling" (p. 82). Jacobs also comments on the nature of economic and biological diversity and its role in the development and growth of the two kinds of systems. 1629:

their lack of economic value made them affordable for poor people. In this respect, she saw them as "guarantors of social diversity". That many of these older structures have increased in economic value solely due to their age was implausible in 1961. Issues of gentrification have dominated criticism of Jane Jacobs's planning ideas.

872:

hearing during which the crowd had charged the stage and destroyed the stenographer's notes. She was accused of inciting a riot, criminal mischief, and obstructing public administration. After months of trials conducted in New York City (to which Jacobs commuted from Toronto), her charge was reduced to disorderly conduct.

926:-age sons, and she did not want to continue fighting the New York City government. She and her husband chose Toronto because it was pleasant and offered employment opportunities, and they moved to an area of Toronto that included so many Americans avoiding the draft that it was called the "American ghetto". 1892:

did for modern urban planning, although it has not received the same critical attention. Beginning with a concise treatment of classical economics, this book challenges one of the fundamental assumptions of the greatest economists. Classical (and Neo-classical) economists consider the nation-state to

1636:

has criticized her ideas for not addressing problems of scale or infrastructure, and suggests that economists disagree with some of her approaches to development. For example, although her ideas of planning were praised at times as "universal", they are now thought inapplicable when a city grows from

792:

As part of his efforts to revitalize the area, Moses had proposed the extension of Fifth Avenue through Washington Square Park in 1935. In the face of community opposition, Moses had shelved the project, but revived the idea in the 1950s. Moses argued that the Fifth Avenue extension would improve the

687:

awarded a grant to Jacobs to produce a critical study of city planning and urban life in the US. (From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, the foundation's Humanities Division sponsored an "Urban Design Studies" research program, of which Jacobs was the best known grantee.) Gilpatric encouraged Jacobs to

1664:

is her single-most influential book and, possibly, the most influential book on urban planning and cities. Published in 1961, this book was widely read by both planning professionals and the general public. The book is a strong critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s, which, she claimed,

1313:

In 2016, to mark the hundredth birth anniversary of Jane Jacobs, a Toronto gallery staged "Jane at Home", an exhibition running from 29 April – 8 May. Curated by Jane's son, Jim Jacobs, it offered glimpses of her home life, where she also worked. Her Toronto living room was represented, based on the

1210:

Jacobs fought an uphill battle against dominant trends of planning. Despite the United States remaining very much a suburban nation, the work of Jacobs has contributed to city living being rehabilitated and revitalized. Because of her ideas, today, many distressed urban neighborhoods are more likely

1060:

aged 89, on 25 April 2006, apparently of a stroke. She was survived by a brother, James Butzner (d. 2009); a daughter, Burgin Jacobs, her sons, James and Ned of Vancouver, and by two grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Upon her death her family's statement noted: "What's important is not that

708:

remains one of the most influential books in the history of American city planning. She coined the terms "mixed primary uses", and "eyes on the street", which were adopted professionally in urban design, sociology, and many other fields. Jacobs painted a devastating picture of the profession of city

1870:

as a force for "standardization, uniformity, universality, and immutability". Since then, naturalists and their readers have gradually realized that nature is a force for diversity, and that, "diversity itself is of the essence of excellence". The right kind of secession, Jacobs states, can lead to

1616:

has generally been identified as her arch-rival during this period. One of their primary differences was their opposite views, the "top down" aggressive approach practiced by Moses contracted the "bottom up" approach practiced by Jacobs that considered the community. Since then, Jacobs's ideas have

1423:

Damaris Reyes, executive director of Good Old Lower East Side (GOLES), received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism. Richard Kahan, as founder and CEO of the Urban Assembly, which created and manages 22 secondary public schools located in many of the lowest income neighborhoods in

1341:

to host an exhibit focusing on "Jane Jacobs and the Future of New York", which opened at the society in September that year. The exhibit aimed to educate the public on her writings and activism and used tools to encourage new generations to become active in issues involving their own neighborhoods.

1109:

Expansion and development are two different things. Development is differentiation of what already existed. Practically every new thing that happens is a differentiation of a previous thing, from a new shoe sole to changes in legal codes. Expansion is an actual growth in size or volume of activity.

2066:

posits Jacobs's argument that North American civilization shows signs of a spiral decline comparable to the collapse of the Roman empire. Her discussion focuses on "five pillars of our culture that we depend on to stand firm", which can be summarized as the nuclear family and community; quality in

1628:

Gentrification also was caused, however, by "the completely unexpected influx of affluent residents back into the inner city". The extent to which her ideas facilitated this phenomenon was at the time unimaginable. For example, she advocated the preservation of older buildings specifically because

1235:

In her book 'Death and Life of Great American Cities,' written in 1961, Ms. Jacobs's enormous achievement was to transcend her own withering critique of 20th-century urban planning and propose radically new principles for rebuilding cities. At a time when both common and inspired wisdom called for

717:

attacks, being called a "militant dame" and a "housewife": an amateur who had no right to interfere with an established discipline. One planner dismissed Jacobs's book as "bitter coffee-house rambling". Robert Moses, sent a copy, called it "intemperate and also libelous ... Sell this junk to

2326:

If self-government in the place is to work, underlying any float of population must be a continuity of people who have forged neighborhood networks. These networks are a city's irreplaceable social capital. Whenever the capital is lost, from whatever cause, the income from it disappears, never to

2045:

One particularly interesting insight is the creation of "something from nothing" – an economy from nowhere. In the biological world, free energy is given through sunlight, but in the economic world human creativity and natural resources supply this free energy, or at least starter energy. Another

1936:, or regional capitals, which are central locations for private markets and public services in a given geography. Finally, Jacobs presents the qualities of growing metropolitan areas. Jacobs defines the metropolis as a city that grows beyond its political borders. She terms the core city as the ' 979:

awarded her its Outstanding Lifetime Contribution award in 2002. In 1997, the city government of Toronto sponsored a conference entitled, "Jane Jacobs: Ideas That Matter", which led to a book by the same name. At the end of the conference, the Jane Jacobs Prize was created. It includes an annual

1734:

In the second part of the book, Jacobs argues that cities preceded agriculture. She argues that in cities trade in wild animals and grains allowed for the initial division of labor necessary for the discovery of husbandry and agriculture; these discoveries then moved out of the city due to land

1190:

Throughout her life, Jacobs fought to alter the way in which city development was approached. By arguing that cities were living beings and ecosystems, she advocated ideas such as "mixed use" development and bottom-up planning. Furthermore, her harsh criticisms of "slum clearing" and "high-rise

871:

covered community rallies and advocated against the expressway. Jacobs continued to fight the expressway when plans resurfaced in 1962, 1965, and 1968, and she became a local hero for her opposition to the project. She was arrested by a plainclothes police officer on 10 April 1968, at a public

520:

The other threat to the security of our tradition, I believe, lies at home. It is the current fear of radical ideas and of people who propound them. I do not agree with the extremists of either the left or the right, but I think they should be allowed to speak and to publish, both because they

1151:

While Jacobs saw her greatest legacy to be her contributions to economic theory, it is in the realm of urban planning that she has had her most extensive effect. Her observations about the ways in which cities function revolutionized the urban planning profession and discredited many accepted

1979:

dialogue. It appears that she (as described by characters in her book) took newspaper clippings of moral judgments related to work, collected and sorted them to find that they fit two patterns of moral behavior that were mutually exclusive. She calls these two patterns "moral syndrome A", or

1951:

According to Jacobs, economies are constantly evolving and may move in and out of any of these categories. However, for an export-based economy such as a supply region, or a transplant town, to develop into a Forward city, the economy must engage in what she terms new-work. This implies a

390:, writing about working districts in the city. These experiences, she later said, "gave me more of a notion of what was going on in the city and what business was like, what work was like". Her first job was for a trade magazine, as a secretary, then an editor. She sold articles to the 653: 431:

at Columbia, and once I was the property of Barnard I had to take, it seemed, what Barnard wanted me to take, not what I wanted to learn. Fortunately my high-school marks had been so bad that Barnard decided I could not belong to it and I was therefore allowed to continue getting an

2071:, with its murders of communities and wastes of land, time, and energy, a sign of decay? Or is rising interest in means of overcoming sprawl a sign of vigor and adaptability in North American culture? Arguably, either could turn out to be true." While Jacobs idealized US democracy, 2832:, pp. 29–30 "The suburbs did not appeal to the Jacobs family. 'Suburbs are perfectly valid places to want to live, but they are inherently parasitic, economically and socially, too, because they live off the answers found in cities,' Jacobs told a reporter for 1219:

It may be that we have become so feckless as a people that we no longer care how things do work, but only what kind of quick, easy outer impression they give. If so, there is little hope for our cities or probably for much else in our society. But I do not think this is

1911:

Along with the previous books focused on economics, Jacobs proposes an array of types of regional economies (stylized facts) which can help to understand their different challenges, and potential for development. One can start at the bottom end of the spectrum with the

2030:; and emergency adaptations" (p. 86). Their conversations also cover the "double nature of fitness for survival" (traits to avoid destroying one's own habitat as well as success in competition to feed and breed, p. 119), and unpredictability including the 1330:. On display were her typewriter, original manuscripts, rediscovered photographs demonstrating her distinctive styles, and personal mementos. The exhibit included furniture from previous homes in New York (her dining room is set up) and from Scranton, Pennsylvania. 1106:: No. If I were to be remembered as a really important thinker of the century, the most important thing I've contributed is my discussion of what makes economic expansion happen. This is something that has puzzled people always. I think I've figured out what it is. 2041:

The book is infused with many real-world economic and biological examples, which help keep the book "down to earth" and comprehensible, if dense. Concepts are furnished with both economic and biological examples, showing their coherence in both worlds.

1117:, I wrote about import replacing and how that expands, not just the economy of the place where it occurs, but economic life altogether. As a city replaces imports, it shifts its imports. It doesn't import less. And yet it has everything it had before. 2075:

echoes the skepticism and disappointment that led to her emigration to Canada in 1968. Later, she would indicate that North American cultures, among others, were grounded in a "plantation mentality" that was culturally and ecologically unsustainable.

2046:

interesting insight is the creation of economic diversity through the combination of different technologies, for example the typewriter and television as inputs and outputs of a computer system: this can lead to the creation of "new species of work".

1924:, which are usually known as natural resource extraction towns, and may be very wealthy during their heyday, but often suffer a decline into backwardness if the resource has run-out or has been substituted on outside markets. Similar to this is the ' 1198:

Despite the fact that Jacobs mainly focused on New York City, her arguments have been identified as universal. For instance, her opposition against the demolition of urban neighborhoods for projects of urban renewal had "special resonance" in

856:, a Greenwich Village resident and influential Democratic leader. De Sapio's involvement proved decisive. On 25 June 1958, the city closed Washington Square Park to traffic, and the joint committee held a ribbon tying (not cutting) ceremony. 2395:

This ten-lane highway, to have been lined with huge apartment towers, would have cut Manhattan in two from east to west and wiped out the entire neighborhood that later became known as Soho and, also, much of neighboring Little Italy and

1031:. Following the election, the Toronto City Council's earlier decision to approve the bridge was reversed and the bridge construction project was stopped. The airport instead upgraded the ferry service and later built a pedestrian tunnel. 1160:-inspired towers". Glaeser agreed that these housing projects proved to be Moses' greatest failures, "Moses spent millions and evicted tens of thousands to create buildings that became centers of crime, poverty, and despair." 1398:, was awarded with the inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership and a $ 100,000 cash prize in September 2007. The inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism was awarded to Omar Freilla, the founder of 1784:

advanced that while not openly criticizing her, English-speaking Canadian readers thought she did not understand how Canadian politics worked and that she was not being helpful in a time of distress for national unity (the

1100:: What do you think you'll be remembered for most? You were the one who stood up to the federal bulldozers and the urban renewal people and said they were destroying the lifeblood of these cities. Is that what it will be? 316:

or any formal training in urban planning; as a result, her lack of credentials was seized upon as grounds for criticism. The influence of her concepts eventually was acknowledged by highly respected professionals, such as

1431:

atop an unused elevated railroad line, led the foundation to award the 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism, along with $ 60,000 to each man. The 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership was given to

516:, and therefore she was under suspicion. On 25 March 1952, Jacobs delivered her response to Conrad E. Snow, chairman of the Loyalty Security Board at the US Department of State. In her foreword to her answer, she said: 1637:

one million to ten million (as has happened many times in developing nations). Such arguments suggest that her ideas apply only to cities with similar issues to those of New York, where Jacobs developed many of them.

1452:, to recognize a person "who has had significant impact on the health of their region consistent with Jane Jacob's belief that successful cities foster a place-based, community-centered approach". The 2011 winner was 1624:

and some of the most expensive real estate in the world. Her family's conversion of an old candy shop into a home is an example of the gentrifying trend that would continue under the influence of Jacobs's ideas.

1743:. The apparent opposition between the traditional history and Jacobs' rests in differing definition of 'city', 'civilization', or 'urban'. Traditional history and archeology define 'urban' or 'civilization' as 1420:, founder of Youth Ministries for Peace and Justice, received the award for New Ideas and Activism. Both women received their medals and $ 100,000 awards at a dinner ceremony in September 2008 in New York City. 933:. A frequent theme of her work was to ask whether cities were being built for people or for cars. She was arrested twice during demonstrations. She also had considerable influence on the regeneration of the 1853:

are essential to the success of an independent Quebec and a smaller resultant Canada, an issue that is central to her book. Jacobs stresses the need for Montreal to continue developing its leadership of

1236:

bulldozing slums and opening up city space, Ms. Jacobs's prescription was ever more diversity, density and dynamism – in effect, to crowd people and activities together in a jumping, joyous urban jumble.

1194:

Jacobs is remembered as being an advocate for the mindful development of cities, and for leaving "a legacy of empowerment for citizens to trust their common sense and become advocates for their place".

427:

For the first time I liked school and for the first time I made good marks. This was almost my undoing because after I had garnered, statistically, a certain number of credits I became the property of

5434: 1983:

It is important to stress that Jane Jacobs is providing a theory about the morality of work, and not all moral ideas. Moral ideas that are not included in her system are applicable to both syndromes.

773:, also called for several blocks to be razed and replaced with upscale high-rises. The plan forced 132 families out of their homes and displaced 1,000 small businesses – the result was 4395: 980:

stipend of $ 5,000 for three years to be given to "celebrate Toronto's original, unsung heroes – by seeking out citizens who are engaged in activities that contribute to the city's vitality".

816:

eventually took over the organization, changing its name to the "Joint Emergency Committee to Close Washington Square to Traffic". Jacob—recruited to the cause by Gerard La Mountain, a local

820:

priest whose church was in the path of the planned LOMEX route—had joined the committee under Hayes, but she took a more prominent role under Rubinow, reaching out to media outlets such as

3689:

Brent Toderian, Director of Planning for the City of Vancouver says of Jacobs: 'There isn't a person or book more influential in creating "Vancouverism" than Jane and The Death and Life'.

1780:

on the subject in which she evokes the relative overlooking of that book among her usual readership. This was the first time Jacobs was requested to discuss it in an interview. Columnist

1301:

In connection with Jane Jacobs Day in Toronto, two dozen free neighborhood walks in the city were offered that weekend (5 May 2007) as an active memorial to Jacobs, and they were dubbed

4376: 1897:. Jacobs argues that it is not the nation-state, rather it is the city that is the true player in this worldwide game. She restates the idea of import replacement from her earlier book 812:

In response, local activist Shirley Hayes created the "Committee to Save Washington Square Park", a coalition of dozens of local neighborhood groups that opposed the roadway extension.

1882: 501:

as "parasitic", choosing to remain in Greenwich Village. They renovated their house, in the middle of a mixed residential and commercial area, and created a garden in the backyard.

2537: 3825: 1464:

took the prize "for her long-standing leadership in public policy, her academic work and her varied leadership experience in business, not-for-profit and government sectors".

4298: 6795: 4271: 1468:

accepted the 2013 award "for his influential career in public policy and passionate advocacy for quality design and commitment to development in the Ottawa area". In 2014,

4326: 692:

to look for ideas and actions which may improve thinking on how the design of cities might better serve urban life, including cultural and humane value." Affiliating with

4357: 2340: 1156:, known for his work on urban studies, acknowledged that Jane Jacobs (1960s) had been prescient in attacking Moses for "replacing well-functioning neighborhoods with 4513: 1180: 1061:

she died but that she lived, and that her life's work has greatly influenced the way we think. Please remember her by reading her books and implementing her ideas".

734: 1719:, Jacobs said that if she is remembered for being a great intellectual she will be remembered not for her work concerning city planning, but for the discovery of 4683: 1899: 1740: 1417: 509: 2088:

Compiled by Jane Butzner, (1941) Columbia University Press; Compiled by Jane Jacobs (Née Butzner), Reprinted 1970 by Kennikat Press, Port Washington, New York.

3844: 1706:

The thesis of this book is that cities are the primary drivers of economic development. Her main argument is that explosive economic growth derives from urban

1696:

offers, the theoretical underpinnings of the work challenge the modern development mindset. Jane Jacobs defends her positions with common sense and anecdotes.

860: 166: 3011:

editors. All the hyped new projects that planners and architects were building in the cities, she told them, bore no relation to what people actually needed."

342: 696:(then called The New School for Social Research), she spent three years conducting research and writing drafts. In 1961, Random House published the result: 1359: 5453: 1163:

She also was famous for introducing concepts such as the "Ballet of the Sidewalk" and "Eyes on the Street", a reference to what would later be known as

1948:

for these growing and innovative cities. CA Ramsay has proposed the term Forward Cities, as an echo to the opposing principle of 'Backward' economies.

1811: 297:. She was arrested in 1968 for inciting a crowd at a public hearing on that project. After moving to Toronto in 1968, she joined the opposition to the 4392: 337:, the daughter of Bess Robison Butzner, a former teacher and nurse, and John Decker Butzner, a physician. They were a Protestant family. Her brother, 4138: 2983:' At that moment, Jacobs realized that the high-rise projects that Bacon was so proud of had been designed with total disregard for its inhabitants." 2007:(2000), a dialog between friends concerning the premise: "human beings exist wholly within nature as part of the natural order in every respect" (p. 730: 1685:-winning biography of Robert Moses, although Caro does not mention Jacobs by name in the book despite Jacobs's battles with Moses over his proposed 1457: 1277:

announced a Jane Jacobs Day, held on 28 June 2006. The City of Toronto proclaimed her birthday the following year, 4 May 2007, as Jane Jacobs Day.

6489: 2455:

Milligan, Ian (2011). "'This Board Has a Duty to Intervene': Challenging the Spadina Expressway through the Ontario Municipal Board, 1963-1971".

3570: 5386: 5100: 4414: 3985: 3944: 3736: 3403: 1347: 4373: 2506: 6145: 412: 3383: 6770: 3702: 485:

in the Russian language. While working there she met Robert Hyde Jacobs Jr., a Columbia-educated architect who was designing warplanes for

3359: 999:

Jacobs never shied away from expressing her political support for specific candidates. She opposed the 1997 amalgamation of the cities of

859:

Plans for LOMEX expressway continued despite growing community opposition in areas such as Little Italy. In the 1960s, Jacobs chaired the

6745: 3118: 2099: 1888: 1656: 1261: 698: 254: 185: 2545: 1489:, winners of the prize in 2010, has continued to provide the award with a new life and new ways of promoting (and finding) the winners. 2434: 1541:

marked the 100th anniversary of Jacobs's birth, on 4 May 2016, and was featured on Google's homepage in 15 countries on four continents

4590: 4540: 4215: 4157: 4013:

Howe, R. (2005). "The Spirit of Melbourne: 1960s Urban Activism in Inner-City Melbourne". In O'Hanlon, Seamus; Luckins, Tanja (eds.).

1342:

An accompanying exhibit publication included essays and articles by such architecture critics, artists, activists, and journalists as

6436: 4433: 3829: 489:. They married in 1944. Together they had a daughter, Burgin, and two sons, James and Ned. They bought a three-story building at 555 5049: 964:. Jacobs said, "Cities, to thrive in the twenty-first century, must separate themselves politically from their surrounding areas." 554:

She was hired as an associate editor. After early success in that position, Jacobs began to take assignments on urban planning and "

6760: 6755: 5717: 5509: 5446: 4342: 4302: 1620:

In places such as the West Village, the factors that she argued would maintain economic and cultural diversity have led instead to

4576: 6720: 4275: 4562: 4323: 4176: 1932:, which are economies based on the accumulation and warehousing of export goods, usually at a maritime port location. Next are ' 6765: 6740: 6715: 4664: 630: 4193: 1424:

New York City, received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership. Both received $ 100,000, in addition to the medal.

6800: 6536: 5245: 5197: 5003: 4982: 4963: 4755: 4354: 4057: 3914: 3883: 3530: 2795: 2576: 2160: 2134: 1986:

Jane Jacobs goes on to describe what happens when these two moral syndromes are mixed, showing the work underpinnings of the

1810:, Toronto, the rest of Canada, and the world; and that such independence can be achieved peacefully. As precedent, she cites 1724: 672: 6810: 5478: 6469: 3586: 3448: 2252: 1203:, Australia. In Melbourne in the 1960s, resident associations fought against large-scale high-rise housing projects of the 957: 667:

article brought Jacobs to the attention of Chadbourne Gilpatric, then associate director of the Humanities Division at the

508:

era, Jacobs received a questionnaire about her political beliefs and loyalties. Jacobs was anti-communist and had left the

3420: 2912:"The Death and Life of Urban Design: Jane Jacobs, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the New Research in Urbanism, 1955–1965" 1735:

competition. It is commonly taught that agriculture preceded cities. This notion was promoted originally by archaeologist

312:, Jacobs endured scorn from established figures. Routinely, she was described first as a housewife, as she did not have a 6805: 5788: 4485: 3673: 2293: 1255: 521:

themselves have, and ought to have, rights, and once their rights are gone, the rights of the rest of us are hardly safe.

512:

because of its apparent communist sympathies. Nevertheless, she was pro-union and purportedly appreciated the writing of

346: 263: 1366:. Many of these contributors participated in a series of panel discussions on "Jane Jacobs and the Future of New York". 5933: 5022: 1391: 1023:. During the mayoral campaign, Jacobs helped lobby against the construction of a bridge to join the city waterfront to 1012: 738: 577:

offices to describe the impact that "revitalization" had on East Harlem, and he introduced Jacobs to the neighborhood.

3660:

She is why international experts come to Vancouver to study its renowned livability. She's the mother of Vancouverism.

3504: 3172: 2022:

Jacobs's characters discuss the four methods by which "dynamically stable systems" may evade collapse: "bifurcations;

6785: 6775: 5324: 5255:

Laurence, Peter L. (2006). "Contradictions and complexities: Jane Jacobs' and Robert Venturi's complexity theories".

4738: 2388: 2230: 2217: 2202: 2189: 2176: 2147: 2121: 2108: 2093: 1903:, while speculating on the further ramifications of considering the city first and the nation second, or not at all. 1024: 976: 753:

was being transformed by city and state efforts to build housing (see, for example, Jacobs's 1961 fight to build the

497:

after the war, while Robert left Grumman and resumed work as an architect. The Jacobses rejected the rapidly growing

482: 3852: 1916:, which are economies who have lost their competitive advantages and are losing population or becoming dependent on 5539: 3769: 2625: 1830:

and furniture from Norway or Norwegian-owned factories in Canada, the latter procedure being a product of Canadian

1747: – as a literate, socially stratified, monolithic political community, whereas, as one can see from 1413: 302: 3795: 2409: 1042:(OMB) when opponents failed to produce credible witnesses and tried to withdraw from the case during the hearing. 729:

to become a full-time author and concentrate on raising her children. In other political activities she became an

6682: 6546: 6314: 6185: 5740: 1140:

Jane Jacobs, "City Views: Urban studies legend Jane Jacobs on gentrification, the New Urbanism, and her legacy",

1016: 1008: 683:. In May 1958, Gilpatric invited Jacobs to begin serving as a reviewer for grant proposals. Later that year, the 248:; 4 May 1916 – 25 April 2006) was an American-Canadian journalist, author, theorist, and activist who influenced 4800:

The Emergence of Civilisation: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities, and the State in the Near East

4633: 4610: 4249: 1572:

A fictionalized version of her is played by Alison Smith in 3 episodes (Season 1, 2 and 5) of the Amazon series

1003:, fearing that individual neighbourhoods would have less power with the new structure. She backed an ecologist, 6541: 6429: 5811: 5590: 3647: 1781: 1532: 1526: 1472:

was recognized for his "contribution to improving the built form and advocacy for cities and the future of the

1378:, which had awarded grants to Jacobs in the 1950s and 1960s, announced on 9 February 2007, the creation of the 1204: 376: 2086:

Constitutional Chaff; Rejected Suggestions of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, With Explanatory Argument

6790: 6730: 6274: 1035: 446: 1858:

culture, but that ultimately, such a need can never be fulfilled by Montreal's increasing tendencies toward

1826:. Jacobs asserts that such an approach is colonial and hence backward, citing by example, Canada buying its 880:

devoted an hour of the eight-part, seventeen-and-a-half-hour series to the battle between Moses and Jacobs.

6424: 5890: 5783: 5745: 5502: 5129: 3453: 1871:

the right kind of diversity, and Quebec and Canada are capable of both, and must achieve both, to survive.

1849:

are also critically analyzed, an example being their failure to recognize that two respective, independent

1453: 876: 20: 5344: 5050:"Cities and the Economic Development of Nations: An Essay on Jane Jacobs' Contribution to Economic Theory" 4299:"Rockefeller Foundation Honors Three New Yorkers' Urban Activism with 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal :: News" 3274: 1183:

to demolish the high-rise public housing projects so reviled by Jacobs and to replace them with low-rise,

6735: 6505: 6484: 6459: 4995:

Wrestling with Moses: How Jane Jacobs Took on New York's Master Builder and Transformed the American City

3949: 2380: 1803: 1395: 1327: 1191:

housing" projects were instrumental in discrediting these once universally supported planning practices.

371:, she moved to New York City with her sister Betty. Jane Butzner took an immediate liking to Manhattan's 4272:"Rockefeller Foundation Honors Two New Yorker's Urban Activism with 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal :: News" 6510: 6479: 5910: 5793: 5768: 5534: 1686: 1587: 1516: 794: 282: 4702: 2034:

characterized in terms of multiplicity of variables as well as disproportional response to cause, and

1544:

a conference room at the offices of the New Economics Foundation in London is named in honor of Jacobs

718:

someone else." Later, her book was criticized from the left for leaving out race and openly endorsing

441:

After attending Columbia University's School of General Studies for two years, Butzner found a job at

6672: 5641: 5544: 5529: 4707: 3567: 1574: 1502: 1399: 1082: 774: 490: 472: 5398: 5112: 4411: 3982: 3747: 3400: 1498:

Jane Jacobs Way, West Village, New York City (Hudson Street and Eleventh Street, New York, New York)

6780: 6531: 6515: 6474: 6419: 6349: 6294: 6120: 5698: 5688: 5683: 5224: 3007:, p. 41 "When Jacobs returned to New York from Philadelphia, she began arguing with her 2979:'I said, "Where are the people?" didn't answer. He only said, "They don't appreciate these things. 2514: 1776:. It was published in 1980 and reprinted in 2011 with a previously-unpublished 2005 interview with 1553: 1509: 1469: 1445: 1437: 1168: 1057: 559: 3380: 285:, which would have passed directly through the area of Manhattan that would later become known as 6661: 6623: 6608: 6464: 6354: 5963: 5850: 5778: 5760: 5750: 5495: 1433: 1172: 1039: 338: 290: 4035:

Genius of Common Sense: Jane Jacobs and the Story of the Death and Life of Great American Cities

423:, and economics. About the freedom to pursue study across her wide-ranging interests, she said: 6750: 6725: 6667: 6603: 6359: 6081: 5918: 5727: 5635: 5460: 4730: 1846: 1814:

and how it enriched both nations. The origins of the contemporary secessionist-movement in the

1786: 1617:

been analysed many times, often in regard to the outcomes that their influences have produced.

1375: 1338: 945:

that dual citizenship was not possible at the time, implying that her US citizenship was lost.

918:

from 1971 until her death in 2006. She decided to leave the US in part because she opposed the

785: 684: 668: 334: 273:

efforts to protect neighborhoods from urban renewal and slum clearance, in particular plans by

82: 5429: 5101:"Jane Jacobs as Spontaneous Economic Order Methodologist: Part 1: Intellectual Apprenticeship" 941:

regarded as a major success. She became a Canadian citizen in 1974 and later, she told writer

6578: 6389: 6195: 6135: 6030: 3906: 3900: 2374: 1855: 1334: 942: 934: 4722: 4462: 4449: 3622: 6710: 6705: 6140: 6130: 6076: 5860: 5803: 5735: 4222: 2257: 1991: 1863: 1823: 1595:, has clarified that the composite character was partially based on Jacobs, but more so on 1549: 1473: 1184: 1164: 1152:

planning models that had dominated mid-century planning. The influential Harvard economist

450: 445:

magazine. Her 1943 article on economic decline in Scranton was well publicized and led the

294: 220: 4541:"Edward Norton on New York City's 'secret sin' and the complicated legacy of Robert Moses" 4430: 1175:. The work of Jacobs and Newman would go on to affect American housing policy through the 8: 6160: 6097: 6071: 5880: 5865: 5064: 2166: 1963: 1427:

The 2010 recipients were Joshua David and Robert Hammond, whose work in establishing the

802: 770: 758: 754: 542: 458: 408: 149: 5443: 5387:"Jane Jacobs as Spontaneous Economic Order Methodologist: Part 2: Metaphors and Methods" 5345:"Insights and Reflections on Jane Jacobs' Legacy. Toward a Jacobsian theory of the city" 4865:

Laurence, Peter L. (March 2005). "Dark Age Ahead? Jane Jacobs' Latest Book in Context".

1994:

police are paid bonuses here – reinterpreted slightly as a part of the larger analysis.

1975:. As with her other work, she used an observational approach. This book is written as a 713:. This angered the male-dominated urban planning profession. Jacobs was criticized with 6379: 6061: 5600: 5314: 5272: 5152: 4993: 4932: 4882: 4851: 4669: 4660: 4615: 4490: 3741: 3425: 2931: 2488: 2480: 2298: 1972: 1838: 1795: 1736: 1728: 1720: 1707: 1522:

Jacobs' Ladder, rose bushes dedicated by Grassroots Albany (neighbors) in 1997, Toronto

1481: 1382:, "to recognize individuals who have made a significant contribution to thinking about 930: 828: 617: 589: 477: 449:

to locate a warplane factory there. Encouraged by this success, Butzner petitioned the

298: 142: 671:. The foundation had moved aggressively into urban topics, with a recent award to the 6573: 6399: 6204: 6024: 5855: 5845: 5773: 5709: 5662: 5630: 5605: 5595: 5570: 5424: 5320: 5276: 5268: 5241: 5238:

The Transatlantic Collapse of Urban Renewal, Postwar Urbanism from New York to Berlin

5211: 5203: 5193: 5156: 5018: 4999: 4978: 4959: 4734: 4723: 4173: 4053: 3910: 3879: 3710: 2935: 2791: 2582: 2572: 2492: 2472: 2384: 2348: 2226: 2213: 2198: 2185: 2172: 2156: 2155:(Children's Book Illustrated by Karen Reczuch), (June 1990) Oxford University Press. 2143: 2130: 2117: 2104: 2089: 2035: 2027: 2023: 1819: 1715: 1666: 1363: 1274: 1265:

in its analysis of the nature of social relations within the realm of urban studies.

1142: 1087: 972: 837: 822: 750: 621:

magazine. The resulting piece, "Downtown Is for People", appeared in a 1958 issue of

603: 420: 372: 278: 56: 5076: 4936: 1563:, which depicts her victories over Robert Moses and her philosophy of urban design. 649:, was outraged and over the telephone, demanded of Whyte: "Who is this crazy dame?" 6598: 6284: 5995: 5948: 5895: 5646: 5360: 5352: 5301: 5264: 5185: 5148: 5144: 4924: 4874: 4780: 4688: 4257: 4201: 3994: 3958: 2923: 2464: 2031: 1815: 1677: 1343: 1319: 1250: 1078: 992: 886: 853: 849: 798: 612: 400: 387: 368: 355: 322: 237: 40: 5375: 3534: 6628: 6588: 6334: 6289: 6219: 5943: 5938: 5482: 5471: 5450: 5177: 5165: 4928: 4839:

Jane Jacobs, The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty

4437: 4418: 4399: 4380: 4361: 4330: 4253: 4180: 3989: 3574: 3458: 3407: 3387: 2262: 2016: 1969:

Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics

1769: 1351: 1028: 968: 938: 929:

She quickly became a leading figure in her new city and helped stop the proposed

817: 592:. She addressed leading architects, urban planners, and intellectuals (including 581: 428: 350: 318: 286: 233: 36: 6259: 3597: 2600: 1171:, who prepared the idea through a series of studies that would culminate in his 558:". In 1954, she was assigned to cover a development in Philadelphia designed by 382:

During her early years in Manhattan, Jacobs held a variety of jobs working as a

6339: 6319: 6299: 6279: 6269: 6264: 6209: 6106: 6102: 6091: 5923: 5900: 5840: 5518: 5438: 5189: 5181: 4606: 4143: 4090: 3978: 2267: 2208: 2057: 1987: 1894: 1682: 1621: 1596: 1428: 1302: 1290: 1212: 1153: 1004: 845: 806: 719: 693: 676: 537: 313: 309: 2927: 2651: 308:

As a woman and a writer who criticized experts in the male-dominated field of

6699: 6649: 6618: 6613: 6583: 6394: 6344: 6249: 6180: 6170: 6155: 6086: 6040: 6019: 5980: 5953: 5693: 5652: 5305: 5215: 5169: 4514:"Motherless Brooklyn's depiction of a gritty New York is slow but entrancing" 3714: 3648:"Vancouver's density debate pits Sullivanism versus the ideas of Jane Jacobs" 2586: 2476: 2352: 2247: 2242: 1777: 1592: 1538: 1465: 1409: 1070: 1000: 841: 833: 813: 762: 710: 642: 593: 259: 249: 122: 1318:, where she often spoke with noted thinkers and political leaders including 1020: 780: 6568: 6329: 6324: 6214: 6200: 6165: 6116: 6012: 5971: 5885: 5875: 5657: 4085: 3508: 2068: 1613: 1609: 1582: 1383: 1207:, which they argued had little regard for the impact on local communities. 1157: 1131:: That's the actual mechanism of it. The theory of it is what I explain in 1074: 1050: 923: 898: 793:

flow of traffic through the neighborhood and provide access to the planned

766: 689: 675:

for studies of urban aesthetics that would culminate in the publication of

626: 555: 513: 453:

to support more operations in Scranton. Experiencing job discrimination at

383: 274: 5356: 5225:"Adapt, don't destroy: Leeds is the template to revive our scarred cities" 3962: 6309: 6190: 6175: 6150: 6000: 5990: 5365: 2038:

where "a system can be making itself up as it goes along" (p. 137).

1842: 1672: 1633: 1461: 1436:, for her longtime work as writer, park administrator, and co-founder of 1403: 1323: 919: 881: 757:

in lieu of large apartment houses), private developers, the expansion of

570: 505: 4886: 2484: 6304: 5985: 5560: 5420: 3945:"Dead or Alive at Fifty? Reading Jane Jacobs on her Golden Anniversary" 3803: 2327:

return until and unless new capital is slowly and chancily accumulated.

1689:. Caro reportedly cut a chapter about Jacobs due to his book's length. 1285: 1053:", referring to that city's use of her "density done well" philosophy. 971:

in 1996 for her seminal writings and thought-provoking commentaries on

714: 547: 281:

neighborhood. She was instrumental in the eventual cancellation of the

270: 4486:"Review: Jacobs and Moses Star in 'Citizen Jane: Battle for the City'" 4246: 4112: 2468: 1971:(1992) moves outside of the city, studying the moral underpinnings of 1167:. The concept had a huge influence on planners and architects such as 983: 569:

In 1955, Jacobs met William Kirk, an Episcopal minister who worked in

6593: 6223: 6066: 5335: 4878: 4139:"Jane Jacobs, Georgia O'Keeffe, and the Power of the Marimekko Dress" 3828:. Globe and Mail (subscription required). 25 May 2006. Archived from 2012: 1744: 1355: 1315: 1294: 1200: 1046: 915: 903: 600:

printed the speech that year, along with photographs of East Harlem.

551: 5130:"How Do We Grow?: Jane Jacobs on Diversification and Specialization" 4904:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. pp. 53–54, 304–305. 2127:

The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty

1766:

The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty

6045: 6035: 6007: 5975: 5928: 5667: 5585: 5580: 5077:"'The Death and Life of a Reluctant Urban Icon,' A Review Essay on 3275:"Meet the woman who took on Robert Moses and saved lower Manhattan" 2341:"Street fighter: how Jane Jacobs saved New York from Bulldozer Bob" 1859: 1850: 1807: 1793:

was also not mentioned in the bibliography of her 2006 obituary in

988: 954:

The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Separation

5285: 5207: 4591:"Jane Jacobs: The Future of City Planning | Inside Out Tours" 2911: 2783: 1416:, received the 2008 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership and 6125: 5487: 1176: 961: 911: 498: 486: 416: 101: 4915:

Laurence, Peter L. (August 2019). "Jane Jacobs's Urban Ethics".

6228: 6111: 5575: 3381:

People & Events: The Planning Debate in New York, 1955–1975

1867: 1831: 1645:

Jane Jacobs spent her life studying cities. Her books include:

1608:

The planners and developers she fought against to preserve the

949: 652: 566:, she began to question the 1950s consensus on urban planning. 4634:"Why I cannot fall fully for Jane Jacobs' Marginal Revolution" 4563:"Top-Down and Bottom-Up Urban Planning: A Synergetic Approach" 4158:

Toronto gallery shows how Jane Jacobs lived and worked at home

2169:: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics 1940:

city. She terms the suburban sprawl of the metropolis as the '

1723:. Critics erroneously claim that her ideas parrot the idea of 1692:

Beyond the practical lessons in city design and planning that

1648: 50: 16:

American–Canadian journalist, author, and activist (1916–2006)

5870: 1976: 1273:

After the death of Jacobs in April 2006, New York City Mayor

1077:

movement. She has been characterized as a major influence on

1768:

incorporated and expanded Jacobs's presentation of the 1979

902:

Jacobs lived at 69 Albany Avenue (white porch) in Toronto's

769:. Moses' plan, funded as "slum clearance" by Title I of the 5565: 5316:

Cities Matter, A Montrealer's Ode to Jane Jacobs, Economist

4853:

Cities Matter, A Montrealer's Ode to Jane Jacobs, Economist

1827: 5391:

Cosmos + Taxis: Studies in Emergent Order and Organization

5105:

Cosmos + Taxis: Studies in Emergent Order and Organization

3472: 3191: 2782:

Laurence, Peter L. (2011). Page, Max; Mennel, Tim (eds.).

2410:"The Woman Who Saved New York City from Superhighway Hell" 2376:

New York & Los Angeles: Politics, Society, and Culture

1113:

I've gone at it two different ways. Way back when I wrote

4656: 4654: 3703:"Jane's Walk Tours, in Honor of Jane Jacobs, in New York" 3401:

Remarks at the presentation of the 2008 Jane Jacobs Medal

3293: 3291: 3220: 3218: 2182:

A Schoolteacher in Old Alaska: The Story of Hannah Breece

1818:

are examined, along with Canada's historical reliance on

1181:

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

1049:'s urban planning. Jacobs has been called "the mother of 4393:

CUI announces the 2014 Urban Leadership Award recipients

3242: 3153: 3038: 3014: 2966: 2851: 2823: 2811: 2727: 2715: 2691: 2679: 1406:; Mr. Freilla donated his $ 100,000 to his organization. 1125:: It's not a zero-sum game. It's a bigger, growing pie. 737:

in October 1967, and criticized the construction of the

2880: 2878: 1085:

thought. She discussed her legacy in an interview with

1034:

Jacobs also was active in a campaign against a plan of

349:, she worked for a year as the unpaid assistant to the 4837:

Philpot, Robin (2011). "Preface to the 2011 edition".

4651: 4602: 4600: 4577:"City making doesn't have to be top down vs bottom up" 4050:

What We See: Advancing the Observations of Jane Jacobs

3484: 3327: 3288: 3215: 3203: 3074: 3062: 3026: 2986: 1386:, specifically in New York City". Recipients include: 861:

Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway

167:

Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway

5048:

Desrochers, Pierre; Hospers, Gert-Jan (Spring 2007).

4756:"The Missing Jane Jacobs Chapter in The Power Broker" 4455: 3974: 3972: 3230: 3141: 3086: 3050: 2998: 2954: 2942: 1612:

were among those who initially criticized her ideas.

1485:

was appointed the stewards of the Jane Jacobs Prize.

749:

During the 1950s and 1960s, her home neighborhood of

343:

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

6796:

Columbia University School of General Studies alumni

4066: 3339: 2875: 2703: 2667: 1591:

has drawn comparisons to Jane Jacobs. The director,

633:

was not popular with supporters of urban renewal at

5454:

Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation

4818: 4806: 4597: 3549: 3449:"'Studies in Power': An Interview with Robert Caro" 3315: 3303: 3254: 3098: 2863: 2839: 2763: 2751: 2653:

Why Creativity is the New Economy – Richard Florida

2197:(2000) New York: Random House, The Modern Library. 1874: 1559:Jacobs is the subject of the 2017 documentary film 975:. The community and urban sociology section of the 5294:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 4867:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 4047: 3969: 2571:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2566: 2223:Vital Little Plans: The Short Works of Jane Jacobs 5384: 5098: 5047: 3878:. E. F. Schumacher Society. pp. 8, 105–106. 2739: 2011:), argues that the same principles underlie both 948:In 1980, she offered a more urban perspective on 744: 171:Stop Spadina Save Our City Coordinating Committee 6697: 5336:"It's the cities, stupid: Jane Jacobs on cities" 4374:2013 Urban Leadership Award recipients announced 4355:CUI Awards recognize Urban Leaders across Canada 4048:Goldsmith, Stephen A.; Elizabeth, Lynne (2009). 1834:designed specifically to foster such factories. 826:, which provided more sympathetic coverage than 4028: 4026: 4024: 4008: 4006: 4004: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2457:Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine 910:Soon after her arrest in 1968, Jacobs moved to 788:, pictured, from being demolished for a highway 4296: 4269: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3639: 1944:. Economic literature sometimes uses the term 1920:transfers from wealthier areas. Next are the ' 1390:Barry Benepe, co-founder of the New York City 379:. The sisters soon moved there from Brooklyn. 266:" did not respect the needs of city-dwellers. 5503: 2626:"The death and life of Jane Jacobs critiques" 2538:"Jane Jacobs and the Power of Women Planners" 1789:was just defeated by a vote of 60 per cent). 1758: 914:, eventually settling at 69 Albany Avenue in 5385:Szurmak, Joanna; Desrochers, Pierre (2017). 5333: 5099:Desrochers, Pierre; Szurmak, Joanna (2017). 5017:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 4975:Ideas that Matter: The Worlds of Jane Jacobs 4301:. The Rockefeller Foundation. Archived from 4274:. The Rockefeller Foundation. Archived from 4247:The Jane Jacobs Medal Created by Rockefeller 4021: 4001: 3596:. Onpha.on.ca. 19 April 2005. Archived from 2890: 2294:"Jane Jacobs, Urban Activist, Is Dead at 89" 1822:and foreign-owned manufacturing for its own 1669:as an example of a vibrant urban community. 722:, which Jacobs referred to as "unslumming". 536:in 1952 when it announced its relocation to 504:Working for the State Department during the 5380:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 4686:It's time to stop glorifying her theories. 3923: 3665: 3503:Kunstler, James Howard (6 September 2000). 2322:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 2100:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1889:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1774:Canadian Cities and Sovereignty-Association 1675:has cited it as the strongest influence on 1662:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1657:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1650:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1262:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1227:The Death And Life of Great American Cities 706:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 699:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 658:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 625:, and marked her first public criticism of 255:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 186:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 5510: 5496: 5458: 5074: 4052:. Oakland, California: New Village Press. 4032: 3905:. Westview Press and Basic Books. p. 3421:"Caro Speaks to the Spirit of Jane Jacobs" 2338: 2129:(1980 Random House and 2011 Baraka Books) 1997: 1505:West, Toronto (construction began in 2016) 1146:, June 2001, Interviewer: Bill Steigerwald 741:as a disaster for Manhattan's waterfront. 461:and for the right of workers to unionize. 415:for two years, taking courses in geology, 305:that were planned and under construction. 49: 5364: 3842: 3770:"James Butzner Obituary, Waynesville, NC" 3418: 2435:"The places that mattered to Jane Jacobs" 2287: 2285: 2283: 1886:(1984) attempts to do for economics what 1713:In an interview with Bill Steigerwald in 1531:Jane Jacobs Street (Village of Cheshire) 967:She was selected to be an officer of the 5718:Regional Planning Association of America 5373: 5283: 5254: 5240:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5127: 5012: 4914: 4899: 4864: 3902:Radical Middle: The Politics We Need Now 3737:"Urban expert Jane Jacobs dies at 89yrs" 3502: 2909: 2781: 2454: 1699: 1284: 982: 922:, she worried about the fate of her two 897: 779: 651: 19:For other people named Jane Jacobs, see 5342: 5222: 4953: 4836: 4797: 4665:Outgrowing Jane Jacobs and Her New York 3700: 3555: 3490: 3478: 3357: 3333: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3209: 3197: 3159: 3147: 3092: 3056: 3044: 3020: 3004: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2857: 2829: 2817: 2733: 2721: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2291: 615:invited Jacobs to write an article for 606:Death and Life of Great American Cities 333:Jacobs was born Jane Isabel Butzner in 6698: 5430:Jane Jacobs's Order of Canada Citation 5312: 5235: 4705:Why our cities need less Jane Jacobs. 4511: 4364:, Martin Prosperity Blog, 4 April 2012 4216:"Rockefeller Foundation news advisory" 3942: 3873: 3734: 3671: 3594:Ontario Non-Profit Housing Association 3117:Gratz, Roberta Brandes (4 July 1026). 2567:Laurence, Peter L. (21 January 2016). 2407: 2280: 1955: 1450:Jane Jacobs Lifetime Achievement Award 832:. The committee gained the support of 725:In 1962, she resigned her position at 540:. She then found a well-paying job at 525: 375:, which deviated some from the city's 59:civic group at a 1961 press conference 5491: 5163: 4991: 4972: 4720: 4631: 4627: 4625: 4539:Lange, Alexandra (15 November 2019). 4538: 4483: 4136: 4072: 3898: 3845:"Jane Jacobs: Sticking Up For Cities" 3674:"Jane Jacobs: Honoured in the breach" 3419:Fernandez, Manny (9 September 2008). 3345: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3272: 3260: 3116: 3104: 3080: 3068: 3032: 2992: 2884: 2869: 2845: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2709: 2507:"Urban Planning Has a Sexism Problem" 2372: 1990:and communism, and what happens when 1802:Jacobs's book advances the view that 1727:advanced earlier by scholars such as 1566: 673:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 252:, sociology, and economics. Her book 6678: 5057:Canadian Journal of Regional Science 5034:Postmetropolis, Putting Cities First 5031: 4824: 4812: 4012: 3645: 3505:"Interview with Jane Jacobs, part 2" 3446: 2339:Wainwright, Oliver (30 April 2017). 2253:Highway revolts in the United States 1369: 471:She became a feature writer for the 6771:Writers from Scranton, Pennsylvania 5789:Professional transportation planner 5461:"Jane Jacobs: Libertarian Outsider" 4383:, Canadian Architect, 28 March 2013 4183:, Urbanspace Gallery, Toronto, 2016 4015:Go! Melbourne in the Sixties, Circa 3943:Klemek, Christopher (Spring 2011). 3843:Bernstein, Aaron (15 August 2004). 3533:. Ideas that Matter. Archived from 3360:"Won't you come home, Jane Jacobs?" 3273:Rorke, Robert (26 September 2016). 2062:Published in 2004 by Random House, 1268: 1256:Times Square Red, Times Square Blue 13: 6746:Canadian women non-fiction writers 5517: 5459:Riggenbach, Jeff (28 April 2011). 5257:Journal of Architectural Education 5174:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5041: 4973:Allen, Max, ed. (1 October 1997). 4622: 2319: 1581:The community organizer played by 1448:offers an award to honor her, the 1314:one at her Albany Avenue house in 1019:, at a time when he was seen as a 893: 611:After reading her Harvard speech, 14: 6822: 5414: 5286:"Jane Jacobs (1916–2006): Before 5284:Laurence, Peter L. (March 2007). 5128:Ellerman, David (May–June 2005). 4512:Knight, Chris (31 October 2019). 4137:Lange, Alexandra (23 June 2017). 4017:. Beaconsfield. pp. 218–230. 2535: 2292:Douglas, Martin (26 April 2006). 2049: 1561:Citizen Jane: Battle for the City 1297:National Historic Site in Toronto 977:American Sociological Association 960:to separate the city proper from 797:(LOMEX), which would connect the 303:network of expressways in Toronto 6677: 6656: 6655: 6643: 5269:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2006.00033.x 5075:Desrochers, Pierre (Fall 2007). 4954:Alexiou, Alice Sparberg (2006). 4908: 4893: 4858: 4845: 4830: 4791: 4773: 4760:atlanticyardsreport.blogspot.com 4753: 4747: 4714: 4695: 4676: 4583: 4569: 4555: 4532: 4505: 4477: 4443: 4424: 4405: 4402:, Canadian Architect, 9 May 2014 4386: 4367: 4348: 4336: 4333:, Canadian Urban Institute, 2015 3983:Great Cities Need Great Builders 3874:Hannum, Hildegarde, ed. (1997). 3735:Martin, Sandra (26 April 2006). 3447:Caro, Robert (16 January 2018). 3173:"The Woman Who Saved Our Cities" 2910:Laurence, Peter L. (June 2006). 2140:Cities and the Wealth of Nations 1883:Cities and the Wealth of Nations 1876:Cities and the Wealth of Nations 1753:Cities and the Wealth of Nations 1599:who was active a decade earlier. 1440:. She received $ 80,000 as well. 1414:West Harlem Environmental Action 1215:than cleared for redevelopment. 867:was sympathetic to Moses, while 588:, Jacobs delivered a lecture at 362: 6761:Officers of the Order of Canada 6756:Members of the Order of Ontario 6186:Transferable development rights 5741:Environmental impact assessment 5313:Ramsay, Charles-Albert (2022). 4947: 4798:Maisels, Charles Keith (1990). 4611:Taller Buildings, Cheaper Homes 4317: 4297:Press Releases (20 July 2010). 4290: 4270:Press Releases (24 June 2009). 4263: 4240: 4208: 4186: 4167: 4151: 4130: 4105: 4078: 4041: 3892: 3867: 3836: 3818: 3788: 3762: 3728: 3694: 3615: 3579: 3561: 3523: 3496: 3440: 3412: 3393: 3370: 3351: 3266: 3165: 3110: 2790:. Chicago: APA Planners Press. 2775: 2644: 2618: 2593: 2560: 2408:Lawson, Wayne (14 April 2017). 2225:(2016) New York: Random House. 2184:(1995) Random House of Canada. 2103:(1961) New York: Random House. 1508:Jane Jacobs sculptural chairs, 1492: 1460:, won the 2015 award. In 2012, 1337:of New York partnered with the 1280: 1069:Jacobs is credited, along with 580:In 1956, while standing in for 206: 6721:Naturalized citizens of Canada 5812:Community economic development 5591:Planning and zoning commission 5444:Jane Jacobs Oral History, 1997 5149:10.1080/05775132.2005.11034300 5088:Journal of Libertarian Studies 4484:Kenny, Glenn (19 April 2017). 3672:Wikens, Stephen (6 May 2011). 3358:Whelton, Clark (6 July 1974). 2605:The Center for the Living City 2529: 2499: 2448: 2427: 2401: 2366: 2332: 2313: 1907:A spectrum of economic regions 1812:Norway's secession from Sweden 1804:Quebec's eventual independence 1533:Black Mountain, North Carolina 1527:Mount Pleasant, South Carolina 1308: 1205:Housing Commission of Victoria 956:. Jacobs was an advocate of a 745:Struggle for Greenwich Village 493:. Jane continued to write for 328: 1: 6766:People from Greenwich Village 6741:Canadian architecture writers 6716:American architecture writers 5223:Jenkins, Simon (4 May 2006). 4033:Lang, G.; Wunsch, M. (2009). 3377:American Experience: New York 2273: 1837:The relevant public views of 1045:She also had an influence on 1009:Toronto's 2000 mayoralty race 447:Murray Corporation of America 6801:American emigrants to Canada 6425:Planning Accreditation Board 5784:Transit-oriented development 5746:Recreation resource planning 5236:Klemek, Christopher (2011). 5079:Jane Jacobs: Urban Visionary 5063:(1): 115–130. Archived from 4956:Jane Jacobs: Urban Visionary 4929:10.1016/j.cities.2018.02.028 4037:. New York: David R. Godine. 3646:Wood, Daniel (7 June 2012). 3457:(Interview). Interviewed by 3454:The New York Review of Books 1603: 1512:(St. John's Square), Toronto 1374:As a tribute to Jacobs, the 1011:, and she was an adviser to 952:'s sovereignty in her book, 877:New York: A Documentary Film 21:Jane Jacobs (disambiguation) 7: 5374:Laurence, Peter L. (2016). 5343:Stefano, Cozzolino (2015). 5334:Rosenfelder, Mark (2000s). 4900:Laurence, Peter L. (2016). 4703:Jane Jacobs's Tunnel Vision 4450:Jane Jacobs' 100th birthday 4431:2011 Toronto Legacy Plaques 3876:People, Land, and Community 3701:Roberts, Sam (3 May 2012). 3119:"The Genius of Jane Jacobs" 2381:University of Chicago Press 2236: 2079: 1548:Jacobs received the second 1519:, 69 Albany Avenue, Toronto 1396:Transportation Alternatives 1110:That is a different thing. 731:opponent of the Vietnam War 604:Rockefeller Foundation and 341:, served as a judge on the 10: 6827: 6806:Philosophers of technology 6437:Professional organizations 5794:Urban freight distribution 5769:Transportation forecasting 5437:at John J. Burns Library, 5397:(2): 21–48. Archived from 5319:. Montreal: Baraka Books. 5190:10.4135/9781412965811.n157 5166:"Jacobs, Jane (1916–2006)" 5081:by Alice Sparberg Alexiou" 4958:. New Brunswick: Rutgers. 4841:. Baraka Books. p. X. 4465:. National Building Museum 4345:, Canadian Urban Institute 2836:magazine in October 1962." 2055: 2028:negative-feedback controls 1961: 1845:, and then Prime Minister 1791:The Question of Separatism 1760:The Question of Separatism 1687:Lower Manhattan Expressway 1654: 1179:Program, an effort by the 1036:Royal St. George's College 795:Lower Manhattan Expressway 464: 283:Lower Manhattan Expressway 18: 6673:List of planning journals 6637: 6559: 6524: 6498: 6452: 6445: 6412: 6372: 6248: 6241: 6054: 5962: 5909: 5833: 5824: 5802: 5759: 5726: 5708: 5676: 5642:History of urban planning 5623: 5614: 5553: 5525: 5111:(2): 2–20. Archived from 4708:Literary Review of Canada 4673:, Published 30 April 2006 4632:Cowen, T. (25 May 2006). 4619:, 4 May 2010 6:02 am 2928:10.1080/13574800600644001 2788:Reconsidering Jane Jacobs 2784:"The Unknown Jane Jacobs" 1739:and in recent times, by 1575:The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel 1400:Green Worker Cooperatives 1394:and a founding member of 1064: 991:foreman Spencer Beebe in 784:Jacobs fought to prevent 775:Washington Square Village 473:Office of War Information 457:, she also advocated for 436: 413:School of General Studies 216: 193: 178: 159: 134: 109: 90: 64: 48: 30: 6811:Women's page journalists 6786:Environmental economists 6776:Radical centrist writers 6609:Marine spatial planning 6121:Healthy community design 5699:Village design statement 5689:Preservation development 5684:Conservation development 5306:10.1525/jsah.2007.66.1.5 5032:Soja, Edward W. (2000). 5013:Laurence, Peter (2016). 4725:Encyclopedia of the City 4701:Bratishenko, Lev (2016) 4682:Moskowitz, Peter (2016) 4440:, Heritage Toronto, 2011 4412:Victoria Memorial Square 4252:14 February 2007 at the 2536:Gratz, Roberta Brandes. 1640: 1554:National Building Museum 1510:Victoria Memorial Square 1446:Canadian Urban Institute 1438:Central Park Conservancy 1412:, executive director of 1328:Queen of the Netherlands 1058:Toronto Western Hospital 1017:mayoral campaign in 2003 709:planning, labeling it a 475:and then a reporter for 345:. After graduation from 6624:Real estate development 6355:List of urban theorists 5851:City Beautiful movement 5779:Rational planning model 5761:Transportation planning 5751:Sustainable development 5164:Ikeda, Sanford (2008). 4992:Flint, Anthony (2009). 4398:12 October 2016 at the 3988:24 October 2017 at the 3531:"The Jane Jacobs Prize" 3390:, PBS film description. 3386:8 December 2009 at the 2975:, pp. 39–40 2916:Journal of Urban Design 2195:The Nature of Economies 2024:positive-feedback loops 2005:The Nature of Economies 1999:The Nature of Economies 1434:Elizabeth Barlow Rogers 1173:defensible space theory 1133:The Nature of Economies 1040:Ontario Municipal Board 884:'s biography of Moses, 735:marched on the Pentagon 629:. Her criticism of the 481:, a publication of the 339:John Decker Butzner Jr. 6668:List of planned cities 6604:Landscape architecture 6360:List of urban planners 6082:Conservation community 5919:Collaborative planning 5728:Environmental planning 5636:Comprehensive planning 5472:Jane Jacobs's Legacy, 4802:. New York: Routledge. 4729:. Routledge. pp. 4638:Marginalrevolution.com 4463:"Vincent Scully Prize" 4360:10 August 2016 at the 3650:. The Georgia Straight 3573:30 August 2008 at the 1893:be the main player in 1456:, while his daughter, 1376:Rockefeller Foundation 1339:Rockefeller Foundation 1298: 1248: 1232: 1149: 996: 907: 789: 786:Washington Square Park 685:Rockefeller Foundation 669:Rockefeller Foundation 660: 523: 434: 335:Scranton, Pennsylvania 83:Scranton, Pennsylvania 6579:Development economics 6430:Real estate education 6390:James Howard Kunstler 6315:Konstantinos Doxiadis 6196:Urban growth boundary 6136:Mixed-use development 6031:Intentional community 5476:online, July 31, 2009 5357:10.3280/TR2015-072022 5176:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 4721:Caves, R. W. (2004). 4204:on 27 September 2011. 3963:10.1353/dss.2011.0045 2373:Halle, David (2003). 2114:The Economy of Cities 1900:The Economy of Cities 1749:The Economy of Cities 1741:Charles Keith Maisels 1701:The Economy of Cities 1517:Toronto Legacy Plaque 1501:Jane Jacobs Park, 11 1418:Alexie Torres-Fleming 1335:Municipal Art Society 1288: 1233: 1217: 1115:The Economy of Cities 1093: 1073:, with inspiring the 986: 943:James Howard Kunstler 901: 783: 688:"explor the field of 655: 518: 510:Federal Workers Union 425: 392:Sunday Herald Tribune 289:, as well as part of 55:Jacobs as chair of a 6791:Writers from Toronto 6731:Women urban planners 6131:Leapfrog development 6077:Complete Communities 5934:Intelligent urbanism 5861:Garden city movement 5804:Economic development 5736:Environmental design 5481:3 March 2016 at the 5449:27 June 2015 at the 5435:Jane Jacobs's Papers 5377:Becoming Jane Jacobs 5184:. pp. 261–262. 5015:Becoming Jane Jacobs 4902:Becoming Jane Jacobs 4684:Bulldoze Jane Jacobs 4452:, Google, 4 May 2016 4421:, TorontoPlaques.com 4379:8 March 2016 at the 4324:Urban Leadership Day 4198:urbancenterbooks.org 3899:Satin, Mark (2004). 3855:on 23 September 2012 3774:wellsfuneralhome.com 2569:Becoming Jane Jacobs 2258:Innovation economics 1946:Jacobs agglomeration 1824:economic development 1550:Vincent Scully Prize 1525:Jane Jacobs Street, 1474:Greater Toronto Area 1466:William (Bill) Teron 1392:Green Market program 1185:mixed-income housing 1165:natural surveillance 451:War Production Board 367:In 1935, during the 347:Scranton High School 277:to overhaul her own 258:(1961) argued that " 221:Vincent Scully Prize 6537:Communist countries 6161:Planning Permission 6098:Filtering (housing) 6072:Cluster development 5881:Settlement movement 5866:Indigenous planning 5070:on 15 October 2013. 4661:Ouroussoff, Nicolai 4436:4 June 2016 at the 4417:1 June 2016 at the 4329:4 June 2016 at the 3806:on 13 November 2016 3481:, pp. 149–151. 3406:21 May 2009 at the 3200:, pp. 135–136. 3009:Architectural Forum 2656:, 26 September 2012 2167:Systems of Survival 2153:The Girl on the Hat 1964:Systems of Survival 1957:Systems of Survival 1725:import substitution 1588:Motherless Brooklyn 958:Province of Toronto 803:Williamsburg Bridge 771:Housing Act of 1949 759:New York University 755:West Village Houses 727:Architectural Forum 645:, the publisher of 635:Architectural Forum 598:Architectural Forum 586:Architectural Forum 575:Architectural Forum 573:. Kirk came to the 564:Architectural Forum 543:Architectural Forum 527:Architectural Forum 483:US State Department 459:equal pay for women 409:Columbia University 301:and the associated 150:Architectural Forum 6736:Anti-road protests 6420:Planning education 6380:Elizabeth Farrelly 6224:High-rise urbanism 6062:Affordable housing 5601:World Urbanism Day 5036:. Wiley-Blackwell. 4670:The New York Times 4616:The New York Times 4607:Glaeser, Edward L. 4520:. Th National Post 4491:The New York Times 4179:5 May 2016 at the 3979:Glaeser, Edward L. 3750:on 22 October 2010 3742:The Globe and Mail 3707:The New York Times 3678:The Globe and Mail 3537:on 7 February 2018 3511:on 30 October 2014 3426:The New York Times 2630:globalurbanist.com 2517:on 9 November 2021 2299:The New York Times 1926:transplant region' 1866:, which perceived 1796:The Globe and Mail 1737:Vere Gordon Childe 1729:Andre Gunder Frank 1721:import replacement 1708:import replacement 1567:In popular culture 1360:Thomas de Monchaux 1299: 1293:" group pauses at 1259:relies heavily on 1243:The New York Times 997: 931:Spadina Expressway 908: 865:The New York Times 829:The New York Times 814:Raymond S. Rubinow 790: 739:World Trade Center 661: 643:C. D. Jackson 590:Harvard University 299:Spadina Expressway 6693: 6692: 6650:Cities portal 6574:Civil engineering 6555: 6554: 6408: 6407: 6237: 6236: 6205:Peri-urbanisation 6025:Planned community 5856:Dark-sky movement 5846:Car-free movement 5820: 5819: 5774:Trip distribution 5710:Regional planning 5663:Urban green space 5631:Land-use planning 5606:Labor market area 5596:Growth management 5571:Metropolitan area 5401:on 31 August 2017 5247:978-0-226-44174-0 5199:978-1-4129-6580-4 5115:on 31 August 2017 5005:978-1-4000-6674-2 4984:978-0-921773-44-3 4965:978-0-8135-3792-4 4565:. 21 August 2023. 4343:2011 announcement 4260:, 9 February 2007 4059:978-0-9815593-1-5 3998:, 19 January 2007 3916:978-0-8133-4190-3 3885:978-0-300-07173-3 3832:on 30 April 2006. 3603:on 1 October 2008 3366:. pp. 1, 24. 3364:The Village Voice 3300:, pp. 83–84. 3251:, pp. 50–52. 3179:. 6 December 2019 3162:, pp. 83–90. 3083:, pp. 27–28. 3071:, pp. 26–27. 3047:, pp. 57–59. 3035:, pp. 24–26. 3023:, pp. 43–49. 2995:, pp. 19–20. 2860:, pp. 30–31. 2820:, pp. 25–27. 2797:978-1-932364-95-8 2736:, pp. 23–24. 2724:, pp. 22–23. 2700:, pp. 20–21. 2688:, pp. 15–16. 2578:978-0-8122-4788-6 2469:10.7202/1003460ar 2161:978-0-195-40708-2 2135:978-1-926824-06-2 2036:self-organization 1938:Import-Replacing' 1820:natural resources 1667:Greenwich Village 1380:Jane Jacobs Medal 1370:Jane Jacobs Medal 1364:William McDonough 1275:Michael Bloomberg 973:urban development 937:neighbourhood, a 869:The Village Voice 838:Eleanor Roosevelt 823:The Village Voice 751:Greenwich Village 681:Image of the City 421:political science 373:Greenwich Village 279:Greenwich Village 269:Jacobs organized 227: 226: 104:, Ontario, Canada 57:Greenwich Village 6818: 6681: 6680: 6659: 6658: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6599:Land development 6450: 6449: 6285:Donald Appleyard 6246: 6245: 5996:Mining community 5949:Radical planning 5896:Transition towns 5831: 5830: 5647:Spatial planning 5621: 5620: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5468: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5381: 5370: 5368: 5339: 5330: 5309: 5280: 5251: 5232: 5219: 5160: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5095: 5085: 5071: 5069: 5054: 5037: 5028: 5009: 4998:. Random House. 4988: 4977:. Ginger Press. 4969: 4941: 4940: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4879:10.2307/25068137 4862: 4856: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4728: 4718: 4712: 4699: 4693: 4680: 4674: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4629: 4620: 4604: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4428: 4422: 4409: 4403: 4390: 4384: 4371: 4365: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4267: 4261: 4258:The New York Sun 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4227: 4221:. Archived from 4220: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4200:. Archived from 4190: 4184: 4171: 4165: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4019: 4018: 4010: 3999: 3995:The New York Sun 3976: 3967: 3966: 3940: 3921: 3920: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3851:. Archived from 3840: 3834: 3833: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3802:. Archived from 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3746:. Archived from 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3602: 3591: 3583: 3577: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3507:. Archived from 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3416: 3410: 3397: 3391: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2907: 2888: 2882: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2548:on 20 March 2014 2544:. Archived from 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2513:. Archived from 2503: 2497: 2496: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2289: 2032:butterfly effect 1930:Entrepôt cities' 1914:backward' region 1816:Quiet Revolution 1678:The Power Broker 1503:Wellesley Street 1454:Eberhard Zeidler 1344:Malcolm Gladwell 1320:Marshall McLuhan 1269:Jane Jacobs Days 1251:Samuel R. Delany 1246: 1241:Martin Douglas, 1230: 1147: 1083:radical centrist 993:Portland, Oregon 887:The Power Broker 854:Carmine De Sapio 850:William H. Whyte 799:Manhattan Bridge 613:William H. Whyte 388:freelance writer 369:Great Depression 356:Scranton Tribune 240: 210: 208: 181: 97: 78: 76: 53: 43: 28: 27: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6781:Urban theorists 6696: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6644: 6642: 6633: 6629:Social sciences 6589:Urban economics 6561: 6551: 6520: 6494: 6441: 6404: 6368: 6335:Peter Calthorpe 6290:Ebenezer Howard 6251: 6233: 6220:Verticalization 6050: 5958: 5944:Market urbanism 5939:Livable streets 5905: 5826: 5816: 5798: 5755: 5722: 5704: 5672: 5616: 5610: 5549: 5521: 5516: 5483:Wayback Machine 5451:Wayback Machine 5417: 5404: 5402: 5351:(72): 151–158. 5327: 5248: 5200: 5132: 5118: 5116: 5083: 5067: 5052: 5044: 5042:Further reading 5025: 5006: 4985: 4966: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4913: 4909: 4898: 4894: 4863: 4859: 4850: 4846: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4796: 4792: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4719: 4715: 4700: 4696: 4681: 4677: 4659: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4630: 4623: 4605: 4598: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4438:Wayback Machine 4429: 4425: 4419:Wayback Machine 4410: 4406: 4400:Wayback Machine 4391: 4387: 4381:Wayback Machine 4372: 4368: 4362:Wayback Machine 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4331:Wayback Machine 4322: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4305:on 23 July 2011 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4278:on 23 July 2011 4268: 4264: 4254:Wayback Machine 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4181:Wayback Machine 4172: 4168: 4164:, 11 April 2016 4156: 4152: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4046: 4042: 4031: 4022: 4011: 4002: 3990:Wayback Machine 3977: 3970: 3941: 3924: 3917: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3837: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3699: 3695: 3682: 3680: 3670: 3666: 3653: 3651: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623:"Omb.gov.on.ca" 3621: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3575:Wayback Machine 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3459:Claudia Dreifus 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3417: 3413: 3408:Wayback Machine 3398: 3394: 3388:Wayback Machine 3375: 3371: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2908: 2891: 2883: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2712:, pp. 3–5. 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2659: 2657: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2579: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2406: 2402: 2391: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2337: 2333: 2324:. p. 138. 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2290: 2281: 2276: 2263:Urban secession 2239: 2082: 2060: 2054: 2002: 1992:New York subway 1966: 1960: 1922:supply regions' 1879: 1787:1980 referendum 1770:Massey Lectures 1763: 1704: 1659: 1653: 1643: 1606: 1569: 1495: 1479:In April 2014, 1372: 1352:Robert Neuwirth 1311: 1283: 1271: 1247: 1245:, 25 April 2006 1240: 1231: 1224: 1148: 1139: 1067: 1056:Jacobs died in 1029:Toronto Islands 969:Order of Canada 939:housing project 896: 894:Life in Toronto 747: 609: 582:Douglas Haskell 546:, published by 530: 469: 439: 429:Barnard College 407:She studied at 365: 331: 319:Richard Florida 232: 212: 209: 1944) 204: 200: 179: 174: 155: 130: 105: 99: 95: 86: 80: 74: 72: 71: 70: 60: 44: 35: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6824: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6653: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6490:United Kingdom 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6470:Czech Republic 6467: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6400:Randal O'Toole 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6340:Patrick Geddes 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6320:Kevin A. Lynch 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6300:Guy Benveniste 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6280:Daniel Burnham 6277: 6275:Colin Buchanan 6272: 6270:Clarence Stein 6267: 6265:Clarence Perry 6262: 6256: 6254: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6217: 6212: 6210:Urban vitality 6207: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6117:Healthy cities 6114: 6109: 6107:Brusselization 6103:Gentrification 6100: 6095: 6092:Eminent domain 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5964:Cities by type 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5924:Context theory 5921: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5841:Athens Charter 5837: 5835: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5625: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5519:Urban planning 5515: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5469: 5456: 5441: 5439:Boston College 5432: 5427: 5416: 5415:External links 5413: 5412: 5411: 5382: 5371: 5340: 5331: 5325: 5310: 5288:Death and Life 5281: 5252: 5246: 5233: 5220: 5198: 5182:Cato Institute 5170:Hamowy, Ronald 5161: 5125: 5096: 5072: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5029: 5024:978-0812224429 5023: 5010: 5004: 4989: 4983: 4970: 4964: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4907: 4892: 4857: 4844: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4790: 4772: 4754:Oder, Norman. 4746: 4739: 4713: 4711:, October 2016 4694: 4675: 4650: 4621: 4596: 4582: 4568: 4554: 4531: 4504: 4476: 4454: 4442: 4423: 4404: 4385: 4366: 4347: 4335: 4316: 4289: 4262: 4239: 4228:on 7 June 2011 4207: 4185: 4166: 4150: 4144:The New Yorker 4129: 4104: 4077: 4075:, p. 194. 4065: 4058: 4040: 4020: 4000: 3968: 3922: 3915: 3891: 3884: 3866: 3835: 3817: 3787: 3761: 3727: 3693: 3664: 3638: 3614: 3578: 3560: 3548: 3522: 3495: 3493:, p. 152. 3483: 3471: 3439: 3411: 3399:Caro, Robert. 3392: 3369: 3350: 3348:, p. xiv. 3338: 3336:, p. 117. 3326: 3314: 3302: 3287: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3227:, p. 149. 3214: 3212:, p. 119. 3202: 3190: 3164: 3152: 3140: 3109: 3097: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 2997: 2985: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2922:(2): 145–172. 2889: 2887:, p. 170. 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2822: 2810: 2796: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2666: 2643: 2617: 2592: 2577: 2559: 2528: 2498: 2447: 2426: 2400: 2389: 2383:. p. 16. 2365: 2331: 2320:Jacobs, Jane. 2312: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2268:Urban vitality 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2220: 2209:Dark Age Ahead 2205: 2192: 2179: 2163: 2150: 2137: 2124: 2111: 2096: 2081: 2078: 2073:Dark Age Ahead 2064:Dark Age Ahead 2058:Dark Age Ahead 2056:Main article: 2053: 2051:Dark Age Ahead 2048: 2001: 1996: 1962:Main article: 1959: 1954: 1895:macroeconomics 1878: 1873: 1847:Pierre Trudeau 1762: 1757: 1703: 1698: 1694:Death and Life 1655:Main article: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1622:gentrification 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597:Hortense Gabel 1579: 1568: 1565: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1458:Margie Zeidler 1442: 1441: 1429:High Line Park 1425: 1421: 1407: 1371: 1368: 1348:Reverend Billy 1310: 1307: 1282: 1279: 1270: 1267: 1238: 1222: 1154:Edward Glaeser 1137: 1066: 1063: 1025:island airport 1013:David Miller's 1005:Tooker Gomberg 895: 892: 846:Charles Abrams 807:Holland Tunnel 746: 743: 720:gentrification 694:The New School 677:Kevin A. Lynch 631:Lincoln Center 608: 602: 538:Washington, DC 529: 524: 468: 463: 438: 435: 398:magazine, and 377:grid structure 364: 361: 353:editor at the 330: 327: 314:college degree 310:urban planning 264:slum clearance 225: 224: 218: 214: 213: 202: 198: 197: 195: 191: 190: 182: 176: 175: 173: 172: 169: 163: 161: 157: 156: 154: 153: 146: 138: 136: 132: 131: 129: 128: 125: 123:urban theorist 120: 117: 113: 111: 107: 106: 100: 98:(aged 89) 92: 88: 87: 81: 68: 66: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6823: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6751:Interstate 78 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6726:Tax resisters 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6686: 6685: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6619:Public policy 6617: 6615: 6614:Public health 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6584:Urban ecology 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6558: 6548: 6547:Ancient Egypt 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6395:Lewis Mumford 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6345:Raymond Unwin 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6252:practitioners 6247: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6181:Tract housing 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6171:Temporary use 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6156:Planning gain 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6087:Creative city 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041:Urban village 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6020:Model village 6018: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981:Commuter town 5979: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5954:Urban renewal 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5891:Structuralism 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5823: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5694:Rural housing 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653:Redevelopment 5651: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5372: 5367: 5366:11311/1036457 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5326:9781771863049 5322: 5318: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5289: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5094:(3): 115–136. 5093: 5089: 5082: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4903: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4840: 4833: 4827:, p. 25. 4826: 4821: 4815:, p. 24. 4814: 4809: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4740:9780415252256 4736: 4732: 4727: 4726: 4717: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4626: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4586: 4579:. 6 May 2022. 4578: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4542: 4535: 4519: 4518:National Post 4515: 4508: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4464: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194:"Jane Jacobs" 4189: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4118: 4114: 4113:"Toronto, ON" 4108: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4036: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3895: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3849:Business Week 3846: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3826:"Jane Jacobs" 3821: 3805: 3801: 3800:CrowdGift.com 3797: 3791: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3738: 3731: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3649: 3642: 3624: 3618: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3568:Eyeweekly.com 3564: 3557: 3552: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3324:, p. 85. 3323: 3318: 3312:, p. 86. 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3292: 3276: 3269: 3263:, p. 65. 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3239:, p. 78. 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3194: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3150:, p. 76. 3149: 3144: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3107:, p. 28. 3106: 3101: 3095:, p. 62. 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3059:, p. 60. 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2974: 2969: 2963:, p. 34. 2962: 2957: 2951:, p. 33. 2950: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2872:, p. 16. 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2848:, p. 14. 2847: 2842: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2772:, p. 11. 2771: 2766: 2760:, p. 10. 2759: 2754: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2655: 2654: 2647: 2632:. 24 May 2011 2631: 2627: 2621: 2606: 2602: 2601:"Jane Jacobs" 2596: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2436: 2430: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2397: 2392: 2390:9780226313702 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2279: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2248:Fred Gardiner 2246: 2244: 2243:David Crombie 2241: 2240: 2232: 2231:0-399-58960-0 2228: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2218:1-4000-6232-2 2215: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2203:0-679-60340-9 2200: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2190:0-679-30818-0 2187: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2177:0-679-74816-4 2174: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2148:0-394-72911-0 2145: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2122:0-394-70584-X 2119: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2109:0-679-60047-7 2106: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2094:0-804-60605-6 2091: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1864:Enlightenment 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839:René Lévesque 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1778:Robin Philpot 1775: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1709: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1598: 1594: 1593:Edward Norton 1590: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1540: 1539:Google Doodle 1536: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410:Peggy Shepard 1408: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1333:In 2007, the 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1306: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1278: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1244: 1237: 1228: 1225:Jane Jacobs, 1221: 1216: 1214: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1144: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Lewis Mumford 1062: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:Metro Toronto 994: 990: 985: 981: 978: 974: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 905: 900: 891: 889: 888: 883: 879: 878: 873: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 852:, as well as 851: 847: 843: 842:Lewis Mumford 839: 835: 834:Margaret Mead 831: 830: 825: 824: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 787: 782: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 763:urban renewal 761:, and by the 760: 756: 752: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 716: 712: 711:pseudoscience 707: 703: 701: 700: 695: 691: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 659: 654: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 619: 614: 607: 601: 599: 595: 594:Lewis Mumford 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 544: 539: 535: 528: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 491:Hudson Street 488: 484: 480: 479: 474: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 433: 430: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 402: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 363:New York City 360: 358: 357: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 326: 324: 320: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 260:urban renewal 257: 256: 251: 250:urban studies 247: 244: 239: 235: 231: 222: 219: 215: 199:Robert Jacobs 196: 192: 188: 187: 183: 177: 170: 168: 165: 164: 162: 160:Organizations 158: 152: 151: 147: 145: 144: 140: 139: 137: 133: 126: 124: 121: 118: 115: 114: 112: 108: 103: 94:25 April 2006 93: 89: 84: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 42: 38: 29: 26: 22: 6683: 6660: 6641: 6569:Architecture 6542:Nazi Germany 6384: 6350:Thomas Adams 6330:Loretta Lees 6325:Le Corbusier 6295:Edmund Bacon 6260:Andrés Duany 6215:Urbanization 6201:Urban sprawl 6166:Rural flight 6146:Permeability 6141:Model cities 6013:Logging camp 5972:Company town 5886:Smart growth 5876:New Urbanism 5658:Urban design 5474:City Journal 5473: 5464: 5403:. Retrieved 5399:the original 5394: 5390: 5376: 5348: 5315: 5300:(66): 5–15. 5297: 5293: 5287: 5263:(3): 49–60. 5260: 5256: 5237: 5229:The Guardian 5228: 5173: 5143:(5): 50–83. 5140: 5136: 5117:. Retrieved 5113:the original 5108: 5104: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5065:the original 5060: 5056: 5033: 5014: 4994: 4974: 4955: 4948:Bibliography 4920: 4916: 4910: 4901: 4895: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4852: 4847: 4838: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4799: 4793: 4787:. June 2001. 4784: 4781:"City Views" 4775: 4763:. Retrieved 4759: 4749: 4724: 4716: 4706: 4697: 4692:, 4 May 2016 4687: 4678: 4668: 4641:. Retrieved 4637: 4614: 4585: 4571: 4557: 4545:. Retrieved 4534: 4522:. Retrieved 4517: 4507: 4495:. Retrieved 4489: 4479: 4467:. Retrieved 4457: 4445: 4426: 4407: 4388: 4369: 4350: 4338: 4319: 4307:. Retrieved 4303:the original 4292: 4280:. Retrieved 4276:the original 4265: 4242: 4230:. Retrieved 4223:the original 4210: 4202:the original 4197: 4188: 4174:Jane at Home 4169: 4161: 4153: 4142: 4132: 4120:. Retrieved 4116: 4107: 4095:. Retrieved 4089: 4086:"Add a City" 4080: 4068: 4049: 4043: 4034: 4014: 3993: 3957:(2): 75–79. 3954: 3948: 3901: 3894: 3875: 3869: 3857:. Retrieved 3853:the original 3848: 3838: 3830:the original 3820: 3808:. Retrieved 3804:the original 3799: 3796:"Ned Jacobs" 3790: 3778:. Retrieved 3776:. 5 May 2009 3773: 3764: 3752:. Retrieved 3748:the original 3740: 3730: 3718:. Retrieved 3706: 3696: 3688: 3681:. Retrieved 3677: 3667: 3659: 3652:. Retrieved 3641: 3629:. Retrieved 3617: 3605:. Retrieved 3598:the original 3593: 3581: 3563: 3556:Alexiou 2006 3551: 3539:. Retrieved 3535:the original 3525: 3513:. Retrieved 3509:the original 3498: 3491:Alexiou 2006 3486: 3479:Alexiou 2006 3474: 3462:. Retrieved 3452: 3442: 3430:. Retrieved 3424: 3414: 3395: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3353: 3341: 3334:Alexiou 2006 3329: 3317: 3305: 3278:. Retrieved 3268: 3256: 3249:Alexiou 2006 3244: 3237:Alexiou 2006 3232: 3225:Alexiou 2006 3210:Alexiou 2006 3205: 3198:Alexiou 2006 3193: 3181:. Retrieved 3176: 3167: 3160:Alexiou 2006 3155: 3148:Alexiou 2006 3143: 3131:. Retrieved 3126: 3122: 3112: 3100: 3093:Alexiou 2006 3088: 3076: 3064: 3057:Alexiou 2006 3052: 3045:Alexiou 2006 3040: 3028: 3021:Alexiou 2006 3016: 3008: 3005:Alexiou 2006 3000: 2988: 2973:Alexiou 2006 2968: 2961:Alexiou 2006 2956: 2949:Alexiou 2006 2944: 2919: 2915: 2865: 2858:Alexiou 2006 2853: 2841: 2833: 2830:Alexiou 2006 2825: 2818:Alexiou 2006 2813: 2801:. Retrieved 2787: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2734:Alexiou 2006 2729: 2722:Alexiou 2006 2717: 2705: 2698:Alexiou 2006 2693: 2686:Alexiou 2006 2681: 2676:, p. 9. 2674:Alexiou 2006 2669: 2658:, retrieved 2652: 2646: 2634:. Retrieved 2629: 2620: 2608:. Retrieved 2604: 2595: 2568: 2562: 2550:. Retrieved 2546:the original 2541: 2531: 2519:. Retrieved 2515:the original 2511:nextcity.org 2510: 2501: 2463:(2): 25–39. 2460: 2456: 2450: 2438:. Retrieved 2429: 2417:. Retrieved 2413: 2403: 2394: 2375: 2368: 2356:. Retrieved 2345:The Guardian 2344: 2334: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2303:. Retrieved 2297: 2222: 2207: 2194: 2181: 2165: 2152: 2139: 2126: 2113: 2098: 2085: 2072: 2069:urban sprawl 2063: 2061: 2050: 2044: 2040: 2021: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1985: 1982: 1968: 1967: 1956: 1950: 1945: 1942:City-Region' 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1836: 1806:is best for 1801: 1794: 1790: 1782:Richard Gwyn 1773: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1748: 1733: 1714: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1691: 1676: 1671: 1661: 1660: 1649: 1644: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1614:Robert Moses 1610:West Village 1607: 1586: 1583:Cherry Jones 1573: 1560: 1558: 1547: 1515:Jane Jacobs 1493:Other honors 1486: 1480: 1478: 1470:Jack Diamond 1449: 1443: 1384:urban design 1379: 1373: 1332: 1312: 1303:Jane's Walks 1300: 1281:Jane's Walks 1272: 1260: 1254: 1249: 1242: 1234: 1226: 1218: 1209: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1169:Oscar Newman 1162: 1158:Le Corbusier 1150: 1141: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1086: 1079:decentralist 1075:New Urbanist 1068: 1055: 1051:Vancouverism 1044: 1033: 998: 987:Jacobs with 966: 953: 947: 935:St. Lawrence 928: 909: 906:for 35 years 885: 875: 874: 868: 864: 858: 827: 821: 811: 791: 767:Robert Moses 748: 726: 724: 705: 704: 697: 690:urban design 680: 664: 662: 657: 646: 638: 634: 627:Robert Moses 622: 616: 610: 605: 597: 585: 579: 574: 568: 563: 560:Edmund Bacon 556:urban blight 541: 533: 532:Jacobs left 531: 526: 519: 514:Saul Alinsky 503: 494: 476: 470: 465: 454: 442: 440: 426: 406: 399: 395: 391: 384:stenographer 381: 366: 354: 351:women's page 332: 323:Robert Lucas 307: 291:Little Italy 275:Robert Moses 268: 253: 245: 242: 229: 228: 184: 180:Notable work 148: 141: 96:(2006-04-25) 69:Jane Butzner 25: 6711:2006 deaths 6706:1916 births 6562:disciplines 6385:Jane Jacobs 6310:James Rouse 6191:Urban decay 6176:Third place 6151:Placemaking 6001:Pit village 5991:Global city 5465:Mises Daily 5421:Jane Jacobs 4162:Toronto Sun 4122:17 February 4117:Jane's Walk 4097:17 February 4091:Jane's Walk 3859:28 November 3810:17 February 3780:17 February 2834:Madmoiselle 2660:16 November 2414:Vanity Fair 2305:17 February 1934:Hub cities' 1843:Claude Ryan 1772:, entitled 1673:Robert Caro 1634:Tyler Cowen 1462:Anne Golden 1404:South Bronx 1324:Paul Martin 1309:Exhibitions 1291:Jane's Walk 1015:successful 1007:, who lost 920:Vietnam War 882:Robert Caro 571:East Harlem 329:Early years 230:Jane Jacobs 110:Occupations 32:Jane Jacobs 6700:Categories 6305:Ian McHarg 6250:Theorists/ 6027:(New town) 5986:Ghost town 5825:Concepts/ 5561:Urban area 5349:Territorio 5208:2008009151 4497:28 January 4073:Flint 2009 3754:23 October 3631:15 October 3379:. Disc 7; 3346:Flint 2009 3322:Flint 2009 3310:Flint 2009 3298:Flint 2009 3280:9 December 3261:Flint 2009 3129:(1): 16–17 3123:The Nation 3105:Flint 2009 3081:Flint 2009 3069:Flint 2009 3033:Flint 2009 2993:Flint 2009 2885:Allen 1997 2870:Flint 2009 2846:Flint 2009 2770:Flint 2009 2758:Flint 2009 2746:Allen 1997 2710:Flint 2009 2552:22 January 2521:22 January 2440:22 January 2419:22 January 2396:Chinatown. 2358:22 January 2274:References 2013:ecosystems 1851:currencies 1632:Economist 1326:, and the 1213:gentrified 1091:magazine. 715:ad hominem 548:Henry Luce 432:education. 271:grassroots 116:Journalist 79:4 May 1916 75:1916-05-04 6594:Geography 6506:Barcelona 6485:Singapore 6460:Australia 6453:Countries 6067:Cityscape 5834:Movements 5405:31 August 5277:141674846 5216:750831024 5157:158650636 5137:Challenge 5119:31 August 4923:: 29–38. 4825:Soja 2000 4813:Soja 2000 4765:9 October 3744:(Toronto) 3715:0362-4331 3183:7 January 3177:The Attic 2936:110512401 2587:911518358 2493:144671198 2477:0703-0428 2353:0261-3077 2017:economies 1856:Québécois 1745:Synoecism 1604:Criticism 1556:in 2000. 1552:from the 1356:Tom Wolfe 1316:The Annex 1295:Fort York 1201:Melbourne 1047:Vancouver 916:The Annex 805:with the 765:plans of 656:Cover of 552:Time Inc. 295:Chinatown 135:Employers 6662:Category 6511:Shanghai 6413:Training 6055:Concepts 6046:Boomtown 6036:Arcology 6008:Man camp 5976:Monotown 5929:Ekistics 5911:Theories 5827:theories 5668:Urbanism 5617:branches 5586:Planning 5581:Land use 5535:Theories 5479:Archived 5447:Archived 4937:85454787 4887:25068137 4543:. Curbed 4434:Archived 4415:Archived 4396:Archived 4377:Archived 4358:Archived 4327:Archived 4309:28 April 4282:28 April 4250:Archived 4232:28 April 4177:Archived 3986:Archived 3607:28 April 3571:Archived 3515:21 April 3404:Archived 3384:Archived 2636:11 March 2610:11 March 2485:43562363 2237:See also 2080:Writings 1977:Platonic 1918:largesse 1860:regional 1808:Montreal 1751:or from 1683:Pulitzer 1253:'s book 1239:— 1223:— 1138:— 1021:longshot 989:Ecotrust 818:Catholic 506:McCarthy 455:Iron Age 443:Iron Age 127:activist 6684:Commons 6560:Related 6373:Critics 6126:LEED-ND 5624:General 5554:General 5545:Outline 5530:History 5172:(ed.). 4663:(2006) 4609:(2010) 4469:26 June 3981:(2007) 3950:Dissent 3720:11 June 3683:11 June 3654:11 June 3464:2 April 3432:2 April 3133:27 June 2542:CityLab 2212:(2004) 2171:(1992) 2142:(1985) 2116:(1969) 1832:tariffs 1487:Spacing 1482:Spacing 1402:in the 1177:HOPE VI 1027:on the 962:Ontario 912:Toronto 665:Fortune 647:Fortune 639:Fortune 623:Fortune 618:Fortune 534:Amerika 499:suburbs 495:Amerika 487:Grumman 478:Amerika 466:Amerika 419:, law, 417:zoology 262:" and " 246:Butzner 211: 203: 143:Amerika 102:Toronto 6532:Africa 6516:Sydney 6499:Cities 6480:Serbia 6475:Russia 6446:Places 6242:People 6229:Zoning 6112:Infill 5576:Suburb 5323: 5275: 5244: 5214: 5206: 5196: 5155: 5021: 5002: 4981: 4962: 4935: 4917:Cities 4885: 4785:Reason 4737: 4643:14 May 4547:19 May 4524:19 May 4056: 3913: 3882: 3713: 3587:"Home" 2934: 2794: 2585: 2575: 2491: 2483: 2475: 2387: 2351: 2229: 2216: 2201: 2188: 2175: 2159: 2146: 2133: 2120: 2107: 2092: 1868:nature 1716:Reason 1681:, his 1362:, and 1229:, 1961 1211:to be 1143:Reason 1129:Jacobs 1122:Reason 1104:Jacobs 1097:Reason 1088:Reason 1065:Legacy 995:, 2004 950:Quebec 848:, and 437:Career 223:(2000) 217:Awards 194:Spouse 189:(1961) 119:author 6525:Other 6465:China 5901:YIMBY 5871:NIMBY 5677:Rural 5649:(Eur) 5615:Major 5540:Index 5273:S2CID 5168:. In 5153:S2CID 5133:(PDF) 5084:(PDF) 5068:(PDF) 5053:(PDF) 4933:S2CID 4883:JSTOR 4689:Slate 4226:(PDF) 4219:(PDF) 3626:(PDF) 3601:(PDF) 3590:(PDF) 3541:6 May 2932:S2CID 2803:5 May 2489:S2CID 2481:JSTOR 1988:Mafia 1641:Works 924:draft 904:Annex 401:Vogue 236: 205:( 201: 39: 6094:(US) 5701:(UK) 5638:(US) 5566:City 5425:IMDb 5407:2017 5321:ISBN 5242:ISBN 5212:OCLC 5204:LCCN 5194:ISBN 5178:Sage 5121:2017 5019:ISBN 5000:ISBN 4979:ISBN 4960:ISBN 4767:2007 4735:ISBN 4645:2011 4549:2020 4526:2020 4499:2020 4471:2012 4311:2011 4284:2011 4234:2011 4124:2017 4099:2017 4054:ISBN 3911:ISBN 3880:ISBN 3861:2012 3812:2017 3782:2017 3756:2009 3722:2018 3711:ISSN 3685:2012 3656:2012 3633:2007 3609:2011 3543:2006 3517:2014 3466:2020 3434:2020 3282:2023 3185:2020 3135:2016 2805:2016 2792:ISBN 2662:2021 2638:2020 2612:2020 2583:OCLC 2573:ISBN 2554:2020 2523:2020 2473:ISSN 2442:2020 2421:2020 2385:ISBN 2360:2020 2349:ISSN 2307:2016 2227:ISBN 2214:ISBN 2199:ISBN 2186:ISBN 2173:ISBN 2157:ISBN 2144:ISBN 2131:ISBN 2118:ISBN 2105:ISBN 2090:ISBN 2015:and 1973:work 1828:skis 1444:The 1081:and 801:and 663:The 637:and 386:and 321:and 293:and 287:SoHo 238:OOnt 91:Died 85:, US 65:Born 41:OOnt 5423:at 5361:hdl 5353:doi 5302:doi 5265:doi 5186:doi 5145:doi 4925:doi 4875:doi 4731:405 3959:doi 3127:303 2924:doi 2465:doi 1585:in 1476:". 1289:A " 1220:so. 679:'s 584:of 550:of 411:'s 396:Cue 243:née 6702:: 6222:/ 6203:/ 6119:/ 6105:/ 5974:/ 5463:. 5393:. 5389:. 5359:. 5347:. 5298:66 5296:. 5292:. 5271:. 5261:59 5259:. 5227:. 5210:. 5202:. 5192:. 5180:; 5151:. 5141:48 5139:. 5135:. 5107:. 5103:. 5092:21 5090:. 5086:. 5061:30 5059:. 5055:. 4931:. 4921:91 4919:. 4881:. 4873:. 4871:64 4869:. 4783:. 4758:. 4733:. 4667:. 4653:^ 4636:. 4624:^ 4613:. 4599:^ 4516:. 4488:. 4256:, 4196:. 4160:, 4141:. 4115:. 4088:. 4023:^ 4003:^ 3992:, 3971:^ 3955:58 3953:. 3947:. 3925:^ 3909:. 3907:30 3847:. 3798:. 3772:. 3739:. 3709:. 3705:. 3687:. 3676:. 3658:. 3592:. 3451:. 3423:. 3362:. 3290:^ 3217:^ 3175:. 3125:. 3121:. 2930:. 2920:11 2918:. 2914:. 2892:^ 2877:^ 2786:. 2628:. 2603:. 2581:. 2540:. 2509:. 2487:. 2479:. 2471:. 2461:39 2459:. 2412:. 2393:. 2379:. 2347:. 2343:. 2296:. 2282:^ 2026:; 2009:ix 1841:, 1799:. 1537:a 1358:, 1354:, 1350:, 1346:, 1322:, 1187:. 863:. 844:, 840:, 836:, 809:. 733:, 702:. 641:. 404:. 394:, 359:. 325:. 234:OC 207:m. 37:OC 5511:e 5504:t 5497:v 5467:. 5409:. 5395:4 5369:. 5363:: 5355:: 5338:. 5329:. 5308:. 5304:: 5290:" 5279:. 5267:: 5250:. 5231:. 5218:. 5188:: 5159:. 5147:: 5123:. 5109:4 5027:. 5008:. 4987:. 4968:. 4939:. 4927:: 4889:. 4877:: 4769:. 4743:. 4647:. 4593:. 4551:. 4528:. 4501:. 4473:. 4313:. 4286:. 4236:. 4147:. 4126:. 4101:. 4062:. 3965:. 3961:: 3919:. 3888:. 3863:. 3814:. 3784:. 3758:. 3724:. 3635:. 3611:. 3558:. 3545:. 3519:. 3468:. 3436:. 3284:. 3187:. 3137:. 2981:" 2977:" 2938:. 2926:: 2807:. 2748:. 2640:. 2614:. 2589:. 2556:. 2525:. 2495:. 2467:: 2444:. 2423:. 2362:. 2309:. 1912:' 1578:. 777:. 241:( 77:) 73:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.