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682:." About the education of black children, he remarked, "The only effect of Negro education is to spoil a good field hand and make an insolent cook." "The knowledge of books does not seem to produce any good substantial result with the Negro, but serves to sharpen his cunning, breeds hopes that cannot be fulfilled, creates an inclination to avoid labor, promotes indolence, and in turn leads to crime."
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from 1890 to 1896 and was elected as its speaker in 1894. He was known for his populist appeal to the everyday person. State
Democrats took action to ensure that they did not lose power again. After having gained control of the legislature by suppressing the black vote, they passed a new constitution
529:
There is no use to equivocate or lie about the matter.... Mississippi's constitutional convention of 1890 was held for no other purpose than to eliminate the nigger from politics. Not the 'ignorant and vicious', as some of the apologists would have you believe, but the nigger.... Let the world know
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in the general election for any office. In 1903 Vardaman won the primary and the general elections for governor, serving one four-year term (1904–1908). In the election, he said that "a vote for
Vardaman is a vote for white supremacy, a vote for the quelling of the arrogant spirit that has been
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that the rats have taken refuge in the stable." Regarding
Washington's role in politics, Vardaman said: "I am opposed to the nigger's voting, it matters not what his advertised moral and mental qualifications may be. I am just as much opposed to Booker Washington, with all his Anglo-Saxon
425:
reforms in railing against banks, railroads, and tariffs, he appealed to the poorer whites, yeomen farmers, and factory workers. Vardaman's tenure as
Governor of Mississippi was marked by his advocacy of regulating corporations, enacting child labor laws,
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It is as noxious today as in 1901 when
Mississippi Sen. James Vardaman said after Booker T. Washington had dined with President Theodore Roosevelt that the White House was "so saturated with the odor of the nigger that the rats have taken refuge in the
737:, which has borne his name since it was built in 1929. In July 2017, the University of Mississippi announced that Vardaman's name would be removed from the building, but it still has not been removed as of September 2023.
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reenforcement, voting, as I am to voting by the coconut-headed, chocolate-colored typical little coon, Andy Dotson, who blacks my shoes every morning. Neither one is fit to perform the supreme functions of citizenship."
1844:
James
Kimball Vardaman, former Governor of Mississippi and a United States Senator from that State, familiarly known to thousands as 'the White Chief,' died at a hospital here today after a lengthy illness. His age was
755:, a character in the Bundren family is named after the governor, presumably because the Bundrens are a family of poor, rural whites, one of Governor Vardaman's key constituencies. And in another of Faulkner's novel
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1824:"J. K. Vardaman, Ex-senator, Dies. Mississippian Succumbs to Long Illness in a Birmingham Hospital. Was a governor. One of Six Senators Who Voted Against War With Germany. Lawyer and Editor"
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it just as it is.... In
Mississippi we have in our constitution legislated against the racial peculiarities of the Negro.... When that device fails, we will resort to something else.
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Vardaman ran twice in
Democratic primaries for governor, in 1895 and 1899, but was unsuccessful. The state was virtually one-party, and winning the Democratic primary was
599:." They began to wear red neckerchiefs to political rallies and picnics. Vardaman advocated a policy of state-sponsored racism against blacks and said that he supported
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streetcars, ending educational opportunities for
African Americans, and defending lynching. After completing his term as governor, he defeated Democratic incumbent
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639:, which gave blacks the vote and other rights. He was unopposed in the general election. Vardaman served one term, from 1913 until 1919. He voted against the
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aroused in the blacks by
Roosevelt and his henchmen, ...a vote for the safety of the home and the protection of our women and children."
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Gatewood, Willard B. “A Republican President and Democratic State Politics: Theodore Roosevelt in the Mississippi Primary of 1903.”
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607:. From 1877 to 1950, Mississippi had the highest number of lynchings in the nation. He was known as the "Great White Chief."
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592:, among other newspapers. During his term as governor, he called out the National Guard eleven times to prevent lynchings.
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761:, Gov. Vardaman was mentioned twice; both characters who mention him express admiration for his moral views and politics.
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By 1910, his political coalition of chiefly poor white farmers and industrial workers began to identify proudly as "
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and feared retaliation; in total, two white men were killed and 13 blacks. The events were covered by the
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If it is necessary every Negro in the state will be lynched; it will be done to maintain white supremacy.
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722:, serving from 1946 to 1958. Vardaman died on June 25, 1930, at the age of 68, at Birmingham Hospital in
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631:, a member of the planter elite, in the Democratic primary. He ran on a platform of repealing the
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454:, a fact he often remembered. He moved to Mississippi, where he studied law and passed the bar.
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1521:"TO PASS S.J. RES. 1,(40 STAT-1)M DECKARUBG WAR ON GERMANY … -- Senate Vote #2 -- Apr 4, 1917"
338:
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647:, only five other senators voted with him. He was defeated in his primary re-election bid in
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Known as "The Great White Chief", Vardaman had gained electoral support for his advocacy of
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in 1912 in the first popular election of the state's senators by defeating the incumbent
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1989:
1674:"The Earliest Black Graduates of the Nation's Highest-Ranked Liberal Arts Colleges".
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1768:"Negro suffrage : should the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments be repealed?"
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1117:
825:
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826:"Ancestors Of George & Hazel Mullins: Chapter 14 – The Revolt of the Rednecks"
382:(July 26, 1861 – June 25, 1930) was an American politician from the U.S. state of
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2248:
1921:"SASI Calls to Remove Names Ingrained in White Supremacy from Campus Buildings"
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893:. Nashville, Tennessee: Press of Brandon Printing Company. pp. 124–125.
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Vardaman was known for his provocative speeches and quotes and once called
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1891:"Vardaman Hall Name Change Recommended By Committee For Contextualization"
1858:"University of Mississippi to post sign recognizing slave labor on campus"
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890:
The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi, 1912
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2891:
1767:
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The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration
539:
5943:
Democratic Party members of the Mississippi House of Representatives
1685:
1210:
1194:
1121:
4090:
1862:
615:
600:
596:
402:
1798:"James K. Vardaman, Jr.: Governor (Board of Governors): 1946–1958"
2212:
1553:
The Official and statistical register of the state of Mississippi
1100:"The Poll Tax as a Suffrage Requirement in the South, 1870–1901"
915:
694:
1456:"Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror"
658:
but was defeated in the primary runoff by U.S. Representative
654:
Vardaman ran in the Democratic primary for the U.S. Senate in
417:; it will be done to maintain white supremacy." Aligning with
4190:
1580:"Our Campaigns – MS US Senate – D Runoff Race – Sep 05, 1922"
4159:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
5586:
780:
2026:
438:, and was then elected unopposed in the general election.
394:
from 1904 to 1908 and then represented Mississippi in the
1320:"How White Women Use Themselves as Instruments of Terror"
1250:
Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow
733:
is named after him. There is also a Vardaman Hall at the
5933:
Democratic Party United States senators from Mississippi
434:, a member of the planter elite, in the primary for the
4376:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1434:
Revolt of the Rednecks: Mississippi Politics 1876–1925
5938:
Speakers of the Mississippi House of Representatives
1237:
714:
Vardaman married Anna Burleson Robinson. Their son,
1455:
1414:. University Press of Mississippi 2010. pp. 168 f.
701:
2199:
514:, that raised barriers to voter registration and
5884:
3820:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
1641:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 40.
1252:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 41–44.
199:Mississippi House of Representatives
1382:"Situation in Scooba Is Now Under Full Control"
919:The Tribune Almanac and Political Register 1913
458:was a cousin and political ally. He settled in
882:
880:
710:Vardaman Hall at the University of Mississippi
5572:
5036:
4613:
2214:List of lynching victims in the United States
2185:
1436:. University of Kentucky Press. p. 212.
4627:
1195:"The Latest Phase of Negro Disfranchisement"
114:January 19, 1904 – January 21, 1908
4250:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
1491:The Ancestors Of George & Hazel Mullins
962:Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
877:
718:, later was appointed as a governor of the
441:
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5540:
5043:
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4620:
4606:
4221:
4066:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
3796:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
2192:
2178:
619:Vardaman during his time as a U.S. senator
553:
37:
5948:People from Yalobusha County, Mississippi
5918:Democratic Party governors of Mississippi
4542:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
4002:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
2780:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
1709:"Book fails to strip meaning of 'N' word"
1634:
492:
2008:James Kimble Vardaman, Southern Commoner
1352:"Whites in Race War Kill Blacks Blindly"
1243:
1164:"Nov. 1, 1890: Mississippi Constitution"
1098:Williams, Frank B. Jr. (November 1952).
1097:
786:"People & Events: James K. Vardaman"
705:
614:
475:
450:, while it was under the control of the
5978:Left-wing populism in the United States
5588:United States senators from Mississippi
4371:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
2145:U.S. senator (Class 2) from Mississippi
1816:
1706:
1560:from the original on September 10, 2023
1549:
1079:from the original on September 13, 2023
1049:from the original on September 28, 2022
916:"United States Senators Chosen, 1912".
886:
836:from the original on September 25, 2021
776:
774:
5885:
2002:
1982:The White Chief: James Kimble Vardaman
1979:
1888:
1707:Wickham, DeWayne (February 14, 2002).
1655:from the original on September 8, 2023
1616:from the original on December 19, 2008
1531:from the original on November 26, 2022
1431:
1266:from the original on September 8, 2023
1192:
1144:from the original on February 15, 2023
1073:Mississippi State University Libraries
1043:Mississippi State University Libraries
968:from the original on November 25, 2020
897:from the original on September 8, 2023
865:from the original on November 21, 2021
5560:
5024:
4601:
4008:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3914:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
3605:
2211:
2173:
1870:from the original on November 5, 2018
1778:from the original on November 8, 2022
1677:Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
1606:"Theodore Roosevelt and Civil Rights"
1362:from the original on December 2, 2015
1296:from the original on December 6, 2022
1225:from the original on February 6, 2023
740:
5923:Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
5528:
5053:Mississippi House of Representatives
4583:Lynching deaths in the United States
3713:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
3606:
1927:from the original on August 19, 2020
1772:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C
1721:from the original on January 6, 2012
1374:
1344:
1314:
1174:from the original on August 20, 2023
958:"Vardaman, James Kimble (1861–1930)"
771:
503:Mississippi House of Representatives
409:, saying: "If it is necessary every
218:January 1890 – January 1896
155:Mississippi House of Representatives
4244:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
4020:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
3802:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
1957:from the original on March 29, 2023
1901:from the original on March 13, 2017
1765:
1586:from the original on August 3, 2022
1484:
1466:from the original on March 20, 2017
1448:
1246:"The Politics of the Disfranchised"
1019:from the original on March 16, 2023
934:from the original on April 12, 2023
823:
796:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
506:in 1890 with provisions, such as a
471:
13:
5928:People of the Spanish–American War
1973:
1834:from the original on July 23, 2018
641:U.S. declaration of war on Germany
566:In late December 1906, he went to
446:Vardaman was born in July 1861 in
14:
5989:
5953:People from Jackson County, Texas
4144:American Crusade Against Lynching
3790:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
2015:
1951:The Digital Yoknapatawpha Project
1392:from the original on May 18, 2023
1332:from the original on May 28, 2020
5963:History of racism in Mississippi
5730:
5539:
5527:
5516:
5515:
5501:
4672:
4356:America's Black Holocaust Museum
4139:American anti-lynching activists
4111:Nadir of American race relations
3701:Steve Long and two half-brothers
3637:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
1986:Louisiana State University Press
1923:. HottyToddy. October 24, 2019.
1751:. March 26, 1956. Archived from
990:, vol. 14, no. 3, 1984, p. 430.
702:Personal life, death, and legacy
419:economically left-wing populists
352:
337:
320:
5973:American pro-lynching activists
4562:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
4196:National Conference on Lynching
3754:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
3631:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2972:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
1939:
1913:
1882:
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1790:
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1598:
1572:
1543:
1513:
1478:
1425:
1404:
1308:
1278:
1186:
1156:
1114:Southern Historical Association
1105:The Journal of Southern History
1091:
1061:
534:Vardaman was commissioned as a
16:American politician (1861–1930)
3678:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
1889:Lawton, Jack (March 7, 2017).
1610:Theodore Roosevelt Association
1031:
1013:National Governors Association
1001:
988:Presidential Studies Quarterly
980:
950:
909:
848:
817:
610:
523:Mississippi state constitution
1:
4578:Lynching in the United States
3879:Springfield race riot of 1908
2297:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
2201:Lynching in the United States
1495:University of Texas at Austin
764:
452:Confederate States of America
71:March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1919
4472:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
4403:And you are lynching Negroes
4255:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3990:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3896:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3838:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
3684:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1487:"The Revolt of the Rednecks"
623:Vardaman was elected to the
7:
5903:Methodists from Mississippi
4381:Southern Poverty Law Center
4026:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
3654:? Lachenais and four others
3092:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
2409:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
1980:Holmes, William F. (1970).
944:Hathi Trust Digital Library
782:Public Broadcasting Service
665:
10:
5994:
3862:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3832:Phoenix, SC, election riot
3808:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
3760:Benjamin and Mollie French
2023:"Vardaman's Weekly Online"
1635:Wilkerson, Isabel (2010).
1432:Kirwan, Albert D. (1951).
1244:McMillen, Neil R. (1989).
1193:Monnet, Julien C. (1912).
576:Mississippi National Guard
465:The Greenwood Commonwealth
18:
5739:
5728:
5594:
5510:
5499:
5059:
4681:
4670:
4635:
4570:
4389:
4348:
4267:
4169:William O'Connell Bradley
4129:
4083:
4079:
3908:East St. Louis, IL, riots
3660:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
3643:New York City draft riots
3612:
3601:
3350:
2619:
2224:
2220:
2207:
2158:
2142:
2134:
2127:
2117:
2104:
2096:
2091:
2081:
2066:
2058:
2053:
1766:Morrell, Edward DeVeaux.
735:University of Mississippi
501:, Vardaman served in the
436:1912 U.S. Senate election
373:
363:
348:
333:
315:
310:
302:
294:
284:
272:
255:
231:
226:
222:
211:
195:
183:
171:
160:
152:
140:
128:
118:
107:
99:
87:
75:
64:
52:
48:
36:
29:
5968:American segregationists
4629:Governors of Mississippi
4433:Deaths in police custody
3920:Jenkins County, GA, riot
3731:Chinese massacre of 1871
3649:Detroit race riot (1863)
3284:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
3076:Dick Rowland (attempted)
2054:Party political offices
1550:Rowland, Dunbar (1904).
1460:Equal Justice Initiative
887:Rowland, Dunbar (1904).
859:Mississippi Encyclopedia
442:Early life and education
328:United States of America
276:Lakewood Memorial Park,
4414:Battle of Liberty Place
4409:Attack on John Shillady
4397:James Allen (collector)
4230:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
4014:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3938:Omaha race riot of 1919
3926:Longview, TX, race riot
3902:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3844:Julia and Frazier Baker
3826:Porter and Spencer (MS)
3778:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
3736:Meridian, MS, race riot
3719:Opelousas, LA, massacre
2692:Paul Reed and Will Cato
2377:Big Nose George Parrott
2073:Governor of Mississippi
998:. Accessed 5 Feb. 2024.
928:The Tribune Association
685:After the president of
554:Governor of Mississippi
392:Governor of Mississippi
306:"The Great White Chief"
102:Governor of Mississippi
5913:Burials in Mississippi
4548:United States v. Shipp
4300:Rebecca Latimer Felton
4131:Anti-lynching movement
4048:Freedom Summer Murders
3978:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3943:Knoxville riot of 1919
2812:Laura and L. D. Nelson
2004:Osborn, George Coleman
1412:Weapons of Mississippi
1286:"Spanish-American War"
1168:Zinn Education Project
1112:(4). Athens, Georgia:
720:Federal Reserve System
716:James K. Vardaman, Jr.
711:
620:
532:
521:Referring to the 1890
493:Early political career
489:
460:Greenwood, Mississippi
298:Anna Burleson Robinson
4519:Summer in Mississippi
4466:Mississippi Cold Case
4420:The Birth of a Nation
4361:Civil Rights Memorial
4290:Sidney Johnston Catts
4268:Defenders of lynching
3954:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3932:Elaine, AR, race riot
3890:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3856:Watkinsville lynching
3814:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
3772:Hamburg, SC, massacre
3748:Election riot of 1874
3695:Camilla, GA, massacre
3617:Death of Joseph Smith
2241:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
2042:James Kimble Vardaman
1745:"The Authentic Voice"
1680:(38): 104–109. 2002.
1386:The Pensacola Journal
930:. 1913. p. 457.
731:Vardaman, Mississippi
709:
618:
560:tantamount to victory
527:
479:
462:, becoming editor of
448:Jackson County, Texas
413:in the state will be
380:James Kimble Vardaman
249:Jackson County, Texas
236:James Kimble Vardaman
54:United States Senator
21:James K. Vardaman Jr.
4237:Costigan-Wagner Bill
4174:Ella Barksdale Brown
3972:Perry, FL, race riot
3884:Slocum, TX, massacre
3784:Mart and Tom Horrell
3742:Colfax, LA, massacre
3725:Bear River City riot
3575:James Craig Anderson
3375:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2980:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
1501:on February 12, 2012
1015:. January 10, 2012.
856:"Vardaman, James K."
691:Booker T. Washington
544:Spanish–American War
396:United States Senate
368:Spanish–American War
278:Jackson, Mississippi
123:John Prentiss Carter
5958:Left-wing populists
5637:T. Hickman Williams
4479:The Ox-Bow Incident
4459:Mississippi Burning
4310:John Trotwood Moore
3966:Tulsa race massacre
3960:Ocoee, FL, massacre
3455:Mack Charles Parker
3383:Willie James Howard
2154:John Sharp Williams
791:American Experience
724:Birmingham, Alabama
687:Tuskegee University
643:and the entry into
637:Fifteenth Amendment
482:James Thomas Heflin
398:from 1913 to 1919.
390:, he served as the
266:Birmingham, Alabama
178:Hugh McQueen Street
4493:Reconstruction era
4305:John Temple Graves
4149:Jessie Daniel Ames
4096:Indiana White Caps
3766:Ellenton, SC, riot
3689:Reno Brothers Gang
3439:Judge Edward Aaron
2636:Ballie Crutchfield
2151:Served alongside:
2092:Political offices
2029:on October 6, 2009
1755:on March 11, 2010.
1199:Harvard Law Review
784:(September 2008).
741:In popular culture
712:
672:Theodore Roosevelt
621:
490:
486:Ollie Murray James
343:United States Army
5880:
5879:
5554:
5553:
5018:
5017:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4536:They Won't Forget
4453:Lynching postcard
4366:The Legacy Museum
4335:James K. Vardaman
4275:Theodore G. Bilbo
4263:
4262:
4154:Martin C. Ansorge
4075:
4074:
4060:Michael Schwerner
3867:Kemper County, MS
3707:Pulaski, TN, riot
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3300:Shedrick Thompson
3180:Bernice Raspberry
2900:Name unknown (MS)
2804:Name unknown (TX)
2425:Joseph Vermillion
2393:John Wesley Heath
2168:
2167:
2159:Succeeded by
2149:1913–1919
2118:Succeeded by
2100:Andrew H. Longino
2082:Succeeded by
2062:Andrew H. Longino
1830:. June 26, 1930.
1648:978-0-679-60407-5
1485:Mullins, Philip.
1410:Dougherty Kevin.
824:Mullins, Philip.
802:on March 20, 2012
758:Flags in the Dust
674:a "little, mean,
525:, Vardaman said:
377:
376:
147:Edmond Favor Noel
135:Andrew H. Longino
94:Byron P. Harrison
31:James K. Vardaman
19:For his son, see
5985:
5908:Neo-Confederates
5747:T. Hill Williams
5734:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5558:
5557:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5505:
5504:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5051:Speakers of the
5045:
5038:
5031:
5022:
5021:
4687:
4676:
4675:
4641:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4390:Related articles
4340:Thomas E. Watson
4330:Benjamin Tillman
4295:Thomas Dixon Jr.
4219:
4218:
4081:
4080:
3984:Jim and Mark Fox
3672:Memphis massacre
3607:Multiple victims
3603:
3602:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3503:Wharlest Jackson
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3399:John Cecil Jones
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3292:Matthew Williams
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3052:Berry Washington
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2916:Anthony Crawford
2911:
2908:Jesse Washington
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2828:Zachariah Walker
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2788:Grant Richardson
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2732:Earnest Williams
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2585:John Henry James
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2537:Stephen Williams
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2489:Ephraim Grizzard
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2449:Brown Washington
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2353:Arthur St. Clair
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2313:John W. Stephens
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2233:Francis McIntosh
2222:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2135:Preceded by
2097:Preceded by
2059:Preceded by
2051:
2050:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2025:. Archived from
2011:
1999:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1947:"James Vardaman"
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1866:. July 6, 2017.
1854:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1804:on April 4, 2015
1800:. Archived from
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1497:. Archived from
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1429:
1423:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1318:(May 27, 2020).
1316:Blow, Charles M.
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1290:A Sense of Place
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1009:"James Vardaman"
1005:
999:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
954:
948:
947:
941:
939:
913:
907:
906:
904:
902:
884:
875:
874:
872:
870:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
821:
815:
814:
809:
807:
798:. Archived from
778:
747:William Faulkner
680:miscegenationist
662:by 9,000 votes.
584:Associated Press
472:Political career
356:
341:
326:
324:
323:
311:Military service
262:
245:
243:
227:Personal details
216:
201:
186:
174:
165:
143:
131:
112:
90:
78:
69:
43:Vardaman in 1910
41:
27:
26:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5735:
5726:
5590:
5585:
5555:
5550:
5538:
5526:
5514:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5055:
5049:
5019:
5014:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4596:
4587:
4566:
4503:Scottsboro Boys
4385:
4344:
4259:
4217:
4125:
4071:
4036:Harriette Moore
3996:Tate County, MS
3608:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3543:Arthur McDuffie
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3346:
3340:Elbert Williams
3338:
3332:Austin Callaway
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3236:Thomas Williams
3234:
3226:
3220:Thomas Bradshaw
3218:
3212:Albert Williams
3210:
3202:
3196:Joseph Upchurch
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2852:George Saunders
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2700:Bunk Richardson
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2615:
2609:Benjamin Thomas
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2569:Joseph H. McCoy
2567:
2561:William Andrews
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2529:Richard Puryear
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2385:Charles Thurber
2383:
2375:
2369:Joseph Standing
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2289:Clubfoot George
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2216:
2203:
2198:
2164:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2123:
2114:
2102:
2087:
2076:
2064:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2018:
1996:
1984:. Baton Rouge:
1976:
1974:Further reading
1971:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1837:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1760:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1724:
1722:
1705:
1701:
1686:10.2307/3134222
1673:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1556:. p. 345.
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1430:
1426:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1260:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1211:10.2307/1324271
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1122:10.2307/2955220
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1002:
985:
981:
971:
969:
956:
955:
951:
937:
935:
914:
910:
900:
898:
885:
878:
868:
866:
854:
853:
849:
839:
837:
822:
818:
805:
803:
779:
772:
767:
743:
704:
668:
660:Hubert Stephens
613:
605:white supremacy
556:
516:disenfranchised
495:
474:
444:
407:white supremacy
321:
319:
285:Political party
264:
260:
247:
241:
239:
238:
237:
217:
212:
202:
197:
190:James F. McCool
184:
172:
166:
161:
153:Speaker of the
141:
129:
113:
108:
88:
76:
70:
65:
56:
44:
32:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5991:
5981:
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2016:External links
2014:
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2010:. G.C. Osborn.
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589:New York Times
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546:and served in
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4508:Silent Parade
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4447:Hang 'Em High
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4207:Strange Fruit
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4179:Father Divine
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4101:Jim Crow laws
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3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3604:
3600:
3584:
3583:Ahmaud Arbery
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3559:Yusef Hawkins
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3535:Betty Gardner
3532:
3528:
3527:Marian Pyszko
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3511:Carol Jenkins
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:Vernon Dahmer
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:George W. Lee
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3276:James Cameron
3273:
3269:
3268:George Hughes
3265:
3261:
3260:J. C. Collins
3257:
3253:
3252:Leonard Woods
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:Owen Flemming
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:Fred N. Selak
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:George Taylor
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:Robert Prager
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:Charles Jones
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:"Mose" Creole
2761:
2757:
2756:Matthew Chase
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:William Burns
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:Fred Rochelle
2625:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:F. W. Stewart
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:John Anderson
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:Alfred Blount
2510:
2506:
2505:John Peterson
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:Michael Green
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:Henry Plummer
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:Pancho Daniel
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1961:September 11,
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1620:September 21,
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1564:September 10,
1559:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1505:September 21,
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1420:9781604734515
1417:
1413:
1407:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1229:September 11,
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1178:September 10,
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1083:September 12,
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1053:September 12,
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
997:
993:
989:
983:
967:
963:
959:
953:
945:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
912:
896:
892:
891:
883:
881:
864:
860:
857:
851:
835:
831:
827:
820:
813:
806:September 21,
801:
797:
793:
792:
787:
783:
777:
775:
770:
762:
760:
759:
754:
753:
748:
738:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
708:
699:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
663:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
617:
608:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:Kemper County
569:
564:
561:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
531:
526:
524:
519:
518:most blacks.
517:
513:
512:literacy test
509:
504:
500:
487:
483:
478:
469:
467:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
439:
437:
433:
429:
424:
421:and favoring
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
318:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
273:Resting place
271:
267:
259:June 25, 1930
258:
254:
250:
246:July 26, 1861
234:
230:
225:
221:
215:
210:
206:
200:
194:
191:
188:
182:
179:
176:
170:
164:
159:
156:
151:
148:
145:
139:
136:
133:
127:
124:
121:
117:
111:
106:
103:
98:
95:
92:
86:
83:
80:
74:
68:
63:
60:
55:
51:
47:
40:
35:
28:
25:
22:
5841:
5372:
5128:Degrafenreid
4895:H. Whitfield
4869:
4780:J. Whitfield
4686:(since 1817)
4554:
4546:
4534:
4525:Sundown town
4517:
4485:
4477:
4464:
4457:
4445:
4438:
4427:The Clansman
4425:
4418:
4334:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4213:Ida B. Wells
4201:Paul Robeson
4106:Ku Klux Klan
4052:James Chaney
4042:Anniston, AL
3666:Plummer Gang
3621:Joseph Smith
3519:Henry Marrow
3479:Frank Morris
3407:Willie Earle
3316:Cordie Cheek
3244:Henry Choate
3164:Dan Anderson
3124:Raymond Byrd
3108:Samuel Smith
3060:Willie Baird
2940:Frank Little
2932:Paulo Boleta
2860:Robert Perry
2836:Mary Jackson
2796:King Johnson
2748:James Hodges
2668:George White
2652:Walker Davis
2553:Jacob Henson
2481:Robert Lewis
2441:Ellen Watson
2329:Jim Williams
2305:Wyatt Outlaw
2162:Pat Harrison
2152:
2143:
2138:Le Roy Percy
2105:
2071:nominee for
2067:
2046:Find a Grave
2031:. Retrieved
2027:the original
2007:
1981:
1959:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1915:
1905:September 8,
1903:. Retrieved
1894:
1884:
1874:December 10,
1872:. Retrieved
1861:
1852:
1843:
1836:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:the original
1792:
1782:September 8,
1780:. Retrieved
1771:
1761:
1753:the original
1748:
1739:
1730:
1725:September 1,
1723:. Retrieved
1712:
1702:
1675:
1669:
1659:September 8,
1657:. Retrieved
1637:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1600:
1590:September 8,
1588:. Retrieved
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1552:
1545:
1535:September 8,
1533:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1490:
1480:
1470:September 8,
1468:. Retrieved
1459:
1450:
1433:
1427:
1411:
1406:
1396:September 8,
1394:. Retrieved
1385:
1376:
1366:September 8,
1364:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1323:
1310:
1300:September 8,
1298:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1249:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1205:(1): 42–63.
1202:
1198:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1109:
1103:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1072:
1069:"1894 House"
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1042:
1039:"1890 House"
1033:
1023:September 8,
1021:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
987:
982:
972:September 8,
970:. Retrieved
961:
952:
942:– via
938:September 8,
936:. Retrieved
918:
911:
901:September 8,
899:. Retrieved
889:
869:September 8,
867:. Retrieved
858:
850:
840:September 8,
838:. Retrieved
829:
819:
811:
804:. Retrieved
800:the original
789:
756:
750:
744:
729:The town of
728:
713:
684:
669:
653:
622:
603:to maintain
594:
587:
565:
557:
533:
528:
520:
496:
463:
445:
400:
379:
378:
364:Battles/wars
261:(1930-06-25)
213:
185:Succeeded by
162:
142:Succeeded by
109:
89:Succeeded by
66:
24:
5898:1930 deaths
5893:1861 births
5697:J. Williams
4960:J. Williams
4955:Johnson Jr.
4920:Johnson Sr.
4659:R. Williams
4640:(1798–1817)
4557:(1999 film)
4441:(1936 film)
4320:James Rolph
4222:Legislation
4185:Flag Salute
3625:Hyrum Smith
3471:Lemuel Penn
3463:Louis Allen
3431:Emmett Till
3415:Lamar Smith
3391:Recy Taylor
3324:Claude Neal
3172:Will Sherod
3156:John Carter
3132:James Clark
3084:Henry Lowry
2956:Ell Persons
2844:Rob Edwards
2820:Will Porter
2676:David Wyatt
2644:George Ward
2521:Henry Smith
2417:Amos Miller
2401:Eliza Woods
2337:David Jones
2281:Bill Sketoe
2265:Joshua Boyd
2225:Before 1900
2129:U.S. Senate
2121:Edmond Noel
2111:Mississippi
2085:Edmond Noel
1148:October 28,
1116:: 469–496.
645:World War I
629:LeRoy Percy
625:U.S. Senate
611:U.S. Senate
574:, with the
570:, in rural
548:Puerto Rico
542:during the
432:LeRoy Percy
428:segregating
423:progressive
384:Mississippi
173:Preceded by
130:Preceded by
82:LeRoy Percy
77:Preceded by
59:Mississippi
5887:Categories
5872:Hyde-Smith
5762:Poindexter
4700:Poindexter
4637:Territory
4571:Categories
4498:Red Summer
4191:N.A.A.C.P.
4116:Red Shirts
3948:Red Summer
3487:James Reeb
3359:Felix Hall
3351:After 1940
3100:Joe Pullen
3068:Roy Belton
3020:Will Brown
2924:Jeff Brown
2884:John Evans
2868:? Anderson
2772:"Pie" Hill
2740:Jim Miller
2716:Slab Pitts
2708:Ed Johnson
2545:Amos Hicks
2465:Dick Lundy
2457:Jim Taylor
2115:1904–1908
2069:Democratic
1995:0807109312
1895:HottyToddy
830:Half Empty
765:References
678:-flavored
633:Fourteenth
316:Allegiance
289:Democratic
242:1861-07-26
119:Lieutenant
5642:Henderson
5198:Whitfield
5156:Vannerson
5100:Nicholson
4820:Humphreys
4654:Claiborne
4488:(musical)
3204:Joe Smith
3148:Tom Payne
3116:L. Q. Ivy
3044:Jay Lynch
2892:Leo Frank
2620:1900–1940
2033:April 21,
1931:April 11,
1838:March 23,
1714:USA Today
1270:August 1,
1130:0022-4642
749:'s novel
540:U.S. Army
214:In office
203:from the
167:1894–1896
163:In office
110:In office
100:36th
67:In office
5862:Eastland
5852:Eastland
5847:Harrison
5842:Vardaman
5827:McLaurin
5822:Sullivan
5817:Walthall
5812:McLaurin
5807:Walthall
5772:Chalmers
5757:R. Adams
5702:Stephens
5662:S. Adams
5521:Category
5373:Vardaman
5352:Mitchell
5275:Franklin
5240:Campbell
5177:Ventress
5142:Bingaman
4995:Musgrove
4925:Murphree
4900:Murphree
4870:Vardaman
4860:McLaurin
4800:McWillie
4765:Matthews
4555:Vendetta
4091:Lynching
4062:) (1964)
3627:) (1844)
2601:Sam Hose
2107:Governor
2006:(1981).
1955:Archived
1925:Archived
1899:Archived
1868:Archived
1863:CBS News
1832:Archived
1808:April 3,
1776:Archived
1732:stable."
1719:Archived
1653:Archived
1614:Archived
1584:Archived
1558:Archived
1529:Archived
1525:GovTrack
1464:Archived
1390:Archived
1360:Archived
1330:Archived
1294:Archived
1264:Archived
1223:Archived
1172:Archived
1142:Archived
1077:Archived
1047:Archived
1017:Archived
996:27550103
966:Archived
932:Archived
924:New York
895:Archived
863:Archived
834:Archived
666:Rhetoric
601:lynching
597:rednecks
586:and the
508:poll tax
499:Democrat
488:in 1912.
403:populism
388:Democrat
303:Nickname
251:, C.S.A.
207:district
5867:Cochran
5740:Class 2
5712:Stennis
5647:Speight
5632:Trotter
5595:Class 1
5533:Commons
5450:Sillers
5443:Lumpkin
5429:Stansel
5387:Russell
5359:Madison
5268:Gholson
5261:Houston
5219:Cassedy
5184:Roberts
5170:Speight
5114:Sharkey
5086:Brandon
5079:Grayson
5000:Barbour
4990:Fordice
4950:Barnett
4945:Coleman
4890:Russell
4865:Longino
4815:Sharkey
4770:Quitman
4740:Quitman
4735:Runnels
4720:Brandon
4710:Brandon
4649:Sargent
4084:General
2473:Joe Coe
2345:Jo Reed
1694:3134222
1442:3371463
1336:May 29,
1219:1324271
1138:2955220
580:Wahalak
538:in the
415:lynched
5832:Gordon
5797:Alcorn
5792:Revels
5782:Brooke
5767:Walker
5722:Wicker
5687:George
5607:Holmes
5464:Newman
5457:Junkin
5436:Wright
5422:Bailey
5415:Conner
5401:Street
5394:Thomas
5380:McCool
5366:Street
5310:Street
5296:Street
5282:Warren
5254:Scales
5212:Patton
5191:Totten
5135:Pembel
5121:Dunbar
5107:Greene
5072:Turner
5065:Barnes
5010:Reeves
5005:Bryant
4980:Allain
4975:Winter
4965:Waller
4935:Wright
4930:Bailey
4910:Conner
4880:Brewer
4835:Powers
4830:Alcorn
4805:Pettus
4790:Pettus
4755:Tucker
4750:McNutt
4715:Holmes
4695:Holmes
4683:State
4664:Holmes
4486:Parade
4474:(1965)
4349:Memory
4068:(1964)
4044:(1961)
4038:(1952)
4028:(1946)
4022:(1945)
4016:(1943)
4010:(1937)
4004:(1933)
3998:(1932)
3992:(1930)
3986:(1927)
3980:(1923)
3974:(1922)
3968:(1921)
3962:(1920)
3956:(1920)
3950:(1919)
3934:(1919)
3928:(1919)
3922:(1919)
3916:(1918)
3910:(1917)
3904:(1916)
3898:(1912)
3892:(1911)
3886:(1910)
3875:(1908)
3869:(1906)
3858:(1905)
3852:(1899)
3846:(1898)
3840:(1898)
3834:(1898)
3828:(1897)
3822:(1892)
3816:(1892)
3810:(1891)
3804:(1880)
3798:(1879)
3792:(1879)
3786:(1878)
3780:(1878)
3774:(1876)
3768:(1876)
3762:(1876)
3756:(1874)
3744:(1873)
3738:(1871)
3727:(1868)
3721:(1868)
3715:(1868)
3709:(1868)
3703:(1868)
3697:(1868)
3691:(1868)
3680:(1866)
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