438:
effects of minor mutations on the overall fitness of populations, described the behavior of mutations that do not play the selection game by Darwin’s rules, and investigated many other subjects. His theoretical work has touched virtually every important subject in population genetics. Crow developed the concept of genetic load, has contributed to the theory of random drift in small populations, has studied the effects of non-random mating and age-structured populations, and has considered the question, “What good is sex?” He also developed ways to estimate inbreeding in human populations by making use of the way in which surnames are “inherited,” and was a world expert on the genetic effects of low level ionizing radiation. In addition to his many research publications, Crow published many reviews and appreciations of the work of his colleagues. His textbook/monograph on population genetics, written with
2430:
persistence of the antievolutionist movement despite the continued advances in understanding evolution. "I am puzzled by this," he answered, adding, "I'm especially puzzled by literate, intelligent, often scientifically trained people who are into intelligent design. ... The argument of so-called irreducible complexity that the intelligent design people make such a to-do over, I think that's a non-issue. ... That to me is a very, very old argument. I'd say the elephant trunk is complicated, too, and a lot more complicated than the bacterial flagellum. So what's new in this argument?" Reiterating "I am worried about creationism," he offered his view about science and religion: "My own views are atheistic, but I don't go around preaching atheism.
421:
genome is fertile older males". He described mutations that have a direct visible effect on the child's health and also mutations that can be latent or have minor visible effects on the child's health; many such mutations allow the child to reproduce, but cause more serious problems for grandchildren, great-grandchildren and later generations A 2009 review prematurely concluded that the absolute risk from paternal age for genetic anomalies in offspring was low, and stated that "there is no clear association between adverse health outcome and paternal age but
465:
and edited its perspectives section from 1987 until 2008. Crow served at the national level as a member of the
General Advisory Committee to the Director of NIH and of the executive council of the National Committee on Radiation Protection, chaired the NIH Genetics Study Section and the NIH Mammalian
429:
Denmark (2.98 million), and an international dataset of 5.7 million children showed a definite link between increased paternal age and autism risk. A widely-referenced
Icelandic whole-genome sequencing effort led by Kári Stefánsson of DEcode Genetics and published in Nature also concluded similarly.
420:
Crow also did research and writing in how DNA in sperm degrades as men age, through repeated copying, and can then be passed along to children in permanently degraded form, which they likely then pass on as well. As a result, he said in 1997 that the "greatest mutational health hazard to the human
2429:
In his published work, Crow seems not to have mentioned the creationism/evolution controversy at all. But he was deeply concerned with the integrity of science education nevertheless. In a June 1–3, 2005, interview with the Oral
History of Human Genetics Project, he was asked how he felt about the
428:
However, newer studies supported Crow's claims. A study in 2006 of 132,000 Israeli adolescents discovered men in their 30s are 1.6 times as likely to have a child with autism as men under 30, with men in their 40s having a sixfold increase in risk
Further studies in Sweden (2.6 million children),
437:
Much of Crow’s research was in the area of theoretical population genetics, but he has often ventured into the laboratory. Over a career that spanned more than 50 years, Crow and his collaborators studied a variety of traits in
Drosophila, dissected the genetics of DDT resistance, measured the
272:
At school, he enjoyed physics and chemistry, but pursued chemistry more strongly at university. He picked up biology as well, and double majored in chemistry and biology. A genetics course in his junior year was his first exposure to that field, even though the syllabus omitted the
333:
A great influence on Crow at the time was W.S. Stone, who encouraged him to learn more mathematics, while he himself knew none. Later on, Crow admitted to struggling with some of the advanced maths and physics courses he took as a result, but also said they had been rewarding.
450:
Crow chaired the
Department of Medical Genetics for five years and the Laboratory of Genetics (Genetics plus Medical Genetics) for a total of eight years. He also served as Acting Dean of the UW Medical School for 2 years. He was President of the
392:
He, like many of his colleagues of the era, had college-time involvement with pacifist groups that had communist leanings. During WWII, he tried to enlist, but was deferred until the end due to his teaching commitments.
473:
from 1949 to 1994 and served as
President of the Madison Civic Music Society and of the Madison Symphony Orchestra. He led a fund-raising drive to establish an endowment for the Pro Arte String Quartet.
389:. It may be that, having to teach many hours each day, Crow discovered his love for teaching at this point. He later recounted that there were several students all of whose courses were taught by him.
280:
Delaying the decision of whether to become a biologist or chemist, Crow applied for graduate fellowships in both biology and biochemistry. He took up the first positive reply, a position with
373:. When it seemed likely that he himself would be drafted, Crow took a course in navigation, at which, owing to his mathematical training, he proved so adept that he was asked to teach it. As
2867:
314:. (Polytene chromosomes are large aggregations of actual chromosomes which, once appropriately stained, facilitate the discovery of chromosome rearrangements through an ordinary
2887:
38:
1114:
Crow, J.F. 2004. Assessing population subdivision. In
Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Modern Horizons. Ed. by S.P. Wasser. pp. 35–42. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
177:. He also wrote an influential introductory textbook on genetics and a more advanced one with Kimura. His graduate and undergraduate students and postdocs includes
466:
Genetics Study
Section, and chaired several committees for the National Academy of Sciences including a committee to study forensic uses of DNA fingerprinting.
2872:
365:, but as faculty were drafted off into military endeavors, Crow took on an increasing number of courses. Crow particularly delighted in being able to teach
2882:
2862:
2509:
1682:
509:; two daughters, Laura and Catherine; six grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. He was an atheist and an opponent of the intelligent design movement.
288:, in spite of knowing that Muller was in Russia at the time. It turned out that Muller had no intention of returning to his position in Texas, and so
2822:
2852:
2842:
2402:
322:
of some species.) In his studies of pre-mating isolation, Crow was one of the first to study genetic reinforcement, and also observed that
2443:
2308:
493:. He was an honorary Fellow of the Japan Academy and a Fellow of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. He died of
486:
225:
2119:
D'Onofrio, BM; Rickert, ME; Frans, E; Kuja-Halkola, R; Almqvist, C; Sjölander, A; Larsson, H; Lichtenstein, P (April 2014).
1219:
2877:
163:
139:
27:
2390:
2847:
2492:
456:
209:
2857:
2056:
1971:(1969). "Genetic Theories and Influences: Comments on the Value of Diversity". In Harvard Educational Review (ed.).
490:
221:
2837:
274:
2045:
Herman
Tournaye (2009). "Male Reproductive Ageing". In Susan Bewley; William Ledger; Dimitrios Nikolaou (eds.).
1203:
Crow, J. F. 2002. Unequal by nature: a geneticist’s perspective on human differences. Dedalus Winter 2002:81-88.
482:
217:
2832:
2707:
2640:
285:
2776:
478:
213:
2712:
2702:
2501:
452:
350:, where he remained until 1948. The original plan had been to get a postdoctoral fellowship to work with
205:
166:
and a prominent population geneticist whose career spanned from the modern synthesis to the genomic era.
1831:"The effective number of a population with overlapping generations: A correction and further discussion"
2827:
470:
246:
2079:
2211:"Autism risk associated with parental age and with increasing difference in age between the parents"
401:
Crow wrote "Genetic Theories and Influences: Comments on the Value of Diversity," an article in the
2786:
494:
307:
292:
became Crow's supervisor there. Under the influence of Muller, Patterson was starting to switch to
109:
2781:
2485:
2470:
2046:
517:
James F. Crow died on January 4, 2012, at age 95 from congestive heart failure at his home in
2729:
2650:
355:
281:
2817:
2812:
2724:
2349:
2271:
1999:
1783:
1724:
1447:
1370:
1042:
760:
743:
306:
group. This included a combination of doing mating crosses between species and looking for
8:
2685:
2568:
2543:
413:
370:
311:
174:
2416:
2353:
2275:
2168:
McGrath, JJ; Petersen, L; Agerbo, E; Mors, O; Mortensen, PB; Pedersen, CB (March 2014).
2003:
1787:
1728:
1583:"Honoring Our Colleague James F. Crow, an Outstanding Gentleman, Citizen, and Scientist"
1451:
1374:
1046:
2645:
2628:
2373:
2235:
2210:
2145:
2120:
1945:
1920:
1896:
1871:
1847:
1830:
1607:
1582:
1558:
1533:
1509:
1484:
1345:
1332:
1315:
1297:
1272:
1259:
1251:
1192:
1179:
1162:
1149:
1098:
1073:
1021:
965:
940:
922:
897:
880:
838:
813:
725:
700:
687:
645:
618:
600:
575:
557:
532:
518:
461:
422:
262:
155:
98:
87:
1806:
1771:
1747:
1712:
1401:
1358:
2478:
2451:
2391:
http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/crow-james.pdf
2365:
2316:
2289:
2240:
2191:
2186:
2169:
2150:
2136:
2101:
2052:
2027:
2022:
1987:
1975:. Reprint Series No. 2. Cambridge (MA): Harvard Educational Review. pp. 153–161.
1950:
1901:
1852:
1811:
1752:
1653:
1612:
1563:
1514:
1465:
1431:
1406:
1388:
1337:
1302:
1243:
1226:
Crow, James F.; Kimura, Motoo (1965). "Evolution in Sexual and Asexual Populations".
1215:
1184:
1141:
1103:
1060:
1013:
970:
927:
872:
868:
843:
800:
765:
730:
679:
650:
605:
562:
505:
Crow was married to Ann Crockett. They are survived by a son, the computer scientist
343:
178:
2377:
1349:
1263:
1196:
1153:
1025:
884:
691:
2665:
2593:
2588:
2357:
2279:
2230:
2222:
2181:
2140:
2132:
2091:
2017:
2007:
1940:
1932:
1891:
1883:
1842:
1801:
1791:
1742:
1732:
1691:
1643:
1602:
1594:
1553:
1545:
1504:
1496:
1455:
1396:
1378:
1359:"An Estimate of the Mutational Damage in Man from Data on Consanguineous Marriages"
1327:
1292:
1284:
1235:
1174:
1131:
1093:
1085:
1050:
1035:"Age and sex effects on human mutation rates: An old problem with new complexities"
1005:
960:
952:
917:
909:
864:
833:
825:
790:
755:
720:
712:
671:
640:
630:
595:
587:
552:
544:
506:
315:
1936:
1089:
2690:
2680:
2618:
2608:
2578:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2528:
956:
829:
289:
254:
250:
186:
1887:
1598:
1549:
1500:
1288:
548:
302:, and so it was that Crow came to study the genetic isolating mechanisms in the
2623:
2603:
2563:
2121:"Paternal age at childbearing and offspring psychiatric and academic morbidity"
2096:
1992:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1776:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1717:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
913:
716:
319:
675:
169:
Some of his most significant peer-reviewed contributions were coauthored with
2806:
2760:
2670:
2655:
2558:
2523:
2505:
2455:
2320:
1772:"Effect of overall phenotypic selection on genetic change at individual loci"
1392:
1341:
1247:
989:
406:
351:
229:
198:
190:
182:
2361:
2012:
1796:
2791:
2739:
2675:
2660:
2613:
2553:
2369:
2293:
2244:
2195:
2154:
2105:
1954:
1905:
1756:
1696:
1677:
1657:
1616:
1567:
1518:
1469:
1410:
1383:
1306:
1207:
1188:
1145:
1107:
1064:
1017:
982:
974:
931:
893:
876:
847:
804:
769:
734:
683:
654:
609:
591:
566:
439:
378:
374:
347:
194:
170:
69:
65:
2718:
2696:
2634:
2031:
1856:
1737:
855:
Gulisija, D.; Crow, J. F. (2007). "Inferring Purging from Pedigree Data".
2744:
2734:
2583:
1815:
795:
778:
382:
258:
576:"On epistasis: Why it is unimportant in polygenic directional selection"
2598:
2226:
1648:
1631:
1255:
1136:
1119:
1055:
1034:
386:
366:
294:
2170:"A comprehensive assessment of parental age and psychiatric disorders"
580:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
409:'s 1969 article, "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Academic Achievement?"
381:
was active in this area), he was asked to also teach parasitology and
2118:
1872:"The Number of Alleles That Can Be Maintained in a Finite Population"
1273:"The Number of Alleles That Can Be Maintained in a Finite Population"
635:
327:
299:
2284:
2259:
1460:
1435:
1009:
1239:
377:
became relevant to the war (as it did on the opposing front, where
323:
159:
129:
257:, two and a half years later, in 1918, where Crow was part of the
362:
2500:
361:
His appointment in Dartmouth was to teach genetics and general
266:
37:
298:
genetics, having previously worked on the embryology of the
996:
Crow, J. F. (2005). "Hermann Joseph Muller, Evolutionist".
2340:
Dove, W.; Susman, M. (2012). "James F. Crow (1916-2012)".
1988:"The high spontaneous mutation rate: Is it a health risk?"
1160:
358:, but this proved difficult just at the start of the war.
2868:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
2167:
2444:"James F. Crow, Population Genetics Pioneer, Dies at 95"
2309:"James F. Crow, Population Genetics Pioneer, Dies at 95"
1678:"James Franklin Crow. 18 January 1916 -- 4 January 2012"
1163:"On the Persistence and Pervasiveness of a New Mutation"
405:
reprinted in the review's reprint series responding to
2888:
People involved in race and intelligence controversies
2077:
1161:
Garcia-Dorado, A.; Caballero, A.; Crow, J. F. (2003).
814:"Haldane, Bailey, Taylor and recombinant-inbred lines"
1534:"James F. Crow and the Art of Teaching and Mentoring"
1683:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
891:
173:, including those leading to the neutral theory of
1918:
1357:Morton, N. E.; Crow, J. F.; Muller, H. J. (1956).
744:"Mid-Century Controversies in Population Genetics"
533:"Wright and Fisher on Inbreeding and Random Drift"
342:Crow graduated with his PhD in 1941 and moved to
2804:
1356:
1316:"The Measurement of Effective Population Number"
662:Crow, J. F. (2008). "Maintaining evolvability".
337:
2044:
1363:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
992:, 1889-1988. Handbook of Philosophy of Biology.
985:, 1924-1994. Handbook of Philosophy of Biology.
459:. He was the co-editor-in-chief of the journal
318:. Polytene chromosomes are mostly found in the
1919:Kimura, M.; Maruyama, T.; Crow, J. F. (1963).
1580:
619:"Mayr, mathematics and the study of evolution"
230:Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)
2873:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2486:
2260:"Fathers bequeath more mutations as they age"
2038:
1212:An introduction to population genetics theory
412:
269:school, also in Wichita, graduating in 1937.
2078:Reichenberg, A; Gross, R; Weiser, M (2006).
854:
2883:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
240:
2493:
2479:
2339:
1869:
1828:
1769:
1710:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1482:
1430:
1313:
1270:
1225:
1071:
779:"Commentary: Haldane and beanbag genetics"
396:
36:
2283:
2234:
2185:
2144:
2095:
2021:
2011:
1944:
1895:
1846:
1805:
1795:
1746:
1736:
1695:
1647:
1606:
1557:
1508:
1459:
1400:
1382:
1331:
1296:
1178:
1135:
1097:
1054:
964:
941:"H. J. Muller and the "competition hoax""
921:
837:
794:
759:
724:
701:"Just and Unjust: E. E. Just (1883-1941)"
644:
634:
599:
556:
442:, has had a notable impact on its field.
154:(January 18, 1916 – January 4, 2012) was
2257:
1921:"The Mutation Load in Small Populations"
1485:"James Crow: His Life in Public Service"
524:
481:, the National Academy of Medicine, The
261:. He went to school in Wichita, then to
224:, the National Academy of Medicine, the
2863:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
1973:Environment, Heredity, and Intelligence
1664:
469:In addition, Crow played viola for the
385:. Not long after, he was also teaching
2823:People from Collegeville, Pennsylvania
2805:
2208:
1314:Kimura, Motoo; Crow, James F. (1963).
898:"Edward Novitski: Drosophila Virtuoso"
761:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091612
346:just prior to the American entry into
2474:
1632:"Interview with Professor James Crow"
1531:
1214:( ed.). New Jersey: Blackburn Press.
783:International Journal of Epidemiology
487:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
226:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2853:University of Texas at Austin alumni
2843:Foreign members of the Royal Society
2441:
2306:
1985:
1967:
1713:"Efficiency of truncation selection"
1629:
1117:
1032:
995:
938:
811:
776:
741:
698:
661:
616:
573:
530:
249:, where his father was a teacher at
2209:Sandin, S; et al. (May 2016).
2080:"Advancing Paternal Age and Autism"
1676:Hartl, D. L.; Temin, R. G. (2014).
13:
1835:American Journal of Human Genetics
1333:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1963.tb03281.x
1180:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01507.x
457:American Society of Human Genetics
210:American Society of Human Genetics
14:
2899:
1581:Turelli, M.; Langley, C. (2011).
445:
2187:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4081
2137:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4525
1870:Kimura, M.; Crow, J. F. (1964).
1829:Crow, J. F.; Kimura, M. (1972).
1770:Kimura, M.; Crow, J. F. (1978).
1711:Crow, J. F.; Kimura, M. (1979).
1271:Kimura, M.; Crow, J. F. (1964).
1072:Crow, J. F.; Bender, W. (2004).
869:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00088.x
500:
491:World Academy of Art and Science
222:World Academy of Art and Science
2435:
2409:
2395:
2384:
2333:
2300:
2251:
2202:
2161:
2112:
2071:
1979:
1961:
1912:
1863:
204:He was a president of both the
164:University of Wisconsin–Madison
140:University of Wisconsin–Madison
2051:. Cambridge University Press.
1822:
1763:
1704:
1623:
1574:
1525:
1476:
1424:
483:American Philosophical Society
326:were sexually isolated, while
218:American Philosophical Society
1:
2708:Mandyam Veerambudi Srinivasan
2442:Wade, Nicholas (2012-01-10).
2307:Wade, Nicholas (2012-01-11).
1418:
1120:"Was there life before 1953?"
1039:Journal of Radiation Research
338:Dartmouth College and the war
286:University of Texas at Austin
1074:"Edward B. Lewis, 1918-2004"
479:National Academy of Sciences
235:
214:National Academy of Sciences
7:
1937:10.1093/genetics/48.10.1303
1599:10.1534/genetics.111.135897
1550:10.1534/genetics.111.135160
1501:10.1534/genetics.111.135186
1090:10.1093/genetics/168.4.1773
549:10.1534/genetics.109.110023
453:Genetics Society of America
432:
206:Genetics Society of America
10:
2904:
2878:Genetics (journal) editors
2097:10.1001/archpsyc.63.9.1026
957:10.1093/genetics/173.2.511
914:10.1534/genetics.104.65953
830:10.1093/genetics/176.2.729
717:10.1534/genetics.104.94094
471:Madison Symphony Orchestra
403:Harvard Educational Review
324:species occurring together
247:Phoenixville, Pennsylvania
2848:Friends University alumni
2769:
2753:
2516:
1888:10.1093/genetics/49.4.725
1289:10.1093/genetics/49.4.725
748:Annual Review of Genetics
676:10.1007/s12041-008-0057-8
477:Crow was a member of the
308:chromosome rearrangements
245:Crow was born in 1916 in
212:. He was a member of the
145:
135:
125:
118:
105:
94:
76:
47:
35:
21:
2858:Dartmouth College alumni
2787:Clara Franzini-Armstrong
1436:"James Crow (1916–2012)"
512:
495:congestive heart failure
241:Early life and education
110:Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal
2419:. NCSE. January 5, 2012
2362:10.1126/science.1219557
2258:Callaway, Ewen (2012).
2013:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8380
1797:10.1073/pnas.75.12.6168
1483:Abrahamson, S. (2012).
1228:The American Naturalist
1041:. 47 Suppl B: B75–B82.
998:Nature Reviews Genetics
896:; Lucchesi, J. (2006).
397:Race and IQ controversy
2838:Population geneticists
1697:10.1098/rsbm.2014.0004
1384:10.1073/pnas.42.11.855
592:10.1098/rstb.2009.0275
253:. The family moved to
1738:10.1073/pnas.76.1.396
1532:Hartl, D. L. (2011).
525:Selected publications
356:University of Chicago
2833:American geneticists
2725:Marc Tessier-Lavigne
2417:"James F. Crow dies"
1986:Crow, J. F. (1997).
1118:Crow, J. F. (2003).
1033:Crow, J. F. (2006).
939:Crow, J. F. (2006).
812:Crow, J. F. (2007).
777:Crow, J. F. (2008).
742:Crow, J. F. (2008).
699:Crow, J. F. (2008).
617:Crow, J. F. (2009).
574:Crow, J. F. (2010).
531:Crow, J. F. (2010).
423:longitudinal studies
312:polytene chromosomes
2686:George M. Sheldrick
2569:Graham Collingridge
2544:Robert J. Birgeneau
2354:2012Sci...335..812D
2276:2012Natur.488..439C
2084:Arch Gen Psychiatry
2048:Reproductive Ageing
2004:1997PNAS...94.8380C
1788:1978PNAS...75.6168K
1729:1979PNAS...76..396C
1452:2012Natur.481..444K
1375:1956PNAS...42..855M
1047:2006JRadR..47B..75C
664:Journal of Genetics
586:(1544): 1241–1244.
414:Paternal age effect
371:comparative anatomy
175:molecular evolution
152:James Franklin Crow
52:James Franklin Crow
16:American geneticist
2646:Robin Lovell-Badge
2629:Shrinivas Kulkarni
2448:The New York Times
2313:The New York Times
2227:10.1038/mp.2015.70
1649:10.1002/bies.20426
1137:10.1038/ng0403-449
1056:10.1269/jrr.47.b75
796:10.1093/ije/dyn048
623:Journal of Biology
519:Madison, Wisconsin
328:those living apart
304:Drosophila mulleri
263:Friends University
156:Professor Emeritus
99:Friends University
88:Madison, Wisconsin
2828:American atheists
2800:
2799:
2403:"News and Events"
1931:(10): 1303–1312.
1782:(12): 6168–6171.
1630:Crow, J. (2006).
1173:(11): 2644–2646.
988:Crow, J.F. 2006.
981:Crow, J.F. 2006.
344:Dartmouth College
259:1918 flu pandemic
179:Alexey Kondrashov
149:
148:
120:Scientific career
2895:
2777:Alexei Abrikosov
2666:Geoffrey Raisman
2594:Anthony G. Evans
2589:Henry Elderfield
2495:
2488:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2015:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1673:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1544:(4): 1129–1133.
1529:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1428:
1414:
1404:
1386:
1353:
1335:
1310:
1300:
1267:
1234:(909): 439–450.
1220:978-1-932846-126
1200:
1182:
1157:
1139:
1111:
1101:
1084:(4): 1773–1783.
1068:
1058:
1029:
978:
968:
935:
925:
888:
863:(5): 1043–1051.
851:
841:
808:
798:
773:
763:
738:
728:
711:(4): 1735–1740.
695:
658:
648:
638:
636:10.1186/jbiol117
613:
603:
570:
560:
507:Franklin C. Crow
316:light microscope
275:modern synthesis
265:, at the time a
114:
83:
62:January 18, 1916
61:
59:
40:
30:
19:
18:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2765:
2749:
2691:Sheila Sherlock
2681:David Schindler
2609:Charles Godfray
2579:Richard Dawkins
2549:J. Richard Bond
2539:Tim Berners-Lee
2534:John Beddington
2529:David Baulcombe
2512:
2499:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2440:
2436:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2305:
2301:
2285:10.1038/488439a
2256:
2252:
2207:
2203:
2174:JAMA Psychiatry
2166:
2162:
2125:JAMA Psychiatry
2117:
2113:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2043:
2039:
1984:
1980:
1966:
1962:
1917:
1913:
1868:
1864:
1827:
1823:
1768:
1764:
1709:
1705:
1674:
1665:
1628:
1624:
1579:
1575:
1530:
1526:
1481:
1477:
1461:10.1038/481444a
1429:
1425:
1421:
1369:(11): 855–863.
1124:Nature Genetics
1010:10.1038/nrg1728
1004:(12): 941–945.
527:
515:
503:
448:
435:
418:
399:
340:
320:salivary glands
290:J. T. Patterson
255:Wichita, Kansas
251:Ursinus College
243:
238:
187:Joe Felsenstein
112:
90:
85:
81:
80:January 4, 2012
72:
63:
57:
55:
54:
53:
43:
31:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2730:Nicholas Tonks
2727:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2697:Thomas Simpson
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Michael Levitt
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:Frances Kirwan
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:Peter Gluckman
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Paul Callaghan
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2434:
2408:
2394:
2383:
2332:
2299:
2250:
2221:(5): 693–700.
2215:Mol Psychiatry
2201:
2160:
2111:
2090:(9): 1026–32.
2070:
2057:
2037:
1998:(16): 8380–6.
1978:
1969:Crow, James F.
1960:
1911:
1882:(4): 725–738.
1862:
1821:
1762:
1723:(1): 396–399.
1703:
1663:
1642:(6): 660–678.
1622:
1573:
1524:
1475:
1432:Kondrashov, A.
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1354:
1326:(3): 279–288.
1311:
1283:(4): 725–738.
1268:
1240:10.1086/282389
1223:
1204:
1201:
1158:
1130:(4): 449–450.
1115:
1112:
1069:
1030:
993:
986:
979:
951:(2): 511–514.
936:
908:(2): 549–553.
889:
852:
824:(2): 729–732.
809:
789:(3): 442–445.
774:
739:
696:
670:(4): 349–353.
659:
614:
571:
543:(3): 609–611.
526:
523:
514:
511:
502:
499:
447:
446:Public service
444:
434:
431:
417:
411:
398:
395:
339:
336:
242:
239:
237:
234:
147:
146:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
116:
115:
107:
103:
102:
96:
92:
91:
86:
84:(aged 95)
78:
74:
73:
64:
51:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2900:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2761:Patrick Moore
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Allan Sandage
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Mike Paterson
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2635:Andrew Leslie
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:James F. Crow
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Keith Burnett
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:David Attwell
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:Royal Society
2503:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:(6070): 812.
2347:
2343:
2336:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:(7412): 439.
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2060:
2058:9781906985134
2054:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:(7382): 444.
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
990:Sewall Wright
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
929:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:Crow, J. F.;
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
736:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
656:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
611:
607:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
568:
564:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
528:
522:
520:
510:
508:
501:Personal life
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
472:
467:
464:
463:
458:
454:
443:
441:
430:
426:
425:are needed."
424:
415:
410:
408:
407:Arthur Jensen
404:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
352:Sewall Wright
349:
345:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
199:Wen-Hsiung Li
196:
192:
191:Russell Lande
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
144:
141:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
111:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
79:
75:
71:
67:
50:
46:
39:
34:
29:
23:James F. Crow
20:
2792:Ahmed Zewail
2740:Bryan Webber
2719:Roger Tanner
2717:
2703:Adrian Smith
2695:
2676:Dale Sanders
2661:Bruce Ponder
2633:
2614:Brigid Hogan
2573:
2554:Hugh Bostock
2459:. Retrieved
2447:
2437:
2428:
2421:. Retrieved
2411:
2397:
2386:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2324:. Retrieved
2312:
2302:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2180:(3): 301–9.
2177:
2173:
2163:
2131:(4): 432–8.
2128:
2124:
2114:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2062:. Retrieved
2047:
2040:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1687:
1681:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1443:
1439:
1426:
1366:
1362:
1323:
1319:
1280:
1276:
1231:
1227:
1211:
1208:Motoo Kimura
1206:Crow, J.F.;
1170:
1166:
1127:
1123:
1081:
1077:
1038:
1001:
997:
983:Motoo Kimura
948:
944:
905:
901:
894:Lindsley, D.
860:
856:
821:
817:
786:
782:
751:
747:
708:
704:
667:
663:
626:
622:
583:
579:
540:
536:
516:
504:
476:
468:
460:
449:
440:Motoo Kimura
436:
427:
419:
402:
400:
391:
379:Willi Hennig
375:parasitology
360:
348:World War II
341:
332:
303:
293:
282:H. J. Muller
279:
271:
244:
203:
171:Motoo Kimura
168:
151:
150:
136:Institutions
119:
82:(2012-01-04)
70:Pennsylvania
66:Phoenixville
42:Crow in 2009
2818:2012 deaths
2813:1916 births
2782:Alan Fowler
2745:Alex Wilkie
2735:W. G. Unruh
2713:Ian Stewart
2651:Paul Madden
2584:Roger Ekins
1841:(1): 1–10.
1690:: 151–167.
1593:(4): 1127.
383:haematology
2807:Categories
2599:Brian Eyre
2461:2016-01-24
2326:2023-02-17
2064:2018-07-08
1495:(1): 1–4.
1419:References
1210:. (1970).
387:statistics
367:embryology
330:were not.
295:Drosophila
183:James Bull
58:1916-01-18
2619:John Hunt
2456:0362-4331
2321:0362-4331
1636:BioEssays
1393:0027-8424
1342:1558-5646
1320:Evolution
1248:0003-0147
1167:Evolution
857:Evolution
629:(2): 13.
497:in 2012.
300:armadillo
236:Biography
195:Dan Hartl
101:, Wichita
95:Education
2754:Honorary
2508:elected
2423:21 April
2378:42676042
2370:22344436
2294:22914142
2245:26055426
2196:24452535
2155:24577047
2106:16953005
1955:14071753
1925:Genetics
1906:14156929
1876:Genetics
1757:16592610
1658:16700058
1617:22174180
1587:Genetics
1568:22174181
1538:Genetics
1519:22219505
1489:Genetics
1470:22281585
1434:(2012).
1411:16589958
1350:86682954
1307:14156929
1277:Genetics
1264:84226196
1197:23262143
1189:14686539
1154:32010693
1146:12665867
1108:15611154
1078:Genetics
1065:17019055
1026:11619015
1018:16341074
975:16790582
945:Genetics
932:17068121
902:Genetics
885:24302475
877:17492959
848:17579238
818:Genetics
805:18522983
770:18652542
754:: 1–16.
735:18711217
705:Genetics
692:23226333
684:19147924
655:19291256
610:20308099
567:20332416
537:Genetics
462:GENETICS
455:and the
433:Research
208:and the
160:Genetics
130:Genetics
28:ForMemRS
2770:Foreign
2517:Fellows
2510:in 2001
2504:of the
2502:Fellows
2350:Bibcode
2342:Science
2272:Bibcode
2236:5414073
2146:3976758
2032:9237985
2000:Bibcode
1946:1210420
1897:1210609
1857:5012689
1848:1762154
1784:Bibcode
1725:Bibcode
1608:3241430
1559:3241436
1510:3249362
1448:Bibcode
1371:Bibcode
1298:1210609
1256:2459132
1099:1448758
1043:Bibcode
966:1526522
923:1602066
839:1894602
726:2516054
646:2687772
601:2871814
558:2845331
363:zoology
354:at the
284:at the
162:at the
2454:
2376:
2368:
2319:
2292:
2264:Nature
2243:
2233:
2194:
2153:
2143:
2104:
2055:
2030:
2020:
1953:
1943:
1904:
1894:
1855:
1845:
1816:282633
1814:
1807:393140
1804:
1755:
1748:382946
1745:
1656:
1615:
1605:
1566:
1556:
1517:
1507:
1468:
1440:Nature
1409:
1402:528351
1399:
1391:
1348:
1340:
1305:
1295:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1218:
1195:
1187:
1152:
1144:
1106:
1096:
1063:
1024:
1016:
973:
963:
930:
920:
883:
875:
846:
836:
803:
768:
733:
723:
690:
682:
653:
643:
608:
598:
565:
555:
489:, the
485:, the
416:on DNA
310:using
267:Quaker
228:, and
220:, the
216:, The
197:, and
126:Fields
113:(1987)
106:Awards
2374:S2CID
2023:33757
1346:S2CID
1260:S2CID
1252:JSTOR
1193:S2CID
1150:S2CID
1022:S2CID
881:S2CID
688:S2CID
513:Death
2452:ISSN
2425:2012
2366:PMID
2317:ISSN
2290:PMID
2241:PMID
2192:PMID
2151:PMID
2102:PMID
2053:ISBN
2028:PMID
1951:PMID
1902:PMID
1853:PMID
1812:PMID
1753:PMID
1654:PMID
1613:PMID
1564:PMID
1515:PMID
1466:PMID
1407:PMID
1389:ISSN
1338:ISSN
1303:PMID
1244:ISSN
1216:ISBN
1185:PMID
1142:PMID
1104:PMID
1061:PMID
1014:PMID
971:PMID
928:PMID
873:PMID
844:PMID
801:PMID
766:PMID
731:PMID
680:PMID
651:PMID
606:PMID
563:PMID
369:and
77:Died
48:Born
2358:doi
2346:335
2280:doi
2268:488
2231:PMC
2223:doi
2182:doi
2141:PMC
2133:doi
2092:doi
2018:PMC
2008:doi
1941:PMC
1933:doi
1892:PMC
1884:doi
1843:PMC
1802:PMC
1792:doi
1743:PMC
1733:doi
1692:doi
1644:doi
1603:PMC
1595:doi
1591:189
1554:PMC
1546:doi
1542:189
1505:PMC
1497:doi
1493:190
1456:doi
1444:481
1397:PMC
1379:doi
1328:doi
1293:PMC
1285:doi
1236:doi
1175:doi
1132:doi
1094:PMC
1086:doi
1082:168
1051:doi
1006:doi
961:PMC
953:doi
949:173
918:PMC
910:doi
906:174
865:doi
834:PMC
826:doi
822:176
791:doi
756:doi
721:PMC
713:doi
709:179
672:doi
641:PMC
631:doi
596:PMC
588:doi
584:365
553:PMC
545:doi
541:184
158:of
2809::
2450:.
2446:.
2427:.
2372:.
2364:.
2356:.
2344:.
2315:.
2311:.
2288:.
2278:.
2266:.
2262:.
2239:.
2229:.
2219:21
2217:.
2213:.
2190:.
2178:71
2176:.
2172:.
2149:.
2139:.
2129:71
2127:.
2123:.
2100:.
2088:63
2086:.
2082:.
2026:.
2016:.
2006:.
1996:94
1994:.
1990:.
1949:.
1939:.
1929:48
1927:.
1923:.
1900:.
1890:.
1880:49
1878:.
1874:.
1851:.
1839:24
1837:.
1833:.
1810:.
1800:.
1790:.
1780:75
1778:.
1774:.
1751:.
1741:.
1731:.
1721:76
1719:.
1715:.
1688:60
1686:.
1680:.
1666:^
1652:.
1640:28
1638:.
1634:.
1611:.
1601:.
1589:.
1585:.
1562:.
1552:.
1540:.
1536:.
1513:.
1503:.
1491:.
1487:.
1464:.
1454:.
1442:.
1438:.
1405:.
1395:.
1387:.
1377:.
1367:42
1365:.
1361:.
1344:.
1336:.
1324:17
1322:.
1318:.
1301:.
1291:.
1281:49
1279:.
1275:.
1258:.
1250:.
1242:.
1232:99
1230:.
1191:.
1183:.
1171:57
1169:.
1165:.
1148:.
1140:.
1128:33
1126:.
1122:.
1102:.
1092:.
1080:.
1076:.
1059:.
1049:.
1037:.
1020:.
1012:.
1000:.
969:.
959:.
947:.
943:.
926:.
916:.
904:.
900:.
879:.
871:.
861:61
859:.
842:.
832:.
820:.
816:.
799:.
787:37
785:.
781:.
764:.
752:42
750:.
746:.
729:.
719:.
707:.
703:.
686:.
678:.
668:87
666:.
649:.
639:.
625:.
621:.
604:.
594:.
582:.
578:.
561:.
551:.
539:.
535:.
521:.
277:.
232:.
201:.
193:,
189:,
185:,
181:,
68:,
2494:e
2487:t
2480:v
2464:.
2405:.
2380:.
2360::
2352::
2329:.
2296:.
2282::
2274::
2247:.
2225::
2198:.
2184::
2157:.
2135::
2108:.
2094::
2067:.
2034:.
2010::
2002::
1957:.
1935::
1908:.
1886::
1859:.
1818:.
1794::
1786::
1759:.
1735::
1727::
1700:.
1694::
1660:.
1646::
1619:.
1597::
1570:.
1548::
1521:.
1499::
1472:.
1458::
1450::
1413:.
1381::
1373::
1352:.
1330::
1309:.
1287::
1266:.
1238::
1222:.
1199:.
1177::
1156:.
1134::
1110:.
1088::
1067:.
1053::
1045::
1028:.
1008::
1002:6
977:.
955::
934:.
912::
887:.
867::
850:.
828::
807:.
793::
772:.
758::
737:.
715::
694:.
674::
657:.
633::
627:8
612:.
590::
569:.
547::
60:)
56:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
